May 10, 2008JEMH van Bronswijk, Eindhoven University of Technology 1 Interdisciplinarity of...

May 10, 2008 JEMH van Bronswijk, Eindhoven University of Technology

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Interdisciplinarity of Interdisciplinarity of GerontechnologyGerontechnology

2008 International Master ClassNankai Institute of Technology

Tsaotun, Nantou, Taiwan


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GerontechnologyGerontechnology-To prevent disease & accidents-To maintain physical, mental and social health-To assist aspirations-To compensate for weakened functions-To support care and care organisation

in order to add happiness, self-efficacy and independence to even the highest ages


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Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality

• 21st Century gerontechnology engineer:– A major morbidity fighter– Gains for the older part of the population

• 20th Century sanitary engineer:– A major mortality fighter– Gains for infants and children

• Combine mortality and morbidity fighting!


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Gerontechnology …Gerontechnology …

…. is about engineering


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…. is about engineering,

but it poses 3 peculiar problems to the engineer


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but it poses 3 peculiar problems to the engineer: (i) motivation, (ii) designer / user, (iii) the 4 ages


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but it poses 3 peculiar problems to the engineer: (i) motivation, (ii) designer / user, (iii) the 4 ages

that requires an interdisciplinary approach


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Defining Interdisciplinarity Defining Interdisciplinarity

Each discipline takes responsibility for the whole

Teams of professionals from both technology and gerontology

(Multidisciplinarity: more than one discipline involved)


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Interdisciplinary Cross-Interdisciplinary Cross-fertilizationfertilization

Technology ‘Functionality’

Gerontology ‘Usability’

Source: H. Bouma et al. 2007. Gerontechnology in perspective. Gerontechnology6(4):190-216


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Interdisciplinary Time EffectsInterdisciplinary Time Effects

Elderly Health & Happiness

requires

Lifelong Health & Happiness

(1. Youth, 2. Working age, 3. Active retirement, 4. Frail elderly)


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The 4 AgesThe 4 Ages

1st Age Youth Education

2nd Age Adulthood Work for income(young male engineer: layered software generation)(young male engineer: layered software generation)

3rd Age Older Adulthood Active in retirement

4th Age Elderly Frailty (elderly women of the hierarchical / electro-mechanical (elderly women of the hierarchical / electro-mechanical generation)generation)


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A gerontechnology projectA gerontechnology project A gerontechnology research, engineering or design project concerns –by definition- (i) An age group of technology users, and a(ii) life domain, and (iii) works towards its goal through a technological intervention that is supported by (iv) the knowledge base of a gerontology discipline


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Information Summary

Which age do you focus at? * Your project concerns

1st

Youth2nd

Working phase3rd

Active retirement4th

Frailty the …. age, and

Which life domain are you addressing? * the life domain of

HealthSelf-esteem

HousingDaily living

MobilityTransport

CommunicationGovernance

WorkLeisure

;

Which is the goal of your technological intervention? * It aims at

EnhancementSatisfaction

PreventionEngagement

CompensationAssistance

Care supportCare

organisation

From which technology discipline originates the functionality in your study? * through

ChemistryBiochemistry

ArchitectureBuilding

InformationCommunication

MechatronicsRobotics

ErgonomicsDesign

Business management

,

From which gerontology discipline originates the usability of the technology? * supported by

PhysiologyNutrition

PsychologySocial psychology

SociologyDemography

MedicineRehabilitation

.

Your project formYour project form


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Interdisciplinary Life Domains Interdisciplinary Life Domains

1. Health & Self-esteem

2. Housing & Daily living

3. Mobility & Transport

4. Communication & Governance

5. Work & Leisure


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Interdisciplinary Engineering Interdisciplinary Engineering GoalsGoals

1. Enhancement & Satisfaction

2. Prevention & Engagement

3. Compensation & Assistance

4. Care support & Care organisation


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Technology disciplinesTechnology disciplines

1. Chemistry / Biochemistry

2. Architecture / Building

3. Information / Communication

4. Mechatronics / Robotics

5. Ergonomics / Design

6. Business management


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Gerontology disciplinesGerontology disciplines

1. Physiology / Nutrition

2. Psychology / Social psychology

3. Sociology / Demography

4. Medicine / Rehabilitation


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After focussingAfter focussing

Further decrease complexity of planning and evaluation by the use of theories / paradigms that

are accepted in the different disciplines


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Some technology examplesSome technology examples

Inclusive designwith users as co-designers

Targeted marketingdiffers with age and gender


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Some gerontology examplesSome gerontology examples

Human motivation (Psychology)

Technology Acceptance Model (Social

psychology)

Technology generation (Sociology)

The 4 Ages (Social psychology)


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Human motivationHuman motivation

• Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970)• Guideline for Technology• 4 Deficiency needs:

(i) Physiological, (ii) Safety related, (iii) Social, (iv) Esteem related

• 1 Being need:(v) Self-fulfilment

Source: A.H. Maslow 1943. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review50:370-396


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Technology Acceptance ModelTechnology Acceptance Model

See: H. Bouma et al. 2007. Gerontechnology in perspective. Gerontechnology 6(4):190-216

Social norms& habits

Cognitiveappraisal of

effectiveness

Perceivedusefulness

Perceivedease of use

Behavioural intention to use Actual UseActual Use


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Technology generationTechnology generationin the Industrial age (20in the Industrial age (20thth & 21 & 21stst century) century)

• Born 1910- Mechanical / hierarchical towards better nutrition

• Born 1910+ Electro-mechanical / hierarchical decreased mortality

• Born 1960+ Software / Layered decrease of morbidity needed

• Born 2000+ Computer game / Relationalincrease of wellness needed


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Victory over Interdisciplinarity in Victory over Interdisciplinarity in your projectyour project

(i)(i) FocusFocus for age, life domain, for age, life domain, technological intervention, technology technological intervention, technology discipline and gerontology disciplinediscipline and gerontology discipline

(ii)(ii) Embrace a theoryEmbrace a theory / paradigm from / paradigm from each of the monodisciplineseach of the monodisciplines


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Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention

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May 10, 2008JEMH van Bronswijk, Eindhoven University of Technology 1 Interdisciplinarity of...

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