May 13rd, 2013

Centre de Suivi Ecologique

Highlights on PPZS Activities – Results - Perspectives

Dakar Workshop CRP “PIM” - WB - PPZS

Organisation – Partnership – Activities

Scientific issues1. Is the evolution of the pastoral systems compatible with

sustainable NRM and ecosystems management?

2. How to secure and improve the production system and the livelihood of Sahelian pastoral societies?

1. What is the contribution of the pastoral livestock herding to the animal production and how to increase its technical and economical performances? What is its contribution to national economies?

2. What tools of analysis, management and decision support to build for the stakeholders?

Staffing trends during the quadrennial 2010-2013

INRAN

PPZS and others West African

research platforms

CEDEAOCORAF

CILSS -AGRHYMET

« Animal Change» (2011-2014)

An Integration of Mitigation and Adaptation Options for Sustainable Livestock Production under Climate Change

Countries: many including Senegal

ILRI

« PROGEBE » (2012)

Study on marketing opportunities and constraints of endemic ruminant livestock in West Africa

Countries: Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Gambia

ILRI

The Economics of Resilience (2013)

Livestock sector for the African Drylands ESW

Countries: West and East African Drylands

ILRI – IFPRI - ICARDA

« Coraf Intensification» (2011-13)

Options for a Sustainable Intensification of Agropastoral Production Systems in West Africa

Countries: Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger

ILRI - CSIRO

PPZS and CGIARS partners

« E-ATLAS SAKSS » (2012-2013)

Mapping and geographical information systems on agriculture and food security.

Countries: Senegal, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana, Benin

IFPRI

« ANR IGLOOS» (2013-2014)

Locally held geographic knowledge and large scale decision support platforms. A case study in Senegal

Country: Senegal

IFPRI

PPZS at a glance (1)Training activities

15 Master’s students on average per year from North and South universities

PhD: 10 students with close collaboration between North and South universities

6 students from the South universities

Doctorate Es Science (Post-doctoral degree): 1 researcher from a South university

Co-publications main ratios

Global publication ratio: 2,44 per researcher

Reviews: 0,56 per researcher Book chapters: 0,56 per researcher International conferences: 0,81 per researcher Technical reports: 0,19 per researcher Scientific flyers: 0,31 per researcher

Collective publications

Training modules on « Pastoralism in the Sahel » for professionnals, research institutions, NGOs, producers

Complete module > 400 slides

Atlas on « The evolutions of the pastoral systems in the Sahel - 1970-2012 »

Senegal, Mali, Niger and Chad

Collective book on « Pastoral Mobilities and Development: motivations, constraints, effects and regulations  »

Manuscript: 2nd semester 2013

Superieur education – 2011-2013

Beyond full-time teachers from UCAD, others researchers offer courses in:

Economics of pastoralism: 34 hours (UCAD-FST, EISMV)Geomatic: 42 hours (UCAD-FST, UCAD-ESP, EISMV, UGB)Project appraisal: 10 hours (UCAD-FST, EISMV)Socioeconomics: 27 hours (UCAD-FST, University of Valencia, university of Montpellier 2, University of Paris 11)Pastoralism, Society and Territories: 2 weeks (university of Montpellier 2)Cowbanks tools: 12 hours (UCAD-ISE)Water management in pastoral systems: 3 hours (EISMV)Durability of pastoral systems: 15 hours (UCAD-FST)

• most of all .. an approach– primary data collection and global trends analysis

• deeper knowledge of the areas in question, partnership implementation and multidisciplinarity

– quantitative and qualitative information – multiscale– multistakeholders– participatory

• collective results: scientific papers, Atlas on evolutions of Sahelian pastoral systems, E-Atlas, Training modules …

PPZS at a glance (2)

Some results

Debate on the role of pastoralism

… a gradual recognition of

– longevity of African pastoralism (6-7 000 years): adaptation to arid environments (Nicoll, 2004)

– minor role in environmental degradation and desertification

– contribution of pastoralism to food and nutrition security in the Sahel and West African countries

– pastoralism: production system and livelihood of 20 million people with effects on millions more

… but – late recognition of the role of pastoralism in valorizing rural land

and natural resources ... after a long period of stigmatization

Economic30 % Agr GDP in the Sahel; cash income; savings; salary employment growing

Provide coastal markets

Not enough to respond regional demand growth (trade deficit)

EcologicalPositive impacts: soil fertility; biodiversity; water cycle; C sequestration

Some concerns (Livestock’s Long Shadow, FAO 2006): GHG

Main functions (1)

Social•Traditional common resources use and regulations•Society organisation on herd/pasture/water •Collective risk management; •Social Reproduction

Food security•Pastoral: food; savings; income •Agropastoral: decreasing revenue from agriculture and land pressure > rural exodus•Public authorities: low support to local production (export prices; low import taxes; services)

Main functions (2)

13

Sahelian pastoralism: production system and livelihood in the context of risks, uncertainties and opportunities

Climate Risks / Uncertainties

Social Risks / Uncertainties / Opportunities

Economic Risks / Uncertainties / opportunities

Political Risks / Uncertainties / Opportunities

TatkiAverage income: 3,373,167

Gini index: 55.4

RewaneAverage income: 1,682,157

Gini index: 58.8

MbameAverage income: 3,690,958

Gini index: 42.4

ThielAverage income: 2,235,909

Gini index: 45.8

BoulalAverage income: 2,217,928

Gini index: 47.7

Wealth creation…but income inequalities linked to ecological disparities

Climate challenge

• High spatial variability (20-30 km)

• Major crisis when 2 successive dry years : stocks run short

• Local differences > global trends; extreme events)

• Adaptation to this environment: mobility; species; herd size; crop areas; diversification

Economics challenge

• Little information about animal feed and effect on animal feed market

• Heterogeneous national contexts (import taxes; production; exchange rate)

• Effect of « terms of trade » variations mainly correlated to harvest and rainfall

• Exacerbation with speculation and price volatility

• Strong growth of demand of meat and milk in 2020

MENAKA

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2002-2003 (mauvaise) 2007-2008 (bonne) 2009-2010

Social challenge

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Years

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Cultivated area (ha)

Human population

Total TLU

• Rapid growth: human and livestock population (high demography : 2.5%/year)

• Strong tension on land and resources with land tenure risks (cultivated land growing: mobility

constrained, conflicts; decentralisation policies not really applied)

• Sanitary risks increased when the State withdrew (animal diseases control and vaccination declined ;

important production losses: infectious diseases, parasites)

• Young people increasingly moving toward wage-labor

Political challenge progressive recognition of

the role and function of Livestock

need to harmonize legal texts at the regional level

no shared vision

disparities of legal texts, pastoral codes and regulation modes

difficulties in implementing legal texts

(+

Survival threshold ‘1994-2000’ 41,300 fcfa

‘2000-2008’ 53,500 fcfa

‘2008-2010’ 95,000 fcfa

Interrelation poverty and economic vulnerability (1)

Interrelation poverty and economic vulnerability

Survival tresholdv f ff p v …….p

•f t h y q a e s g q g y ……

Galo

Jarga

Petit jarga

Secured

Precarious

Miskino

Basdo

Level of Economics vulnérability

Weak Average Strong

Self-sufficients

Poorest

Wealthy

Socioeconomic categories

Social reproduction threshold

Vulnerability model around two categories of indicators:• Biophysical indicators (endowments) : resources and assets available• Socio-Economic Indicators (entitlements) : Ability to mobilize and access

Framework after A. Sen and J. Swift

•Herd•Labor•Savings•Facilities•Attics

Stock / Flows

•Local activities•Mobility•Diet•Recruitment•Marketing•Resource Sharing

Strategies

•Credit •Loans•Mutual•Access to decision-marking•Capturing external resources

Recours

•Rights & land uses•Basic services

•Access

•Vegetation•Watter•Terre•Infrastructure developpment

Resource availability

EndowmentsEndowments Entitlements

Main strategies to deal with change

• Mobility is a main adaptation strategy: Pastoralists less exposed to external shocks than export agricultural

sector (HLPE 2011)

• Pastoralists have a « deliberately cautious» approach to the market

• Agreements for access to natural resources: reciprocity among herders

Vulnerability Indicators

Multiscale

Multistakeholders

Participatory

Options to enhance adaptation strategies• Integrated policies:Capacitiy to access to resources and services at

different scales

• Land tenure options to secure mobility

• Other policy options: Need of multi-level governance

• Technical options:• increase agroecological intensification for FS and sustainable

development • system innovation to promote sustainable CLPS at territorial level• financial innovations (micro credit, micro insurance), • mobile educational system, • information tools to enhance anticipation and reduction of

asymmetric informations by consolidation and development of early warning and information system

Research perspectives

- Land policies/Public policies- prospective, participative, and operational approach - ex-ante assessment: 1 PhD CIRAD-PPZS- close collaboration with ISRA-BAME

- Change and Innovation- Vulnerability and resilience - Crop-Livestock: Innovation platforms and Value Chain- Social change- ex-ante assessment in close collaboration with ISRA-BAME: 2 PhD

- Markets - poverty/vulnerability reduction through more income, more

guarantees (microcredit and micro-insurance)- more equitable distribution of costs and benefits- exploration of new markets: improving value add on livestock

products, milk markets, Carbone finance …

… towards more impact analysis/assessment

… towards integration of heterogeneous knowledge including local views

Multiscale

Multistakeholders

Participatory