lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 1

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%2

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 3

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%4

lxdflngL ca km];a's k/ eLfacebook.com/ Thehimalini

;DkfbsLo #>~4fhnL $cfj/0f &ljrf/ dLdf+zf @)lrGtg $@ko{6g $#a'4 hoGtL $%k':ts ;dLIff $&sljtfP+ $*cWofTd $(;dfrf/ %)gLltsyf $^cGt/jftf{ %%

BIRGUNJ INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to CTEVT, NepalSugar factory residential area, Birgunj-17 (Nepal)P.O.Box- 117, Tel. Phone: 051-528020, 621621

Mobile: 9845025100, 9806822552, Email: bitorg@ntc.net.np

BITgjjif{ @)&@ s] kfjg cj;/ k/ aL=cfO{=6L= kl/jf/ s] cf]/ ;] ;d: t b]zjfl;of]+, 5fq–5fqfcf]+ Pj+

cleefjsf]+ sf] xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgfP+ .

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

xd]+ v]b x} ls b]z sL O; ljifd kl/l:ylt d]+ s'5 k|fljlws sf/0ff]+ sL jhx ;] dO{ sf ox c+s ljnDa ;] k|sflzt xf] /xf x} . ;'wLhg kf7sf]+ ;] xd Ifdfk|fyL{ x}+ . –;Dkfbs

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 5k|sfzsM 8f= s[i0frGb| ld> k|sfzg k|f=ln= sf7df+8", d'b|0fM EXPRESS COLOUR PRESS CO.PVT.LTD= 01-4781810, ;+kfbsLo sfof{no, kf] =a=g+= 8241, cgfdgu/ , sf7df+8", 01-2031090 E-mail: himalini1998@hotmail.com, info@himalini .com, Website: www .himalini .com,

HIMALINIHIMALINIlxdflngLlxdflngL

jif{M !*, c+s M %, @)&@ j}zfv–h]i7

www.himalini.com

sf=lh=sf=b=g+= &#÷)%$÷%%

lxdflngL d] + k|sflzt n] vf] + d] + JoQm ljrf/ Pj+ b[li6sf] 0f ;+alwt n] vsf] + s] x} + . ;+kfbs d+8n Pj+ k|sfzs sf p;;] ;xdt xf] gf cfjZos gxL+ x} + .

;To] gfl:t eo+ Sjflrt\

;DkfbsLo

afhf/ Joj: yfkg clvn l;+x -jL/u+hlbg] z zdf{ -hgsk'/_, j?0fdfnf ld>f, -lj/ f6gu/_, k|ef l;+x - uf} /_, l;lsGb/l;+x ofbj, -df] /ª_

sfof{no Joj: yfks/ fhgf/ fo0f ofbj

ef/ t sfof{no8f‘= nf/ L cfhfb, lbNnL

;nfxsf/ ;Dkfbs* hosfGt nfn bf;d's'Gb cfrfo{k'ikf 7fs'/

k|wfg ;Dkfbs*/ d] z emf

;Dkfbs 8f‘= Zj] tf bLlKt

jL/ u+h Ao"/ f] s'df/ ;lRrbfgGb l;+x

/fhlj/fh k|d'vs?0ff emf

ljz] if ;Djfbbftfs} nf; bf; -hgsk'/_, / Tg] Zj/s'df/ emf hn] Zj/_ uf] ljGb Gof} kfg] -x] 6f} 8f_, ljgo bLlIft - g] kfnuGh_

dxfk|aGwssljtf bf;

;x–dxfk|a+ws/ jLGb| emf

If] qLo k|a+wsc?0f s'df/ ld>

dfs] {l6+u PShLSo"l6jljgo s'df/

l8hfOg/ nLnfgfy uf} td

af9Þ sL ;DefjgfPF ;fdg] x} + cf} / glbof] + s] lsgf/ ] 3/ ag] x} + .rL8Þ–jg d] + cfFlwof] + sL aft dt s/ f] , Og b/ VÞtf] + s] ax't gfh's tg] x} + .

– b'ioGt s'df/ sfz Og ;Defjgfcf] + k/ xdf/ L gh/ ] + ;do ;] kxn] rnL hfPF tf] sO{

cgxf] gL ;] xdf/ L ;'/ Iff sfkmL xb ts xf] ;stL x} . ef} uf] lns b[li6sf] 0f ;] k"j{ to yf of lkm/ to x} ls g] kfn e"sDkLo hf] lvd sL b[li6sf] 0f ;] cToGt ;+j] bgzLn x} . af/ –af/ e"ue{zfl: qof] + sL r] tfjgL of ;nfx sL cgb] vL Sof] + sL hftL / xL x} , ;/ sf/ sL cf] / ;] of lkm/ gful/ sf] + sL cf] / ;] < k|s[lt k/ xdf/ f jz gxL+ x} lsGt' ckgL Pif0ffcf] + sf] tf] / f] s ;st] x} + . lhGbuL sL ;xh ult sf] c;xh agfg] sL lhDd] bf/ L xdf/ L eL tf] x} . cfw'lgstf sL bf} 8Þ cf} / ljsl;t xf] g] s] lbvfj] d] + Hofbf cf} / Hofbf kfg] sL rfxt a9ÞtL rnL hftL x} cf} / xd k|s[lt k/ bjfa agft] rn] hft] x} +, lh;sf k|ltkmn @% ck|Ln sf] xdg] b] v lnof . k|s[lt g] unt gxL+ lsof ox p;sL ckgL ult x} . p;s] ue{ d] + cfu eL x} , kfgL eL x} , vlgh eL x} cf} / O;;] xd lgld{t xf] t] x} + . k[YjL xd] + b] tL x} l;km{ b] tL x} lsGt' xd Sof b] t] x} + p;] < ox cfh lrGtg sf ljifo x} dfgj hflt s] lnP . cfh b] z g] lh; c;xgLo kL8Þf sf] em] nf x} p; hVd sf] e/ g] d] + jiff] {+ nu hfPFu] . lkm/ eL ox ck"/ 0fLo Iflt seL k"/ L gxL+ xf] uL xfF, jSt sL w"n sL k/ t] + h¿/ O; k/ hd hfPFuL lsGt', ha–ha Og k/ tf] + sf] x6fof hfPuf tf] hVdf] + s] bfu cjZo gh/ cfPFu] . P] ;] hVd sd ;] sd ldn] ox k|of; xd] + xL s/ gf x} . ckg] lnP cf} / xdf/ L cfg] jfnL kL9ÞL s] lnP . ;+rf/ dfWod ;] k|;fl/ t lsof hftf x} ls e"sDk cfP tf] v'nL huxf] + k/ efu] + lsGt' Sof xdg] v'nL huxf] + sf] 5f] 8Þf x} < cflv/ P] ;L ljkbf d] + sxfF hfPF, sxfF efu] + < s+s/ L6 s] O; h+un d] +, p;L s] tn] bag] cf} / d/ g] sL xdf/ L afWotf x} .

s'5 a'/ ] d] + eL O+;fg cR5f vf] h n] tf x} cf} / v'b sf] t;NnL b] tf x} , ox dfgjf] lrt u'0f x} . cfh xd eL O{Zj/ sf] O; aft s] lnP wGojfb b] / x] x} + Sof] +ls hf] x'cf lgM;Gb] x jx cR5f gxL+ x'cf lsGt' oxL b'3{6gf zlgjf/ sL hux ls;L cf} / lbg 36L xf] tL tf] cfh hf] Iflt sf cfFs8Þf xdf/ ] ;fdg] x} ,

jx sO{ u'0ff clws xf] tf . uLtf s] jrgf] + sf] xd cfTd;ft\ s/ t] x} + cf} / b'v d] + eL ;'v sf] tnfz s/ hLjg sf] ult k|bfg s/ t] x} + . xd hfgt] x} + ls ox kn sf] O{ clGtd ;r gxL+ x} . ;do sL wf/ cgj/ t axtL x} cf} / p;sf x/ If0f Ps o'u ;d] 6] xf] tf x} cf} / x/ o'u ;] Ps gof o'u hGd n] tf x} . aLtf x'cf sn Oltxf; agtf x} tf] cfg] jfn] sn k/ eljio sL gL+j sf lgdf{0f xf] tf x} . cfh xd] + O;L eljio sf] b] vgf x} . lhGbuL s/ fx / xL x} , cfFvf] + d] + pDdLb sL / f] zgL sd xf] g] nuL x} . ca pg cfFvf] + d] + l;km{ ;jfn x} + ckg] cfg] jfn] sn s] lnP . ;/ sf/ L t+q Jo: t x} a} 7sf] + d] +, cy{d+qL jStJo b] / x] x} + ls cg'bfg sL / flz cfO{ gxL+ x} l;km{ bft[ b] zf] + g] cg'bfg / flz sL 3f] if0ff sL x} , lsGt' hf] / fxt ;fdu|L cf r'sL x} jx h¿/ td+bf] + ts Sof] + gxL+ kx'Fr kf / xL x} < Sof] + / fxt ;fdu|L a] rL hf / xL x+} < Sof] + b'u{d If] q d] + cfh eL hgtf e"v ;] d/ / xL x} < Og ;asf hjfa sf} g b] uf < OgsL lgufx] + l;km{ cg'bfg / flz k/ l6sL x'O{ x} + k/ cGo Joj: yfkg k/ ;/ sf/ L t+q sf Wofg Sof] + gxL+ hf / xf x} < OgsL dfgjtf cfh eL g} ltstf ;] k/ ] gh/ cf / xL x} . g] kfnL hgtf wGojfb sL kfq x} lh;g] ckg] w} o{ cf} / ;xgzLntf sf cb\e't kl/ ro lbof x} . O; ljklQ sL 38ÞL d] + ;a Ps ;fy v8Þ] / x] cf} / Ps b";/ ] sf dbb lsof . g] tf xdf/ ] ;fy gxL+ y] . xd : jo+ Ps b";/ ] s] lnP y] . xdf/ L ;] gf, xdf/ ] ;z: q k|x/ L, xdf/ ] lrlsT;s, xdf/ ] o'jf Og ;asL PSoa4tf g] kLl8Þt hLjg sf] ;Defnf cf} / pgsf ;fy lbof . z's|u'hf/ x} + xd, xdf/ ] ldq / fi6«f] + s] lhGxf] +g] O; ljkbf d] + xdf/ f ;fy lbof cf} / xdf/ ] ;fy cfu] eL / xg] sf cfZjf;g lbof x} . cu/ cfz+sf x} tf] ckgf] + ;] xL ls, sxL+ b] z ljb] z ;] ldn] ;xof] u sf] o] : j–s] Gb|Los[t gf s/ b] + . cfjZostf P] ;] lgsfo sL x} hf] ;xof] u s] lnP a9Þ] xfy sf] ;xL huxf] + ts kx'FrfP . ckg] x/ : jfy{ ;] pmk/ p7s/ ;/ sf/ sf] cfh cleefjsTj sL lhDd] bf/ L sf lgjf{x s/ gf x} , tfls lhGbuL sL cf; d] + hL / xL hgtf sf] hLjg sf cx;f; s/ f ;s] .

k|s[lt g] unt gxL+ lsof, ox p;sL ckgL ult x}

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%6

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 7

seL seL kl/ l: ylt ox ;f] rg] k/ ljjz s/ b] tL x} ls xdf/ L / fi6«Lotf OtgL sdhf] / Sof] + x} , lh;] ls;L ckg] xL b] z s] k|b] z ljz] if sL efiff, e] ife"iff, ;+: s[lt ;] vt/ f pTkGg xf] hftf x} . / fi6«Lotf l;km{ Ps zAbfjnL gxL+ x} , efjgf x} , Jojxf/ x} . ckg] / fi6« s] k|lt ;dlk{t efjgf x} . Ps hfkfgL k|fWofks sf g] kfn s] ljifo d] + ox ljrf/ yf ls xd nf] uf] + g] O;lnP k|ult gxL+ ls Sof] +ls xdg] e"v sf] gxL+ b] vf x} . ljZjo'4 s] kZrft hfkfg d] + pTkGg kl/ l: yltof] + sf j0f{g s/ t] x'P j] ckgL cfkaLtL atft] x} + ls s} ;] jf] nf] u jiff] {+ ts v] t ;] cfn" vf] b s/ nft] y] cf} / p;] pafn s/ ckgf k] 6 e/ t] y] . ;/ sf/ sL cf] / ;] k|To] s kl/ jf/ sf] k|lt lbg !)) u|fd e"gL x'O{ d"+ukmnL k|bfg sL hftL yL, lh;] k"/ f kl/ jf/ cd[t ;dem cfk; d] + afF6 s/ vftf yf . hflx/ x} , ls;L Ps JolQm s] lx: ;] d] + s'5 bfg] xL g;La xf] t] y] . lahnL / xtL yL, n] lsg udL{ s] lbgf] +

cfw'lgs / fi6«, / fi6«Lotf, ;+3Lotf Pj+ ;Dk|e'tf

k|f]= gjLg ld>f

;+3Lotf k|hftGq sL k/ fsfi7f x} . ;+3Lotf sf Ps kxn" ox eL x} ls O;d] + / fHof] + sf] ;+3 ;] cnu xf] g] sf eL clwsf/ k|bfg lsof hftf x} . cu/ ;+3 sf sf] O{ / fHo s] Gb| s] zf] if0f ;] k/ ] zfg xf] of s] Gb| p;s] ;fy ;f} t] nf Jojxf/ s/ / xf x} of s] Gb s] Jojxf/ ;] c;+t'i6 xf] tf] p;] s] Gb| ;] cnu xf] g] sf

k"/ f clwsf/ xf] tf x} .

a8Þf d'2f agf x'cf x} – ;+3Lotf . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sf sfo{ eL O;L d'2] k/ cfs/ c6sf x'cf x} . ;+3Lotf k|hftGq sL k/ fsfi7f x} . ;+3Lotf sf Ps kxn" ox eL x} ls O;d] + / fHof] + sf] ;+3 ;] cnu xf] g] sf eL clwsf/ k|bfg lsof hftf x} . cu/ ;+3 sf sf] O{ / fHo s] Gb| s] zf] if0f ;] k/ ] zfg xf] of s] Gb| p;s] ;fy ;f} t] nf Jojxf/ s/ / xf x} of s] Gb s] Jojxf/ ;] c;+t'i6 xf] tf] p;] s] Gb| ;] cnu xf] g] sf k"/ f clwsf/ xf] tf x} . ¿; d] + oxL tf] x'cf yf . n] lsg ;jfn x} ls ha g] kfn s] zf;s ;+3Lotf ts b] g] sL dgMl: ylt d] + gxL+ x} tf] Sof j] ckg] / fHof] + sf] ox clwsf/ k|bfg s/ g] sL lxDdt h'6fPFu] < ca rrf{ x} b] z s] tLg d'Vo bn O; aft k/ / fhL xf] uP x} ls ;+3Lotf sf] 7+9] a: t] d] + 8fn s/ ;+ljwfg hf/ L s/ lbof hfP .

cfw'lgs / fHo Ps ;Dk|e' cf} / : jfwLg OsfO{ x} ox ;demf hftf yf cf} / ;Dk|e'tf zf;s d] + xL d"lt{dfg, k|ToIf b] vL hftL / xL x} . ;Dk|e'tf s] cfw'lgs l;4fGt s] hgs Hof+af] bf+ sf dfggf x} ls ;Dk|e'tf sf cy{ k|hf tyf gful/ sf] + s] pmk/ P] ;L ;jf] {Rr lgoGq0f zlQm ;] x} , lh;] sf] O{ eL ;Lldt gxL+ s/ tf . O;L t/ x ljlwj] Qf cf] kgxfOd sf sxgf x} ls k|e';Qf ls;L eL cGo ;Qf s] lgoGq0f ;] d'Qm : jfwLg zlQm x} . ox aft ;j{ljlbt x} ls P] ;L ;Qf sf : jfdL / fHo xL xf] ;stf x} , sf] O{ Ps JolQm gxL+ . xf‘A; g] P] ;] xL / fHo sf] n] ljofg sL ;+1f

æd] + eL j] nf] u xfy s] k+v] ;] xL sfd rnft] y] . 3/ ] n" sfdf] + s] lnP nf] u : j] R5f ;] lahnL vr{ gxL+ s/ t] y] , Sof] +ls / fi6«Lo snsf/ vfgf] + cf} / pBf] uf] + sf] kof{Kt lahnL k|fKt xf] ;s] , cf} / cfh cfnd ox x} ls hfkfg g hfg] lstg] h?/ td+b b] zf] + sf k] 6 kfn / xf x} . / fi6«Lotf O;sf gfd x} . g] kfn d] + cfnd ox x} ls xd lagf dL6/ nufP xL 8fO/ ] S6 tf/ hf] 8Þ s/ lahnL sf bf] xg lbg/ ft s/ t] / xt] x} +, lh;s] sf/ 0f b] z s] g hfg] lstg] snsf/ vfgf] + sf] lahnL lsNnt em] ngL k8ÞtL x} cf} / pTkfbg k/ c;/ k8Þtf x} . lahnL ljefu s] sd{rfl/ of] + åf/ f cu/ seL lahnL rf] / L k/ lgoGq0f s/ g] sf c;kmn k|of; lsof eL hftf x} , tf] xd p;] ckg] uf+jf] + of d'xNn] ;] df/ kL6 s/ euf b] t] x} + . ox Ps dfq If] q sf pbfx/ 0f x} . Sof oxL xdf/ L / fi6«Lotf x} < ckg] / fi6« s] k|lt oxL xdf/ f ;dk{0f x} . xdf/ f b] z s} ;] pGglt s/ ] uf <

/ fi6«Lotf s] afb cfh b] z sf ;a;]

ljZn]if0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%8

bL x} cf} / d] lsefj] nL sf lk|G; eL P] ;] xL ;Dk|e' / fHo sf zf;s x} . pbf/ jfbL lr+tsf] +, ?;f] , a'8Þ/ f] ljn;g cflb g] O; t/ x s] lg/ +s'z ;Dk|e'tf, ;DkGg / fHo sL cjwf/ 0ff sf] r'gf} tL bL x} , k/ ox aft ;eL : jLsf/ s/ t] x} + ls oyfy{ d] + / fHo sL ;Dk|e'tf ljz] if s/ cGt/ f{i6«Lo lqmofsnfk d] +, cg'ejl;4 x} . ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3 3f] if0ff sL kq wf/ f !$ d] + ox : jLsf/ s/ tf x} ls / fHo cfk;L ;DaGwf] + sL ;Dk|e'tf s] l;4fGt cf} / cGt/ f{i6«Lo sfg"g s] cg';f/ ;+rflnt s/ ] +u] .

/ fi6«–/ fHo sL cjwf/ 0ff d] + ox cGtlg{lxt x} ls / fHo sL kxrfg s] ;fy / fi6«Lotf sf tTj cleGg ¿k ;] h'8Þf / x] uf . cf} / hxfF ts / fi6«Lotf sf k|Zg x} – O;s] pNn] v s] ;fy–;fy wd{, efiff tyf ;+: s[lt s] pnem] x'P ;jfn, / fHo sL ;Qf, ;fdYo{ of p;sL sdhf] / L s] ¿k d] + k|s6 xf] g] nut] x} . r"Fls cfw'lgs / fHo sL ;Qf sf cfwf/ wd{ lg/ k] Iftf atfof hftf x} , wd{ut cGt/ ax'wf / fi6« / fHo sL Pstf Pj+ cv+8tf s] lnP vt/ f ag hft] x} + . ;fd|fHojfb s] o'u d] + pklgj] zf] + d] + wfld{s Pj+ efiffO{ ljljwtf s] afjh"b ;jf] {Rr ;Qf sL : yfkgf ank"j{s ;Dej yL . : jfwLgtf s] afb / fHo sL ;Qf sf] ank"j{s yf] kgf ;Dej gxL+ / xf x} . O;L sf/ 0f cfw'lgs / fHo d] + / fi6«jfb sL a'lgofb ls;L wd{ ljz] if of hflt cyjf

efiff k/ gxL+ / vL hf ;sL .s'n ldnfs/ / fi6« / fHo s] gful/ s

ox aft : jLsf/ s/ t] x} + ls pgs] ;fd"lxs lxt ls;L b";/ ] / fi6«–/ fHo s] gful/ sf] + s] ;fd"lxs lxtf] + sL t'ngf d] + clws ;fDo / vt] x} + cf} / Ogs] ;+/ If0f s] lnP k/ : k/ ;xsfo{ h?/ L x} . lj8+agf ox x} ls e"d08nLs/ 0f s] bf} / d] + cGt/ f{i6«Lo cfly{s lqmofsnfk sL ljZjJofkL cGtlge{/ tf g] O; ;fdfGo 1fg sf] eL ljjfbf: kb agf lbof x} . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g sL gLltof] + g] ck|Toflzt ¿k ;] ;+sL0f{ g: njfb, ;fDk|bflos s§/ kGyL cf} / k|lt/ IffTds b] z k|] d sf] e8Þsfof x} .

pbf/ jfbL tyf dfS;{jfbL lr+tsf] + sf cf/ De ;] ox sxgf / xf x} ls / fi6«jfb ljefhs dfgl;stf x} , hf] cGt/ f{i6«Lo / fhgLlt d] + ax't ;f/ L lx+;s d'7e] 8Þf] + s] lnP lhDd] bf/ x} . kmf;Ljfb cf} / gfhLjfb h} ;] ljsf/ pu| / fi6«jfb s] sf/ 0f xL k} bf x'P x} + . dfS;{jfbL ljrf/ s O; aft k/ vf;s/ hf] / b] t] x} + ls ljZj e/ s] ;j{xf/ f >ldsf] + s] lxt ;dfg x} + cf} / ox ;demg] sL h?/ t x} ls / fHo Ps P] ;L ;+: yf x} , lh;sf cfljisf/ a'h'{cf ju{ g] ckg] : jfy{ ;fwg s] lnP lsof yf cf} / lh;sL pkof] lutf ca ;dfKt xf] r'sL x} . lj8Dagf ox x} ls v'b k|d'v ;fDojfbL / fHof] + sf cfr/ 0f / fi6«jfbL xL b] vg] sf] ldnf x} cf} / pgsL cGt/ f{i6«Lotf

sL kIfw/ tf bf] x/ ] dfgb+8f] + jfnL xL gh/ cfO{ x} . låtLo ljZjo'4 s] kxn] ;f] ljot ;+3 sf cfr/ 0f xf] of dfcf] jfbL rLg sf, ljotgfd xf] of So"af, kf] n} 08, ?dflgof cyjf cnaflgof, oxL aft ;fdg] cftL x} ls cfw'lgs / fHo sL kxrfg ceL eL k|d'vtM / fi6« / fHo jfnL xL x} .

cfw'lgs / fHo sL kxrfg Ps hgtflGqs ;+: yf s] ¿k d] + x} . / fHo d] + ;Qf?9Þ ;/ sf/ en] xL tfgfzfxL xf] , p;sf k|oTg oxL / xtf x} ls v'b sf] ljlw;Ddt, Gofof] lrt cf} / zfl;tf] + sL ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ : yflkt k|efljt s/ g] sL r] i6f s/ ] . cGt/ f{i6«Lo Joj: yf d] + eL hgtflGqs l;4fGt sf] Otgf Jofks ;dy{g k|fKt x} ls lh; / fHo sL kxrfg hgtflGqs gxL+ xf] tL, p;] k"/ L t/ x ;] dfGotf gxL+ ldntL . cfw'lgs / fHo sf] ljsfzf] Gd'v / fHo eL sxf hftf x} Sof] +ls / fHo sf k|d'v p2] Zo gful/ sf] + sf ;jf{+uL0f ljsf; xL xf] tf x} . ef} uf] lns Pstf Pj+ cv08tf sL / Iff s] afb / fHo s] ar] x'P st{Jof] + d] + gful/ sf] + s] lnP vfBfGg, k] ohn tyf : jf: Yo Pj+ lrlsT;f ;] jfPF h'6fgf zfldn lsP hft] x} + . gful/ sf] + s] hLjg : t/ d] + ;'wf/ sL ox k|lqmof lg/ Gt/ hf/ L / xtL x} . ctM ox ;f] rgf ts{;+ut gxL+ ls ;DkGg / fi6« ljsf;f] Gd'v gxL+ xf] t] cf} / cfw'lgs / fHo sL ox kxrfg s] jn ljsl;t b] zf] + k/ nfu" xf] tL x} .

ljZn]if0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 9

lnP ox ;rd'r Ps cf} / Ufx/ f em6\sf yf . g] kfn g] O;;] kxn] eL sO{ af/ e"sDk

sL tafxL sf] em] nf x} . g] kfn Ps k|frLg e"v08 x} cf} / kf} / fl0fs u|Gyf] + d] + O;s] sO{ aofg ldnt] x} lkm/ eL g] kfn sf k|dfl0fs Oltxf; lnR5jL sfn ;] z'? xf] tf x} . Oltxf; d] + dNnsfn d] + sf7df+8" s] e"sDk ;] k|efljt xf] g] sf lhqm ldntf x} . O;sf dtna ox stO{ gxL+ x} ls dNnsfn ;] kxn] O; If] q d] + seL eL P] ;L ljkbfP+ gxL cfO{ .

ceo dNn s] / fHosfn d] + !@%% h"g & s] lbg cfo] ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk d] + a8] Þ tfbfb d] ] + nf] uf] + sL d[To' x'O{ yL . hflx/ x} ta sfkmL cGo ef} lts g's;fg eL x'cf xf] uf . O;L t/ x hol: ylt dNn -!#*@–(%_ åf/ f e"sDk ;] x'O{ tafxL sL cf] / Wofg b] g] sf lhqm Oltxf; d] + cftf x} . O; k|;+u ;] pgs] / fHosfn d] + eL e"sDk sL ljgfznLnf sf cGbfhf nufof hf ;stf x} . cf} / hok|sfz dNn -O{=!&#^–^*_ s] zf;gsfn d] + eL sf7df+8" e"sDk ljkbfcf] + ;] cfqmfGt xf] uof yf . atfof hftf x} hok|sfz dNn s] uf] / vf / fHo ;] k/ flht xf] g] d] + e"sDk sL Iflt eL Ps sf/ 0f yf . cfw'lgs g] kfn d] + g/ ] z / fh] Gb|ljqmd zfx s] zf;g sfn d] + @^ cu: t !*## sf] g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s]

laxf/ / fHo d] + *=) DofUg] Ro"6 s] e"sDk g] a8] k} dfg] ljgfz lsof . g] kfn s]

eStk'/ d] + Hofbf xL Iflt x'O{ yL . b';/ ] xL ;fn h'nfO{ !*#$ d] + eL e"sDk s] bxzt sf pNn] v x} . g] kfn d] + h+uaxfb'/ s] ;do & h'nfO{ !*^( s] lbg sf7df+8" d] + ^=% d] Ug] Ro"6 s] e"sDk ;] sO{ 3/ lu/ uo] y] . / f0ff k|wfgd+qL rGb|zd;] / s] ;do @* cu: t !(!^ sf] uo] &=&

d] Ug] Ro'6 s] e"sDk g] g] kfn cf} / ltAat d] + ef/ L Iflt lsof . O;L

t/ x ;g\ !(#$ hgj/ L !% tf/ Lv sf] ha g] kfn s] k|wfgd+qL h'4zd;] /

y] , pgs] ;do d] + eL *=) Df] Ug] Ro"6 sL dxfljgfzsf/ L e"sDk g] ;d"r] g] kfn xL gxL+ ltAat cf} / ef/ t s] laxf/ / fHo sf] eL a'/ L t/ x k|efljt lsof, ljz] if s/ sf7df+8" sf] tafx s/ lbof cf} / sO{ nf] uf] + sL hfg] + uO{+ . g] kfnL ;+: s[lt s] hfgsf/ ;Todf] xg hf] zL cf} / / fi6«slj dfwjk|;fb l3ld/ ] h} ;] sO{ jof] j[4 gful/ s p; ljkbf sL cfh eL aofg s/ t] kfo] hft] x} + . p; ;do eL e"sDk g]

dxfe"sDkM zf] s d] + 8"af b] z

afa"/fd kf}8\ofn

Rff} aL; ck|} n @)!% ts/ Lag kf} g] af/ x ah] g] kfn d] + cfo] ljWj+zsf/ L e"sDk g] b] z sL ;f+: s[lts, ef} lts cf} / cfly{s a'lgofb sf] cGb/ ;] lxnfs/ / v lbof . p;s] afb nuftf/ cfP 5f] 6] a8Þ] sO{ em6\sf] + g] sx/ a/ kfg] d] + sf] O{ s;/ afsL gxL+ 5f] 8Þf . O; ljKfbf g] xhf/ f] + g] kflnof] + sf] bb{gfs df} t sL gL+b ;'nf lbof, xhf/ f] + sf] a] 3/ , nfjfl/ ; cf} / c+u–e+u s/ lbof . ;f/ f g] kfn zf] sdUg xf] uof x} . lxdfn, kxf8Þ cf} / t/ fO{ ;d"rf b] z ddf{xt xf] uof . b'lgof s] x/ sf] g] ;] O; kL8Þf k/ dfgjLo ;+j] bgf hu p7L . ;xof] u s] lnP sO{ xfy cfu] cf / x] x} + .

sf7df+8" sL ;f+: s[lts w/ f] x/ eLd;] g : tDe h} ;] sO{ k'/ ftflTjs ejg, P] ltxfl;s

dlGb/ cf} / kljq : yn b] vt] –xL–b] vt] dnj] d] + tAbLn xf] uo] . lxGb' cf} / af} 4 d+lb/ f] + s] zx/ s] ¿k d] + b'lgof+ d] + kl/ lrt ko{6sLo zx/ sf7df+8" sf] s'b/ t g] ca s'?k agf lbof x} . kf} / fl0fs sfn ;] lg/ Gt/ rnL cf / xL ;+f: s[lts lj/ f;t sL sO{ cxd\ ujfx ca hdLgbf] h xf] uoL+ x} . ca sf7df+8" sf] Ps af/ lkm/ b'lgof s] ;} nflgof] + sf] n'efg] jfn]

: j?k d] + nfg] d] + cf} / lkm/ ;] b"?: t agfg] d] + xd sfdofa xf] kfP] +u] ox Ps u+eL/ ;jfn ag uof x} . cs] n] sf7df+8" sL aft gxL+ x} , uf] / vf lhn] ;] k'/ a s] ;eL kxf8ÞL lhnf] + d] + eL ef/ L tafxL x"O{ x} . ef/ L dfqf d] + nf] u xtfxt x"P x} + . p;L cg"kft d] + cflzofg] lu/ uo] x} + . b; ;fn nDaf cY{ftGq sf] tx;gx; s/ tf ;z: q åGb cf} / p;s] afb ptg] xL ;do ts rntL ;+qmd0fsfnLg nDa] / fhgLlts emu8Þ cf} / cl: y/ tf ;] pa / xf g] kfnL hgdfg; O; xfb;] sL kL8Þf ;] s} ;] pa/ kfPuf, sxgf sl7g x} . k|lts"ntfcf] + sf] em] n / x] g] kfn s]

cfj/0f

g] kfn sL / fhwfgL, ko{6sf] + sf

rx] tf zx/ cf} / ;+: s[lts lj/ f;t ;] ;DkGg dlGb/ f] + sf zx/ sf7df+8" cf} / O;s] cf;kf; O;af/ ef/ L tfbfb d] + wghg sL Iflt xf] r'sL x} p;sf] sd s/ g] d] + sxf+ r"s x'O{ x} O; cf] / eL yf] 8Þf

;f] rgf plrt xf] uf .

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%10

w/ x/ f s] ;fy–;fy cGo sO{ 3/ , ejg cf} / dlGb/ f] + sf] w/ fzfoL s/ lbof yf . cf+s8Þf] + s] d'tflas g] kfn e/ !& xhf/ * ;f} &! nf] uf] + sL df} t xf] uoL yL . 3fon cf} / hVdL nf] uf] + sL ;+Vof # xhf/ # ;f} &( atfoL uO{ yL . ef} lts Iflt d] + # nfv #& xhf/ ( ;f} $^ 3/ gi6 xf] uo] y] . ts/ Lag 8] 9 dxLg] afb / f0ff k|wfgd+qL h'4 zd;] / g] 6'Fl8v] n d] nf] uf] + sf] ;Daf] lwt s/ t] x'o] kLl8Þtf] + s] / fxt s] lnP kLl8Þtf] 4f/ s ;+: yf sf P] nfg lsof . ;/ sf/ sL cf] / ;] nf] uf] + sf] 3/ lgdf{0f s] lnP lagf ;"b s] C0f lbof uof yf . afb d] + C0f ;] d'St eL s/ lbof uof yf . sf7df+8" sf 3/ x/ f, 306f3/ cf} / kf6g sf b] u'tn] , dxfaf} 4 h} ;] ;f+: s[lts cxldot / vg] jfn] dlGb/ f] + sf] ;/ sf/ g] hL0ff] {4f/ s/ jfof yf . g/ ] z dx] Gb| s] zf;gsfn d] + @& h"g !(^^ g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s] ;Ldf If] q d] + ̂ =# d] Ug] Ro"6 sf e"sDk s] em6\s] cfo] cf} / bf] gf] + t/ km s'n *) nf] uf] + g] hfg] + u+jfoL+ . ;g\ !(*) h'nfO{ @( sf] cfo] ^=% DofUg] Ro'6 s] Ps cf} / e"rfn g] g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s] s'5 lx: ;] sf] k|efljt lsof cf} / @ ;f} ;] clws nf] uf] + sL hfg] + nL+ . sf7df+8" cf} / ef/ t s] laxf/ / fHo sf] a'/ L t/ x k|efljt s/ g] jfnf e"sDk @) cu: t !(** sf] cfof lh;sL sDkg ^=^ DofUg] Ro'6 yf . p;d] + s'n ldnfs/ Ps xhf/ ;] clws nf] uf] + sL hfg] + rnL uO{+ yL cf} / sf7df+8" 3f6L s] cGb/ ljz] ifs/ k|frLg zx/ eStk'/ lhn] sf] lxnfs/ / v lbof yf . sO{ nf] uf] + sL df} t xf] uoL yL . O; af/ s] lbn bxnf b] g] jfn] dxfe"sDk sL Iflt sf ljj/ 0f cfgf ceL afsL x} . O; t/ x sL sO{ k|fs[lts ljkbfcf] + ;] g] kfn h"emtf xL cf / xf x} . ts/ Lag ;tfO; ;fn afb O;af/ e"sDk s] ¿k d] + k|s[lt g] ;f/ ] g] kfn cf} / p;s] cf;kf; df} t cf} / ljgfz sf sx/ a/ kfof .

hfgsf/ f] + sf sxgf x} ls cS;/ krf; ;] ; f} ;fn s] cGb/ g] kfn cf} / O;s] cf;kf; sf If] q ljgfzsf/ L e""sDk s] rk] 6 d] + cftf / xf x} . g] kfn cf} / p;s] cf;kf; d] + P] ;f Sof] + xf] / xf x} , ;jfn p7gf : jefljs x} . sxf hftf x} ls xhf/ f] + ;fn kxn] lxdfno If] q ;dGb/ sf lx: ;f x'cf s/ tf yf . O; hn If] q sf] ca 6] ly; ;fu/ sf gfd lbof uof x} . e"–j} 1flgsf] + s] d'tflas O; If] q s] e"ue{ d] + pQ/ sL o'/ ] lzofO{ jf ltAatL cf} / ef/ tLo k|foMåLk sL r6\6fg] + ldntL x} + cf} / bf] gf] + s] aLr cfk; d] + 6s/ fj j bafj agf / xtf x} . lh;s] rnt] o] r6\6fg] + ;fnfgf s'5 ;] +6LdL6/ cfu] sL cf] / lv;stL x} . gtLhf ox xf] tf x} ls e"ue{ d] + ef} uf] lns ultljlwof+ ;lqmo / xtL x} + . O;L ;lqmotf s] sf/ 0f 6] ly; ;fu/ sf e"–;tx aLt] ls;L sfnv08 d] + pk/ p7f cf} / lxdfno agf cf} /

6] ly; ;fu/ sf cl: tTj xL ;dfKt xf] uof . e"ue{ sL ;lqmotf Otg] a8Þ] k|no sf] cGhfd b] ;stf x} tf] lglZrt x} xd hf] lvd e/ ] hdLg s] ] jf;L x} + c} f/ xd] + ;ts{tf a/ tgL xL rflxo] . e"ue{ sL ;lqmotf k/ xd l;km{ aft] + s/ ;st] x} + . p;sL kl/ 0flt sf] e'utg] s] cnfjf dfgj s] kf; b";/ f rf/ f gxL+ x} . Psaft cf} / eL ;fkm xf] hftL x} ls lxdfno s] cf;kf; sL hdLg sL ;+/ rgf gO{ cf} / sdhf] / eL x} . Og ;eL sf/ 0ff] + sf ldnfh'nf kl/ 0ffd hdLg k/ , e": vng cf} / lxdfno If] q d] + lxd: vng, lxdtfnf] + s] km6g] h} ;] tdfd dfgj k|lts"n ljkbfcf] + sf hGd xf] / xf x} . xdf/ ] jz d] + l;km{ Otgf x} ls xd e"sDk s] bf} / fg Iflt Go"g s/ g] s] lnP hfu?s / x] + cf} / xdf/ ] ljsf; sf] cg's"n agfP+ . O;af/ g] kfn d] + cfO{ e"sDk sL tafxL O;L ef} uf] lns ;lqmotf cf} / k|lts"n dfgjLo ;lqmotf h} ;] tdfd gtLhf] + sL cnu cnu sl8Þof] + d] + ;] Ps x} .

Otg] ;+j] bgzLn e"v08 g] kfn, ef/ t, a+unfb] z, e"6fg, a+unfb] z, Dofgdf/ , kfls: tfg, ckmuflg: tfg, O{/ fg cf} / rLg h} ;] b] zf] + sf] ;fjwfgL a/ tg] sL h?/ t tf] ax"t kxn] ;] x} . k/ Gt' O; cf] / ;/ sf/ ] + cf} / of] hgfsf/ xL gxL cfd nf] uf] + g] eL laNs'n gh/ cGbfh lsof x} . ;/ k/ n6st] vt/ ] sL tnjf/ s] afjh"b ljkbfcf] + s] afb Ps bf] ;fn kZrftfk s/ gf lkm/ ;as"5 e'nf b] gf xL xdf/ f sfd ag uof x} .

g] kfn sL / fhwfgL, ko{6sf] + sf rx] tf zx/ cf} / ;+: s[lts lj/ f;t ;] ;DkGg dlGb/ f] + sf zx/ sf7df+8" cf} / O;s] cf;kf; O;af/ ef/ L tfbfb d] + wghg sL Iflt xf] r'sL x} p;sf] sd s/ g] d] + sxf+ r's x'O{ x} O; cf] / eL yf] 8Þf ;f] rgf plrt xf] uf . zf;sf] + g] ;eL cj;/ f] + cf} / ;eL ;] jfcf] + sf] ckg] cf;kf;

sf7df+8" d] + xL ;Lldt s/ ;f/ ] g] kflnof] + s] lnP O; zx/ sf] Osnf} t] uGtJo s] ¿k d] + ljsf; lsof . k+rfot s] hdfg] d] + sf7df+8" sf] ha b] z s] cGo If] q s] ;fy ;'ud ;8Þs ;+hfn ;] hf] 8Þf uof ta jxf+ sL hg;+Vof d] + lbg b'gL / ft rf} u'gL j[l4 xf] g] nuL . O; k|j[lt d] + k+rfot s] ktg s] afb cf} / eL tLj|tf cfO{ . ef} uflns Ifdtf ;] ax't clws nf] uf] + sf sf7df+8" d] + hdfj8Þf xf] uof . gLltof] + sL vfldof+ b] lvP, ox / fhwfgL zx/ d] + ts/ Lag c: ;L kmL;b nf] u c: yfO{ tf} / k/ / xt] x} . / f] huf/ , Jofkf/ d] + ;+nUg nf] uf] + sL uf+j ;] zx/ s] lGb|t dgf] j[lQ s] sf/ 0f 3/ cf} / O{df/ tf] + sf aggf : jefljs xf] uof . a9ÞtL cfafbL sf] Jojl: yt s/ g] s] lnP of] hgfsf/ cf} / ;/ sf/ f] + s] kf; sf] O{ k|efjsf/ L b[li6sf] 0f sf cefj / xf . ;8Þs, kfgL, ko{j/ 0f sL ;xh pknAWftf cf} / 3/ f] + cf} / Odf/ tf] + sf cg'udg k/ sf] O{ Wofg gxL+ lbof uof . ljsf; s] gfd k/ pm+r] ckf6{d] +G6f] + sf] k|f] T;fxg lbof uof . sf7df+8" sL ef} uf] lns l: ylt sf] b] vt] x'o] ox zx/ lhtgf cf] e/ kf] k'n] 6] 8 x} p;;] sxL+ clws cJojl: yt eL x} . oxf+ Joj: yf gfd sL sf] O{ tbfg"?ktf x} xL gxL+ . P] ;L aft gxL+ sL nf] u O;s] lnP cfjfh gxL+ p7ft] x} + alNs pgsL cfjfh sf] gh/ cGbfh s/ lbof hftf x} . gtLhf, afUfdtL gbL sf] Ps gfnL s] ¿k d] + tAbLn s/ lbof uof . p;s] : jefljs km} nfj sf] cltqmd0f s/ ;+s'lrt s/ lbof uof . af] l/ ª s] hl/ P hdLg s] cGb/ sf : jefljs hn a8ÞL tfbfb d] + lgsfns/ hdLg sf] sdh] f/ lsof uof . zx/ d] + xl/ ofnL, v'nL hdLg sL cxldot sf] seL ;demg] sf k|of; gxL x'cf . Sof cfg] jfn] lbg d] + lbn bxnf b] g] jfnL O; ljkbf ;] ;Lv n] s/ g] kfn cf} / p;s] k8Þf] ;L Ps ;fy cfu] a9Þ kfP+u] + <

baburampoudyal35@gmail.com

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 11

rfjlxn, afnfh', l;+x b/ af/ , ;f+v', eStk'/ cf} / nlntk'/ If] q Hofbf k|efljt x'P jxL+ / fhwfgL ;] afx/ wflb+u, l;Gw'kfn rf} s, sfe|] knfg rf} s, g'jfsf] 6, / ;'jf, uf] vf{, ndh'+u, kfNkf, sf: sL cflb lhnf dxfe"sDk ;] a'/ L t/ x k|efljt x} .

;ft bzdnj gf} / ] S6/ sf ox e"sDk lj=;+=!(() s] afb sf b";/ f a8Þf e"sDk x} . lh;sf s] Gb| laGb' uf] vf{ sf af/kfs If] q dfgf uof x} . !(() ;fn sf e"sDk sf s] Gb|laGb' ef/ t s] laxf/ sf dw'agL cf} / ;Ltfd9ÞL sf If] q yf . lsGt' jxfF ;] clws Iflt g] kfn d] + x'O{ yL . Oltxf; s] cg';f/ p; jSt ef/ t d] + hxfF & xhf/ !** nf] uf] + sL d[To' x'O{ yL jxL+ g] kfn d] + * xhf/ %!( nf] uf] + sL hfg] + uO{ yL+ . cf} / O; af/ s] dxfe"sDk d] + tf] d[To' sf cf+s8Þf b; xhf/ ;] eL clws xf] g] sL ;Defjgf x} cf} / nfvf] + sL ;+Vof d] + nf] u O;;] k|efljt x} + . hgdfg; sL aaf{bL sf ox cfFs8Þf cf} / eL clws xf] hftf, cu/ ox ljgfz ls;L cf} / lbg xf] tf . lbg 5'6\6L sf yf, sfof{no aGb y] cf} / : s"n aGb y] , gxL+ tf] l: ylt sL eofjxtf sL tf] sNkgf eL gxL+ sL hf ;stL x} . / fi6«;+3 s] cg';f/ *)nfv g] kfnL O; cfkbf ;] k|efljt x'P x} + .

;r tf] ox x} ls g] kfn sL aaf{bL sL

bf: tfg sxfF ;] z'? sL hfo ox ;dem d] + gxL+ cf / xf . x/ cf] / tafxL sf d+h/ x} . cfh eL dnaf] + s] cGb/ nf] uf] + s] ba] xf] g] sL cfz+sf x} . sxgf g rfxt] x'P eL ox cg'dfg lsof hf ;stf x} , pgs] hLljt xf] g] sL ;Defjgf cToGt Go"g x} . lsGt' lhgs] ckg] nfktf x} +, pgsL cfFv] + cfh eL pgs] ;s'zn nf} 6g] sL k|tLIff s/ / xL] x} + . bb{ tf] ldn uof, hf] rn] uP jf] jfk; gxL+ cf ;st] k/ , hf] lhGbf x} + jf] lhGbuL sL n8ÞfO{ n8Þ / x] x} + . ;/ k/ 5t gxL+ x} , vfg] sf] cGg gxL+ x} cf} / hf] aLdf/ x} + jf] bjf sf O+thf/ s/ t] –s/ t] bd tf] 8Þ / x] x} + . / fxt sL ;fdu|L x} lsGt', p;sL ljt/ 0f Joj: yf to gxL+ xf] kf / xL x} . nf] u ceL eL v'n] cfsfz s] gLr] hLg] sf] afWo x} +, hfPF tf] sxfF hfPF . cfjZostf yL o'4: t/ k/ sfo{jfxL sL lsGt' ox tTk/ tf sxL+ lbvfO{ gxL+ k8LÞ . lstgL chLa ;L aft x} hxfF e"sDk s] dfq cfw] 3G6] s] eLt/ ldq / fi6« ef/ t d] + k|wfgd+qL df] bL s] åf/ f cfkftsfnLg a} 7s a'nfs/ / fxt sf lg0f{o lnof uof jxL+ xdf/ L ;/ sf/ g] d+qLkl/ ifb\ sL a} 7s ;f9] 5 3G6] s] afb a'nfO{ . ;/ sf/ Ps dxLg] s] lnP e"sDk kLl8Þt If] q d] + ;+s6sfn sL 3f] if0ff s/ s] lrGtfd'St xf] uO{ . hals cfh eL e"sDk kLl8Þt If] q d] + p4f/ sdL{ s]

k|fs[lts k|sf] k sL kL* Þf em] ntf g] kfn

8f= Zj]tf bLlKt

k[YjL s] ue{ d] + Ps xnrn drL cf} / lhGbuL sL / km\tf/ abn uO{ . ck|Tofl;t cf} / c;fdfGo Ps sDkg g] ckgL xL ult ;] rn / xL lhGbuL sL ult sf] abn lbof . !@ ut] g] kfn s] lnP jf] sfnf lbg ;flat x'cf lh;g] p;] sO{ jif{ kL5] ws] n lbof x} . ceL tf] g] kfn ljsf; sL / fx b] v / xf yf . ;+s|d0f sfn sL bf} / ;] u'h/ tf g] kfn sO{ cfGtl/ s dfdnf] + ;] h"em / xf yf lsGt' O; ck|Tofl;t 36gf g] ;a s'5 kL5] 5f] 8Þ lbof . ef} lts ;Dkbf, P] ltxfl;s w/ f] x/ cf} / xhf/ f] + dfgjLo Iflt g] b] z sL cj: yf sf] r/ d/ f s/ / v lbof x} . b] z g] *@ jif{ s] afb Ps afb lkm/ O; bb{ sf] em] nf x} . O; dxfe"sDk ;] / fhwfgL d] + hxfF ef] 6flxl6, c;g, 7d] n, j;Gtk'/ , w/ x/ f,

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%12

5f

uof yf .

zlgjf/ sL / ft b"/ –b"/ ts sxL+ / f] zgL gxL+ yL . w/ tL d] + x/ kn xf] / x] sDkg cf} / c+wsf/ d] + / ft u'hf/ g] sL afWotf g] ;dk"0f{ sf7dfG8f} jf;L sf] ql;t s/ / vf yf . bf] lbgf] + ts oxL cj: yf

yL . lsGt' lahnL cfk"lt{ b] g] d] + ljB't ljefu g] ckgL tTk/ tf lbvfO{ . cf} / bf] lbgf] + s] kzrft\ wL/ ] wL/ ] x/ hux ljB't cfk"lt{ sL uO{ cf} / nf] uf] + g] / fxt sL ;fF; nL . Ps cf} / hf] aft b] vg] d] + cfO{ jf] lgM;Gb] x dg sf] 5" uO{ yL . sO{ huxf] + k/ nf] uf] + g] ;f] nf/ pks/ 0f sf k|of] u s/ s] nf] uf] + sf] df] afOn rfh{ s/ g] sL ;'ljwf d'x} of s/ fO{ yL . Og ;eL s] hHaf] + sf] ;nfd x} xdf/ f .

lsGt' Og ;as] aLr Ps aft hf] ;fdg] cftL x} jx x} xdf/ L ;/ sf/ cf} / p;sL gLlt sL . ;+ljwfg s] ljjflbt ljifof] + d] + bnLo ;xdlt cfh ts gxL+ xf] kfO{ cf} / cfnd tf] o] x} ls b] z ha k|s[lt sL O; df/ ;] u'h/ / xf x} ta eL k|d'v / fhgLlts bn ckgL 8kmnL cf} / ckgf / fu cnfkg] d] + nu] x'P x} + . bn ckgL v'zL cf} / ckg] : jfy{ s] cg';f/ / fxt d] + nu] x'P x} +, lh;sL jhx ;] / fxt sfo{ s] Gb|Los[t xf] / xf x} . g] skf Pdfn] s] ;lrj of] u] z e6\/ fO{ g] : jLsf/ lsof x} ls k|d'v bnf] + d] + / fxt cf} / p4f/ sfo{ d] +

gxL+ kx'Frg] ;] Iflt sf k"0f{ ljj/ 0f gxL+ cf kfof x} . g] kfnL ;] gf, ;'/ Iff lgsfo, p4f/ sdL{, / ] 8s|f; h} ;L ;+: yfcf] + s] sfd d] + ;dfgtf cf} / ;xdlt sL sdL sL jhx ;] p4f/ sfo{ d] + hf] t] hL cfgL rflxP yL jx gxL+ xf] kf / xf x} . afjh"b O;s] ;z: q k|x/ L ;] gf s] hjfgf] + cf} / 6«} lkms k'ln; sL ;/ fxgf tf] s/ gL xL xf] uL hf] : jtM: km"t{ ¿k ;] ;fdg] cfP cf} / lhGbluof] + sf] arfg] d] +, lhGbuL sf] k6/ L k/ nfg] d] + lgM: jfy{ efj ;] nu] . pGx] + g tf] ckgL lrGtf yL cf} / gf ckg] kl/ hgf] + sL, p; jSt k|s[lt sL df/ ;] cfxt ;Dk"0f{ hgtf pgsL ckgL yL . pgs] b'v d] + jf] pgs] ;fy y] . lrlsT;sf] + g] x/ kn nf] uf] + sf ;fy lbof . c: ktfnf] + d] + hux gxL+ yL tf] ;8Þsf] + k/ Onfh lsof . cdL/ u/ La ;eL pgs] lnP Ps y] , ;asf pGxf] +g] Vofn / vf . JolStut ;+: yfPF ;fdg] cfO{+ cf} / nf] uf] + sL ;] jf d] + cf} / ;xfotf d] + hL hfg ;] nuL . hxfF–txfF vfg] sL Joj: yf sL uO{, kfgL lbof uof cf} / kLl8Þtf] + sf] arfof uof pGx] + ;'/ Iff bL uO{ . a+w'Tj sL o] efjgf lgM;Gb] x ct'ngLo x} . lh; jSt nf] u ckg] k/ fof] + sL va/ n] g] s] lnP a} r] g y] , o] hfgg] s] lnP a} r] g y] ls jf] sxfF x} + cf} / s} ;] x} +, ls; xfn d] + x} + P] ;] d] + g] kfn 6] nLsf] d, Pg;] n, o"6LPn Og ;ag] hf] ;fy lbof p;g] tf] nf] uf] + sf] Ps gO{ hfg bL . d'km\t ;] jf b] s/ pGxf] +g] ;asf] hf] 8Þf . ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] eL O;d] + ckgf ;xof] u lbof . ef/ tLo 8fS6/ f] + sL 6Ld cf} / ;] gf s] hjfgf] + g] eL ckgf ;j{: j nuf lbof . teL tf] dnaf] + d] + ba] nf] uf] + sf p4f/ xf] ;sf . b'u{d If] qf] + d] + x] nLsfK6/ s] ;xf/ ] hg dfg; sf] arfof uof . sO{ tf] Otg] v'zg;La lgsn] ls pGxf] +g] df} t sf] eL x/ f lbof . ;] gf s] k|of; ;] xL t] x|y'd sL ;'gLtf l;6f} nf dna] ;] ## 3+6] s] afb lhGbf lgsfnL uO{ . !@* 3+6f dna] d] + ba] xf] g] s] afb uf] +ua' u] : 6xfp; ;] @* jifL{of s[i0fs'df/ L v8\sf sf] lgsfnf uof . !% jifL{o k] Daf nfdf sf] !@) 3+6] s] afb lgsfnf uof . rf/ dxLg] s] aRr] sf] eL sO{ 3+6f] + s] afb hLljt lgsfnf uof cf} / ox ;a ;] gf s] sl7g p4f/ sfo{ sL jhx ;] ;Dej xf] ;sf . lhGbuL b] g] jfnf O{Zj/ x} lsGt' p;] k'ghL{jg xdf/ ] ;] gflgof] + g] lbof cf} / O; ;a d] + pgs] ;fx; s] ;fy ljb] zL tsgLls g] eL ;xof] u lbof . dfgjtf s] Oltxf; d] + Ogsf sfo{ xd] zf ;/ fxgLo / x] uf . p4f/ sfo{ d] + sO{ hjfgf] + g] ckgL s'af{lgofF eL bL+ lhGx] + seL e'nfof gxL+ hf ;stf x} . O; cfkbf s] afb ;Dk"0f{ sf7dfG8f} k/ c+wsf/ sf ;fd|fHo

cfj/0f

s+s/ L6 sL h+un d] + tAbLn xf] tf

sf7dfG8" cfh ckg] gfd sL kxrfg sL lj/ f;t sf] xL vf] r'sf x} . cfh sfi7d08k ckg] n8Þv8 ÞfP cl: tTj s] ;fy v8 Þf x} . sf7dfG8f} sf k|ltlglwTj s/ tf x'cf uj{ ;] ;/ p7fP w/ x/ f sf cl: tTj l;km{ Ps tNn] d] + l;d6

s/ / x r'sf x} .

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 13

;dGjo gxL+ xf] kfof x} . lh;sL jhx ;] sf] O{ ;+oGq of lgsfo sf u7g gxL+ xf] kfof x} cf} / O;sL jhx ;] / fxt sfo{ d] + cj/ f] w pTkGg xf] / xf x} . s} ;L lj8Dagf x} ;tL åf/ f zflkt O; b] z sL, hxfF ldq / fi6«f] + ;] kof{Kt dfqf d] + / fxt ;fdu|L cf} / cg'bfg / flz ldn / x] x} + lsGt', xdf/ L gfsfd cf} / nfrf/ ;/ sf/ ox lg0f{o gxL+ s/ kf / xL ls p;sf ljt/ 0f s} ;] xf] . xfF / fxt sf] if sf / fi6«Los/ 0f h¿/ lsof hf / xf x} . b] z ljb] z ;] ldn] cg'bfg / flz sf] k|wfgd+qL p4f/ sf] if d] + ;dflxt s/ gf xL / fi6«Los/ 0f x} . cu/ O; k|sf/ ;] cg'bfg / flz sf ;xL pkof] u lsof hfo tf] ox lg0f{o plrt xf] ;stf x} , lsGt' P] ;f xf] uf O;sL ;Defjgf Go"g x} . Sof] +ls ceL ;/ sf/ sf k"/ f t+q cf} / lgsfo xL k+u' agf x'cf x} . ufFjf] + d] + : yfgLo lgsfo gxL+ x} +, cf} / ox tf] ;j{ljlbt x} ls ;/ sf/ L t+q cf} / sd{rf/ L t+q k"/ L t/ x e|i6 x} + . ;/ sf/ sL c;Ifdtf : ki6 tf} / k/ lbvfO{ b] / xL x} . sO{ lbg u'h/ uP x} + lsGt' ckg] kl/ hgf] + cf} / ckg] jf;: yfg sf] vf] g] jfn] cfh eL lqkfn d] + / x / x] x} + cf} / Ps zfd s] ef] hg s]

lnP t/ ; / x] x} + . dnaf] + s] gLr] cgfh vf] h / x]

x} + cf} / ckg] kl/ hgf] s] zj : jo+ 9"F9

s/ p;sf

dbb s] xfy x/ t/ km ;]

a9 Þ / x] x} + lsGt' cGwL / fi6«elSt cf} / lagf gLlt

sL / fhgLlt g] pg xfyf] + sf] / f] s / vf x} . sO{ wgf9\o P] ;] x} + hf] ufFj a;f b] gf rfxt] x} +, 3/ agf b] gf rfxt] x} + . k/ zs xd] +

xdf/ L ;/ sf/ k/ xL x} .

;+: sf/ s/ / x] x} + . P] ;] d] + pgs] cGb/ cu/ s'5 hGd n] / xf x} , tf] ox ls jf] Sof] + hLljt x} + < ljb] zf] + ;] hf] ;xof] u cf / xf x} , cu/ pgsf dfu{ bz{g s/ s] pGx] + xL afF6g] sL lhDd] bf/ L bL hftL tf] / fxt ljt/ 0f sxL+ clws lgikIf xf] tf . lsGt' hxfF ;/ sf/ L gLot d] + xL vnn xf] jxfF pg;] O; k|fjwfg

sL pDdLb xL gxL+ sL hf ;stL . 6«sf] + d] + / fxt ;fdu|L ;Ldf

If] q d] + v8Þ] x} + k/ pgsf Joj: yfkg gxL+ lsof

hf / xf x} .

cu/ s/ ;DaGwL lgod d] + yf] 8ÞL ;'ljwf b] bL hfo tf] , / fxt ;fdu|L ;Ldf kf/ ;] cfg] d] + ;x'lnot xf] tL . / fxt sf] if s] / fi6«Los/ 0f sL O; gLlt sL jhx ;] cg'bfg cf} / / fxt b] g] jfn] eL cfu] gxL+ cfgf rfxt] . ljut sL 36gfcf] + k/ cu/ b[li6 8fnL hfo tf] ;/ sf/ sL cIfdtf : ki6 tf} / k/ lbvfO{ b] tL x} . ut jif{ bf+u cf} / alb{of d] + af9Þ cfO{, bf] nvf s] h'/ ] d] + k|fs[lts cfkbf cfO{ . p; jSt eL / fxt cf} / cg'bfg kof{Kt dfqf d] + ldn] lsGt' cfh eL jxfF abxfnL xL x} . ceL ts pGx] + / fxt gxL+ ldnL x} P] ;] d] + dxfljklQ s] O; If0f d] + ;/ sf/ k/ e/ f] ;f s/ g] sf sf] O{ cf} lrTo gxL+ lbvtf cf} / gf xL ox ;Defjgf lbvtL x} ls ;/ sf/ O{dfgbf/ L ;] ckgf sfo{ s/ kfPuL . / fi6«Los/ 0f sL O; gLlt sL jhx ;] cg'bfg / flz s] sd cfg] sL ;Defjgf ;] OGsf/ gxL+ lsof hf ;stf

x} . gful/ s ;d'bfo, cGt/ f{i6«Lo ;d'bfo dbb s/ g] sf] cft'/ x} + lsGt' k|wfgd+qL / fxtsf] if k/ jf] osLg gxL+ s/ kf / x] x} + . ;/ sf/ sL ;': t sfo{z} nL sL jhx ;] hg–dfg; d] + cfs|f] z hGd n] g] nuf x} . c: ktfnf] + d] + hux sL sdL cf} / bjf sf cefj eL : ki6 lbv / xf x} . zf/ Ll/ s ¿k ;] aLdf/ tf] x} + xL+ dfgl;s / f] uL eL sd gxL+ x} + hf] dxfe"sDk s] O; qf; sf] e"n gxL+ kf / x] x} + . ;a ;] a'/ L xfnt pg huxf] + sL x} hf] b'u{d x} + cf} / hxfF ceL ts lgufx] + cf;/ ] sf] tnfz / xL x} + . dbb s] xfy x/ t/ km ;] a9Þ / x] x} + lsGt' cGwL / fi6«elSt cf} / lagf gLlt sL / fhgLlt g] pg xfyf] + sf] / f] s / vf x} . sO{ wgf9\o P] ;] x} + hf] ufFj a;f b] gf rfxt] x} +, 3/ agf b] gf rfxt] x} + . k/ zs xd] + xdf/ L ;/ sf/ k/ xL x} . cats #$ b] zf] + ;] / fxt ;fdu|L cf r'sL x} . lh;d] + ;a;] clws / fxt ;fdu|L e] hg] jfnf b] z ef/ t x} . k/ ;+of] hg cf} / ljt/ 0f

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%14

sL sdhf] / L sL jhx ;] nf] uf] + sf] vfgf ts gxL+ ldn / xf x} . sxL= sxL+ tf] ox eL aft p7 / xL x} ls / fxt ;fdu|L a] rL hf / xL x} . cfkmt sL O; a] nf d] + ;Dk"0f{ b] z Ps ;fy v8Þf x} . dw] z sL hgtf eL k"0f{¿k ;] ckgf ;xof] u k|bfg s/ / xL x} . o'jfju{ tg dg ;] nu] x'P x} + . b] z s] x/ sf] g] ;] JolSt ;xfotf sf xfy a9Þ / x] x} + .

lsGt', / fxt ;fdu|L s] ljt/ 0f d] + : yfgLo lgsfo sL hf] ;ls|o e"ldsf xf] gL rflxP jx eL gxL+ xf] kf / xL x} . : yfgLo lgsfo sf tfTko{ uflj;, lhlj;, cf} / gu/ kflnsf x} . ox l;km{ Ps lgsfo gxL+ x} alNs ;/ sf/ cf} / hgtf s] aLr ;DaGw agfg] jfnL Ps s8ÞL cf} / dxTjk"0f{ ;+oGq x} . lsGt' @)%$ ;] g] kfn d] + : yfgLo lgsfo sf lgjf{rg gxL+ x'cf x} . cJoj: yf sf ox cfnd x} ls sO{ ufFj ;lrjljxLg x} . Ps ;lrj sO{ ufFjf] + sf ;+rfng s/ / xf x} . b'u{d ufFj a: tL ;/ sf/ L k|ltlglw s] lnP 56k6f / x] x} + . cfh ;/ sf/ s] O; cgb] v] kg cf} / cJoj: yf sf k|ToIf c;/ lbv / xf x} . p4f/ cf} / / fxt d] + hf] ;': tL cf} / c;d+h; sL l: ylt lbv / xL x} p;s] kL5] ox eL Ps dxTjk"0f{ sf/ 0f x} . : yfgLo lgsfo d] + hgk|ltlglw g xf] g] sL jhx ;] l;km{ dxfe"sDk kLl8Þt xL gxL+ alNs : jfOg km\n' h} ;] dxfdf/ L sf] em] n / x] hfh/ sf] 6, h'Dnf tyf sflnsf] 6 lhnf s] lgjf;L eL e'ut / x] x} + .

sd ;] sd ca eL ;/ sf/ L t+q sf] ox ;demgf rflxP ls b] z sf] rnfgf l;km{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f d] + pnemgf xL gxL+ x} alNs pg;] b] z s] x/ t+q sf] dha"t cf} / r': t agfg] sL ck] Iff sL hftL x} . cfh ts xdf/ ] g] tf ;+ljwfg agfg] sf b'xfO{ b] / x] y] ca tf] k|s[lt g] cf} / eL a8Þf axfgf b] lbof x} lh;d] + jf] ckg] cfksf] cf} / eL Jo: t lbvfPFu] . >Ldfg cf] nL hL w/ x/ f k/ r9Þs/ ckg] : j: y cf} / phf{jfg xf] g] sf ;+b] z k|;fl/ t s/ / x] y] lsGt' P] ;]

P] ltxfl;s w/ f] x/ sf] ;'/ lIft cf} / dha"t s} ;] lsof hfo O;k/ seL g] tfu0f sf Wofg xL gxL+ uof . cu/ uof xf] tf tf] cfh xdf/ L

w/ f] x/ h¿/ ;'/ lIft xf] tL . pgs] ;+/ If0f cf} / ;+j4{g k/ seL Wofg xL gxL+ lbof uof, hals o] w/ f] x/ ko{6sLo b[li6sf] 0f cf} / cfly{s b[li6sf] 0f ;] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ y] cf} / O;;] eL a8ÞL aft ox ls ox xdf/ L ;fF: s[ls w/ f] x/ yL, lh;;] g] kfn ljZj

d] + hfgf hftf x} , hf] Ps k'/ ftg ;+: s[lt sL kxrfg yL . ox cnu

aft x} ls O;] lkm/ ;] ls;L gf ls;L b] z sL ;xfotf ;] lgld{t s/ lnof

hfPuf lsGt' O;sL df} lnstf tf] xd uFjf xL r's] x} + . ox tf] ;j{ljlbt x} ls g] kfn e"sDkLo b[li6sf] 0f ;] pRr hf] lvd sf If] q dfgf uof x} . e"ue{zf: qL af/ –af/ ox r] tfjgL b] t] cfPF x} + lsGt' wGo x} xdf/ ] g] tfcf] + sL csd{0otf lh;g] seL O; aft sf] uDeL/ tf ;] lnof xL gxL+ . s+s/ L6 sL h+un d] + tAbLn xf] tf sf7dfG8" cfh ckg] gfd sL kxrfg sL lj/ f;t sf] xL vf] r'sf x} . cfh sfi7d08k ckg] n8Þv8ÞfP cl: tTj s] ;fy v8Þf x} . sf7dfG8f} sf k|ltlglwTj s/ tf x'cf uj{ ;] ;/ p7fP w/ x/ f sf cl: tTj l;km{ Ps tNn] d] + l;d6 s/ / x r'sf x} . eStk'/ nlntk'/ s] P] ltxfl;s b/ af/ If] q sf clwsf+z d7 dlGb/ Wj: t xf] r's] x} + . kf6g sf P] ltxfl;s s[i0f d+lb/ , lqk'/ ] Zj/ l: yt lx/ 0ox] dgf/ fo0f d+lb/ , : jo+e" o] ;eL Ifltu|: t xf] r's] x} + . O;s] k'glg{df0f d] + sO{ jif{ nu] +u] cf} / cfjZostf x} ls O;sf df} lns ¿k d] + xL lgdf{0f lsof

cfj/0f

lstgL chLa ;L aft x} hxfF e"sDk s] dfq cfw] 3G6]

s] eLt/ ldq / fi6« ef/ t d] + k|wfgd+qL df] bL s] åf/ f cfkftsfnLg a} 7s a'nfs/ / fxt sf lg0f{o lnof uof jxL+ xdf/ L ;/ sf/ g] d+qLkl/ ifb\ sL a} 7s ;f9] 5 3G6] s] afb a'nfO{ . ;/ sf/ Ps dxLg] s] lnP e"sDk kLl8 Þt If] q d] +

;+s6sfn sL 3f] if0ff s/ s] lrGtfd'St xf] uO{ .

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 15

hfo lsGt' gO{ tsgLls sf ;xf/ f n] s/ . dxfe"sDk s] O; ck|Tofl;t df/ ;]

b] z sf cy{tGq nueu Ps bzs kL5] rnf uof x} . O; ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk ;] nueu aL; va{ sL Iflt sf cg'dfg nufof hf / xf x} . cd] l/ sL lhof] nf] lhsn ;j] { g] nueu ;ft ca{ cd] l/ sL 8fn/ -;ft va{ ?=_ cf} / clws ;] aL; va{ ?= Iflt xf] g] sf cg'dfg nufof x} . lsGt' e"sDk ;] lstgL Iflt x'O{ x} cf} / O;s] k'glg{df0f d] + lstgf vr{ xf] uf O;sf cg'dfg g] kfn ;/ sf/ gxL+ nuf kfO{ x} . j} ;] ;/ sf/ g] / fi6«Lo k'glg{df0f sf] if sL 3f] if0f sL x} lh;d] + aL; ca{ ?= / vg] sf lg0f{o lsof uof x} . cg'dfg nufof hf / xf x} ls k'glg{df0f d] + @ va{ ?kP nu ;st] x} + . b; jif{ s] o'4 s] sf/ 0f b] z P] ;] eL ljsf; sL b[li6 ;] bzsf] + kL5] yf lsGt' dxfe"sDk s] O; rf] 6 g] b] z sf] cf} / eL Ps bzs kL5] s/ lbof x} . ljZj;Dkbf d] + hf] eL w/ f] x/ zfldn y] p;sL Iflt xf] ] g] s] sf/ 0f ko{6s cfudg d] + lgM;Gb] x sdL cfPuL cf} / O;sf c;/ cy{t+q k/ cjZo k8Þ] uf .

O; cfkbf d] + Ps cR5L aft hf] b] vg] d] + cfO{ x} cf} / ;/ fxgLo eL x} jx ox ls O; dxfe"sDk g] dfgjtf sf] hufg] sf

sfd tf] cjZo lsof x} . hflt–kfFlt cf} / pFmr–gLr sL efjgf ceL gxL+ lbv / xL x} . ckg] cfksf] pRrjuL{o ;demg] jfn] cfh lgDgjlu{of] + s] emf] k8Þf] + d] + cf;/ f lnP x'P x} + Sof] +ls cfh emf] k8ÞL xL ;'/ lIft nu / xL x} . v'n] d} bfg d] + / ft u'hf/ g] jfn] / fhf eL y] cf} / / +s eL y] . sfz ox efjgf cf} / efO{rf/ f xd] zf s] lnP dg d] + hux kf hfo tf] cx+sf/ cf} / db sf ;fd|fHo s'5 sd tf] cjZo xf] hfPuf .

ljkbf cfO{ cf} / rnL uO{ . hgdfg; cfh eL ql;t x} . lsGt' Sof ;rd'r ljkbf rnL uO{ < ox k|Zg v'b ;] s/ g] sf cf} / k|Zgf] Q/ eL 9"F9g] sf ;do x} . xd ox sx s/ ;+t'i6 xf] hfoF ls ox k|fs[lts cfkbf yL plrt gxL+ xf] uf Sof] +ls sxL+–gf–sxL+ P] ;L cfkbf dfgj åf/ f xL lgd+lqt xf] tL x} . k|s[lt s] ;fy xd lvnjf8Þ s/ / x] x} + . e"sDk cfgf sf] O{ c;fdfGo 36gf gxL+ x} . jx k[YjL s] ue{ d] + xf] gf to xf] tf x} . p;sL ckgL ult xf] tL x} . k/ p;;] xf] g] jfnL ef} lts Iflt s] lnP : jo+ dfgj lhDd] bf/ xf] tf x} . P] ;] cfkbfcf] + ;] xf] g] jfn] Iflt sf] k"/ L t/ x ;] / f] sf tf] gxL+ hf ;stf lsGt', p;;] xf] g] jfnL Iflt sL dfqf sf] sd tf] lsof xL hf

;stf x} . cfh cu/ sf7dfG8f} sf] xL l;km{ lnof hfo tf] p;sL ;+/ rgf sf] b] vs/ ox sxf hf ;stf x} ls cfh hf] Iflt x'O{ x} ox O;;] eL clws xf] ;stL yL, cf} / O; ;Defjgf ;] OGsf/ xL gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x} . a8Þ] –a8Þ] ckf6{d] G6, df‘n, hux 5f] 6L xf] of a8ÞL sO{–sO{ d+lhnf] + sL Odf/ t] +, 3/ f] + s] pmk/ 3/ , hg ;d'bfo sf ;} nfa Sof ox cfkbfcf] + s] ;do df} t sf sf/ 0f gxL+ agt] < afudtL sL wf/ sf] afFws/ 5f] 6f lsof hf / xf x} , ls;L lbg ox eL ckg] k/ cfPuL cf} / ta ab|Lgfy h} ;L b'3{6gf sf xf] gf cjZoDefjL x} . k"/ ] b] z sf ef/ sf7dfG8f} ckg] pmk/ lnP x'P x} cf} / oxL sf/ 0f x} ls Ifdtf ;] clws hg ;d'bfo sf oxfF jf; x} . ;fy xL ljut s] hgo'4 s] ;do ck|Tofl;t ¿k d] + nf] uf] + g] ckg] k} t[s hux sf] 5f] 8Þs/ sf7dfG8f} sf] ckgf l7sfgf agf lnof . cfh ;8Þsf] + k/ hf] nf] uf] + sL eL8Þ, pgs] ;jfl/ of] + sL eL8Þ lbvfO{ b] tL x} jx ;a O;sL b] g x} . cR5L lzIf0f ;+: yfPF, cR5] c: ktfn, ;f/ ] d'Vo k|zf;lgs sfof{no, o] ;eL oxfF cjl: yt x} + . tf] nf] u tf] oxfF cfPFu] xL . ca eL jSt x} ;/ sf/ sf] O; cf] / Wofg b] gf xf] uf tfls cfg] jfn] sn d] + P] ;L cfkbfcf] + ;] n8Þf hf ;s] . oxfF ;] x6fs/ b] z s] cGo huxf] + sf x/ t/ x ;] ljsf; lsof hfo tfls oxfF sL ld6\6L sf ef/ sd xf] ;s] . ejg lgdf{0f s] lgodf] + sf] ;'wf/ s/ Ps lglZrt ;Ldf ts xL d+lhnf] + s] lgdf{0f sL Ohfht bL hfgL rflxP . pDdLb k/ b'lgof l6sL x} . O;lnP g] kfn cf} / g] kfnL gful/ sf] + sf] eL ox pDdLb s/ gL rflxP ls gof g] kfn sf gf/ f l;km{ gf/ f g / x hfo . sn sf g] kfn kl/ kSj xf] , ;Ifd xf] cf} / p;] bft[ ;d'bfo ;] bfg dfFug] sL cfjZostf gf k8Þ] .

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%16

xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ k|frLg, dWo cf} / cfw'lgs g] kfn sf P] ;f Oltxf; x} lh;sf] 5'cf cf} / b] vf hf ;stf x} . a} zfv !@ ut] @)&@ zlgjf/ lbg s] !!M%^ ah] ;] kxn] e"sDk sL ha aft xf] tL yL ta () ;fn sf e"sDk -*=$ / ] S6/ / @ ldg6_ dfkb08 yf . k/ ;f+: s[lts ;Dkbfcf] + s] lnP &=( / ] S6/ cf} / s/ La Ps ldg6 sf &@ ;fn sf e"sDk xL ljgfzsf/ L ;fljt x'cf . sf7dfG8f} pkTosf d] + xL ;ft If] q sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rL d] + ;"rLs[t lsof uof x} . p;d] sf7dfG8f} -a;Gtk'/ _, kf6g, eQmk'/ b/ af/ If] q, >L kz'klt gfy If] q, rfFu'gf/ fo0f,

: joDe' cf} / af} 4 ;"rLs[t lsP uP x} + . Og ;ft If] qf] + d] + a;Gtk'/ b/ af/ If] q xL Ps P] ;L ;Dkbf x} lh;sf] b] vs/ ;j{ ;fwf/ 0f g] kfn sf ;Dk"0f{ Oltxf; ;dem ;st] x} + . O; e"sDk g] gAa] k|ltzt ;Dkbfcf] + sf] Ift–ljIft s/ lbof x} . snf, jf: t'snf Pj+ Oltxf; s] b[li6sf] 0f ;] dxTjk"0f{ a;Gtk'/ b/ af/ If] q g] ljZj ;d'bfo sf Wofgfsif{0f lsof x} . O; e"sDk g] lhtgL eL ;Dkbfcf] + sf] gi6 lsof x} j] ;eL dxTjk"0f{ x} . Ogd] + ;] sfi7d+8Þk, gf} tNn] b/ af/ , u2L a} 7s Oltxf;, snf cf} / jf: t'snf s] b[li6sf] 0f ;] ljz] if dxTjk"0f{ dfgf uof x} .

sfi7d+8Þk sf lgdf{0f !^ jL ztfAbL d] + nIdL g/ l;+x dNn g] lsof yf tf] k|tfk dNn g] lj=;+ !(@( d] + b/ af/ s] d'Vo åf/ k/ eujfg >L xg'dfg hL sL d"lt{ : yfkgf s/ g] ;] kxn] xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ sf gfd u'gkf] b/ af/ yf cf} / p; ;] kxn] lx6L rf] s b/ af/ gfd ;] k|l;4 yf .

xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ l: yt gf} tNn] b/ af/ / fhf k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx g] lgdf{0f lsof yf . o] b/ af/ a;Gtk'/ b/ af/ s] gfd ;] eL k|l;4 x} . g] kfn PsLs/ 0f s] qmd d] + g'jfsf] 6 ljho kZrft jxfF k/ ;ft tNn] b/ af/ s/ fof uof . j} ;] xL sf7df8f} F ljho kZrft oxfF k/ gf} tNn] b/ af/ sf lgdf{0f s/ fof uof . Oltxf;sf/ f] + s] d'tflas !! tNnf lgdf{0f sL of] hgf yL, k/ Gt' k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] lgwg xf] g] s] sf/ 0f o] of] hgf cw"/ L / x uO{ . g] kfnL jf: t'snf s] Oltxf; d] + pbfx/ 0fLo ox gf} tNn] b/ af/ xg'dfg 9f] sf d] + cjl: yt ;Dkbfcf] + d] + ;a ;] pmFrf yf . O; ejg sf] a;Gtk'/ s} nfz cf} / a;Gtk'/ 6fj/ eL sxf hftf x} . O; b/ af/ s] k"j{ sL t/ km nf] +x rf] s sf rf/ f] + cf] / lgdf{0f lsof uof ;eL ejg k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx g] xL s/ jfof yf . rf/ f] + sf] gf] + d] + rf/ j'hf{cf] + ;lxt ox ejg lgdf{0f lsof uof x} . o] rf/ j'hf{o] +, lh;sf] 6fj/ eL sxfF hftf x} , eQmk'/ , sLlt{k'/ cf} / nlntk'/ ljho s] k|tLs s] ¿k d] + lgdf{0f lsof uof yf . j] ;a eQmk'/ 6fj/ , sLlt{k'/ 6fj/ cf} / nlntk'/ 6fj/ s] gfd ;] k|l;4 x} . lj= ;+ !()$ d] + h+u axfb'/ / f0ff g] Gx'n5] rf] s sL blIf0f efu

;f+: s[lts ;Dkbf sf cg'kd ;+ud xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/

uf]kfn emfj;Gt >j0f s] cj;/ k/ pkl: yt ;DdfggLo / fi6«klt 8f= / fdj/ 0f ofbj, ;DdfggLo pk/ fi6«klt k/ dfgGb emf, ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz / fds'df/ k|;fb zfx, ;DdfggLo ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf ;'jf;rGb| g] Djf+u .

k|tfkWjh : tDe– / fhf k|tfk dNn

;lxt / fgL cgGtlk|of b] jL -bfofF_

k|efjtL b] jL -afofF_ cf} / kfFr

/ fhs'df/ e'k] Gb| dNn, rqmjt{] Gb|

dNn, dxLkt] Gb| dNn, g[k] Gb| dNn

cf} / kly{j] +b| dNn .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 17

sf] tf] 8Þ s/ gof ejg sf lgdf{0f lsof . lj=;+ !(%^ d] + k[YjL jL/ laqmd zfx s] zf;g sfn d] + rGb| zdz] / g] p;L ejg sf] tf] 8Þ s/ o'/ f] lkog z} nL d] + u2L a} 7s sf eJo ¿k ;] lgdf{0f lsof .

k|frLg sfn ;] xL k|zflgs Pj+ ;f+: s[lts s] Gb| s] ¿k d] + / xf ox b/ af/ zfx j+zLo / fhf k[YjL jL/ laqmd zfx s] zf;g sfn d] + lj=;+ !($# d] + gf/ fo0f lx6L b/ af/ d] + hfg] s] afb s'5 ;fnf] + ts / fh kl/ jf/ s] cGo lgs6 ;b: of] + g] ckg] lgjf; : yn s] ¿k d] + k|of] u lsof yf . ;Gf !(&( d] + o'g] : sf] sf ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rL d] + ;"rLs[t ox b/ af/ lj=;+ @)#@ ;fn ;] xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ ;+u|xfno s] ¿k d] + ?kfGtl/ t lsof uof x} . g] kfn

;/ sf/ , k'/ ftQ\j ljefu s] cGtu{t xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ ;+u . xfn d] + lqe'jg : d[lt sIf, dx] Gb| : d[lt sIf cf} / jL/ ] Gb| : d[lt sIf x} +, lhgd] + OGxL+ zfx j+zLo / fhfcf] + s] hLjgL ;] ;DalGwt P] ltxfl;s, ;f+: s[lts Pj+ k'/ ftflTjs dxTj sL] j: t'PF+ / vL uoL x} + . dNn sfn ;] zfx sfn ts sL ljljw jf: t'snf s] gd'g] ;] e/ f x'cf ox b/ af/ Ps v'nf ;+u|xfno x} . xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ l;km{ d"t{ ;f+: s[lts ;Dkbf sf e08f/ xL gxL jlNs cd"t{ ;f+: s[lts ;Dkbf sf ;+ud : yn eL x} . oxfF ;fn e/ ljleGg ;f+: s[lts ultljlw ;+rfng xf] tf x} . k|frLg sfn ;] xL ox : yn hfqf, kj{ Pj+ ;f+: s[lts lqmofsnfk sf s] Gb|ljGb' s] ¿k d] + / xf x} . oxfF j;Gt >j0f (j;Gt >j0f d] + hob] j åf/ f lnlvt uLt uf] ljGb gfds k|l;4 ;+: s[t sfJo sf b';/ f cWofo d"n k'/ f] lxt k9Þ s/ ;'gft] x} + cf} / p: tfb j;Gt / fu -Jof+hln / fu_ uft]

x} + . rfFu'gf/ fo0f sf snz ofqf, dT: o] Gb| dl5Gb| gfy ofqf, krnL e} / j sf v8\u l;l4, vf] sgf sf ?b|fo0fL, l;sfnL gfr, OGb|hfqf s] cj;/ d] + s'df/ L ofqf, nfv] , eQmk'/ sf dxfjnL gfr, g'jfsf] 6 eujtL sf hfqf ==== cflb ceL ts lg/ Gt/ rn / xf x} . pk/ f] Qm hfqf, kj{ cflb xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ sf cfsif{0f x} . dNn / fhf åf/ f k|f/ De sL uoL O; k/ Dk/ f sf] zfx j+zLo / fhfcf] + g] eL lg/ Gt/ tf lbof cf} / / fhtGq s] cj;fg kZrft u0ftGq g] kfn s] / fi6«fWoIf s]

¿k d] + / x] ;DdfggLo / fi6«klt sf Og kj{ cf} / hfqfcf] + d] ;xefuL xf] gf dxTjk"0f{ kIf dfgf hf ;stf x} . O;L t/ x ;] tf] dT: o] Gb|gfy s] / y d] + d} lyn e] if–e"iff -wf] tL, ldh{O{, s'tf{_ cf} / d'/ ] 7f–ku8L_ d] + ;xefuL xf] t] b] v dNn sfn d] + d} lyn ljåfgf] + sf] / fhb/ af/ d] + ldng] jfnf ;Ddfg sf : d/ 0f s/ ftf x} .

ox xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ If] q s] d"t{ Pj+ cd"t{ ;f+: s[lts ;Dkbfcf] + sf ;+/ If0f, ;Djw{g cf} / k'gM lgdf{0f s] k|lt cfd gful/ s, ldq / fi6« cf} / ljZj ;d'bfo lbnr: kL lbvf / xf x} cf} / ;xof] u sf xfy a9Þfgf rfxtf x} . g] kfn ;/ sf/ sf] O;s] k|lt ;+j] bgzLn xf] gf cTofjZos x} .

k|tfkWjh : tDe Ifltu|t

xg'dfg 9f] sf b/ af/ , gf;n rf] s d] + u2L cf/ f] x0f sf b[Zo .

j;Gt >j0f .

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%18

@% ck|} n @)!%, tb\g';f/ ljqmd ;+jt\, zlgjf/ !@ j} zfv @)&@ s] lbg, g] kfnL ;do s] cg';f/ 7Ls !! ahs/ %^ ldg6 k/ , cfP dxfe"sDk s] ljWj+;sf/ L em6s] g] g s] jn g] kfn s] clt k|frLg d7–d+lb/ f] +, P] ltxfl;s / fhb/ af/ f] +, w/ x/ f : t+e, P] ltxfl;s / fhdxnf] + ;lxt xhf/ f] dsfgf] + sf] w"n–w";l/ t s/ lbof, alNs !) xhf/ ;] clws afn–aflnsfcf] +, o'jf–o'jltof] + Pj+ j[4–j[4fcf] + sL eL hfg] + n] nL . dnj] d] + ba] x'P xhf/ f] nfzf] + sf] lgsfng] d] + nu] x+} , g] kfnL cf} / ef/ tLo ;] gf s] cltl/ St nueu tLg bh{g b] zf] + ;] arfj sfo{ s]

lnP cfP, ;} s8Þf] hjfg Pj+ ljz] if1 . # dO{ @)!% ts k|fKt cf+s8Þf] + s]

cg';f/ d[tsf] + sL ;+Vof & xhf/ @&^ ts kx'+r r'sL x} + hals 3fonf] + sL ;+Vof!$ xhf/ @&^ atfoL hf / xL x} . g] kfn s] k|wfg ;] gfklt uf} / j zdz] / ha/ f s] cg';f/ d[tsf] + sL ;+Vof !) xhf/ ;] pk/ hf ;stL x} . g] kfn s] s'n &% lhnf] + d] + ;] !! lhn] O; dxfe"sDk ;] k|efljt x} + hals ;jf{lws hg–wg sL Iflt kxf8ÞL If] q l;Gw'kfnrf} s lhn] d] + x'O{ x} hxf+ dnj] d] + ba] zjf] + sL vf] h ceL eL hf/ L x} .

g] kfn tyf cGt/ f{i6«Lo dLl8of d] + k|;fl/ t, k|sflzt tyf 6L=jL= cflb ;+rf/ dfWodf] + ;] ox tYo ;fdg] cf r'sf x} ls …g] kfn sf ;Rrf k8Þf] ;LÚ ef/ t xL jx kxnf b] z x} lh;g] ;a;] kxn] g] kfn s] k|wfgd+qL sf] ;"lrt lsof ls …g] kfn d] + dxfljWj+;sf/ L e"sDk x'cf x} . ef/ t s] k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL åf/ f ;fdflhs ;+hfn d] + lsP uP 6\jL6 ;] g] kfn s] k|wfgd+qL ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf sf] e"sDk sL hfgsf/ L ldnL . dLl8of d] + ox tYo eL ;fdg] cf r'sf x} ls e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + sL hfg arfg] tyf cljnDa / fxt–arfj sfo{qmd ;+rfng s/ g] k/ ljrf/ s/ g] s] lnP ef/ t s] s] Gb|Lo d+lqkl/ ifb\ sL a} 7s Ps 3+6] s] cGb/ xL a'nfoL uO{ hals g] kfn s] d+lqkl/ ifb\ sL a} 7s e"sDk cfg] s] ;ft 3+6] s] afb x'O{ .

O;L k|sf/ ef/ t xL jx kxnf b] z x} lh;g] ckg] jfo';] gf s] ljdfgf] + cf} /

k|:tf]tfM /fdfzLif

O;L k|sf/ ef/ t xL jx kxnf b] z x} lh;g] ckg] jfo';] gf s] ljdfgf] + cf} / x] nLsf‘K6/ f] + s] åf/ f / fxt Pj+ arfj sfo{qmd o'4: t/ k/ k|f/ +e lsof . cf} / , ef/ tLo / fhb"tfjf; g] tf] ckg] ¿l6g sfof{] + sf] : ylut

s/ ;eL ckm;/ f] + Pj+ sd{rfl/ of] + sf] e"sDk k|efljt If] qf] + d] + ptf/ lbof .

ljWj+;sf/ L e"sDkM g] kfn sf ;Rrf ldq ef/ t

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 19

k/ n+u/ rnf / xL x} . nueu #))) lj: yflktf] + sf] ef] hg / f] h ef] hg s/ fof hf / xf x} hals pGx] + lt/ kfn, sDan, bafP+, kfp8/ b"w

cflb eL lbP uP x} + . cfO P P; ckm;/

lbnhfg l;+x g] sxf hats g] kfn sL ;/ sf/

pGx] + cg'dlt b] uL, teL ts j] nf] u ef] hg tyf / fxt s] cGo sfo{qmd

rnfP+u] . pGxf] +g] atfof ef/ tLo ;] gf s] sfuf{] ljdfg d] + rf/ 6«s / fxt ;fdu|L sf] ;Lw] r+8Lu9Þ ;] sf7df+8" nfof uof hals bf] 6«s ;fdu|L ;8Þs dfu{ ;] sf7df+8" kx'+rL x} . O; 6Ld d] + bf] 8f‘S6/ f] + ;lxt cR5L vf;L lrlsT;f 6Ld eL zfldn x} .

O;L aLr ef/ tLo ;xof] u Pj+ tTk/ tf sL k|z+;f ;] ltnldnfP rLg, kfls: tfg tyf / fhwfgL s] cGo k] z] j/ ef/ t lj/ f] wL tTjf] + åf/ f ax't xL a8Þ] k} dfg] k/ lg/ fwf/ va/ f] + sf] cf‘g nfO{g tyf km] ;a's d] + 8fns/ , e|d km} nfof hf / xf x} . hals, cfd hgtf k/ O;sf sf] O{ c;/ gxL+ lbvtf . ef/ t lj/ f] wL 3[0ff cleofg sf] Wofg d] + / vt] x'P ef/ tLo / fhb"t / 0fhLt / fo g] sxf –

……ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk s] ;do ef/ t g] cGo s'5 ;f] r] lagf, Ps ;Ldf d] + / xt] x'P s] jn ;Lwf ;xof] uL xfy a9Þfof x} . P] ;L cj: yf d] + Ps k8Þf] ;L b";/ ] sf x/ ;+ej ;xof] u lsof s/ tf x} . O;d] + z+sf s/ gf

plrt gxL+ xf] uf . ox tf] xdf/ ] sfdf] + ;] b] vg] sL aft x} .

g] kfnL ;] gf s] ;fy ;xsfo{ d] + xdnf] uf] + g] sfkmL sfd lsof x} . xd arfj sfo{ d] + nu] x'P x} + . ef/ t ;] pRr : t/ sL ;kmn 6f] lnof+ eL cfoL x'O{ x} + . ef/ t tTsfn p4f/ , / xg] sL Joj: yf cf} / ef] hg ;fdu|L pknAw s/ fg] ;] n] s/ 3fonf] + s] pkrf/ d] + nuf x'cf x} . arfj sfo{ d] + Ps xhf/ ;] clws ef/ tLo hgzlQmof+ nuL x'O{ x} . oxf+ / fhb"tfjf; d] + / x / x] nf] u eL ;lqmo ¿k d] + p4f/ sfo{ d] + nu] x'P x} + .

pGxf] +g] + sxf xd rf} aL;f] 3+6f arfj cf} / / fxt d] + nu] x'P x} + . xdnf] u sf} g ef/ tLo tyf sf} g g] kfnL sf cGt/ lsP lagf xL ;xof] u s/ / x] x} + . ef/ t sL s] Gb| ;/ sf/ xL gxL+, clkt' k|fGtLo ;/ sf/ ] + eL ;xof] u s/ / xL x} + . cfh xL klZrd a+ufn sL d'Vo d+qL ddtf aghL{ g] Ps nfv lt/ kfn e] hf x} hf] sf+s8ÞleÝf gfsf s] / f: t] g] kfn cf / xf x} .

O;d] + g] kfn ;/ sf/ sL tTk/ tf eL ptgL xL x} . ;/ sf/ ckgL cf] / ;] x/ ;+ej pkfo s/ / xL x} . O;L k|sf/ g] kfnL ;] gf sL lhtgL eL k|z+;f s/ ] +, sd xf] uL . ;/ sf/ åf/ f, cfP x'P ;fdfgf] + sf s: 6d SnLo/ s/ fg] tyf Joj: yfkg d] + lbvfoL hf / xL tTk/ tf k|z+;gLo x} . lh;sL sNkgf eL gxL+ sL hf ;stL yL, j} ;L 36gf 36g] s] afb, ;dfwfg d] + c;d+h; xf] gf : jfefljs x} . O;] cfnf] rgf sf kfq gxL+ agfof hfgf rflxP .

O; ;do sf7df+8" d] + ef/ tLo ljb] z d+qfno s] ;+o'Qm ;lrj -gf‘y{_ ceo 7fs'/

x] nLsf‘K6/ f] + s] åf/ f / fxt Pj+ arfj sfo{qmd o'4: t/ k/ k|f/ +e lsof . cf} / , ef/ tLo / fhb"tfjf; g] tf] ckg] ¿l6g sfof{] + sf] : ylut s/ ;eL ckm;/ f] + Pj+ sd{rfl/ of] + sf] e"sDk k|efljt If] qf] + d] + ptf/ lbof .

Og k+lQmof] + s] n] vs g] ckg] rf/ bzs ;] clws s] sf7df+8"–sfo{sfn d] + kxnL af/ b] vf ls …ef/ tLo ;] gf s] ljdfgf] + cf} / x] lnsf‘K6/ f] + sf] sf7df+8" sL cfsfz d] + b] vt] Ú xL, / fhwfgL sL km'6kfyf] + k/ Knfl: 6s s] km6] –k'/ fg] lt/ kfnf] + d] + l;/ 5'kfP a} 7] , 8/ ] –;xd] nf] uf] + sL d'+x ;] ;x;f Ps jfSo lgsn k8Þtf yf – …df] bL cfof] Ú . p; ljs6 38ÞL d] + eL ;fdfGo gful/ s ef/ t sL kxn sL k|z+;f s/ t] lbv] cf} / ox sxt] x'P kfP uP …cflv/ lgs6 k8Þf] ;L ef/ t g] ckg] sf] g] kfn sf ;Rrf ldq ;flat s/ lbof . ef/ t s] %)) ldnL6«L 8f‘S6/ – O+hLlgo/ ;lxt, ef/ tLo ;] gf s] nueu !))) xhf/ cfkbf ljz] if1 cf} / hjfg, / fxt Pj+ arfj sfo{ d] + nu] x'P x} + . / fhwfgL d] + ef/ tLo ;] gf s] tLg kmLN8 xf‘: kL6n eL sfo{/ t x} hxf+ a8Þ] ;] a8Þ] cf‘k/ ] zg s/ g] sL eL Joj: yf x} . oxf+ ts ls e"sDk d'Vo s] Gb| uf] / vf lhn] s] af/ kfs uf+j d] + ef/ tLo d] l8sn 6Ld sfo{/ t x} hxf+ ;a;] clws hg–wg sL Iflt x'O{ x} .

oxL gxL+ ef/ t s] sO{ k|fGtf] + ;] eL ef/ L ;+Vof d] + / fxt ;fdu|L sf7df+8" kx'+r r'sL x} + cf} / pGx] + e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + ts kx'+rfof hf / xf x} . klZrd a+ufn s] d'Vod+qL ddtf aghL{ g] Ps nfv lt/ kfn e] hf x} hals k+hfa s] cd[t;/ s] lz/ f] dl0f u'¿åf/ f k|a+ws sld6L, lbNnL s] u'¿åf/ f k|a+ws sld6L, / fi6«Lo : jo+;] js ;+3 ;lxt bh{gf] + : jo+;] jL ;+3 ;+: yfcf] + sL cf] / ;] eL / fxt ;fdu|L tyf n+u/ -ef] hg_ sf sfo{qmd rnfof hf / xf x} . lj: yflktf] + sf] lt/ kfn, sDan, cgfh cflb ljtl/ t lsP hf / x] x} + . k+hfa ;/ sf/ s] / fh: j ;lrj lbnhfg l;+x cf} / k'ln; pRrflwsf/ L gf} lgxfn l;+x s] g] t[Tj d] + @^ ;b: of] + sL Ps 6f] nL eL kx'+rL x'O{ x} hf] g] kfn s] u'¿åf/ f s] ;fy ldns/ x/ l;l4, wflb+u, l;Gw'kfnr} s cflb : yfgf] +

ef/ t, g] kfn d] + sf] O{

/ fhgLlt gxL+ s/ gf rfxtf cf} / P] ;f x'cf eL gxL+ x} . P] ;] ;do d] + O;

k|sf/ s] ljifof] + s] afx/ cfg] k/ sfd s/ g] jfnf] + sf xf} ;nf k|efljt xf] tf x} . O;lnP O;

k|sf/ sL ckmjfx afx/ gxL+ cfP, tf] cR5f

xf] uf .

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%20

s] g] t[Tj d] + Joj: yfkg sf sfo{ lsof hf / xf x} . b"tfjf; j} ;] xL ;lqmo ¿k d] + nuf x'cf x} . b"tfjf; s] cGo ;eL sfof{] + sf] / f] ss/ , arfj d] + nu] / xg] sL cj: yf x} . ;/ sf/ s] ;+of] hg d] + xd sfkmL : yfgf] + k/ kx'+r r's] x} + .

ef/ t, g] kfn d] + sf] O{ / fhgLlt gxL+ s/ gf rfxtf cf} / P] ;f x'cf eL gxL+ x} . P] ;] ;do d] + O; k|sf/ s] ljifof] + s] afx/ cfg] k/ sfd s/ g] jfnf] + sf xf} ;nf k|efljt xf] tf x} . O;lnP O; k|sf/ sL ckmjfx afx/ gxL+ cfP, tf] cR5f xf] uf . olb ls;L sf lrQ gxL+ a'emf tf] ;Lwf ;Dks{ s/ g] of ;"rgf sf] af/ –af/ e] / LkmfO{ s/ g] sf cg'/ f] w s/ tf x"F . P] ;L cj: yf d] + z+sf s/ , n8ÞfO{s/ , lj/ f] ws/ , a} 7g] ;] sfd gxL+ rn] uf, x/ xfnt d] + arfj sfo{ d] + nugf rflxP .

dfq ef/ t xL gxL+, cGo ldq b] z eL g] kfn sf] ;xof] u s/ / xf x} . O;sf ;+of] hg sd r'gf} tLk"0f{ gxL+ x} . lkm/ eL ;/ sf/ O; sfo{ sf] s/ g] d] + ;kmn x'O{ x} , ox dfggf xf] uf . jt{dfg cj: yf k'g/ : yfkgf ;] eL clws cljnDa / fxt cf} / p4f/ xL x} . ca wL/ ] –wL/ ] k'g/ : yfkgf sL lbzf d] + cfu] a9Þgf xf] uf . p;s] lnP eL ef/ t ;xof] u s/ ] uf, O;d] + sf] O{ bf] dt gxL+ x} . ef/ t s] k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL g] cle?lr n] t] x'P ox sxf x} ls ;xof] u d] + ls;L eL k|sf/ sL …sdL–sdhf] / LÚ gxL+ xf] , O;sf Wofg / vf hfP, ox ckg] cfk d] + a8ÞL aft x} . ef/ t sL cf] / ;] lghL ;xfotf eL cf / xL x} . O;;] eL xdf/ f låkIfLo ;+a+w phfu/ xf] tf x} .

ef/ t åf/ f lgld{t 6«f‘df ;] G6/ eL k"0f{ ¿k d] + ;] jf b] / xf x} . O; sfo{ d] + ef/ t s] #! ljz] if1 8f‘S6/ sfo{/ t x} + . O;s] ;fy cGo bf] : yfgf] + k/ eL d] l8sn ;] G6/

: yflkt s/ , ;] jfP+ bL hf / xL x} + . ;eL p;L k|sf/ sfo{/ t x} + . g] kfn ;/ sf/ rfx] hf] s'5 eL df+u ;stL x} . xdnf] uf] + s] kf; pknAw / fxt xd g] kfn sf] b] / x] x} + . ;eL k|efljt If] qf] + d] + xdf/ L arfj 6f] lnof+ kx'+r r'sL x} + . lxdfnog cfwf/ lzlj/ ;] n] s/ cGo If] qf] + ts kx'+r r'sL x} + . ljz] if1f] + sL 6f] lnof+ sfd s/ / xL x} + . arfj ;xof] u d] + cfP x'P ;eL s] ;fy w} o{ s] ;fy ;xfg'e"lt b] s/ , sfd cfu] a9Þfgf cToGt cfjZos x} . oxf+ sfkmL nf] uf] + s] O; ;do lqkfn d] + / xg] s] sf/ 0f : jf: Yo k/ Wofg b] gf xf] uf . O; cj: yf d] + ;eL sf Wofg hfgf eL cfjZos x} . dxfdf/ L km} ng] ;] arfj s/ gf eL cfjZos x} . O; lbzf d] + ;eL sf] ;hu xf] gf xf] uf . dfgjLotf d] + / fhgLlts/ 0f gxL+ lsof hfgf rflxPÚÚ .

/ ljjf/ zfd ts k|fKt hfgsf/ L s] cg';f/ d[tsf] + sL ;+Vof & xhf/ @%) kx'+r r'sL x} . e"sDk ;] clt k|efljt l;Gw'kfnr} s d] + @ xhf/ *@( nf] uf] + s]

df/ ] hfg] sL k'li6 x'O{ x} tf] &@$ nf] u 3fon x} + . g'jfsf] 6 d] + &(* JolQmof] + sL df} t x'O{ x} tf] ! xhf/ #)! nf] u 3fon x} + . wflb+u lhn] d] + ^%^ JolQm df/ ] uP hals ^@& 3fon x} + . / ;'jf lhn] d] + #*$ tyf sfe|] lhn] d] + #!@ JolQmof] + sL hfg uO{ x} + . sf7df+8" 3f6L d] + ;a;] clws df} t] + sf7df+8" zx/ d] + x'O{ x} . sf7df+8" d] + ! xhf/ !($, eQmk'/ d] + @&! cf} / nlntk'/ d] + !&@ nf] uf] + sL d[To' x'O{ x} .

……O;L aLr ef/ tLo / fhb"t / 0fhLt / fo g] sf7df+8" d] + sfo{/ t ljleGg b] zf] + s] / fhglosf] + sf] ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f dxfe"sDk kLl8Þt b] z g] kfn sf] lbP hf / x] ;xof] uf] + cf} / g] kfn ;/ sf/ s] k"0f{ ;dGjo d] + ef/ t åf/ f rnfP hf / x] / fxt Pj+ arfj s] sfof{] + ;] cjut s/ fof x} . pGxf] +g] atfof ls ef/ t åf/ f ;+rflnt cf‘k/ ] zg ;a;] a8Þf …;kf] 6{ cf‘k/ ] zgÚ x} . pGxf] +g] sxf ef/ t, ckgL ;fwg ;Ldf d] + g] kfn sf] sf] O{ eL ;xof] u–;xfotf s/ g] sf] t} of/ x} . pGxf] +g] atfof ef/ t sL tTk/ tf sf c+bfhf O;;] xL nufof hf ;stf x} ls ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL s] / fi6«Lo ;'/ Iff ;nfxsf/ chLt 8f] en cf} / ef/ t s] ljb] z ;lrj h} ;] dxfg'efjf] + g] ! dO{ sf] g] kfn sf bf} / fs/ , hfgdfn sL Iflt sf hfohf lnof .ÚÚ O; la|lkm+u sfo{qmd d] + rLg cf} / o"/ f] lkog o"lgog s] k|d'vf] + s] cnfjf cGo cg] s b] zf] + s] ldzg k|d'v eL zfldn y] . pGxf] +g] atfof ls / fxt cf} / arfj sfo{ d] + g s] jn ef/ t ;/ sf/ alNs ef/ tLo ;Ldf If] q ;] nu] ef/ tLo / fHof] + ;/ sf/ f] + Pj+ hgtf sf eL ;xof] u / xf x} .

ef/ tLo / fhb"t g] atfof ls e"sDk xf] g] s] 5x 3+6] s] cGb/ xL ef/ t g] / fi6«Lo cfkbf an s] arfj Pj+ / fxt ljz] if1f] + sL kxnL 6Ld sf] ef/ tLo jfo';] gf s] ljdfg åf/ f sf7df+8" d] + ptf/ lbof . p;s] afb

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 21

nufof yf ls klZrdL g] kfn d] + nDa] ;do ts e"s+k gxL+ x'cf, cyf{t\ ……;] ;lds u} k -e"s+kLo cGt/ fn_Æ xf] ] g] sf cg'dfg nufof yf . O;LlnP g] kfn s] klZrd If] q d] + ls;L eL ;do dxfe"s+k xf] g] sf k"jf{g'dfg nufof hf / xf yf .

ca b] lvP ;+of] u s} ;f xf] tf x} – ……zlgjf/ s] e"s+k s] 7Ls Ps lbg kxn] z'qmjf/ sf] d} + ckg] 3/ s] ;fdg] jfnL ;8Þs ;] u'h/ / xf yf . p;L ;do Ps c4{j} ; bDklQ sL cfjfh ;'gfO{ k8ÞL . j] nf] u cfk; d] + aft s/ / x] y] . klt dxf] bo sx / x] y] …ca Otgf a8Þf e"s+k gxL+ cfPufÆ lh;] kTgL dfgg] sf] t} of/ gxL+ yL, af/ –af/ sx / xL yL e"s+k sf Sof l7sfgf < seL eL cf ;stf x} . lkm/ eL, klt dxf] bo km/ dft] hf / x] y] ……dxfe"s+k xdf/ ] bfbf–afaf s] ;do d] + cfof yf, ca xdnf] uf] + s] gftL–kf] t] s] ;do d] + xL cfPuf .Æ oxL+ b] lvP pQm bDklQ sL cfk;L aftrLt, lstgL ;6Ls lgsnL < pgsf syg, j} 1flgs cf} / P] ltxfl;s tYof] + ;] lstgf ldntf–h'ntf lbvtf x} . jf: tljstf tf] ox x} ls g] kfn d] + cg';+wfg/ t e"–j} 1flgsf] + sL eL oxL / fo x} .

k|mfG; s] e"–j} 1flgs nfF/ ] +6 af] nL8fFu/ s] ;d"x g] O; dxfe"s+k s] cfg] s] dfq

tLg ;Ktfx kxn] …g] kfn ef} ule{s ;dfhÆ s] ;ftj] + sf+u|] ; (clwj] zg) d] + zf] wkq k|: t't lsof yf . pgnf] uf] + s] ;d"x g] k"jL{ cf} / klZrdL g] kfn sL hdLg d] + ux/ f u9Þf vf] bs/ , p;d] + ……uf] nsf] sfFa{g 8] l6+uÆÆ s/ s] , pQm If] q sf b/ f/ sa rnfodfg x'cf yf, O;sf ktf nufof yf .

k"jL{ g] kfn d] + s] Gb|ljGb' / x] , !(#$ s] dxfe"s+k s] ;do, rnfodfg x'cf …y|: 6 -wSsf_ O;;] kxn] ;g\ !@%%d] + rnfodfg x'cf yf . ;g\ !@%% d] + x'P dxfe"s+k d] + sf7df+8" 3f6L sL hg;+Vof s] Ps rf} yfO{ ;] n] s/ Ps ltxfO{ ts sL hfg, hfg] sf cg'dfg x} . ;g\ !@%% d] + k"jL{ If] q s] rnfodfg xf] g] s] *( jif{ s] afb ;g\ !(#$ d] + kf] v/ f cf} / sf7df+8" s] aLr s] efu d] + ljBdfg y|: 6, rnfodfg xf] s/ , cGo dxfe"s+k x'cf yf . O; If] q d] + c6sf x'cf y|: 6 Ps–8] 9Þ bzs s] cGb/ xL rnfodfg xf] g] sf k"jf{g'dfg yf . O;L k|sf/ nueu ;ft ;f} jif{ kxn] s] h} ;f xL k"jL{ y|: 6 s] rnfodfg xf] g] s] *! jif{ afb, klZrd y|: 6 s] rnfodfg xf] g] ;] ox dxfe"s+k cfof x} , P] ;f lbvtf x} . ox j} 1flgs tYo ;] ox ktf rntf x} ls cun] *)–() jif{ ts sf7df+8" d] + dxfe"s+k gxL+ xf] uf . – k|: t'ltM / fdfzLif

ca *)–() jiff{] + ts

xdnf] u arkg ;] xL bfbf–bfbL s] d+Fx ;] g] kfn s] ;g\ !(#$ s] P] ltxfl;s dxfe"s+k s] af/ ] d] + ;'gt] cf / x] x} + . g] kfn d] + O;;] kxn] ;g\ !*## d] + eL dxfe"s+k x'cf yf . O;s] ;fy xL xdnf] u kL9ÞL b/ kL9ÞL ox eL ;'gt] cf / x] x} + ls sf7df+8" d] + x/ Ps ;f} jif{ afb nueu ( / ] S6/ : s] n sf dxfe"s+k xf] tf cfof x} .

O; If] q s] e"s+kLo Oltxf; sf kGgf vf] n] + tf] ktf rntf x} ls ;g\ !*)# d] + &=% / ] S6/ : s] n sf e"s+k ef/ t s] u9Þjfn d] + x'cf yf . p;s] nueu Ps ;f} jiff{] + s] afb u9Þjfn s] xL klZrd l: yt sf+u8Þf sf] s] Gb|ljGb' agft] x'P ;g\ !()% d] + &=* / ] S6/ : s] n sf e"s+k x'cf . hals, k"jL{ g] kfn s] pbok'/ sf] s] Gb| ljGb' agft] x'P ;g\ !(#$ d] + *=$ / ] S6/ : s] n sf dxfe"s+k x'cf . oBlk ef/ t s] c;d sf] s] Gb|ljGb' agft] x'P ;g\ !(%) d] + *=^ / ] S6/ : s] n sf e"s+k x'cf yf n] lsg ta klZrdL g] kfn d] + a8Þf e"s+k gxL+ x'cf . O; k|sf/ b] v] + tf] sfkmL nDa] c;{] ;] g] kfn d] + a8Þf e"s+k gxL+ x'cf yf . O;L sf/ 0f j} 1flgsf] + g] ox cg'dfg

ef/ tLo jfo' ;] gf sL #$ p8Þfgf] + åf/ f %@) 6g / fxt ;fdu|L ptf/ f uof lhgd] + 6] G6, sDan, bafP+, s"s xfp;] h, ef] hg, kfgL, x] jL O+hLlgol/ +u s] pks/ 0f, PDa'n] G;, cf/ cf] KnfG6, cf‘lS;hg h] g] / ] 6;{, !* d] l8sn 6Ld ;lxt bf] km'n km\n] H8 cfdL{ lkmN8 xf‘: kL6N;, !* O+hLlgol/ +u 6Ld cf} / !^ Pg 8L cf/ Pkm 6Ld zfldn x} . o] ;eL 6Ld] + g] kfn ;/ sf/ s] ;dGjo d] + nuftf/ lbg–/ ft sfd s/ / xL x} + .

O;;] kxn] ef/ tLo b"tfjf; g] Ps lj1lKt hf/ Ls/ sxf – ……g] kfn d] + cfP dxfe"sDk s] kxn] lbg ;] xL ef/ t ;/ sf/ x/ t/ x ;] ldq / fi6« g] kfn sf] ;xof] u s/ g] d] + h'6L x'O{ x} . ut @% ck|} n sf] e"sDk cfg] s] ;fy ef/ t g] / fi6«Lo cfkbf df] rg an -Pg 8L cf/ Pkm_ ;lxt ljz] if ljdfg cf} / arfj Pj+ / fxt ;fdu|L e] hf yf .

ef/ t s] ;Dk"0f{ / fxt–arfj k|of;, g] kfn ;/ sf/ sL cg'dlt cf} / lgu/ fgL d] +

xf] / xf x} . ;eL ef/ tLo clwsf/ L tyf 6f] nL g] kfnL kbflwsfl/ of] + s] ;fy ;+of] hg d] + sfd s/ / xL x} + .

xfn ts @*) 6g / fxt ;fdu|L, lh;d] + : jR5 kLg] sf kfgL, b"w, la: s'6, rfp rfp, cTofjZos bafP+, kfn, lqkfn, sDan, OToflb ef/ t ;/ sf/ e] h r'sL x} . O;s] cnfjf bf] If] q -kmLN8_ c: ktfn, !* ;} lgs d] l8sn 6Ld, !) O+hLlgo/ sL 6f] nL, Ps cfO P Pkm tLj| PSzg d] l8sn 6Ld cf} / pTvgg tyf cGo cfjZos dzLg] +, sf7df+8" cf} / kf] v/ f d] + ljdfg åf/ f cjt/ 0f xf] r'sf x} . g] kfn ef/ t ;Ldf l: yt ef/ tLo clwsf/ L eL x/ t/ x ;] / fxt–arfj sfo{ d] + ptgf xL ;xof] u d] + h'6] x'P x} + .

/ fi6«Lo cfkbf df] rg an sL !^ 6f] lnof+, g] kfn s] ljleGg ;'/ Iff ;+: yfgf] + sL 6f] lnof] + s] ;fy ldns/ sf7df+8", o"g] : sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;fO6f] +– kf6g, eQmk'/ , : jo+e" tyf w/ x/ f : t+e ;] !! nf] uf] + sf p4f/

s/ g] d] + ;kmn x'O{, tyf !@! d[t zjf] + sf] lgsfnf x} .

dxfe"sDk sL s] Gb|ljGb' – uf] / vf lhn] s] af/ kfs uf+j d] + tLg ef/ tLo 6f] lnof] + sf] t} gft lsof uof x} . O;L k|sf/ ef/ tLo ;] gf sL #( 6f] nL : j] R5f ;] ceL eL ;u/ dfyf a] ; s} Dk d] + km+;] x'P kj{tf/ f] lxof] + cf} / ko{6sf] + sf p4f/ s/ g] d] + nuL x'O{ x} + . ef/ tLo x] nLsf‘K6/ , g] kfn s] cGo k|efljt lhnf] + – uf] / vf, wflb+u, g'jfsf] 6, l;Gw'kfnr} s, / ;'jf cf} / / fd] 5fk cflb d] + !)) 6g / fxt ;fdu|L pknAw s/ f r'sf x} .

kfj/ u|L8 sf‘/ kf] / ] zg cf‘km O+l8of, g] kfn ljB't k|flws/ 0f s] ;fy ;+o'Qm ¿k d] +, k"/ ] g] kfn d] + ljB't cfk"lt{ sL ;'ne Joj: yf ldnfg] s] lnP sfd s/ / xf x} . Og bf] gf] + xL ;+: yfgf] + g] ceL ts tLg kfj/ ;a : 6] zg sf7df+8", dxfe"sDk s] O; eofgs ljklQ cf} / ckfnsfnLg 38ÞL d] + ef/ t ;/ sf/ x/ ¿k d] + g] kfn sf] ;xof] u s/ g] sf] k|lta4 x} .

e"ue{zf:qL sdn låj]bL

cfj/0f

a8Þf e"sDk cfg] sL ;+efjgf gxL+

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%22

;] P] ;L k|fy{gf s/ t] x'P x/ ] s b} jLo ljklQ s] afb cfg] jfn] ljifd cj: yf s] b'ik|efj ;] arg] s] lnP ckgfo] hfg] jfn] ;fjwflgof] + s] af/ ] d] + hfgsf/ L s/ gf st{Jo ;dems/ lxdflngL s] dfWod ;] hg ;dIf ;Dk|] if0f s/ g] sL sf] lzz s/ / xf x"+ .

ox k|fs[lts lgod x} ls hj seL sf] O{ ljgfzsf/ L ljklt cfO{ x} tf] O;s] s'5 lbg afb ;fdfGo ;] ;dfGo ;fjwfgL g ckgfg] ;] cg] s k|sf/ s] dxfdf/ L km} ng] s] cg] s pbfx/ 0f xdf/ ] ;fdg] df} h"b x} . ceL xL sf7dfG8" s] nlntk'/ d] + xL dxfe"sDk s] afb kLg] of] Uo kfgL tyf hg;d"x s] cf;kf; km} nL uGbuL sL ;/ ;kmfO{ s] k|lt Wofg g b] g] ;] s'5 : yfgf] + d] + x} hf h} ;] / f] u sL ;d: of nf] uf] + d] 3/ s/ g] nuL . O; ;do ;Defljt dxfdf/ L sL pk] Iff sL uO{ cyjf ;fjwfgL gxL+ j/ tL uO{ tyf k'g: yf{kgf gxL+ sL uO{ tf] b";/ L dxfdf/ L km} ng] sL ;d: of pkl: yt xf] ;stL x} . ctM e"sDk ;] k|efljt nf] u ljleGg v'n] d} bfg d] + cfsfz s] gLr] / xg] sf] afWo x} . P] ;] : yfgf] +d] ;/ ;kmfO{ sL ;d'lrt Joj: yf xf] gf h¿/ L x} . ;fy xL dxfe"sDk x'P !! lbg xf] uof k/ p4f/ sfo{, k'g: yf{kgf sfo{ k|efjsf/ L ¿k d] + gxL+ xf] kf / xf x} cf} / g xL v08x/ ag] 3/ f] + s] gLr] ba] zjf] + tyf rf} kfof] + sf] lgsfng] sf sfd k"0f{¿k ;] xf] kfof x} . lh;;] dxfdf/ L km} ng] s]

8/ ;] cfd hgtf q: t x} . O; ;do, ;do / xt] ;fjwflgof+ g a/ tL

hfo tf] ;+qmfds / f] uf0f'cf] + sL j[l4 xf] uL

hf] / f] u km} ng] s] d'Vo sf/ 0f xf] t] x} . hLjf0f', ls6f0f'

tyf ljiff0f' oxL / f] u km} nfg] d] + d'Vo sf/ 0f xf] t] x} + . OgsL pTklt ljz] if s/ dnd"q, skm, vsf/ , ;8ÞLunL j: t'cf] + s] cJojl: yt ¿k ;] xf] tL x} . P] ;] k|fs[lts ljklQ s] ;do ;fjwflgof] + sf] g ckgfo] hfg] ;] : jfefljs cj: yf s] k|lts"n hLjf0f'o'St uGbuL ljz] if s/ km} n hftL x} . ;d'lrt ef] hg kfgL gxL+ ldntf x} , bjfcf] + sf cefj tyf c: ktfn Pj+ lrlsT;s nf] u ljklQ k|efljt nf] uf] ++ s] pkrf/ Pj+ Joj: yfkg s/ g] d] + xL d'VotM s] lGb|t / xt] x} + . t;y{ ;fdfGo ¿k d] + ;+qmldt xf] / x] / f] luof] + s] k|lt c: ktfn cf} / lrlsT;s u0f ck] lIft ;do gxL+ b] kft] . P] ;L cj: yf d] + k|efljt If] qf] + d] + x} hf, hf‘lG8;, 6fO{kmfO{8 cflb h} ;] / f] uf] ;] ;+qmldt xf] Ps b";/ L dxfljklQ sL cfz+sf nf] uf] + s] dg d] 3/ s/ g] nuL x} . hf] : jefljs x} . Oltxf; ;fIfL x} ls ljgfzsf/ L e"sDk, af9Þ, ;'gfdL cfg] s] afb ;fjwfgL g ckgfg] k/ dxfdf/ L cftL xL x} . xfO6L ;g\ @)!) d] + dxfe"sDk s] afb cfO{ b";/ L dxfljklQ x}hf ;] xhf/ f] + nf] u d/ ] + hf] ;flat s/ tL x} ls P] ;L l: ylt d] + ;fjwfgL a/ tgL h?/ L x} . P] ;] ;do d] + nf] uf] + sf] rflxo] ls cft+lst

ljgfzsf/ L e"\sDk ;] ;Defljt dxfdf/ L ;] s} ;] ar] +

/d]z emf

lj= ;= @)&@ zlgjf/ !@ ut] s] !!M%$ jh] cfo] dxfe"sDk ;] g] kfn sL w/ tL y/ f{ p7L cf] / rf/ f] cf] / rLTsf/ xf] g] nuL . k'/ fg] 3/ tfz s] kQ] sL t/ x e8Þe8Þf s/ lu/ g] nu] , 3/ f] + s] lu/ g] ;] jftfj/ 0f w"nw";l/ t xf] uof . nf] uf] + sf] nug] nuf ls ca Sof xf] uf < Sof] +ls cfw] 3+6] ts cfo] dxfe"sDk ;] w/ tL bf] nfodfg xf] tL / xL . nf] uf] + sL rLTsf/ , lrNnfx6 efubf} 8Þ ;] nug] nuf yf ls ;+xf/ s] b] jtf Zdzfgjf;L lzj s] lqg] q sL Hjfnf ;] ;as'5 e: dLe"t xf] hfPuf . !@ ut] zlgjf/ sL dxfe"sDk ;] nf] uf] + sf] Px;f; xf] uof ls – sf] O{ P] ;L cb[Zo zlSt xf] tL x} hf] Ps If0f d] + s'5 eL s/ ;stL x} –…If0ffb"Wj+{ g hfgfld ljwftf ls+ sl/ ioltÚ cyf{t\ ljwftf Ps If0f d] + Sof s/ b] uf sf] O{ gxL+ hfgtf . oxL cs\NkgLo 36gf cb[Zo zlSt åf/ f zlgjf/ !!M%$ 36foL uO{ . lh;;] ljgfz sf tf08j rf/ f] cf] / dr uof . dxfe"sDkLo k|xf/ ;] k|tfl8Þt hgtf cg] s ;d: ofcf] + ;] h"emg] sf] afWo x} . sxL+ ckg] kl/ hgf] + ;] la5f] 8Þ ;] , tf] sxL+ jf;: yfg s] cefj ;] tf] sxL+ ef] hg–kfgL s] cefj ;] tf] sxL+ cJojl: yt ¿k d] + dn–d"q Tofu ;] xf] g] jfn] dxfdf/ L ;] hgtf lbg / ft h"em / xL x} . pSt ;eL ljifd cj: yfcf] + ;] h"emt] x'P nf] uf+] sL bogLo l: ylt sf] ;+rf/ dfWodf] + d] b] vf–k9Þf tf] dfgjLo ;+j] bgf hjfa b] g] nuL . lsGt' ox ;do / f] g] , lrNnfg] , zf] sfs'n xf] g] s] ahfo w} o{ wf/ 0f s/ g] sf x} . zf] s sf] zlSt d] + abng] sf x} . x/ ] s ;Ifd JolQm sf] ckg] ckg] : t/ ;] ljz] if k|efljt JolSt of If] q sf] / fxt k|bfg s/ g] sf ;do x} . 8/ s/ , ql;t xf] s/ ;/ sf/ sf] ufnL b] s/ gxL+ ckg] ckg] : t/ ;] oyfzlSt dfgjLo ;xof] u b] s/ b} jLo cfkbf ;] nf] uf] + sf] paf/ g] sf jSt x} .

O; b} jLo ljkbf s] sf/ 0f d/ g] jfnf] + s] k|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL, ;+s6 d] + k8Þ] nf] uf+] sf b'Mvbb{ oyfzL3| b"/ xf] eujfg

k|efljt If] qf] + d] + x} hf,

hf+lG8;, 6fO{kmfO{8 cflb h} ;] / f] uf] ;] ;+qmldt xf] Ps b";/ L dxfljklQ sL cfz+sf nf] uf] + s] dg d] 3/ s/ g] nuL x} . hf]

: jefljs x} .

ljrf/ dLdf+zf

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 23

ljrf/ dLdf+zf

xf] g] s] ahfo 5f] 6L 5f] 6L ;fjwflgof] + sf] ckgfs/ ;Defljt dxfdf/ L ;] arf hfo . ;j{k|yd dxfdf/ L ;] arg] s] lnP ljz] if k|efljt If] qf] + d] + v08x/ ag] + 3/ f] + s] gLr] ba] nfzf] +, kfnt" dj] lzof+] , k+lIfof] + sf] oyfzL3| p4f/ sld{of] + åf/ f lgsfns/ plrt Joj: yfkg s/ g] sL h?/ t x} . O; sfo{ sf] s/ g] s] lnP o'4: t/ k/ ;/ sf/ , ;fdflhs ;+3–;+: yfcf] + tyf JolStof] + s] aLr ;dGjo s/ ljz] if tTk/ tf ckgfg] sL cfjZostf x} . dxfdf/ L km} ng] s] 8/ ;] xL sf7df8" pkTosf ;] cf7 nfv ;] clws nf] uf] + sf alxu{dg xf] r'sf x} . ox tYof+s ;+~rf/ dfWodf] + sf x} . u|fdL0f If] qf] + d] + ;a;] clws dfgjLo Iflt s] ;fy–;fy ufo, e} +;, as/ L, e] +8Þ cflb dj] zL 3/ f] + s] gLr] ba] k8Þ] x+} hf] ;8Þg] nu] x} + . jxf+ plrt Joj: yfkg d] + l9nfO{ s] sf/ 0f dxfdf/ L sL cfz+sf a9Þ uO{ x} . ctM p4f/ sfo{ d] + ;+nUg ;/ sf/ L–u} / ;/ sf/ L cGt/ f{i6«Lo p4f/ sld{of] + sf] ljz] if k|efljt u|fdL0f If] qf] + d] + ljBdfg O; ;d: of sL cf] / cljnDj Wofg s] lGb|t s/ gf cfjZos x} .

ljklQ s] ;do / f] u lgoGq0f ljlw sL a8ÞL xL e"ldsf xf] tL x} . t;y{ O; b'Mvb l: ylt d] + x/ ] s JolSt sf] : jo+ ;fjwfgL ckgfg] sL ptgL xL h?/ t x} . 5f] 6L–5f] 6L ;fjwfgL ckgfg] ;] ;Defljt ;+qmfds dxfdfl/ of] + ;] ckg] cfk sf] arf ;st] x+} .

ctM ;j{;fwf/ 0f nf] u oyfzSo kfgL pafns/ kLP+, kfgL pafng] sL l: ylt gf xf] tf] kfgL d] + Snf] l/ g sL uf] nL cyjf kLo"if ldnfs/ kfgL k|of] u s/ ] + . kmnkm"n t/ sf/ L cflb ;fkm kfgL ;] wf] s/ k|of] u s/ ] + . af;L vfBj: t' g vfP+ . ef] hg ;] k"j{ ;fa'g, l86f] n ;] cR5L t/ x xfy wf] s/ ef] hg s/ ] + . c: yfoL a;f] af; s] kf; c: yfoL zf} rfno sL Joj: yf s/ p; sf k|of] u s/ ] + . zf} rflb s/ g] s] afb cjZo l86f] n ;fa'g ;] xfy wf] gf gf e"n] + . aRrf+] sf] ;fkm ;'y/ ] hux k/ v] ng] b] + cf} / ;do–;do k/ ;fa'g kfgL ;] xfy w'njfP+ . xf] ;s] tf] vfgf vft] ;do Knfl: 6s rDdr k|of] u s/ ] + . ;+qmfds u|: t JolSt ;] b"/ L agfo] + / v] + . O; ;do d5nL cf}/ df+; vfg] ;] k/x]h s/]+ . nf] uf] + s] aLr / xt] ;do df: s k|of] u s/ ] + . : yfoL lzlj/ d] + a;f] af; s/ t] ;do sf] O{ c: j: y xf] hfo tf] p;] tTsfn : jf: Yo rf} sL d] + etL{ s/ fP+ . : YffoL lzlj/ d] + / xt] ;do nf] uf] + sf] : jf: Yo rf} sL of : jf: YosdL{ sf df] afO{n gDa/ cjZo / v] + tfls h?/ t k8Þg] k/ pg nf] uf+] ;] zL3| ;Dks{ s/ ;s+] . P] ;L s'5 ;fjwflgof+ ckgfs/ dxfdf/ L ;] xd ar ;st] x} + .

P] ;L b'Mvb 38ÞL d] + dfq ;/ sf/ L lgsfof] + k/ bf] iff/ f] k0f s/ g] s] ahfo : jf: Yo ;'/ Iffk|lt ;j{;fwf/ 0f gful/ sf] + sf] : jo+ Wofg b] gf rflxo] cf} / ;/ sf/ sf] eL rflxo] ls b] z s] ljleGg : yfgf] + d] + ljut d] + cfP

dxfdf/ L jfn] 36gfcf] + ;] cg'ej a6f] / s/ dxfdf/ L sf] / f] sg] s] lnP ckg] ;eL : jf: Yo ;] ;DalGwt lgsfof] + h} ;] : jf: Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ ifb, hg: jf: Yo k|of] uzfnf Olkl8ldof] nf] hL dxfzfvf tyf c: ktfnf] + s] aLr ;dGjo agfs/ ;lqmotf ;fy tTsfn sfof{Gjog s/ g] sL of] hgf agfP+ . ls;L eL dxflaklQ s] ;do : jf: Yo sL pk] Iff xf] tL x} tf] O;;] ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtf dxflaklQ sf lzsf/ xf] g] s] ;fy –;fy b] z eL ;+s6 d] + km+; hftf x} . t;y{ P] ;] ;do d] + ;/ sf/ Pj+ gful/ sf] + sL cf] / ;] ;+j] bgzLntf, pbf/ tf, ;lqmotf Pjd\ : ki6 bfloTjaf] w lbvfg] sL h¿/ t xf] tL x} .

oxf+ d} ;/ sf/ ;] ox eL cg'/ f] w s/ gf rfxtf xF" ls ;do s] ;fy csNkgLo kL8Þf sd xf] tL hf / xL x} k/ ljz] if k|efljt nf] uf] + sf] ck] lIft ;xof] u / flz oyfzL3| ldn] lh;;] efjL hLjg ;'vdo ag] + . cf} / ;xof] u / flz b] g] d] + ls;L eL t/ x ;] e|i6frf/ gf xf] O;s] lnP : jo+ k|wfgdGqL sf] lgu/ fgL / vgL rflxo] . Sof] +ls ljZje/ ;] bft[b] zf] + sf of] ubfg k|z+;gLo / xf x} O;sf b'?kof] u gxL+ xf] gf rflxo] . lg/ fl>t JolStof] + sf] oyfzL3| cf>o ldn] oxL ;eL sf st{Jo xf] gf] rflxo] .

pklgifb\ sf ox jrg Wofg b] g] of] Uo x} – ;x gf} e'gSt', ;x gf} cjt', ;xjLo+{ s/ jf jx} . t] hl: jgfjwLtd: t' df ljlåiff jx} ..

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%24

/ fHo sL cjwf/ 0ff cf} / cfjZostf s] cg';f/ lgdf{0f s/ gf rflxP . ox xdf/ ] lnP gof cj;/ eL x} . ;j{;fwf/ 0f s] dsfg s] ;jfn d] + eL oxL aft nfu" xf] tL x} . PsLs[t cfjf; sL ax; nDa] ;do ;] rn / xL x} . p; sf k|of] u s'5 zx/ d] + k|f/ lDes r/ 0f d] + xL x} . n] lsg k|efjsf/ L gxL+ xf] kfof x} . uf+j d] + tf] PsLs[t cfjf; sf k|of] u z'? eL gxL+ x'cf x} . ca PsLs[t cfjf; ;DaGwL cjwf/ 0ff sf] sfof{Gjog s/ g] sf df} sf eL oxL x} . z'?cft s/ g] sf cj;/ ;/ sf/ sf] xL k|fKt xf] / xf x} . ox ;Dej eL x} . Sof] +ls e"sDk åf/ f x'O{ Iflt sf] dWogh/ s/ t] x'P b] z–ljb] z ;] lhtgf ;xof] u / flz k|fKt xf] / xf x} , p;sf plrt Joj: yfkg cf} / sfof{Gjog xf] ;s] tf] xd ;r d] + xL gofF g] kfn lgdf{0f sf hu v8Þf s/ ;st] x} . a;, p;s] lnP / fhgLlts g] t[Tj d] + O{dfgbf/ L cf} / ;fx; rflxP . ;jfn ox x} ls O; t/ x sf / fhgLlts g] t[Tj xd sa k|fKt s/ kfP+u] <

e"sDk kLl8Þt s] lnP ;xof] u s/ ] jfn] JolQm, ;+: yf tyf / fi6«f] + sL ;+Vof ;f} ;] eL Hofbf xf] r'sL x} + . ;xof] uL b] zf] + sL ;+Vof eL tLg bh{g ;] Hofbf x} . ;xof] u / flz sL 3f] if0ff lagf xL ;xof] u hf/ L / vg] jfn] / fi6« bh{gf] + x} + . ef/ t O; sf pbfx/ 0f x} . g] kfn sL e"sDk kLl8Þt hgtf s] lnP ;a;] kxn]

;xof] u s/ g] jfnf b] z xL ef/ t x} . ceL ts p;s] åf/ f s/ f] 8Þf] + sf ;xof] u xf] r'sf x} . n] lsg lstgL ;xof] u ;fdu|L tyf wg/ flz / fxt

s] lnP bL hfPuL < O; ;DaGw d] + ef/ t g]

cf} krfl/ s ¿k d] + s'5 gxL+ sxf x} . ;Defjgf

x} – ef/ t åf/ f lgs6 eljio d] + xL O; ;DaGw d] + cf} krfl/ s

3f] if0ff xf] hfPuL . ef/ t sL t/ x xL stf/ , ;fpbL c/ ] laof, >Ln+sf, a+unfb] z, kfls: tfg cf} / blIf0f sf] l/ of cflb b] zf] + g] eL ;xof] u s] lnP k|ltjåtf htfO{ x} . n] lsg Og b] zf] + g] eL / sd / flz sf 3f] if0ff gxL+ sL x} . ;xof] u s] lnP k|ltj4tf JoQm s/ g] jfn] bft[ lgsfo lbg k|ltlbg a9Þ / x] x+} . O;LlnP xd sx ;st] x} , Wj: t ef} lts ;+/ rgf lgdf{0f s] lnP cfly{s ;+s6 gxL+ xf] uf . O; sf ;xL Joj: yfkg cf} / sfof{Gjog xL cfh sL k|d'v r'gf} tL x} .

;/ sf/ sf dfggf x} ls Wj: t ef} lts ;+/ rgf sf] k'glg{df0f s] lnP bf] va{ sf ah] 6 cfjZos x} . ox tf] hdf xf] xL hfPuf . n] lsg @ va{ hdf s/ gf xL a8ÞL aft gxL+ x} . O; sf ;xL ;b'kof] u xf] kfPuf of gxL+, lrGtf sf ljifo oxL x} . cu/ ;r d] + xL bftfcf] + ;] k|fKt / flz sf ;xL ;b'kof] u xf] hfP tf] x/ e"sDk kLl8t sf kSsL dxn lgdf{0f xf] ;stf x} . O;s] lnP ;Qf d] + lehg, ;fx; cf} / O{dfgbf/ L sL h?/ t x} . jt{dfg k|wfgdGqL

;xof] u / flz sf plrt ;b'kof] u xf]

nLnfgfy uf}td

dxfe"sDk ;] ;[lht qf; ;] wL/ ] –wL/ ] hghLjg ;fdfGo xf] tf hf / xf x} . ta eL kl/ jf/ s] ;b: of] + sf] u+jfg] jfnf] + sL kL8Þf oyfjt x} + . / xg] sf jf; cf} / vfg] sf ufF; u+jfg] jfnf] + sL lrGtf eL h} ;L sL t} ;L xL x} . n] lsg sa ts xd O; t/ x sL lrGtf d] + a} 7] / x] +u] < e"sDk s] sf/ 0f ;[lht kL8Þf sf] dg d] + baf s/ eL xd nf] uf] + sf] afFsL hLjg hLgf x} . lhtgf eL si6 e'utgf k8Þ] , sf] O{ eL ckg] hLjg sf] d[To' s] d'Fx d] + ha/ b: tL ws] ngf gxL+ rfxt] . O;LlnP ca ljut s] gsf/ fTds lrGtg d] + gxL+, ljgfz s] afb xf] g] jfn] lgdf{0f d] + ckgf Wofg s] lGb|t s/ gf rflxP .

e"sDk g] Hofbf xL wg cf} / hg sf g's;fg lsof x} . e"sDk s] sf/ 0f lhg nf] uf] + sf] ckgf hLjg ;dfKt s/ gf k8Þf, j] nf] u seL eL jfk; gxL+ xf] ;st] . n] lsg Wj: t ef} lts ;+/ rgf sf xd cjZo xL k'g lgdf{0f s/ ;st] x} + . xfF, O;s] lnP ;do nu ;stf x} . O;LlnP e"sDk åf/ f x'P ljgfz sf] ofb s/ s] lrGtt xf] g] s] ahfo eljio d] + lgdf{0f xf] g] jfnf gO{ ;+/ rgf cf} / ljsf; sL of] hgf agfgf cfh sL cfjZostf x} , O;s] rnt] gof g] kfn sL kl/ sNkgf s/ gf xL cfh sf pQd ljsNk xf] ;stf x} .

/ fhgLlts ¿k d] + gof g] kfn sf ax; ax't kxn] ;] hf/ L x} . / fHo k'g;+{/ rgf sf ax; ceL ts lbzf k|fKt gxL+ s/ kf / xf x} . ca tf] e"sDk åf/ f x'O{ Iflt sf] eL / fHo k'g;+{/ rgf sL ax; s] ;fy–;fy cfu] a9Þfg] sL lhDd] bf/ L eL cfO{ x} .

b] z sf] ;+3Lo ;+/ rgf d] + n] hfg] sL t} of/ L xf] / xL x} . hxfF, s'5 Hofbf xL k|zf;lgs ;+/ rgf cf} / ejg sL cfjZostf xf] tL x} . ljut s] k|zf;lgs ;+/ rgf cf} / ejg s] sf/ 0f gofF ejg lgdf{0f s/ t] jQm ljjfb xf] ;stf yf . n] lsg ca k'/ fgL ef} lts ;+/ rgf lau8Þ uoL x} . O;LlnP e"sDk g] ljgfz lsof uof ;/ sf/ L ef} lts ;+/ rgf sf] ca ;+3Lo

xdf/ ] oxfF, ;/ sf/

åf/ f 3f] lift s/ f] 8 Þf] + sf jflif{s ah6 tf] sfof{Gjog gxL+ xf] g] s] sf/ 0f lk|mh xf]

hftf x} . P] ;L c;Ifd / fhgLlts g] t[Tj cf} / sd{rf/ LtGq åf/ f ljb] zL ;xof] u / flz sf ;xL ;b'kof] u s} ;] xf] kfPuf <

lrGtf sf ljifo oxL x} .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 25

;'zLn sf] O/ fnf d+] tf] ox gxL+ lbvfO{ b] tf .b] z–ljb] z ;] k|fKt ;xof] u ;fdu|L sf]

plrt Joj: yfkg cf} / pkof] u s/ gf tf] b"/ sL aft, oxfF tf] kLl8t s] lnP lbof uof / fxt ;fdu|L …lqkfnÚ eL / fhgLlts bn s] sfo{stf{ xL gub n] s/ a] rt] x} + . ox ;dfrf/ s'5 xL lbg kxn] ;fj{hlgs x'cf yf . P] ;L e|i6 / fhgLlts ;+: sf/ jfn] b] z d] + ljb] zL ldq

lhtgf eL ;xof] u s/ ] +, ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtf p;;] nfefljGt gxL+ xf] kfP+u] . : yfgLo tx d] + ;xof] u s/ g] jfnf] + sL ;"rL ax't nDaL x} . : yfgLo tx s] JolQm, ;+3–;+: yf, snfsdL{, lvnf8ÞL åf/ f lsP uP ;xof] u / flz tyf / fxt ;fdu|L sL tf] u0fgf xL gxL+ xf] / xL x} . : yfgLo : t/ d] + ;+slnt / flz cf} / / fxt ;fdu|L sf] Psd'i6 d"Nof+sg lsof hfP tf] jx eL c/ af] +

sf xf] ;stf x} . e"sDk s] Ps xkm\tf ts ;/ sf/ L lgsfo hgtf d] + gxL+ kx'Fr kfof x} . P] ;L ;/ sf/ L ;+oGq cf} / Joj: yfkg ;] hgtf s} ;] cfzfjfbL / x ;stL x} + <

dhb"/ L s/ s] b} lgsL rnfg] jfn] dhb"/ f] + g] eL e"sDk kLl8Þt sf] ;xof] u lsof x} . O; sf pbfx/ 0f x} , u'nl/ of– kl08tk'/ s] : yfgLo afl;Gbf . pg nf] uf] + g] ckgL 9's'6L

Pl;ofnL ljsf; a} +s – @) ca{ #) s/ f] 8hfkfg – * ca{ $) s/ f] 8l8hf: 6f/ Od/ h] G;L sld6L -a] nfot_ – % ca{cleg] qL hf] cgf n'Dn] -a] nfot_ – $ ca{dfs{ h's/ ju{ -km] za's_ – ! ca{ @) s/ f] 8hfkfgdf ;+slnt – ! ca{ %) s/ f] 8xªsª – ^% s/ f] 8g]kfn lzIfs dxf;+3 – ^) s/f]8c: 6«] lnof – %) s/ f] 8Sofg8f – %) s/ f] 8rLg – $) s/ f] 8gj] { – $) s/ f] 8o'/ f] lkog o'lgog – ## s/ f] 8stf/ / ] 8qm; – #@ s/ f] 8rf} w/ L u|'k – @% s/ f] 8gj] { – !& s/ f] 8;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3 – !% s/ f] 8Joj;foL pk] Gb| dxtf] – !% s/ f] 8cd] l/ sf – !) s/ f] 8df] / Ssf] – !) s/ f] 8e'6fg – !) s/ f] 8;fpbL / fhs'df/ cnljb ljg tnfn – !) s/ f] 8Joj;foL lnsf l;ª -lrlgofF_ – !) s/ f] 8v] tfg ;d"x – !) s/ f] 8pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3 – !) s/ f] 8u} / cfjf;Lo g] kfnL ;+3 – !) s/ f] 8sf] l/ of – !) s/ f] 8u'un – !) s/ f] 8;z: q k|x/ L – ^ s/ f] 8 #$ nfvz} lIfs ;+: yf clkg – % s/ f] 8;'dfuL{ u|'k – % s/ f] 8clkg -z} lIfs ;+: yf_ – % s/ f] 8cfO{PdO{ u|'k – # s/ f] 8 %) nfv

d] 6nfOkm kmfpG8] ;g – @ s/ f] 8 %) nfvsd{rf/ L ;+rosf] if – @ s/ f] 8j] : 6g{ o'lgog kmfpG8] ;g – @ s/ f] 8rfOgf u] h'jf u|'k – @ s/ f] 8Pgcf/ Pg -cd] l/ sf_ – @ s/ f] 8Unf] an cfO{PdO{ a} +s – ! s/ f] 8 %) nfv/ fi6« a} +s -sd{rf/ L_ – ! s/ f] 8 %% nfvn'lDagL a} +s – ! s/ f] 8 @ nfvg] kfnL sf+u|] ; – ! s/ f] 8Pgcf/ Pg -c: 6] «lnof_ – ! s/ f] 8Pgcf/ Pg -o's] _ – ! s/ f] 8sf] l/ of xfO8«f] Go"lSno/ kfj/ – ! s/ f] 8/ fli6«o jfl0fHo a} +s – ! s/ f] 8k|e' ;d"x – ! s/ f] 8g] kfn OGe] i6d] G6 a} +s – ! s/ f] 8l;l6hG; a} +s + – ! s/ f] 8ejg e§ – ! s/ f] 8PgaL a} +s – ! s/ f] 8g] skf Pdfn] – %) nfvP;aLcfO{ a} s – %) nfvg] kfn : 6s PS;r] Gh – %) nfvg] kfn / Tg cfe"if0f ;+3 – %) nfvd] uf a} +s – %) nfv/ fli6«o v] ns"b kl/ ifb\ – #* nfvPsLs[t g] skf dfcf] jfbL – #) nfvs} nfz ljsf; a} +s – @* nfvl;tf/ fd÷s'~hg -snfsf/ _ – !& nfv/ Tg tyf cfe'if0f ;+3 – !% nfvolt 8] enkd] G6 a} +s – !@ nfvg] skf–dfcf] jfbL -j} B_ – !) nfvg] kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6\; ;+: yf – !) nfv;/ f] h vgfn -snfsf/ _ – !) nfvu'8ljn kmfOgfG; – !) nfv

3f] lift ;xof] u / flzoxfF !) nfv ;] pmk/ / x] s'5 ;xof] u / flz sf] xL ;"rLs[t lsof uof x} . ox eL k"0f{ gxL+ x} . : yfgLo JolQm tyf ;+: yf s]

;lqmotf d] + xf] / x] ;xof] u ;fdu|L tyf / flz cglugt x} . hf] / fi6«Lo ¿k d] + rrf{ d] + eL gxL+ cfoL x} . O;LlnP xd cfzf s/ t] x} – O; ;"rL d] + g / xg] jfn] sf] O{ ;+3–;+: yf tyf JolQm gf/ fh gxL+ xf] +u] . ;xof] u s/ g] jfnf] + d] + ;] ls;L g] b} lgs pkef] Uo vfBj: t' tyf ;fdu|L lbof x} tf] ls;L g] gub / flz . pg ;eL s] k|lt e"sDk kLl8Þt hgtf cfef/ L x} + . k|f/ lDes r/ 0f d] + xdf/ ] hfgsf/ L d] + cfP s'5 ;xof] u / flz O; k|sf/ x} –

b] z÷;+: yf÷JolQm / sd b] z÷;+: yf÷JolQm / sd

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%26

l;Gw'kfNrf]s $$#!) !*((!sf7df+8" @&^$) ##@!%g'jfsf]6 #)))) !%)))wflbª @)))) !%)))/;'jf *))) !)))uf]/vf $$^)& !#@#^sfe|]knf~rf]s #)))) !*%$%eQmk'/ &))) @)))nlntk'/ !^#$$ %*%!bf]nvf %))) #%)))dsjfgk'/ #^# $(&/fd]5fk #%#$ @@^^;f]n'v'Da' !%& @))cf]vn9'+uf #& @&l;Gw'nL !)$@ !^#*;'g;/L @ !^#*lrtjg !@% $@af/f & $(k;f{ @ &ndh'ª @&@$ $%$*df]/ª @ $)ef]hk'/ !)%^ !#@^sf:sL !&$ &)) tfKn]h'ª % &)wg'iff ! );nf{xL %^ #!#/f}tx6 @$ !&)gjnk/f;L !& ^*tgx' ##&& !@(@&/f]Nkf @( *)?s'd %% !@)kfFry/ $! $*!Onfd ! ##

emfkf ! @(wgs'6f !% *%t]x«y'd # #);+v'jf;ef @%* %#)pbok'/ (% @)%l;/xf ) %&;Kt/L ) $&df]/ª $# #*?kGb]xL !) !)$#slknj:t' ) @$kfNkf !)^) !%!)c3f{vfFrL !)) !))u'NdL &%& @^!#:ofª\hf @($# ($&*dgfª % ^*d':tfª @# !@$DofUbL ! #@afun'ª $@* !!&^ kj{t *$$ !^!&bfª & $%@Ko'7fg # ^^8f]Nkf ! %h'Dnf ) @ sflnsf]6 @ )hfh/sf]6 ) @*bf}n]v ) (;'v]{t ! #!alb{of ) $)afFs] ) *!s}nfnL ) $afh'/f ) !88]nw'/f ) !

dfgjLo Iflthdf d[ts 3fon

&*)@ !^$#$

lhnf d[ts 3fon

l;Gw'kfNrf]s #)#% *%@sf7df+8" !@!) $^#$g'jfsf]6 (%) !#!@wflbª &)@ ^(*/;'jf $%( &$*uf]/vf $!@ !)#$sfe|]knf~rf]s #!* @&*)eQmk'/ #!$ !**&nlntk'/ !&$ !@@$bf]nvf &% @&@dsjfgk'/ ## !@&/fd]5fk @& @&;f]n'v'Da' @@ *)cf]vn9'+uf !( %#l;Gw'nL !) ^#;'g;/L & @%lrtjg & (%af/f % @(k;f{ % @#ndh'ª % #!df]/ª @ $%ef]hk'/ @ *sf:sL @ #) tfKn]h'ª ! #wg'iff ! !(;nf{xL ! %)/f}tx6 ! @$gjnk/f;L ! !#tgx' ! !*/f]Nkf ! %?s'd ! !

d] + / x] , u] x" -hf] b} lgs dhb"/ L ;] hdf lsof uof yf_ a] rs/ ^& xhf/ ! ;o &! ?k} ofF hDdf lsof cf} / e"sDk kLl8t sf] lbof . n] lsg lj8Dagf, u/ La b] z s] cdL/ dGqL cf} / g] tf sxnfg] jfn] xdf/ ] / fhgLlts nf] uf] + g] ceL ts P] ;L 3f] if0ff gxL+ sL x} . ;+: yfut ¿k d] + kf6L{ tyf ;ef;bf] + åf/ f s'5 / sd kLl8Þtf] + s] gfd s/ b] gf sf] O{ a8ÞL aft gxL+ x} . xfF s'5 g] tf g] yf] 8Þf xL ;xL, JolQmut ¿k d] + s'5 ;xof] u sL 3f] if0ff sL x} .

b] z sL cfjZostf cf} / Ifdtf ;] ^)! ;ef;b xdf/ ] oxfF x} . n] lsg b] z sL hgtf ;+s6 d] + / xt] jQm ox ^)! hgk|ltlglw sxfF

5'k uP, ktf gxL+ . e"sDk s] ^ 306f eL gxL+ x'cf yf, / fxt ;fdu|L h'6g] nuL yL . n] lsg g] kfn ;/ sf/ sL sdhf] / Joj: yfkg s] sf/ 0f, jf] ;fdu|L ;do d] + kLl8Þt ts gxL+ kx'Fr kfof . l;km{ efif0fafhL d] + kf] Vt xdf/ ] g] tfcf] + sL sdhf] / Joj: yfkg s] sf/ 0f xL hgtf sf] / fxt ;] jl~rt / xgf k8Þf . ^)! d] + d'lZsn ;] !) k|ltzt ;ef;b xL hgtf s] aLr lbvfO{ k8] Þ . ha g] tfcf] + sL rf} tkmL{ cfnf] rgf z'? xf] g] nuL ta g] tf nf] u afx/ cfg] nu] , ;do u'h/ g] s] afb Û

d[ts s] kl/ jf/ s] lnP tTsfn ! nfv / fxt b] g] sf lg0f{o g] kfn ;/ sf/ g] lsof x} . ox / flz tf] g] kfn sf] ;xof] u s/ g]

jfnf Ps xL bft[ lgsfo e/ ;stf x} . Wj: t x'P ax't u|fdL0f a: tL sf] P] ;] xL s'5 bftfcf] + g] k'glgdf{0f s/ g] sf jrg lbof x} . O;LlnP kLl8Þt sf] s'5 ?kof b] g] ;] bftfcf] + ;] k|fKt / sd vTd xf] g] jfnf eL gxL+ x} . k|fKt ;xof] u / flz sf ;b'kof] u s/ lu/ L x'O{ ;/ sf/ L ;+/ rgf xL gxL+, ljsf; lgdf{0f s] cGo sfd eL xf] ;stf x} . b'Mv sL aft x} – xdf/ ] oxfF, ;/ sf/ åf/ f 3f] lift s/ f] 8Þf] + sf jflif{s ah6 tf] sfof{Gjog gxL+ xf] g] s] sf/ 0f lk|mh xf] hftf x} . P] ;L c;Ifd / fhgLlts g] t[Tj cf} / sd{rf/ LtGq åf/ f ljb] zL ;xof] u / flz sf ;xL ;b'kof] u s} ;] xf] kfPuf < lrGtf sf ljifo oxL x} .

ef}lts Iflt -Ifltu|:t cfjf;_hdf k"0f{ Iflt cf+lzs Iflt !,(),()$ !,&#,(&#

lhnf k"0f{ Iflt cf+lzs Iflt lhNnf k"0f{ Iflt cf+lzs Iflt

;|f]tM u[x dGqfno

cfj/0fcfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 27

cfj/0f;dfrf/ljZn]if0f

cf] / eub8Þ ;L drL x'O{ yL . ;eL ckg] kl/ hgf] + sf] n] s/ lrlGtt y] . 8/ g] P] ;f dfxf} n agf lbof yf ls nf] u aLr ;8Þs sf] xL ;'/ lIft ;dem / x] y] . sxL+ 3/ 9x uo] y] tf] sxL+ ;8Þs km6 uO{ yL . Ps chLa ;L a] r} gL cf} / ls+st{Joljd"9Þtf sL l: ylt xf] uO{ yL . nf] u hfggf rfxt] y] ls Sof x'cf x} cf} / lstgf x'cf x} . ca Sof xf] uf < k|Zgf] + sf cDaf/ nuf x'cf yf k/ pQ/ b] g] jfnf sf] O{ gxL+ . cleefjsljxLgtf sL cj: yf d] + yf g] kfn .

P] ;] d] + kxnL cfjfh ldq/ fi6« ef/ t ;] cfO{ . ktf rnf ls ef/ t s] k|wfgdGqL >L g/ ] Gb| df] bL hL g] g] kfn d] + cfP O; cfkbf sf] a] xb uDeL/ tf ;] n] t] x'P x/ ;Dej ;xof] u s/ g] s] lgb] {z ckg] clwsfl/ of] + sf] lbo] x} + . sxt] x} +, 8"at] sf] ltgs] sf ;xf/ f . nf] uf] + sf] dx;"; x'cf ls sf] O{ tf] x} . ox / fxt ;] clws 9f9; aFwfg] sL aft yL . ef/ t s] åf/ f sL uO{ O; kmf} / L sfo{jfxL sf c;/ ox x'cf ls k"/ ] ljZj ;] / fxt cf} / ;xof] u sf tfFtf ;f aFw uof hf] cfh eL hf/ L x} . g] kfn sL hgtf sf] p; ;do ;a;] clws ;"rgf sL cfjZostf yL . b] z sL ;"rgf k|0ffnL cf} / ljz] if ¿k ;] g] kfnL dLl8of OtgL nfrf/ lbv / xL yL ls nf] u ef/ tLo Go"h r} gnf] + ;] xL cfjZos hfgsf/ L h'6f / x] y] . ;/ sf/ tf] sxL+ yL xL gxL+ . va/ tf] oxfF ts cfO{ sL g] kfn s] k|wfgdGqL sf] g] kfn d] + cfP e"sDk sL hfgsf/ L ef/ tLo k|wfgdGqL ;] k|fKt x'O{ . O;;] clws nfrf/ L cf} / Sof xf] uL <

cfgg kmfgg d] + e"sDk k|efljt If] q sf] ;+s6u|: t 3f] lift s/ lbof uof . ;fy xL cg"7] ljiforrf{ d] + cfg] z'? xf] uP . h} ;] dxfdlxd / fi6«klt hL åf/ f ;+s6u|: t 3f] lift lso] hfg] sL hfgsf/ L ;/ sf/ åf/ f pGx] + k|fKt g xf] g] sL aft sxL uO{ . g] kfnL ;] gf s] af/ ] d] + sxf uof ls p;] O; cfkbf d] + / fxtsfo{ sf g] t[Tj rflxo] . dlGqof] + s] aLr a} 7s d] + xL t"–t" d} +–d} + xf] g] sL aft eL afx/ cfO{ . Og ;a aftf] + sf gtLhf ox x'cf ls cfd hgtf d] + lg/ fzf cf} / a9Þ uO{ . u[xdGqL s] cGtjf{tf g] tf] cfu d] + 3L sf sfd s/ lbof . ha pGxf] +g] O; dxfljklQ sf] Psbd ;fwf/ 0f atf lbof . cf} / hf] / xL ;xL s;/ yL jx k|wfgdGqL g] / fi6« sf] ;Daf] lwt s/ t] x'P k"/ L s/ bL . / fxt s] ls;L a8ÞL 3f] if0ff sL cf; d] + a} 7] x'cf] + sf] ;Dj] bgf ;] clws s'5 gxL+ lbof k|wfgdGqL hL g] .

a8ÞL–a8ÞL aft] + s/ g] jfn] / fhgLlts bn s] s2fj/ g] tf gbf/ b xL / x] . Psfw g] lj1lKt lgsfns/ ckgf wd{ lgjf{x s/ lbof .

cu/ sf] O{ lbv / xf yf tf] jf] yf ;'/ Ifflgsfo . e"sDk s] s'5 xL ldg6f] + afb 6«flkms k'ln; jfn] ;8Þs k/ ufl8Þof] + sf] Jojl: yt s/ / x] y] . dnj] sf] x6fg] cf} / pgd] + ba] x'cf] + sf] lgsfng] d] + ;'/ Ifflgsfojfnf] + s] cnfjf sf] O{ gxL+ cfof . ;/ sf/ L sd{rf/ L tf] ckgL / fdsxfgL ;'gfg] d] + xL Jo: t / x] . / fhgLlts bn cf} / pgs] sfo{sQf{cf] + sL cg'kl: ylt g] eL nf] uf] + sf] lg/ fz xL lsof . ;8Þsf] + sL c: t Jo: txfnt d] + l;km{ jfo'dfu{ ;] xL / fxt cf ;stL yL k/ Gt' ljdfg: yn d] + sfo{/ t sd{rf/ L eL cg'knAw xL / x ] cf} / hf] y] j] e"sDk s] eo ;] 6fj/ k/ a} 7s/ ljdfgf] + sf] lgb] {z b] g] x] t' t} of/ gxL+ y] .

O; aLr Ps5q / fh hdfP x'P g] kfnL ;+rf/ hut sL eL kf] nk§L O; af/ v'nuO{ . g tf] j] e"sDk s] afb xL s'5 hfgsf/ L b] kf / x] y] , g xL ;Defljt kl/ l: ylt sf cf+sng s/ kf / x] y] . tf] lkm/ : jfefljs yf ls nf] u ;"rgfk|fKt s/ g] s] lno] ef/ tLoGo"h r} gn sL cf] / d'8Þ uo] . O;;] ef/ tLo r} gnf] + sL nf] slk|otf a9ÞL tf] pGxf] +g] eL O; Jofkf/ d] + nfe xL b] vf . g] kfnL ;+rf/ hut s] lno] ox Ps r'gf} tL sL aft xf] uO{ . Ps cf] / hxfF pgsL 6L cf/ kL sd xf] / xL yL tf] jxL+ b";/ L cf] / pgs] dgdfgLkg k/ uDeL/ k|ltålGåtf sf k|Zg cf uof . a; lkm/ Sof yf, g] kfnL dLl8of g] b] z sf] xL ;+s6 d] + b] vf . xf] gf eL tf] rflxo] . a8Þ] a8Þ] Jofkfl/ of] + s] åf/ f ;+rflnt dLl8of ckg] a"t] tf] rn gxL+ / xL x} . lh; km08 ;] jx ;+rflnt x} cu/ jxL c;'/ lIft xf] uof tf] dLl8of sf Sof xf] uf < ;fy ;fy cfd hgtf sL ;/ sf/ s] gfnfosLkg s] sf/ 0f x'O{ gf/ fhuL sf] eL / f] sgf yf . tf] lkm/ jxL k'/ fgf cr"s c: q rnfof uof, / fi6«Lotf sf . b] z sf] ef/ t ;] uDeL/ vt/ f atfof uof . ;fdflhs ;+hfn ;lxt ;eL ;Defljt ;+rf/ dfWodf] + sf pkof] u s/ t] x'P cfd hgtf sf] e|ldt s/ g] sL e/ k"/ sf] lzz ceL eL rn xL / xL x} . ax/ xfn eljio hf] eL xf] , Otgf h?/ x} ls Jofkf/ Ls/ 0f s] O; bf} / d] + e"sDk sf eL Jofkf/ Ls/ 0f xf] uof x} . lj1fkg s] / fh d] + ;a;] clws Iflt cu/ ls;L sL x'O{ tf] jx zfob g] kfn sL ef] nLefnL hgtf sL xL xf] uL .

e"sDk sf Jofkf/ Ls/ 0f

b]j]z emf

g] kfn s] dxfljgfzsf/ L e"sDk d] + hgwg sL Iflt sf cfFs8Þf a9Þtf hf / xf x} . ceL eL osLg s/ gf ;Dej gxL+ xf] kf / xf x} ls jf: tljs l: ylt Sof x} . O; eofjx e"sDk g] hf] kL8Þf lbof x} jx nDa] ;do ts dfg;k6n k/ sfod / x] uf . j} ;] O; kl/ l: ylt sL sNkgf s'5 ;do kxn] ;] xf] xL / xL yL . cg] sf] + dfWod åf/ f g] kfn d] + jx eL ljz] iftM / fhwfgL sf7df08" d] + lgs6 eljio d] + P] ;f xf] g] sL sNkgf tf] sL xL uO{ yL . olb xd lk5n] lbgf] + sL va/ f] + k/ gh/ 8fn] + tf] xd] + lgs6 eljio d] + e"sDk ;] ;DalGwt r] tfjlgof] + s] ax't ;] ;dfrf/ ldn hfP+u] . tf] hf] x'cf jx b'vb en] xL xf] k/ Gt' nueu k"j{ ;"lrt h} ;f xL yf . ;/ sf/ åf/ f v'n] d} bfgf] + sf] e"sDk s] ;do d] + ;'/ lIft dfgf uof yf . sO{ t/ x s] k"jf{Eof; eL s/ jfo] uo] y] . k/ b'ef{Uojz ha ljklQ cfO{ tf] ;f/ L t} ofl/ ofF Joy{ ;flat x'O{ . ;/ sf/ L k|jStf Pj+ dGqL >L ldg] Gb| l/ hfnhL g] tf] P] ;L kl/ l: ylt sf kxn] ;] cg'ej g xf] g] sL aft sxs/ kNnf eL emf8Þ lnof . dGqLu0f ;8Þsf] + k/ ;fo/ g ahft] x'P ckgL zfg lbvfg] d] + xL ;Lldt xf] uo] . ;/ sf/ sL nfrf/ L g] cfs|f] z sf ¿k eL lnof .

e"sDk sf sDkg rfx] lhtgL b] / sf / xf xf] lhg hf] / bf/ wSsf] + g] ox ljgfzsf/ L tf+8j lbvfof x} jx nueu #% ;] s] 08 ;] clws sf gxL+ yf . e"ue{ljbf] + s] ljZn] if0f d] + hf] cfof x} p; d'tflas cu/ jx If0f s'5 cf} / clws sf xf] tf tf] g] kfn d] + k|no xL xf] hftf . tYo cf} / cfFs8] ceL cfg] afFsL x} + . O;lno] Iflt sf cf+sng eL ceL dxh k"jf{g'dfg xL xf] uf . e"sDk s] t'/ Gt afb sf b[Zo a] xb vf} kmgfs yf . nf] u eoeLt xf] s/ ;8Þsf] + k/ cf tf] uo] y] k/ g tf] sf] O{ s'5 sx kf / xf yf g ;dem xL / xf yf . x/ cfFv ls;L ;xf/ ] sL tnfz d] + lbv / xL yL . rf/ f] +

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%28

lhGbuL sf gfd x} , rfxtf] + cf} / pDdLbf] + s] ;fy hLgf cf} / O;lnP O+;fg ckgL lhGbuL d] + ax't s'5 s/ gf rfxtf x} . ckgf Ps cflzofgf, ;'vL kl/ jf/ cf} / xF;tL v] ntL lhGbuL, sdf] j] z oxL tf] rfxt xf] tL x} Ps cfd O+;fg sL . jx O;L d] + ckg] ;'v sf] vf] htf x} cf} / kfs/ ;'vL xf] tf x} . lsGt' sf} g hfgtf x} ls sa ls;sL gh/ nu hfo cf} / xF;tf v] ntf kl/ jf/ lav/ hfo . ;a s'5 xf] t] x'P eL s'b/ t s] cfu] xd ;a a] a; xf] hft] x} +, oxL x'cf @% ck|} n @)!% ;'ax !!=%^ d] + ha dxfe"sDk

g] g] kfn d] + b: ts bL jx eL &=( / ] S6/ sf, k"/ ] g] kfn d] + dxfe"sDk g] tafxL drf bL , xhf/ f] + nf] u df/ ] uP . k|frLg w/ f] x/ ] + gi6 xf] uoL+, lstgf] + s] 3/ ph8Þ uP, gh/ f] + s] ;fdg] ;+lrt wg ;] agfof 3/ dna] d] + kl/ 0ft xf] uof, s/ f] 8Þf] + ?kP sL ;+klQ gi6 x'O{ x} . b] vt] xL b] vt] If0f d] + ;a gi6 xf] uof . ufFj s] ufFj ph8Þ uP . al: tofF jL/ fg k8ÞL x} + . ky/ fO{ cfFv] + lhGbuL sf] tnfz / xL x} + . P] ;] d] + ceL ;a;] a8ÞL lhDd] bf/ L aLdf sDklgof] + k/ cf uO{ x} . dxfe"sDk s] sf/ 0f g] kfn s] ;eL lhnf d] + ef} lts cf} / dfgjLo Iflt xf] g] k/ aLdf s+kgL s] pmk/ ax't a8Þf bafa cfof x} . a8Þ] k} dfg] d] Iflt ;] Ifltk"lt{ d] + c;xhtf dx;"; xf] / xL x} . g] kfn d] + s/ La !)) ;j] {o/ x} hf] ax't sd x} + . ax't ;] huxf] + k/ pgsf kxF'rgf cf} / Iflt cfFsng s/ gf

d'lZsn xf] / xf x} . ceL ;eL aLdf s+kgL kLl8Þt sf] d2t s/ g] d] + ckgL ckgL / 0fgLlt agfg] d] + h'6L x'O{ x} . aLdf ;ldlt åf/ f lbP uo] lgb] {zg s] cg';f/ hNb ;] hNb bfjf lsP uP / flzof] + sf ljt/ 0f lsof hfo] uf . g] kfn d] + @ s/ f] 8Þ sL cfafbL d] + xfnf+ls *))) ;] clws nf] uf] sL d/ g] sL ;+Vof atfO{ hftL x} , lh;d] + a; % kmL;bL g] xL hLjg aLdf s/ jfof x} . ef} lts Iflt aLdf, b'3{6gf aLdf, ;jf/ L ;fwg aLdf k/ Hofbf bfjL xf] ;stf x} . s+klgof] + s] lnP eL l: ylt lr+tfhgs gxL+ x} . / fi6«Lo aLdf ;+: yf s] sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs clZjgL s'df/ 7fs'/ g] atfof x} ls g] kfn d] + cfo] dxfe"sDk ;] hf] Iflt x'O{ x} p;d] pgsL ;+: yfg sf ;fdlhs bfloTj ljklQ d] +

/ x] kl/ jf/ sf ;xof] u s/ gf, / fxt b] gf x} . 7fs'/ g] ox eL atfof pgsL ;+: yf g] ceL #),))) lsnf] rfjn ljt/ 0f lsof x} . ox % lhn] d] + lbof uof l;Gw'kfNrf] s, g'jfsf] 6, eQmk'/ , uf] / vf cf} / kf6g l;+w'kfnrf} s d] + ;a;] kxn] / fi6«Lo aLdf ;+: yfg s] åf/ f / fxt k|bfg lsof uof yf . 7fs'/ g] sxf ls O; dxfe"sDk d] + hf] hg–wg sf g's;fg x'cf x} p;d] / fi6«Lo aLdf ;+: yf k"/ L t/ x ;] cfxt cf} / kLl8Þt hgtf s] ;fy x} . clZjgL s'df/ 7fs'/ g] aLdf ;+: yfg sL e"ldsf k/ v'n s/ sxf ls kxn] jx kLl8Þt sf] / fxt ;fdu|L hNb kx'Frfgf rfxt] x+} p;s] afb lh; kLl8Þt sf 3/ e"sDk ;] Ifltu|: t xf] uof x} cf} / aLdfs[t lsof uof x} cf} / jx bfjf s/ tf x} tf] pGx] + hNb e'QmfgL lsof hfPuf . 7fs'/ g] ox eL sxf ls d[To' aLdf sL nDaL k|lsof x} cf} /

cf} krfl/ stf eL Hofbf x} k/ ceL O; dxfe"sDk ;] lhg nf] uf] + sL d[To' x'O{ x} cf} / pgs] kl/ jf/ hg aLdf bfjL s/ g] cft] x} + tf] pGx] + s'5 Go"gtd b: tfj] hÞ / vs/ hNb e'QmfgL ldn] uf . 7fs'/ g] sxf ls xdf/ ] pk/ ;fdflhs bfloTj Hofbf x} cf} / xdf/ f ;+: yfg ;lqmo eL x} bfloTj k"/ f s/ g] s] lnP . g] kfn ceL ax't a'/ ] jQm ;] u'h/ / xf x} O;d] + ceL sf] O{ eL aLdf bfjf s] lnP gxL+ cfof x} k/ !) ÷! % lbg d] + xf] ;stf x} ls nf] u bfjf s/ g] s] lnP cfPF, xd pgsf k"/ L t/ x ;] ;xof] u s/ ] +u] . c+t d] + clZjgL s'df/ 7fs'/ g] sxf ls xd ;eL g] kfnL hgtf hf] dxfe"sDk ;] kLl8Þt

x} +, pgsL kL8Þf tf] gxL+ ld6f ;st] x} +, k/ pgsL kL8Þf ;] xd eL kLl8Þt x} + cf} / hf] eL ;xof] u xf] ;stf x} jx xd k"/ L t/ x ;] b] +u] . @% ck|} n sf bb{ cf} / kL8Þf hf] g] kfn hgtf ef] u / xL x} , p;d] + ;asf] ;fy ldns/ cfu] a9Þgf xf] uf . ;eL ;+3 ;+: yf sf] k"/ L t/ x ;] dbb s/ gL xf] uL–

lhGbuL u'h/ hftL x} Ps dsfg agfg] d] +cf} / s'b/ t pkÞm ts gxL+ s/ tLal: tofF lu/ fg] d] +g phf8Þ o] v'bfls;L s] cflzofg] sf] jQm ax't nutf x} Ps 5f] 6f ;f 3/ agfg] d] + .

-;fef/ M km] ;a's_

hgtf sL kL8Þf d] + aLdf sDklgof+ pgs] ;fy x} +

sljtf bf;

xdf/ ] pk/ ;fdflhs bfloTj Hofbf x} cf} / xdf/ f ;+: yfg ;lqmo eL x} bfloTj k"/ f s/ g] s] lnP .

g] kfn ceL ax't a'/ ] jQm ;] u'h/ / xf x} O;d] + ceL sf] O{ eL aLdf bfjf s] lnP gxL+ cfof x} k/ !) ÷! % lbg d] + xf] ;stf x} ls nf] u bfjf s/ g] s] lnP cfPF, xd pgsf k"/ L

t/ x ;] ;xof] u s/ ] +u] .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 29

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%30

a;Gtk'/ b/af/

ljgfz sL sxfgL, t:jL/f]+ sL h'jfgLkxn]

afb d]+

afb d]+

afb d]+

kxn]

kxn]

28 lxdflngL dO{ 2015

w/x/f

a;Gtk'/ b/af/

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 31

afb d]+

afb d]+

afb d]+

afb d]+

kxn]

kxn]

kxn]

29lxdflngL dO{ 2015

dgsfdgf dlGb/, uf]/vf

eQmk'/ b/af/

Goftkf]n dlGb/, :joDe"

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%32

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 33

km"8 s] ;xf/ ]

latfgf k8Þf .

tL;/ ] lbg / ft

sf] !! ah] g] kfnuGh kx'Fr]

;'ldt zdf{ g] eL cfkjLtL ;'gfO{ . pGxf] +g] sxf ls ls;L k|sf/ ;] Kn] g sf l6s6 ldnf . cGo ;do d] + ^ xhf/ d] + ldng] jfnf l6s6 !! xhf/ d] + ldnf zdf{ g] sxf ls;L t/ Ls] ;] 3/ kx'Fr uof k} ;] tf] lkm/ cf hfPFu] .

e"sDk s] afb / fhwfgL d] + cWoog s/ g] jfn] ] , Joj;foL, cf} / ;j{;fwf/ 0f h} ;] nfvf] + nf] uf] + g] afx/ L lhnf] + sf] ;'/ lIft : yfg s] ¿k d] + r'gf . nuftf/ / fhwfgL ;] afx/ hfg] jfnf] + sL ;+Vof a9ÞtL uO{ . l: ylt ox / xL sL ;jf/ L ;fwg sf eL cefj xf] g] nuf . / fhwfgL d] + df} t sf d+h/ b] v nf] uf] + sf xtfzf nuftf/ a9ÞtL uoL .

e"sDk s] k|ToIf k|efj d] + s/ La @) lhn] k8Þ] , xfnfFls ;f/ f b] z sDkg ;] lxn p7f, / fhwfgL ;lxt k"/ ] b] z d] + zf] s sf dfxf] n pTkGg xf] uof, g] kfnuGh d] + eL eub8Þ drL, n] lsg xtfxt sL l: ylt ;fdg] gxL+ cfoL .

d'lZsn ;] uf8ÞL ldntL x} , b'u"gf ef8Þf, c;'ljwf, cf} / bxzt sL JofVof cf} / lx;fa lstfa gxL+ xf] ;stf g] kfnuGh sf] l/ ogk'/ lgjf;L ;/ nf a'9Þf g] sxf, ls;L xfnt ;] sf7df08" ;] cfg] sf] ldn uof a; ptgf xL sfkmL x} .

g] kfnuGh cfg] jfn] nf] uf] d] + qf; cf} / 8/ lg/ Gt/ b] vf uof x} , a} 7t] ;do s';L{ lxn hfP tf] ca eL jxL 36gf ofb cf hftL x} . kqsf/ rf} / l;of g] atfof ls xfnft Otg] lau8Þ uP x+} ls / fhwfgL jfk; xf] g] sf @ dxLgf sf] O{ of] hgf gxL+ . ;fdg] nf] uf+] sf] t8Þkt] x'P b] vf x} pGxf+] g] sxf sf7df08" ;] dg pv8Þ uof .

e"sDk s] xKfm\t] afb ts % / ] S6/ s] cf;kf; jfnL sDkGg g] nf] uf+] sL cfz+sf sf] cf} / eL a9Þf lbof x} , nf] u ca eL 3/ f] + d] + jfk; hfg] s] lnP t} of/ gxL+ x+} , lhgsf 3/ gxL+ / xf jx ls;L k|sf/ ;] ckgf lbg lzlj/ f] + d] latf / x] x} + .

lg/ Gt/ ljb] zL ;xof] u s] afb eL g] kfn ;/ sf/ sL cJoj: yf O; sb/ b] vg] sf] ldnL ls / fxt ;fdu|L Po/ kf] 6{ k/ xL k8Þf / xf, nf] u kfgL s] lnP t/ ; uP cf} / ;/ sf/ s] dlGqof] + g] l;km{ cfZjf;g lbof .

sn+sL cfGbf] ng s] k|ToIf ;xefuL g] kfnuGh lgjf;L l/ hjfg xnjfO{ g] atfof ls e"v cf} / Kof; ;] nf] u Otgf pa uP ls uf] nL df/ g] sL dfFu s/ g] nu] , g] kfnL zf;g Joj: yf g] dxh / fhwfgL d] + P] ;L cfkbf ;] lgk6g] sf htg cf} / k"j{ t} of/ L gxL+ / vf tf]

/ fhwfgL ;] a9ÞtL b"l/ of“

: jb] z cf} / ljb] z ;] / fxt sL l: ylt e/ df/ yL, dLl8of d] + va/ ] + nuftf/ cf / xL yL, b] z sL / fhwfgL sf7df08" d] + ls; sb/ / fxt cf} / p4f/ sf sfd cfu] a9f, n] lsg @ lbg nuftf/ k|of; s/ g] s] afb d'lZsn ;] g] kfnuGh kx'Fr] kqsf/ dx] z rf} / l;of g] lxdflngL sf] atfof ls e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + sL l: ylt bb{gfs x} .

/ fhwfgL sf7df08" sf] ckgf sd{ e"ld agfg] s] p2] Zo ;] ljleGg lhnf] + ;] hg;+Vof nuftf/ a9ÞtL / xL x} , @ bzsf] + d] + lhn] ;] sf7df08" knfog xf] g] jfn] ;} s8Þf] + kl/ jf/ x} + hf] zlgjf/ sf] cfP e"sDk s] afb ckg] lhn] d] + jfk; cf uP .

e"sDk s] ;do ;kl/ jf/ / fhwfgL d] + / x] g] kfn 6] lnlehg s] kqsf/ ljho adf{ g] # lbg lqkfn d] + latfof . pQ/ k|b] z sL a; ;] jx ls;L t/ x gf/ fo0f 3f6 kx'Fr] cf} / jxfF ;] g] kfnuGh s] lnP b";/ f ;fwg lnof .

lxdflngL ;] aftrLt d] + kqsf/ adf{ g] atfof ls a; ls;L t/ x hfg ar uO{ . df} t sf] ;fdg] b] v ;eL s] xf] z p8Þ uP adf{ g] sxf, ar] x'P nf] uf] + sL l: ylt ox x} ls vfgf cf} / kfgL ts gxL+ ldntf .

g] kfnuGh / fdgu/ lgjf;L b'uf{ ltjf/ L sf xfn eL s'5 P] ;f xL x} . a;kfs{ d] + k;Lg] ;] nyky, l;/ k/ a} u, xft d] + emf] nf cf} / @ aRr] ;lxt g] kfnuGh kx'FrL ltjf/ L s] r] x/ ] k/ sf7df08" sL l: ylt ;fkm emns / xL yL . pGxf+] g] sxf ls 3/ d] + b/ f/ ] + k8Þ uO{ x} +, vfg] cf} / / xg] sf hux gxL+ x} , nf] u ;8Þsf] + k/ k8Þ] x'P x} +, nfzf] + s] ;8Þg] s] sf/ 0f b'u{Gw km} ntL hf / xL x} .

e"sDk s] % lbg afb b'uf{ g] ls;L t/ Ls] ;] g] kfnuGh kx'Frg] sL Joj: yf ldnfoL, lh;s] lnP pGxf] +g] nuftf/ # lbg ts k|of; lsof n] lsg uf8ÞL g ldng] s] rnt] pGx] + % lbg 8«fO{

ljgo bLlIftg]kfnu+h l/kf]6{

lg/ Gt/ ljb] zL ;xof] u

s] afb eL g] kfn ;/ sf/ sL cJoj: yf O;

sb/ b] vg] sf] ldnL ls / fxt ;fdu|L Po/ kf] 6{ k/ xL k8Þf / xf, nf] u kfgL s] lnP t/ ; uP cf} / ;/ sf/ s] dlGqof] + g] l;km{ cfZjf;g lbof .

cfj/0fcfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%34

cGo lhnf] + sf xfn Sof xf] uf <hfg arfg] s] lnP nf] uf] + sf] cw{gUg

k|bz{g s/ gf k8] Þ, ;/ sf/ sf] ufnL b] gL k8] Þ, pRr hf] lvd d] + dfg] hfg] jfn] s] Gb| s] lnP ;/ sf/ L Joj: yf xL r/ d/ f p7L, dfgf] e"sDk s] af/ ] d] + ;/ sf/ a] va/ yL .

lgMz'Ns oftfoft/ fhwfgL sL l: ylt sf] dWogh/

s/ t] x'P afFs] s] k|d'v lhnf clwsf/ L g] cfkftsfnLg a} 7s a'nfO{ cf} / a; Joj;floof] + sf] oftfoft s] ;fwfg lgMz'Ns ¿k ;] rnfg] sf cfXjfg lsof . lhn] d] + rf/ a; Joj;foL ;ldlt g] e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] p4f/ cf} / ;xof] u s] lnP lgMz'Ns oftfoft ;+rfng s/ g] k/ ;xdlt JoSt lsof . lhnf clwsf/ L n] vs s] ;+of] hsTj d] + x'P a} 7s d ] + lhnf Joj;foL g] 3fon, j[4j[4f, aRr] cf} / ck+u sf] lgMz'Ns s/ g] s] ljifo k/ ;xdlt htfO{ cf} / zj lgMz'Ns ¿k ;] lhn] ts kx'Frfg] sf k|aGw lsof .

k'/ fgf 3/ a8ÞL ;d: of k'/ fg] hdfg] d] + 3/ agfg] s] lnP

ls;L a|fXd0f sL h?/ t k8ÞtL yL, jxL lgwf{/ 0f s/ tf yf 3/ sL lbzf cf} / bzf, n] lsg ca g] kfnuGh gu/ kflnsf s] OGhLlgo/ cf} / sfg"g lgwf{/ 0f s/ tf x} ls cfksf 3/ s} ;f xf] gf rflxP <

/ fhwfgL s] lGb|t e"sDk bxzt g] k"/ ] b] z s] nf] uf] + sf] ckg] 3/ s] ljifo d] + ljrf/ s/ g] k/ dha"/ s/ lbof x} . ef} lts ;+/ rgf sdhf] / xf] g] s] sf/ 0f e"sDkLo Iflt sf ljj/ 0f a9Þ hftf x} . ;/ sf/ g] @)^) ;fn d] + ejg ;+lxtf nfu' lsof cf} / sxf uof ls x/ JolSt e"sDk k|lt/ f] wL 3/ agfP . n] lsg sfg"g s] pbf;Lkg s] sf/ 0f ceL eL g] kfnuGh d] + ejg ;+lxtf s] ljk/ Lt 3/ lgdf{0f xf] t] kfP uP .

g] kfnuGh & lgjf;L ;D;'2Lg sal8Þof O; ;do ckgf gof 3/ lgdf{0f s/ g] d] + nugzLn x} +, e"sDk s] afb eL cfk ;fdfGo t/ Ls] ;] 3/ agf / x] x} + < O; k|Zg s] hjfa d] + lxdflngL ;] sal8Þof g] sxf, 3/ dha"t agfg] s] lnP l;d] G6 cf} / ;l/ of sf plrt k|of] u s/ / x] x+} , sfg"g d] + Sof x} ox hfgsf/ L

gxL+ . sal8of g] g] kfnuGh pkdxfgu/ kflnsf ;] ls;L ls: d sL cf} krfl/ stf k"/ f lsP lagf xL 3/ lgdf{0f hf/ L / vf x} .

g] kfn ;/ sf/ g] @)^) ;fn d] + / fi6«Lo ejg ;+lxtf nfu' lsof hf] afFs] lhnf d] + >fj0f @)&! ;] nfu' x'cf . g] kfnuGh d] + lgld{t s/ La cfwf bh{g ;/ sf/ L ;+/ rgf dfq e"sDk k|lt/ f] wL afFsL k'/ fgL ;+/ rgfPF pRr hf] lvd d] + x} g] kfnuGh pk dxfgu/ kflnsf s] OGhLlgo/ ZofdsfhL lkof g] atfof .

lhn] d] + P] g nfu' xf] g] s] afb @%) gS;f btf{ x'cf cf} / sfg'g pN+n3g s/ g] jfn] %% ;+/ rgf sf] gu/ kflnsf g] lgdf{0f cjlw d] + xL / f] s lbof . g] kfnuGh If] q d] + @& xhf/ ^ ;f} @* 3/ x} + lhgd] + lkof s] cg';f/ &) k|ltzt ef} lts ;+/ rgf e"sDk s] pRr hf] lvd d] + x} + .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 35

ljZn]if0f

/ x uo] . klt—kTgL ;] lj58 uof, dfF a] 6f cnu xf] uP . a"9Þf, hjfg, dlxnf, k'?if aRrf ls;L sf] k|s[lt g] gxL aVzf . ;8Þs] +

kxf8Þ sf bb{ b] vs/ / f] tf x} dw] z

s}nf; bf;

seL seL o] lhGbuL eL, s} ;] / +u lbvftL x} .hf] gf ;f] rf, gf rfxf jf] xL x/ kn ;tftL x} .

s} nf; bf;…hLljt / fi6« sL kxrfg x} cfGbf] ngÚ

o] xd gxL+ lxdflngL sL ;Dkfbs Zj] tf bLlKt sf pb\3f] if x} hf] pGxf] +g] lxdflngL s] ck|Ln c+s d+] lnvf yf . ;xL dfog] d+] o] zfZjt ;To x} . lh;] gsf/ f gxL hf ;stf . cfGbf] ng s] hl/ P xL xdg] nf] stGq k|fKt lsof . cfGbf] ng s] hl/ P xdg] 9fO{ ;f} jif{ k'/ fg] / fhtGq sf] ;dfKt lsof cf} / cfGbf] ng s] hl/ P xL cfh dw] ; cf} / dw] ;L sf] ljZj kxrfgg] nuf x} . dw] ; sL ;d: ofPF ljZj lj/ fb/ L s] aLr rrf{ sf ljifo agf x} . g] kfnL / fHo ;Qf cf} / sf7df08"jf;L lh;] dw] l;of, dl;{of cf} / wf] tL sxt] y] , j] cfh dw] ;L sf ;Ddfg s/ g] sf] ljjz x} + . rfx] jx ;Ddfg pk/ s] dg ;] xL Sof] + gf xf] . P] ;] tf] s'5 slyt sndjfh dw] ; cfGbf] ng sf] ;fDk|bflostf ;] hf] 8Þs/ eL b] v / x] x} + . k/ Gt' O;] gsf/ f gxL hf ;stf ls dw] ; cfGbf] ng sf d"n dd{ ;+3Lotf, ;dfg'kfltstf cf} / ;dfgtf sf clwsf/ sf] k|lt: yflkt s/ gf yf . nf] stGq d+] ;+3Lotf, ;dfg'kfltstf cf} / ;dfgtf / fi6«Lo Pstf¿kL k"n sf ;a ;] dha"t vDef x} . lh; k/ / fi6«Lo Pstf¿kL dxn v8Þf xf] tf x} . sf/ 0f ;asf] dfn"d xL x} hxfF lje] b xf] uf jxfF cfGbf] ng xf] uf cf} / cfGbf] ng l;km{ hLljt nf] u xL s/ t] x} + . b] z d+] dxfe"sDk cfof o] cR5f tf] gxL+ x'cf n] lsg cfh ox / fi6«Lo Pstf sf hLj+t pbfx/ 0f ag uof x} . kxf8Þ d+] cfo] e"sDk

cfj/0f

km6 uoL+, dxn Wj: t xf] uP . g / xg] s] lnP 3/ arf cf} / g xL vfg] s] lnP cGg . oxfF ts sL ;/ 9sg] lnP 5t ts gxL / xL . Oltxf; s] kGgf] + d+] emfFsg] ;] xd] dfn"d xf] uf sL g] kfn sf ox b";/ f ;a;] a8Þf ljgfzsf/ L dxfe"sDk x} . lj=;+= !(() d] + *=$ / ] S6/ : s] n sf e"sDk cfof yf lh;d] + s/ La * xhf/ % ;f} !( sL d[To' x'O{ yL . xhf/ f] + 3fon cf} / ^ nfv 3/ ljxLg x'P y] . jxL @)&@ d] + &=( / ] S6/ s] dxfe"sDk d+] s/ La @) xhf/ nf] uf] + sL df} t xf] g] sf cg'dfg x} tf] nfvf] + 3fon x} + . lstgf] + sL ef} lts ;+/ rgfP+ Wj: t x'O{ O;sf cg'dfg nufgf d'lZsn x} . a; Otgf sxf hf ;stf x} ls O; ljkbf ;]

;+s6 sL O; 38 ÞL d] + cfk;L lje] b e"n

hfgf xL ;a;] a8Þf ljifo x} cf} / a8Þ] uj{ sL aft eL x} . ha ts

dfgj lhGbf / x] uf ts ts xd Ps b";/ ] k/ cf/ f] k k|Tof/ f] k, lje] b of / fhgLlts x: tIf] k s/ ;st] x} . ;+s6 sL 38 ÞL d] + xL ckg] cf} / k/ fP sL kxrfg xf] tL x} . ckg] kxf8ÞL efOof] + s] b'Mv s] O; 38 ÞL d+] dw] zL hgtf g] lbvf lbof x} ls xd Ps x} + .

s] sf/ 0f dw] zL—kxf8ÞL s] aLr jiff] {+ ;] rntf cf / xf cf/ f] k—k|Tof/ f] k, lje] b, / fhgLlts åGå sd x'cf x} . ;+s6 sL O; 38ÞL d] + cfk;L lje] b e"n hfgf xL ;a;] a8Þf ljifo x} cf} / a8Þ] uj{ sL aft eL x} . ha ts dfgj lhGbf / x] uf ts ts xd Ps b";/ ] k/ cf/ f] k k|Tof/ f] k, lje] b of / fhgLlts x: tIf] k s/ ;st] x} . ;+s6 sL 38ÞL d] + xL ckg] cf} / k/ fP sL kxrfg xf] tL x} . ckg] kxf8ÞL efOof] + s] b'Mv s] O; 38ÞL d+] dw] zL hgtf g] lbvf lbof x} ls xd Ps x} + .

@)&@ a} zfv !@ ut] !! ah s/ %& ldg6 d] + Ps P] ;L tafxL drL sL If0f d] + g] kfn c: t Jo: t xf] uof . ;a s] ;a : tAw

pa/ g] s] lnP xd] + bzsf] + nu hfPFu] .g] kfn sL / fhwfgL z'¿ ;] xL

sf7dfG8f} / xL x} . / fhwfgL j} ;L] hux k/ agfO{ hftL x} hf] ;a;] ;'/ lIft hux xf] . hxfF cR5] Joj;fo, u'0f: t/ Lo lzIff cf} / cR5f jftfj/ 0f xf] . jxfF sL k|fs[lts ;'Gb/ tf cf} / k|fzflgs ;'netf s] sf/ 0f g] kfnL hgtf sf7df08" sf] ckgf kxnf uGtJo agfg] nu] .

nf] u sf7df08" d] + hdLg v/ Lb s/ 3/ agfg] nu] . n] lsg dxfe"sDk ;] s'5 xL

If0ff] + d] + P] ;f xfb;f x'cf sL ;eL sf ;kgf 6"6 uof . t/ fO{ s] lhnf] + d] + ax't sd c;/ k8Þf x} , k/ Gt' kxf8Þ sL g tf] w/ tL l: y/ x'O{ x} cf} / g xL jxfF s] nf] u . sf7df08" ;lxt kxf8Þ s] Ps bh{g lhn] d+] ceL eL qflxdfd drL x} . e"sDk k|efljt If] qf] + d] + kLl8Þtf] sf] tf] vfgf kLgf cf} / cf} iflw tf]

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%36

b"/ , ;/ 9sg] s] lnP kfn, lqkfn eL gxL ldn / xf x} . e"sDk k|efljt If] q sL hgtf lans'n c;xfo agL x} cf} / ;/ sf/ gLGb ;] ;f] oL x'O{ x} .

;|f] t, ;fwg, hgzlQm cf} / ;fd"lxs kl/ rfng sL b[li6 ;] b] vf hfP tf] g] kfn ;a s'5 d] + ;fdYo{jfg x} . n] lsg ;fdYo{ xf] t] x'P eL c;kmn lbvtf x} . P] ;L ljklQ sL 38ÞL d] + ;/ sf/ sf] cleefjs sL e"ldsf lgjf{x s/ gL rflxP yL . Otgf a8Þf xfb;f xf] g] s] afb eL sfFu|] ; Pdfn] s] ;+o'Qm ;/ sf/ g] ^ 306] afb ;/ sf/ sL a} 7s a'nfoL . p;d] + eL hgtf sf] ;fGTjgf cf} / e/ f] ;f b] g] sL aft sxL+ gxL+ p7L, s] jn …/ fi6«Lo ljklQÚ sL 3f] if0ff sL uoL .

Ps cf} / ;a;] a8ÞL aft ox x} ls hgtf s] clwsf/ s] jf: t] xd] zf aGb x8Þtfn, gf/ f h'n';, tf] 8Þkmf] 8Þ s/ t] cf / x] / fhgLlts bn eL P] ;L ljklQ sL 38ÞL d] + ;fGTjgf ts gxL b] ;s] . ;+s6 d] + hgtf sf] ;fGTjgf b] gf cf} / hgtf s] aLr / xgf cf} / p;d] + phf{ hufg] jfnL e"ldsf / fhgLlts bnf] + sL xf] tL+ x} . k/ Gt' zAbf] d] + eL ls xd hgtf s] ;fy x+} ox eL gxL+ sx ;s] . ls;L eL bn sf g] tf cleefjs gxL ag kfof . ;as] ;a tdfzaLg ag] / x] . ha ls O; ljkbf sL 38ÞL d] + xL+ g] t[Tj sL kxrfg xf] tL x} . ;dfh d] + ;'if'Kt cj: yf d] + / xL zlQm sf] hufg] sf sfo{ pgsf xf] tf x} . lsGt' bn s] g] tf eL ql;t lbv] . / fHo xL gxL / fHo agfg] jfn] ;fdflhs, / fhgLlts tTjf] + s] cefj sf] hgtf g] dx;"; lsof .

g] kfn s] ;a;] a8ÞL ljklQ sL 38ÞL d] + ef/ t sf ;xof] u ct'ngLo / xf . dxfe"sDk sf] @$ 306f eL gxL aLtf ls p4f/ 6f] nL g] kfn cf r'sL yL . oxfF sL ;/ sf/ cf} / / fhgLlts bn ckg] arfj d] + nu] y] cf} / ef/ tLo ;] gf Pj+ p4f/ sdL{ 6f] nL g] kfnL hgtf sL p4f/ d] + . j} ;] g] kfn sf] s] jn ef/ t xL gxL rLg, hfkfg, cd] l/ sf, kfls: tfg, a+unf b] z ;lxt bh{gf+] g] v'ns/ ;xof] u lsof x} lh;sL k|z+;f s/ gL xL xf] uL . Og ;eL b] zf] + sL ;/ sf/ cf} / gful/ sf] + g] eL g] kfn

sf] x/ ;Dej ;xof] u s/ g] sf k|of; lsof x} . n] lsg g] kfn ;/ sf/ sf] bft[ / fi6« ;] ls; k|sf/ sf ;xof] u n] gf rflxP cf} / ls; k|sf/ gxL+ jx ;Ldf xL e"n r'sf x} . b] z sf P] ;f eL efu xf] tf x} hf] uf] Ko cf} / ;+jb] zgzLn xf] tf x} . hxfF / fHo s] cnfjf cGo b] z sf] jxfF ts hfgf plrt gxL dfgf hftf x} lh;] e"sDk ;] nfrf/ ;/ sf/ k|efj d+] k8Þs/ ox eL Vofn gxL / v ;sf . P] ;] ljklQ s] ;do d] + k8Þf] ;L / fi6« ;] ;xof] u n] gf cfjZos xf] tf x} . k/ Gt' / fHo s] ls; If] q d] + s} ;L ;xof] u n] gL rflxP ox eL ljrf/ 0fLo x} .

lkmnxfn ef/ tLo dLl8of s] pmk/ g] kfn s] s'5 dLl8ofsdL{ cf/ f] k k|Tof/ f] k nufs/ abgfd s/ g] k/ t'n] x} + . lh; ;do g] kfn d] + cfkmt cfoL yL p; ;do ljZj sf] lbvfg] s] lnP ef/ tLo dLl8of xL ckgL hfg hf] lvd d] + 8fns/ ljZj s] ;dIf k|: t't x'cf . O;L kl/ 0ffd s] sf/ 0f cfh g] kfn sf] bft[ / fi6« åf/ f x/ t/ x sf ;xof] u ldn / xf x} . g] kfn sf dLl8of lstgf sdhf] / x} ox tf] gxL+ sxf hf ;stf, n] lsg ef/ tLo ldl8of s] pk/ cf/ f] k k|Tof/ f] k nufs/ ckgL sdhf] / L lbvf / x] x} + . xfF, xf] ;stf x} / fhgLlts kmfobf lnof xf] uf . k/ Gt' ljZj s] cfu] g] kfn sL kl/ l: ylt sf] eL lbvfof x} .

e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] + e"sDk kLl8Þt hgtf / fxt b] g] sL 3f] if0ff ;'g tf] / x] x} + n] lsg / fHo jxfF ts / fxt kx'Frf gxL

e"sDk kLl8t s] lnP jL/u+h d]+ /fxt ;+sng sfo{ d]+ ;l/s kmf]/d g]kfn s]+ cWoIf pk]Gb| ofbjn nufot s] g]tfu0f .

cfj/0f

/fd]5fk lhnf d]+ e"sDk kLl8Þt sf] /fxt k|bfg s/t] x'P ;b\efjgf kf6L{ s] g]tf tyf sfo{stf{

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 37

ljZn]if0f

kf / xL . P] ;L l: ylt d] + k|wfgdGqL sf] s8Þf lgb] {zg b] s/ / fHo s] d'Vo c+u sf] kl/ rfng s/ gf rflxP yf . ox ;do sfuhL k|lqmof cf} / If] qflwsf/ d] + pnemg] sf gxL+ x} . / fHo lhtgf c;kmn l;4 xf] uf / fi6«Lo ;+s6 sf] b";/ f rqmJo"x k|f/ De xf] hfPuf .

;+s6 sL 38ÞL d] + / fHo g] g] kfnL hgtf aLr lh; k|sf/ sf Psåf/ k|0ffnL agfoL x} jx ;a;] b'Mvb x} . ox ;xL x} ls e"sDk sf ;a;] Hofbf rf] 6 kxf8Þ d] + / xg] jfn] g] kfnL g] vfoL x} . n] lsg bb{ ;a;] Hofbf dw] zL hgtf sf] x'cf x} . ef/ tLo dLl8of g] lh; k|sf/ ;] e"sDk sf b[Zo lbvfof x} p;] b] vs/ P] ;f Ps eL dw] zL gxL xf] uf lh;sL cfFv] + g / f] O{ xf] + .

e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] + / fxt ljt/ 0f s] lnP dw] z s] k|foM ;eL 3/ f] g] ;xof] u

lsof x} , cf} / s/ gf eL rflxP . dw] z sL : yfgLo ;+3 ;+: yf, pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;lxt ;} s8Þf} + g] hxfF ;/ sf/ sL cfjfh ts gxL kx'FrL j} ;] b'u{d If] q d] + dw] z g] cgfh kx'Frfof x} . dw] ;L hgtf ljkbf d+] k8Þ] ckg] kxf8ÞL efO{of] + s] lnP gds ;] v"g ts b] g] sf] t} of/ x} . g] kfn ef/ t d} qL o'jf ;+3 s] s] Gb|Lo cWoIf ;ef;b dx] Gb| ofbj sxt] x} +—… ha kxf8Þ / f] tf x} tf] dw] ; eL / f] tf x} . o] / fi6«Lo Pstf sf ;'Gb/ pbfx/ 0f x} . / fHo sf] rflxP ls O; ;b\efj sf] a/ s/ f/ / v] + .Ú ;ef;b dx] Gb| ofbj s] g] t[Tj d+] l;+w'nL s] e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] + / fxt eL ljt/ 0f lsof uof yf . / fhgLlts n8ÞfO{ clwsf/ sL xf] tL x} cf} / df} lns clwsf/ eL x} . n] lsg dfgj aLr ;bf ;j{bf ;DaGw ag] / x] P] ;f ;DaGw sfod / vg] lnP dw] zL hgtf sf

ox ;xof] u : d/ 0fLo / x] uf .ljklQ sL 38ÞL d] + ;/ sf/ g] / fxt

ljt/ 0f d] + hf] Psåf/ k|0ffnL nufO{ x} ox e"sDk k|efljt If] q Pj+ kLl8Þt hgtf s] lnP ;a;] a8ÞL 3fts x} . ox vfl/ h xf] gL rflxP . ;+s6 d] + ;xof] u sL cfjZostf xf] tL x} g ls Psåf/ k|0ffnL sL . sf7df08" d] + e"sDk k|efljt If] qf] + s] lnP ox k|0ffnL ;Dej x} Sof] +ls jx ;} s8Þf} + bft[ / fi6« kx'Fr] x'P x} + . jxL bf] nvf, cf] vn9'+uf, / fd] 5fk ;lxt ax't ;f/ ] P] ;] b"u{d If] q x} + hxfF ceL ts / fHo sf sf] O{ lgsfo gxL kx'Frf x} .

kxf8Þ d+] cfP ljklQ d] + xfy a+6fg] s] lnP ceL dw] ; s] ;eL lhnf] + s] o'jf ;lqmo x} + . sf] O{ / fxt ;+sng d] + tf] sf] O{ / Stbfg d] + . nfvf] + SjLG6n r"8Þf, bfndf] 6, rfjn, gds, rLgL, rfprfp, xhf/ f] + lqkfn cf} / kLg] sf kfgL dw] ; ;] kxf8Þ e] hf hf / xf x} . b'Mv sL 38ÞL d] + ;eL g] kfnL Psfsf/ xf] / x] x} + lh;] cToGt ;sf/ fTds dfggf rflxP . jl/ i7 kqsf/ Zofd ;'Gb/ zzL s] cg';f/ ox ;do 6Lsf l6Kk0fL sf gxL+ x} . / fi6«Lo Pstf sf ;Gb] z b] g] sL cfjZostf x} . ljkbf sL 38ÞL d] + dw] zL kxf8ÞL sL kxrfg gxL g] kfnL xf] g] sf kxrfg agfgf x} . dw] z sf wg'iff, dxf] Q/ L, ;nf{xL, l;/ xf, jL/ u~h,/ fhlj/ fh ;lxt s] lhnf] + ;] s/ f] 8Þf] + sL / fxt ;fdu|L ;+sng s/ lh; k|sf/ sf ;xof] u e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] + e] hf uof x} P] ;L xL Pstf / fi6« ljsf; d+] agL / x] O;;] ;DkGg / fi6« sL kxrfg ag] uL .

lxGbL rnlrq sf Ps uLt …rf] 6 nu] t'emsf] tf] bb{ d'em] xf] tf x} Ú ox cfh dw] z g] ;flat s/ lbof x} .

gj Hof]lt g]kfn åf/f l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhnf s] sflnsf cf}/ km'lNkªs6L uflj; d]+ e"s+k kLl8tf]+ s] aLr cfof]lht /fxt ljt/0f tyf :jf:Yo lzlj/ sf Ps b[Zo . t:jL/M ;'dw'/ d}gfnL

e"sDk kLl8t s] lnP /fxt ;+sng sfo{ d]+ ;lqmo t/fO{ dfgj clwsf/ /Ifs ;~hfn y8{ PnfoG; s] ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ .

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%38

l/kf]6{

e"sDk g] kfn sf] cf} / vf; s/ sf7dfG8" sf] tafx s/ / v b] uf, ox aft ;eL ;r] t gful/ s sf]

nueu ktf xL yf . vf; s/ sf7df+8" d] +, e"sDk k/ cfwfl/ t

sGkm/ ] G; cf} / js{;k x/ ] s lbg lsof hftf yf . k/ +t' O;;] aRfg]

s] lnP Iflt sf] sd s/ g] s] lnP

;/ sf/ L : t/ ;] gf sf] O{ 7f] ; of] hgf lbvL, gxL+ tf] hgr] tgf ;] h'6] sfo{qmd .

lk5\n] xKt] x'P e"sDk g] g] kfn sf] tafx s/ s] / v lbof x} . ;'Gb/ g] kfn sf] s'¿k agf lbof . @% ck|Ln @)!% sf] !@ ah] &=( / ] S6/ s] e"sDk g] b] z sf] ;bd] d] + / v lbof . xhf/ f] nf] u eujfg sf] Kof/ ] xf] uo] jxL+ 3fonf+] sL ;+Vof eL ?sg] sf gfd gxL n] / xL . e"sDk cfg] s] s'5 xL b] / afb b] z s] ;"rgf tyf

/fxt sf s]Gb|Los/0f

/0fwL/ rf}w/L

snL lvng] g kfO{ yL, pkjg n'6 uof ckgf

d} ;f] tf / xf cfn; d] +, wg n'6 uof ckgf .

d} + lj1fg sf laBfyL{ gxL x'F . k/ +t' xfF, ljz'4 ljBfyL{ hLjg d] lhtgf lj1fg k9Þf x"F p;s] cfwf/ ;] e"sDk cfg] sf sf/ 0f sxf hftf x} 5 s/ f] 8Þ aif{ kxn] ck|mLsf ;] p56g] s] afb ef/ tLo pkdxfåLk Pl;of sf] ceL eL wSsf b] / xf x} + . O;L sf/ 0f k|To] s aif{ kfFr ;] Ps dL6/ pQ/ sL cf] / a9 / xf x} . O; k|lqmof d] + hdLg s] eLt/ s] r§fg sf kq ;a 6] 9Þf xf] tf x} cf} / lkm/ P] ;L l: ylt cftL x} ls jx clws 6] 9Þf gxL+ xf] kftf x} lh;s] sf/ 0f 6"6 hftf x} cf} / k[YjL s] ;tx k/ xd e"sDk sf] dx;"; s/ t] x} + . ef/ tLo pkdxfåLk cf} / ltAatL Kn] 6 ;] ag] g] kfn sf lxdfno pmk/ p7g] nuf x} .

e"sDk g] kfn sf] cf} / vf;

s/ sf7dfG8" sf] tafx s/ / v b] uf, ox aft ;eL ;r] t

gful/ s sf] nueu ktf xL yf . vf; s/ sf7df+8" d] +, e"sDk k/ cfwfl/ t sGkm/ ] G; cf} / js{;k x/ ] s lbg lsof hftf yf . k/ +t' O;;] aRfg] s] lnP Iflt sf] sd s/ g] s] lnP ;/ sf/ L

: t/ ;] gf sf] O{ 7f] ; of] hgf lbvL, gxL+ tf] hgr] tgf ;]

h'6] sfo{qmd .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 39

cfj/0f

;+rf/ d+qL ldg] Gb| l/ hfn / ] l8of] g] kfn d] + v'b cfs/ b] zjfl;of] + sf] e"sDk sf ck8] 6 s/ jfg] nu] , hf] ls ax't cR5L aft yL . ;fy xL pGxf] +g] cGt/ f{i6«Lo ;d'bfo ;] ;xof] u sL ckLn eL hf/ L sL . pGxf+] g] sxf, e"sDk ;] k|efljt nf] uf+] s] p4f/ s] lnP g] kfn ;Ifd gxL+ x} . Sof ;/ sf/ sf] ktf gxL+ yf ls g] kfn e"sDk s] vt/ ] s] lx;fa ;] ljZj d+] !! j] + : yfg k/ x} < ;/ sf/ s} ;] cgb] vL s/ ;stL x} e"sDk k|ljlw / fi6«Lo ;dfh -Pg;] 6_ s] k|ltj] bg sf] , lh;d] + sxf uof yf !–) h} ;f e"sDk cfof tf] l;km{ sf7df+8" d+] kxn] em6s] d] + xL @)))) ;] $#))) lzIfs cf} / ljBfyL{ sL df} t xf] ;stL x} . xd+] z'qmu'hf/ xf] gf rflxP pmk/ jfn] sf ls e"sDk zlgjf/ sf] cfof cf} / ;f/ ] ljBfno aGb y] .

sf7df+8" ;] afx/ e"sDk xf] g] s] s'5 xL 3+6f] d] + ef/ t

cf} / ax't ;f/ ] / fi6«f+] g] ckgL dfgjLotf lbvft] x'P ckgf x] nlk+u XofG8\; g] kfn sL cf] / a9Þf lbof . cfly{s ;xof] u ;] n] s/ dfgjLo ;xof] u ts sf] O{ sdL gxL+ xf] g] bL cGt/ fi6«Lo ;d'bfo g] . dna] d] baL

nfz cf} / hLljt nf] uf] + sf p4f/ ax't hf] / –zf] / ;] z'? lsof uof . k/ +t' oxfF eL d'em] chLa nuf ls / fxt 6f] nL sf7df+8" ;] afx/ Sof] + gxL+ hfgf rfxtL x} . cu/ g] kfnL kq klqsfcf] + sf cfwf/ dfgf hfo tf] / fxt ;fdu|L cf} / p4f/ 6f] lnof] + sf] s} ;] sfd k/ nufof hfo O;d] + g] kfn ;/ sf/ gfsfdofa x} . sf7df+8" s] bb{ sf] dx;"; s/ t] x'P, nDh'+u, uf] vf{, wflb+u, l;Gw'kfnrf] s, bf] nvf nufot cGo e"sDk k|efljt lhnf+] d] + / fxt cf} / / ] : So" sL Joj: yf d] + sdL lbvL yL . cf} / O;sf sf/ 0f cf} / s'5 gxL b] z sL PsLs[t zf;g Joj: yf x} . xfF, cu/ b] z d] + ceL ;+3Lotf xf] tL tf] x/ ] s ;+3 ckgL zlSt sf k|of] u s/ tf, ckg] ckg] 6] l/ 6f] / L sL cR5L hfgsf/ L xf] tL, k|fGt ;/ sf/ s] kf;, 3/ 3/ d] + k|fGt ;/ sf/ sL kx'Fr xf] tL . cu/ b] z d] + Ps bf] cf} / cGt/ / fi6«Lo xjfO{ c•f xf] tf tf] ljb] zL ;xof] u sf] ufjF–ufjF ts kx'+rfg] d] ptgf lbSst sf ;fdgf gxL+ s/ gf k8Þtf .

xfO6L cf} / g] kfn s'b/ t s] sx/ g] l;km{ g] kfn sf] xL gxL+

alNs ljZj sf] ;do ;do k/ ;tftf / xf x} .

aft x} hgj/ L @)!) sL xfO6L d] + x'P e"sDk g] p; b] z sf] tafx s/ / v lbof . bf] nfv aL; xhf/ sL df} t x'O{ yL . 3fonf] + sL ;+Vof tLg nfv yL . ceL xd] Ps aft ;'Gfg] sf] ldntL x} ls sf7df+8" nufot e"sDk k|efljt cGo lhnf] + d] + ca dxfdf/ L km} n] uL . nf] u aLdf/ L ;] d/ ] +u] . h?/ L gxL ls P] ;f xf] uf xL . k/ +t' ;Defjgf O;sL k|an x} lh;sf] gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf . : jR5 kfgL sL sdL s] sf/ 0f s'5 eL xf] ;stf x} . e"sDk h} ;L tafxL s] afb x} hf km} ng] sL ;Defjgf s'5 Hofbf xL xf] tL x} . ;g @)!) s] e"sDk s] afb x} hf s] sf/ 0f gf} xhf/ nf] uf+] sL df} t x'O{ yL xfO6L d] + e"sDk s] afb . ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3 s] cg';f/ xfO6L sf] x} hf lgoGq0f s/ g] d] + ceL eL !) aif{ cf} / @ ca{ @) s/ f] 8Þ 8fn/ nu ;st] x} + . g] kfn sf] eL P] ;L kl/ l: ylt sf ;fdgf g s/ gf k8Þ] . k/ +t', xd] ;r] t cjZo / xgf xf] uf . e"sDk cfg] s] t'/ Gt afb ;] ljb] z ;] gub ;xof] u sL dfqf eL a9ÞtL lbvfO{ b] / xL x} . s/ f] 8Þf] + 8fn/ g] kfn sf] lbof hf r'sf x} . ca b] vgf xf] uf lstgf pkof] u lsof hftf x} pg ?kof] + sf . j} ;] xfO6L d] eL e"sDk s] afb !# ca{ %) s/ f] 8Þ cd] l/ sL 8fn/ dbb s] lnP lbof uof yf cf} / lh;s] b'?kof] u s] sf/ 0f hgtf jxfF s] ;/ sf/ s] / fhLgfdf sf] k|d'v Ph] G8f agf s/ cfGbf] lnt x} . Sof xf] uf g] kfn d] + < sf7dfG8" d] + tf] ceL ;] k|wfgdGqL cf} / u[xdGqL sf lj/ f] w z'? xf] r'sf x} , sf] if b'?kof] u s] sf/ 0f gxL, : nf] PS;g s] sf/ 0f .

O; e"sDk g] g] kfnL g] kfnL s] aLr a9Þ / xL ltQmtf sf] h?/ sd lsof x} . ;/ sf/ ;] Hofbf x/ ] s hgtf O; kl/ l: ylt ;] n8Þg] s] lnP : jM: km't{ cfu] a9ÞL x} .

Sof s/ gf rflxo] ca <ca xd+] cf} / s'5 gxL ckg] cGb/

xf} ;nf sf] rf} aL;f] + 3+6f a'nGb s/ s] / vgf xf] uf . Jofkf/ L juf{] d] lbv / xL g} ltstf s] ktg sf] / f] sgf xf] uf . hL xfF, ls;L s] df} t d] + eL ckgf gfkmf 9"9g] afn] Jofkfl/ of+] åf/ f lbvfO{ hfg] jfnL ;f/ L s[lqd cefjf] + sf] / f] sgf xf] uf . u'h/ ft d] @))! d] cfP e"sDk s] afb tTsfnLg d'VodGqL g/ ] Gb| df] bL g] hf] s/ lbvfof yf jxL xdf/ ] ;/ sf/ sf] eL s/ gf xf] uf . xfF, df] bL u'h/ ft s] ;f/ L Ao"/ f] qm] 6\; sf] e"sDk k|efljt hux k/ n] uo] cf} / jxL+ k/ / xs/ hgtf sL tsnLkm sf] dx;"; s/ afof yf . oxfF eL x/ ] s g] tf cf} / Ao"/ f] qm] 6\; sf] u|fpG8 k/ v'b hfgf rflxP . hgtf s] 3fj d] + dnxd nufgf rflxP . tTsfn vfg] cf} / ;f] g] s] lnP : j: y k|aGw s/ jfgf rflxo] . ;/ sf/ s] k|lt a9Þ] cfs|f] z sf] / f] sg] s] lnP eL k'glg{df{0f s] sfo{ sf] tLj|tf b] gL xf] uL .

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%40

e"k6n d] + xf] g] jfnL cfsl: ds s+kg of ult lh;sL pTklQ k|fs[lts ¿k ;] e"tn s] gLr] -e"ue{ d] +_ xf] tL x} . e"ule{s xnrnf] + s] sf/ 0f e"k6n tyf p;sL z} nf] + d] + ;+kL8g Pj+ tgfj xf] g] ;] z} nf] + d] + pyn–k'yn xf] tL x} lh;;] e"s+k pTkGg xf] t] x} + . ljjt{lgs lqmof, Hjfnfd'vL lqmof, ;dl: ylts ;dfof] hg tyf ljtnLo sf/ 0ff] + ;] e"s+k sL pTklQ xf] tL x} . Hjfnfd'vL lqmof åf/ f e"ue{ ;] tKt d} Udf, hn u} ;] + cflb pmk/ lgsng] s] lnP z} nf] + k/ t] hL ;] wSs] nuft] x} + tyf bafj 8fnt] x} + lh;s] sf/ 0f e"s+k pTkGg xf] t] x} + . O;L k|sf/ e"–cfs[lts k|qmdf] + åf/ f e"k6n sL pmk/ L z} n k/ tf] + d] + ;dl: ylts ;+t'ng lau8Þ hfg] k/ Ifl0fs c;+t'ng pTkGg xf] hftf x} lh;] b"/ s/ g] s] lnP ;dl: ylts ;dfof] hg xf] tf x} lh;;] z} n k/ tf] + d] + cfsl: ds xnrn tyf e"s+k pTkGg xf] t] x} + . s'5 ;Lldt e"s+k k[YjL s] clws ux/ fO{ -#)) ;] &@) lsdL_ d] + ljtnLo sf/ 0ff] + ;] eL pTkGg xf] t] x} + .

e"s+k, e"rfn of e"8f] n e"kk{6L s] j] s+kg x} + hf] w/ ftn sf] s+kf b] t] x} + cf} / O;] cfu] kL5] lxnft] x} + . e"kk{6L d] + z} nf] + sL -of z} nf] + s] c+b/ _ Ps tLj| cle1] o s+kg–ult Pj+ ;dfof] hg, lh; kl/ 0ffd: j¿k k|Tof: y 3ft t/ +u] + pTkGg xf] tL x} + cf} / rf/ f] + cf] / ;eL lbzfcf] + d] + km} ntL x} + .

k[YjL d] + xf] g] jfn] Og s+kgf] + sf : j¿k tfnfa d] + km] +s] uP Ps s+s8Þ ;] pTkGg xf] g] jfnL nx/ f] + sL efFlt xf] tf x} . e"s+k ax'wf cft] / xt] x} + . j} 1flgsf] + sf dt x} ljZj d] + k|lt tLg ldg6 d] + Ps e"s+k xf] tf x} . ;fwf/ 0ftof e"s+k s] xf] g] s] k"j{ sf] O{ ;"rgf gxL+ k|fKt xf] tL x} . ox cs: dft\ xf] hftf x} . j} 1flgs b[li6 ;] e"s+k k[YjL : t/ s] : yfgf+t/ 0f ;] xf] tf x} . Og : yfgf+t/ 0f ;] k[YjLtn k/ pmk/ cf} / gLr] , bflxgL tyf afO{ cf] / ult pTkGg xf] tL x} cf} / O;s] ;fy ;fy k[YjL d] + d/ f] 8Þ eL xf] t] x} + . e"s+k ult ;] k[YjL s] k[i7 k/ sL t/ +uf] efu k/ kfgL s] tn s] ;b[z t/ +u] + pTkGg xf] tL x} + . !*() O{= d] + c;d d] + hf] eo+s/ e"s+k x'cf yf p;sL nx/ ] + wfg s] v] tf] + d] + : ki6tof b] vL uO{ yL+ . k[YjL sL nrLnL r§fgf] + k/

cflv/ Sof] + xf] t] x} + e"sDk <ls;L k|xf/ sL k|ltlqmof / a/ sL k|ltlqmof sL efFlt xf] tL x} + . P] ;L t/ +uf] + s] r9Þfj ptf/ k|foM Ps km'6 ts xf] t] x} + . tLj| s+kg ;] w/ tL km6 hftL x} cf} / b/ f/ f] + ;] afn", ld§L, hn cf} / u+wsjfnL u} ;] + seL seL a8Þ] tLj| j] u ;] lgsn cftL x} + . Og kbfyf{] + sf lgsngf p; : yfg sL e"ldut cj: yf of cwM: tn cj: yf k/ lge{/ s/ tf x} . lh; : yfg k/ P] ;f ljIff] e xf] tf x} jxfF k[YjL tn

k/ jng, of lj¿k0f, clws tLI0f xf] tf x} . P] ;f b] vf uof x} ls e"s+k s] sf/ 0f k[YjL d] + cg] s tf] 8Þ df] 8Þ pTkGg xf] hft] x} + .

a8Þ] a8Þ] e"s+kf] + s] s'5 kxn] , of ;fy ;fy, e"ue{ ;] Wjlg pTkGg xf] tL x} . ox Wjlg eLif0f u8Þu8Þfx6 s] ;b[z xf] tL x} . e"s+k sL ox ljs6 u8Þu8fx6 d6LnL huxf] + sL ck] Iff ky/ LnL huxf] + d] + clws zL3|tf ;] ;'gL hftL x} . e"s+k ;] cfEo+t/ efu sL ck] Iff k[YjL s] tn

k/ s+kg

clws tLj| xf] tf x} . c;d s] ;g\ !*(& jfn] e"s+k sL Wjlg / fgLu+h sL sf] on] vfgf] + d] + ;'gL uO{ yL, k/ p; e"s+k sf cg'ej jxfF gxL+ x'cf yf .

e"s+k sf ljt/ 0fca ts lhtg] e"s+k O; e"d+8n k/

x'P x} +, olb pg ;asf clen] v xdf/ ] kf; xf] tf tf] p;;] : ki6 xf] hftf ls k[YjL tn k/ sf] O{ P] ;f : yfg gxL+ x} hxfF seL g seL e"s+k g cfof xf] . hf] If] q cfh e"s+k

z"Go ;dem] hft] x} +, j] seL e"s+k If] q / x r's] x} + . Ow/ e"s+k s] ;+a+w d] + hf] j} 1flgs vf] h aLg x'O{ x} ,p;;] 1ft x'cf x} ls e"s+k If] q bf] j[Qfsf/ sl6a+w d] + ljtl/ t x} . Ogd] + ;] Ps e"s+k k|b] z Go"hLn} +8 s] lgs6 blIf0fL k|zf+t dxf;fu/ ;] cf/ +e xf] s/ , pQ/ klZrd sL cf] / a9Þtf x'cf rLg s] k"j{ efu d] + cftf x} . oxfF ;] ox pQ/ k"j{ sL cf] /

d'8Þs/ hfkfg xf] tf x'cf, a] l/ +u d'xfg] sf] kf/ s/ tf x} cf} / lkm/ blIf0fL cd/ Lsf s] blIf0f–klZrd sL cf] / xf] tf x'cf cd/ Lsf sL klZrdL kj{t >] 0fL ts kx'+rtf x} . b";/ f e"s+k k|b] z hf] j: t'tM kxn] sL zfvf xL x} , O{: 6 O+8Lh åLk ;d"x ;] k|f/ +e xf] s/ a+ufn sL vf8ÞL k/ adf{, lxdfno, ltAat, tyf P] NK; ;] xf] tf x'cf blIf0f klZrd 3"ds/ P] 6n} +l6s dxf;fu/ kf/ s/ tf x'cf, klZrdL åLk;d"x -j] : 6 O+8Lh_ xf] s/ d] lS;sf] d] + kxn] jfn] e"s+k k|b] z ;] ldn hftf x} . kxn] e"s+k If] q sf] k|zf+t kl/ lw k] 6L sxt] x} + . O;d] + ^* k|ltzt e"s+k cft] x} + cf} / b";/ ] sf] ¿k;fu/ Lo k] 6L sxt] x} + O;s] c+tu{t ;d: t ljZj s] @! k|ltzt e"s+k cft] x} + .

e"–cfs[lts k|qmdf] + åf/ f e"k6n sL

pmk/ L z} n k/ tf] + d] + ;dl: ylts ;+t'ng lau8 Þ hfg] k/ Ifl0fs

c;+t'ng pTkGg xf] hftf x} lh;] b"/ s/ g] s] lnP ;dl: ylts ;dfof] hg

xf] tf x} lh;;] z} n k/ tf] + d] + cfsl: ds xnrn tyf e"s+k

pTkGg xf] t] x} + .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 41

Og bf] gf] + k|b] zf] + s] cnfjf rLg, d+r"l/ of cf} / dWo clk|msf d] + eL e"s+k s] k|d'v s] +b| x} + . ;d'b|f] + d] + eL lx+b, P] 6n} +l6s cf} / cfs{l6s dxf;fu/ f] + d] + e"s+k s] s] +b| x} + .

e"s+k s] sf/ 0fcTo+t k|frLg sfn ;] e"s+k dfgj s]

;Dd'v Ps ;d: of ags/ pkl: yt xf] tf / xf x} . k|frLg sfn d] + O;] b} jL k|sf] k ;demf hftf / xf x} . k|frLg u|+yf] + d] +, leGg leGg ;Eotf s] b] zf] + d] + e"s+k s] leGg leGg sf/ 0f lbo] uP x} + . sf] O{ hflt O; k[YjL sf] ;k{ k/ , sf] O{ laNnL k/ , sf] O{ ;'c/ k/ , sf] O{ s5'j] k/ cf} / sf] O{ Ps a[xTsfo / fIf; k/ l: yt ;demtL x} . pg nf] uf] + sf ljZjf; x} ls Og h+t'cf] + s] lxng] 8'ng] ;] e"s+k xf] tf x} . c/ : t" -#*$ O{=k"=_ sf ljrf/ yf ls cwM: tn sL jfo' ha afx/ lgsng] sf k|of; s/ tL x} , ta e"s+k cftf x} . @!jL+ cf} / 17jL+ ztfAbL d] + nf] uf] + sf cg'dfg yf ls k[YjL s] c+b/ / f;folgs sf/ 0ff] + ;] tyf u} ;f] + s] lj: kmf] 6g ;] e"s+k xf] tf x} . !*jL+ ztL d] + ox ljrf/ kgk / xf yf ls k[YjL s] c+b/ jfnL u'kmfcf] + s] crfgs lu/ k8Þg] ;] e"s+k cftf x} . !*&$ O{ d] + j} 1flgs P8j8{ h'; g] ckgL vf] hf] + s] cfwf/ k/ sxf yf ls …e"s+k e|+z sL ;Lw d] + e"kk{6L s] v+8g of lkm;ng] ;] xf] tf x} .Ú P] ;] e"s+kf] + sf] ljjt{lgs e"s+k sxt] x} + . o] tLg k|sf/ s] xf] t] x} + . != ;fdfGo, hals pb\ud s] +b| sL ux/ fO{ $*

lsdL= ts xf] , @+ dWod, hals pb\ud s] +b| sL ux/ fO{ $*

;] @$) lsdL= xf] tyf #= ux/ f pb\ud, hals pb\ud s] +b| sL

ux/ fO{ @$) ;] !,@)) lsdL= ts xf] . Ogs] cnfjf bf] k|sf/ s] e"s+k cf} / xf] t]

x} +M Hjfnfd'vLo cf} / lgkft . !*jL+ ztL d] + e"s+kf] + sf sf/ 0f Hjfnfd'vL ;demf hfg] nuf yf, k/ +t' zL3| xL ox dfn"d xf] uof ls cg] s k|no+sf/ L e"s+kf] + sf Hjfnfd'vL ;] sf] O{ ;+a+w gxL+ x} . lxdfno kj{t d] + sf] O{ Hjfnfd'vL gxL+ x} , k/ +t' lxdfno If] q d] + ut ;f} jiff{] d] + cg] s e"s+k x'P x} + . clt ;"Idtf ;] cWog s/ g]

k/ ktf rnf x} ls Hjfnfd'vL sf e"s+k k/ kl/ 0ffd cNk If] q d] + xL ;Lldt / xtf x} . O;L k|sf/ lgkft e"s+k sf, hf] r"g] sL r§fg d] + agL s+b/ f, of vfnL sL x'O{ vfgf] + sL, 5t s] lgkft ;] pTkGg xf] t] x} +, eL kl/ 0ffd cNk If] q ts xL ;Lldt / xtf x} . seL seL tf] s] jn xNs] s+k dfq xL xf] t] x} + .

e"lj1flgof] + sL b[li6 e"s+k s] sf/ 0ff] + sf] vf] h lgsfng] s] lno] k[YjL s] cfEof+tl/ s : t/ f] + sL cf] / uO{ . e"j} 1flgsf] + s] cg';f/ e"s+k jt{dfg o'u d] + pGxL+ kj{tk|b] zf] + d] + xf] t] x} + hf] kj{t ef} ldsL sL b[li6 ;] gjlgld{t x} + . hxfF o] kj{t l: yt x} + jxfF e"ld sL ;tx s'5 9njfF x} , lh;;] k[YjL s] : t/ seL seL cs: dft\ a} 7 hft] x} + . : t/ f] + ;] , clws bafj s] sf/ 0f 7f] ; : t/ f] + s] km6g] of Ps r§fg s] b";/ L r§fg k/ lkm;ng] ;] xf] tf x} . h} ;f pmk/ eL sxf hf r'sf x} , k[YjL : t/ sL O; cl: y/ tf ;] hf] e"s+k xf] t] x} + pGx] + ljjt{lgs e"s+k sxt] x} + . ef/ t s] ;a e"s+kf] + sf sf/ 0f ljjt{lgs e"s+k x} + .

e"s+k s] sf/ 0ff] + k/ lgDglnlvt ljleGg l;4f+tf] + sf k|ltkfbg x'cf x} M

!= k|Tof: y k|ltIf] k l;4f+t– ;g\ !()^ d] +

e"sDk ;] ;'/ Iff s] pkfoe"s+k cfgf k[Y jL sL e"ueL{o ultljlwof] + sf Ps efu x} , hf] seL eL sxL+ eL cf

;stf x} . olb cfk ox ;f] rt] x} + ls hxf+ cfk / xt] x} + jf] Onfsf e"s+k sL b[li6 ;] ;+j] bgzLn gxL+ x} , tf] cfk unt x} + . e"s+k ta cftf x} ha k[Y jL s] gLr] sL ;tx k/ df} h"b K n] 6] +, lhG x] + 6] S 6f‘lgS ; sxt] x} +, lv;stL x} + . cf} / 6] S 6gf‘lgs sxL+ eL lv;s ;stL x} + of cfk; d] + 6s/ f ;stL x} + . O;lnP cfksf] xd] zf ktf xf] gf rflxo] ls e"s+k cfg] k/ S of s/ gf rflxo] . k|: t't x} + s'5 l6K ; hf] cfkbf k|a+wg ljefu åf/ f t} of/ sL uO{ x} +– != e"s+k s] lnP xd] zf cf} / x/ jS t t} of/ / xgf rflxo] . 3/ agjft] jS t xd] zf

e"s+k sL b[li6 ;] dha"t 3/ agjfgf rflxo] , tfls e"s+k cfg] k/ 3/ k/ H ofbf c;/ gxL+ k8Þ] .

@= 3/ d] + O; k|sf/ ;fdfg / v] + ls cfkbf s] jS t cfk cf;fgL ;] afx/ lgsn ;s] + . ox lgod cf‘lkm; d] + eL nfu" xf] tf x} . 3/ d] + km: {6 P8 ls6 xd] zf t} of/ / vgL rflxo] . ha e"s+k cfo] Û h} ;] xL cfksf] e"s+k s] em6s] dx;"; xf] +, j} ;] xL cfk ls;L dha"t 6] an s] gLr] a} 7 hfo] + cf} / s; s/ ks8Þ n] + . ha ts em6s] hf/ L / x] +, ta ts Ps xL hux a} 7] / x] + . of ha ts cfk ;'lglZrt g s/ n] + ls cfk ;'/ lIft 9+u ;] afx/ lgsn ;st] x} + .

#= a8ÞL cfndfl/ of] + ;] b"/ / x] +, olb jf] cfks] pmk/ lu/ uO{ tf] cfk rf] l6n xf] ;st] x} + . $= olb cfk pm+rL Odf/ t d] + / xt] x} + tf] lv8ÞsL ;] b"/ / x] + . %= olb cfk la: t/ k/ x} + tf] jxL+ / x] + cf} / p;] s;s/ ks8Þ n] + . ckg] l;/ k/

tlsof / v n] + . ^= olb cfk afx/ x} + tf] ls;L vfnL : yfg k/ rn] hfo] +, ofgL lalN8+u, dsfg, k] 8Þ,

lahnL s] v+ef] + ;] b"/ . &= olb cfk p; ;do sf/ rnf / x] x} + tf] sf/ wLdL s/ ] + cf} / Ps vfnL : yfg k/

n] hfs/ kfs{ s/ b] + . ta ts sf/ d] + a} 7] / x] +, hats em6s] vT d gxL+ xf] hfo] + .

cfj/0f

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%42

x} / L kmLlN8+u / L8 g] O; l;4f+t sf] k|ltkflbt lsof yf . ox l;4f+t ;} g k|m} +l;: sf] s] e"s+k s] k"0f{ cWoog tyf ;j{] If0f s] kZrft\ k|sfz d] + cfof yf . O; l;4f+t s] cg';f/ e"kk{6L k/ gLr] ;] sf] O{ an n+aL cjlw ts sfo{ s/ ] , tf] jx Ps lgZrt ;do tyf la+b' ts -ckgL Ifdtf ts_ p; an sf] ;x] uL cf} / p;s] kZrft\ r§fgf] + d] + ljs[lt pTkGg xf] hfPuL . ljs[lt pTkGg xf] g] s] afb eL olb an sfo{ s/ tf / x] uf tf] r§fg] + 6"6 hfPFuL . O; k|sf/ e"s+k s] kxn] e"s+k ult agfg] jfnL pmhf{ r§fgf] + d] + k|Tof: y ljs[lt pmhf{ s] ¿k d] + ;+lrt xf] tL / xtL x} . 6"6g] s] ;do r§fg] + e|+z s] bf] gf] + cf] / cljs[lt sL cj: yf s] k|ltlIfKt xf] tL x} . k|Tof: y pmhf{ e"s+kt/ +uf] + s] ¿k d] + d'Qm xf] tL x} . k|Tof: y k|ltIf] k l;4f+t s] jn e"s+k s] pko{'Qm sf/ 0f sf] , hf] ef} ldsL sL b[li6 ;] eL ;dly{t xf] tf x} xL atnftf x} .

@= k[YjL s] zLtn xf] g] sf l;4f+t– e"s+k s] sf/ 0ff] + d] + Ps cTo+t k|frLg ljrf/ k[YjL sf 7+9f xf] gf eL x} . k[YjL s] c+b/ -s/ La &)) lsdL= of p;;] clws ux/ fO{ d] +_ s] tfk d] + e"kk6L{ s] 7f] ; xf] g] s] afb eL sf] O{ c+t/ gxL+ cfof x} . k[YjL c+b/ ;] u/ d tyf Knfl: 6s cj: yf d] + x} cf} / afx/ L ;tx 7+8L tyf 7f] ; x} . ox afx/ L ;tx eLt/ L ;txf] + s] ;fy 7Ls 7Ls cg'¿k gxL+ a} 7tL tyf lgkltt xf] tL x} cf} / O; t/ x ;] e"s+k xf] t] x} + .

#= ;dl: ylt l;4f+t– O;s] cg';f/ e"tn s] kj{t Pj+ ;fu/ w/ ftn Ps b";/ ] sf] t'nf sL efFlt ;+t'ng d] + / v] x'P x} + . ha If/ 0f cflb åf/ f pmFr] : yfg sL ld§L gLr] : yfg k/ hdf xf] hftL x} , ta ;+t'ng lau8Þ hftf x} tyf

k'gM ;+t'ng / vg] s] lno] hdfjjfnf efu gLr] wF;tf x} cf} / ox e"s+k sf sf/ 0f agtf x}

$= dxfåLkLo lj: yfkg k|jfx l;4f+t– ceL ts cg] sf] + e"lj1flgof] + g] dxfåLkLo lj: yfkg k/ ckg] ckg] dt k|ltkflbt lsP x} + . Ogs] cg';f/ ;eL dxfåLk kxn] Ps lk+8 y] , hf] kL5] 6"6 uP cf} / wL/ ] wL/ ] lj: yfkg ;] cnu cnu xf] s/ cfh sL l: ylt d] + cf uP . O; kl/ sNkgf d] + hxfF s'5 ;d: ofcf] + k/ k|sfz k8Þtf x} jxL+ lj: yfkg s] lno] kof{Kt dfqf d] + cfjZos an s] cefj d] + ox kl/ sNkgf dxTjxLg eL xf] hftL x} . O;s] cg';f/ ha dxfåLkf] + sf lj: yfkg xf] tf x} ta kxf8Þ pmk/ p7t] x} + cf} / p;s] ;fy xL e|+z tyf e"s+k xf] t] x} + .

/ ] l8of] P] lS6jtf l;4f+t– ;g\ !(@% d] + hf‘nL g] / ] l8of] P] lS6j pmidf s] , hf] dxfåLkf] + s] cfj/ 0f s] c+b/ Pslqt xf] tL x} , rqmLo k|efj s] sf/ 0f e"s+k xf] g] s] ;+a+w d] + Ps l;4f+t sf ljsf; lsof . O;s] cg';f/ / ] l8of] P] lS6j pmidf ha d'Qm xf] tL x} ta dxfåLkf] + s] c+b/ sL rLhf] + sf] lk3nf b] tL x} cf} / ox b|j 5f] 6] ;] an s] sfo{ s/ g] k/ eL : yfgf+tl/ t lsof hf ;stf x} , oBlk O; l;4f+t sL sfo{ljlw s'5 ljlrq ;L nutL x} .

;+jxg wf/ f l;4f+t– cg] s l;4f+tf] + d] + ox k|ltkflbt lsof uof x} ls k[YjL k/ ;+jxg wf/ fPF rntL x} + . Og wf/ fcf] + s] kl/ 0ffd: j¿k ;txL r§fgf] + k/ sif{0f xf] tf x} . o] wf/ fPF / ] l8of] P] lS6j pmidf åf/ f ;+rflnt xf] tL x} + . O; sfo{ljlw s] kl/ 0ffd: j¿k ljs[lt wL/ ] wL/ ] a9ÞtL hftL x} . s'5 ;do d] + ox ljs[lt OtgL clws xf] hftL x} ls O;sf kl/ 0ffd e"s+k xf] tf x} .

pb\ud s] +b| cf} / clws] +b| l;4f+t– e"s+k sf pb\ud s] +b| k[YjL s] c+b/ jx lj+b' x} hxfF ;] ljIf] k z'¿ xftf x} . clws] +b| k[YjL sL ;tx k/ pb\ud s] +b| s] 7Ls pmk/ sf la+b' x} .

e"s+kf] + sL eljiojf0fL s] ;+a+w d] + ¿; s] tflhs lj1fg csfbdL s] e"s+k lj1fg tyf e"s+k k|lt/ f] wL lgdf{0f ;+: yfg s] k|of] uf] + s] kl/ 0ffd: j¿k xfn d] + ox lgisif{ lgsfnf uof x} ls olb e"s+kf] + s] b'af/ f xf] g] sf ;do clen] lvt s/ lnof hfo cf} / ljz] if If] q d] + lk5n] O;L k|sf/ s] e"s+kf] + sf sfn ljlbt / x] , tf] cfufdL clws zlQmzfnL e"s+k sf jif{ lglZrt lsof hf ;stf x} . e"s+k lj1flgof] + d] + Ps ;+s] t k|rlnt x} e"s+kf] + sL cfj[lt sL sfngLlt sf sf] 0f cf} / zlQmzfnL e"s+k sL bzf sf O; sfngLlt d] + kl/ jt{g cftf x} . O;sL hfgsf/ L s] kZrft\ e"s+kLo : yn k/ olb t] h ljB'tLo ;+u0fs pknAw xf] ;s] , tf] bf] tLg lbg s] ;do d] + xL zlQmzfnL e"s+k s] ;+a+w d] + tyf ;+a4 : yfg s] ljifo d] + eljiojf0fL sL hf ;stL x} cf} / efjL clws] +b| ts sf cg'dfg nufof hf ;stf x}

e"s+k sf k|efje"s+k sf k|efj ljleGg If] qf] + k/ cnu

cnu 9+u ;] k8Þtf x} . k] 8Þ lu/ hft] x} + tyf a8Þ] –a8Þ] lznfv+8 ;/ s hft] x} + . cNksfn s] lno] ax'wf 5f] 6L cyjf ljzfn emLn] + ag hftL x} + . ljzfn If] q wF; hft] x} + cf} / s'5 e"v+8 ;b} j s] lno] p7 hft] x} + . sO{ b/ f/ ] + v'ntL Pj+ a+b xf] tL x} . ;f] t] a+b xf] hft] x} + tyf ;l/ tfcf] + s] dfu{ abn hft] x} + . e"s+k t+/ uf] + sf ;a;] ljWj+;s k|efj dfgj lgld{t cfsf/ f] +, h} ;] / ] ndfuf{] , ;8Þsf] +, k'nf] +, ljB't Pj+ 6] nLu|fkm s] tf/ f] + cflb k/ k8Þtf x} . ;x: qf] + jiff{] ;] : yflkt ;Eotf Pj+ cfjf; sf] o] e"s+k If0f e/ d] + gi6 s/ b] t] x} + . Ogs] sf/ 0f e|+zf] + sf, ljz] ifs/ cgg': t/ L e|+zf] + sf xf] gf atfof hftf x} .

k[YjL sf em6sfe"s+k s] sf/ 0f ax'wf ld§L O; t/ x

;] km] +sL hftL x} ls gbLtn s] ;df+t/ d] + b/ f/ ] + k8Þ hftL x} . oxfF k/ h8ÞTj u'?Tj ;] clws dxTjk"0f{ sf/ 0f x} . e"s+k ;] e"s+kL kmJjf/ ] OToflb eL ag hft] x} + tyf kxf8Þf] + sL 9nfgf] + k/ k8ÞL x'O{ r§fg] + tyf cGo rLh] + jxfF ;] n'9Þs s/ gLr] cf hftL x} + . ;d'b| d] + e"s+k ;] z'gfld; gfds t/ +u] + k} bf xf] tL x} . o] ;d'b| d] + 5f] 6] 5f] 6] Hjfnfd'vL s] km"6g] ;] , t"kmfg ;] , of bfa d] + PsfPs kl/ jt{g xf] g] ;] pTkGg xf] tL x} . o] hfkfg cf} / xjfO{ åLk;d"x s] lgs6 clws ;+Vof d] + clelnlvt sL uO{ x} + tyf Og;] ;d'b|t6f] + k/ ax't Iflt xf] tL x} .

cfj/0f

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 43

g] kf n ;/ sf / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf / dGqf no

;"rgf l jef u

e"sDksf] k/ fqmd dx;'; ePdf To: tf] ejgsf]

cf;kf; ;'/ lIft : yfgsf] klxrfg u/ L cfkm" /

cfkmGtsf] ;'/ Iff ug'{x'g tyf e"sDk ;DaGwdf

/ fli6«o jf cGt/ f{li6«o j} 1flgs, cfWoflTds jf

zf: qLo ;|f] tnfO{ pNn] v u/ L km} nfOPsf] s'g} klg

lsl;dsf] cfwf/ lxg xNnfsf] kl5 gnfuL g] kfn

;/ sf/ sf lgsfox?af6 hf/ L x'g] ;"rgf tyf

cg'/ f] wnfO{ cjnDjg ug{x'g cg'/ f] w 5 .

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%44

ljrf/ dLdf+zf

g] kfn s] dw] z d] + lzIff s] bLk sf] k|HHjlnt s/ g] sf >] o ef/ t jif{ sf] xL x} .

Sof] +ls,wg–wfGo ;] kl/ k"0f{, ef/ t jif{ P] ;f sf} g x} < s/ d] + ;'zf] let jf0f lhgs] , rqmwf/ L df} g x} . lhgsf] seL g gfh x} , l;/ k/ seL g tfh x} .nIo lhgs] g] s x} , pgs] cd/ ;] aft x} .

Otgf xL gxL+, hxfF 8fn–8fn k/ ;f] g] sL lrl8ÞofF s/ tL x} a;] / f . O; uug u+'lht ufg sf] xd] ;demg] sf ;f} efUo >4] o ef/ tLo Clif ;b[Zo u'?j/ åf/ f xL ldnf x} . xd ky k|bz{s sf ;Ddfg s/ t] x} +, s/ t] / x] +u] , jrg a4 x} .

/ f0ff s] qm"/ zf;g sfn s] ;+oGq sf] cGt s/ g] sf >] o eL ef/ tLo / fhgLlt1f] + sf xL x} . g] kfn d] + ljqmd ;Djt\ @))& ;fn d] + k|hftGq s] k|fb'ef{j kZrft\ t/ fO{ s] ax';+Vos ufFj d] + ;/ : jtL u'+hg sf dGq n] s/ ;] jf efj ;] aRrf] + s] dftf–lktf Pjd\ cleefjs ju{ ;] ;bfrf/ s] ;fy ;flgWo : yflkt s/ tkf] e"ld ldlynf sL ljlzi6tf s] JofVofg åf/ f pgs] dg–dl: tis d] + ;/ : jtL u[x : yfkgf sL efjgf ;] rdTsf/ L nx/ ;[hgf s/ tTsfnLg ef/ tLo u'?j/ , ckg] hLjg s] cd"No ;+od sf] k"0f{–?k] 0f lzIff åf/ f O; ;dfh s] ;jf{lª\0f ljsf; x] t' of] uL ¿k d] + k|: t't x'P y] .

pRr ljrf/ ;DklQ of] uL u'?j/ g] ;+: s[lt, k/ Dk/ f, d"No–dfGotf, clx+;f, ;lxi0f'tf, g} ltstf tyf ;bfrf/ cflb sf lzIf0f–;fd|uL s] ¿k d] + Jofjxfl/ s k|of] u åf/ f : s"nL lzIff ;~rfng s/ pQ/ d] + lxdfno ;] blIf0f d] + u+uf ts tyf k"j{ d] + d] rL ;] klZrd d] + dxfsfnL ts s] 5fq5fqfcf] + sf] ;dfg efj ;] dg'iotf k|fKt s/ g] sf b': t/ dfu{ sf] s+6s/ lxt agfof x} . c: t', k/ d–lk|o–kfjg e"ld ldlynf s] xd ;eL s/ a4 ¿k d] + pgs] k|lt cfef/ JoQm s/ t] x} + .

;Dk"0f{ dfgj sf] cGofo, cTofrf/ tyf

c;To lj?4 clx+;fTds k4lt åf/ f ;+3if{ s/ g] sL k|] / 0ff eL p;L k'gLt w/ tL ;] ldnf x} . p; e"ld s] s0f ;] k/ d–a|Xd k/ d] Zj/ g] / fd–s[i0f ¿k d] + dg'io z/ L/ wf/ 0f s/ ;fw'–;+t sL / Iff sL yL .

k|hftGQ s] d"n–dGq sf] cfTd;ft\ s/ : j/ fHo k|flKt x] t' kmfF;L s] kmGb] sf] xF;t] –xF;t] r"dg] sL ;+: s[lt ljZj sf] ef/ tjfl;of] + ;] xL ldnL x} .

lx+;g] k|ltlx+;gd\ of sx] + ls There's not to reason why,There's not to make reply,There's but to do or die.: jtGqtf k|flKt sL ox lzIff ;'efif rGb|

af] ; g] xL bL x} . : jtGqtf k|flKt x] t' clx+;f k/ df] + wd{M sf ;kmn k|of] u dxfTdf ufGwL åf/ f xL x'cf x} .

k/ LIfs åf/ f 'Examinee is better then examiner' pNn] lvt, ljZj ljBfno k/ LIff sL sfkL p; ef/ tLo ;/ : jtL k'q sf xL x} , hf] : jtGq ef/ t jif{ s] k|yd / fi6«klt x'P y] . lzIf0f–;+: yf k|lt ljnIf0f lgi7f ;] k|fKt ljlzi6 1fg ;] ljb] lzof] + sf] eL ef/ tLo lzIf0f ;+: yf d] + cWoog s/ g] s] lnP cfs[i6 lsof x} . kmn: j¿k laxf/ s] pdufFj, jf;f] k§L, hogu/ , lv/ x/ , a] gLk§L, dw'jgL, ;'/ ;08 tyf cGo : yfgf] + d] + cjl: yt pRr ljBfno d] + ef/ tLo ;b[Zo cWoog s/ g] sf ;f} efUo g] kfn s] dw] lzof] + sf] eL ldnf x} . O;L l;nl;nf d] + wg'iff lhnf h6xL u|fd lgjf;L b'uf{Gb emf pRr ljBfno pdufFj d] + bflvn x'P y] . k|hftflGqs jftfj/ 0f d] + cWoog/ t xf] g] s] sf/ 0f pgs] / f] d–/ f] d d] + k|hftflGqs ljrf/ wf/ f JofKt yf . k|hftGq sL / Iff s] lnP hLjg sL cfx'lt b] gf pGx] + : jLsf/ yf . b'ef{Uojz / fhf dx] Gb| ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!& ;fn d] + k|hftGq sL xTof lsof yf . …k|hftGq sf b'Zdg dfgj sf b'ZdgÚ, b'uf{gGb emf sL plQm g] pGx] + / fhf dx] Gb| ;] abnf n] g] s] lnP k|] l/ t lsof . pGx] + cj;/ ldnf, ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!* ;fn d] +, hgsk'/ d] +, hfgsL dlGb/ k|fª\u0f d] +, hxfF / fhf dx] Gb| sL ;jf/ L x'O{ yL . b'uf{gGb emf g] k|hftGq–xTof/ f pmk/ ad k|xf/ lsof .

j] ks8Þ] +u cf} / ljqmd ;Djt\ @)@) ;fn d] + !( jif{ s] pd/ d] + pGx] + kmfF;L b]bL uO{ . pgsL gjljjflxtf lgM;Gtfg wd{ kTgL ljwjf x'O{ . Ps t/ km j} wJo hLjg

b";/ L t/ km cfly{s ;+s6 tyf ;xof] uL / lxt kfl/ jfl/ s kl/ l: ylt g] pGx] + z/ 0f : yn tnfz s] lnP afWo lsof . c>'do cfgg tyf dfgl;s Pjd\ zf/ Ll/ s si6 ldqjt pgsf ;xkf7L agf .

ljqmd ;Djt\ @)$^ ;fn d] + ef/ tLo / fhgLlt1f] + s] ;xof] u ;] k|hftGq k'g: yf{kgfy{ g] kfn s] / fhgLlt bn g] ;+o'Qm ¿k d] + zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf] ng sf lju'n km"+sf . hgtf cfGbf] lnt x'O{ cf} / cgGtM / fhf jL/ ] Gb| cfGbf] ngsf/ L hgtf s] ;dIf gt–d: ts x'P . cGtl/ d ;/ sf/ agL cf} / ljqmd ;Djt\ @)$& ;fn d] + g] kfn clw/ fHo sf ;+ljwfg agf . ljqmd ;Djt\ @)$* ;fn d] + kf6L{ut lgjf{rg åf/ f g] kfnL sf+u|] ; sL ;/ sf/ agL lsGt' b'uf{gGb emf sL ljwjf >LdtL sfzLb] jL emf sf xfn va/ ts eL ls;L g] gxL+ k"5f .

ax'bnLo ;+: s[lt d] + g] kfn ;/ sf/ s] sfg"g–lgod cg';f/ k|z: t u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+3–;+: yf sf u7g lsof uof . ;/ sf/ sL t/ km ;] cGt/ f{i6«Lo ;+3÷;+: yf ;] cfj4 s/ s'5 sf] g] kfn ;sf/ sL cf] / ;] k|To] s jif{ cfly{s ;xof] u k|bfg s/ ;DkGg eL agfgf uof x} . k/ Gt' b'uf{gGb emf sf] / fi6«Lo : t/ sf ;Ddfg b] g] sL aft ls;L eL kf6L{ sL t/ km ;] gxL+ ;'gL uO{ x} .

ljqmd ;Djt\ @)^#÷^$ ;fn s] dw] z cfGbf] ng kZrft\ t/ fO{–dw] z nf] stflGqs kf6L{ sf eL hGd x'cf . p;L ;fn r} q dxLgf d] + ;+ljwfg ;ef sf k|yd lgjf{rt ;DkGg x'cf . tdnf] kf kf6L{ g] ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL åf/ f sfzLb] jL emf sf] ;+;b d] + Ps ;f+;b s] ¿k d] + : yflkt lsof . qmdzM tdnf] kf kf6L{ s] sf] 6f d] + s'5 ;do s] lnP pGx] + / fHodGqL sf kb eL ldnf .

ljqmd ;+Djt\ @)^* ;fn d] + hgsk'/ s] s'5 k|j'4 ju{ s] lrGtg dgg åf/ f …zxLb b'uf{gGb emf cg';Gwfg tyf ;] jf s] Gb| hgsk'/ wfdÚ gfds ;+: yf sL : yfkgf sL uO{ . lhnf k|zf;g sfof{no wg'iff, hgsk'/ wfd d] + ljwfg btf{ s/ fof uof . ;dfh sNof0f kl/ ifb\ sf7df+8" ;] ;DaGwg eL ldnf .

kZrft\ dxfdlxd pk/ fi6«klt dxf] bo s] sfof{no dfkm{t g] kfn ;/ sf/ ;] cfly{s ;xof] ufy{ lgj] bg lbof uof . k/ Gt' ceL ts lgj] bg k|of; s] ?k d] + dfq ;ldlt / xf x} .

z]if $( k]h d]+

;Ddfg s/ ] + ky–k|bz{sf] + sfsfzLsfGt emf

dGyglrGtg

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 45lxdflngL

ofqf g'jfsf]6 sL

k|sfzk|;fb pkfWofo

g] kfnL d] + Ps sxfjt x} – kz'kltsf] bz{g / l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ . cyf{t sf7df+8" hfg] k/ eujfg kz'kltgfy s] bz{g sf nfe tf] ldn] uf xL ;fy xL l;b|f -;"vL d5nL_ sf Jofkf/ eL xf] hfPuf . eujfg kz'kltgfy sf bz{g s/ t] jSt k|;fb s] ¿k d] + ;"vL d5nL tf] r9fO{ gxL hf ;stL . lkm/ ox plSt Sof] + < O; ;+a+w d] + ax't ;f] rg] k/ O; lgisif{ k/ kxF'rf ls olb sf7df+8" rnf hfo tf] / f: t] e/ of jxfF kx'Frg] k/ d5nL a] rL hf ;stL x} cf} / O; k|sf/ jxfF s] lnP vr] {kfgL sf h'uf8Þ xf] kfPuf . cyf{t Ps k+y bf] sfh .

ox plSTf d] / ] hLjg d] + eL p; ;do nfu" x'O{ ha d} + $^;fn s] ef/ t k|jf; cf} / $@;fn ts ef/ t ;/ sf/ sL ;] jf s/ g] s] afb : yfoL ¿k ;] sf7df+8" cfof . O;;] d'em] sO{ af/ eujfg kz'kltgfy sf bz{g s/ g] sf ;f} efUo tf] k|fKt x'cf xL P] ;] sO{ b/ jfh] lbvt] uP hf] ;] jfsfn d] + v'n gxL kfP y] . cyf{t : jb] z nf} 6g] k/ …kz'kltsf] bz{g / l;b|fsf] Jofkf/ Ú sf dfu{ k|z: t xf] p7f . d] / ] lnP P] ;f xL Ps dfu{ yf – ko{6g s] If] q sf, hf] seL b] z s] c+b/ s] ko{6sLo dxTj s] bz{gLo : yn s] lnP v''nt] y] tf] seL ljb] z s] lnP . -O; ;Gbe{ d] + uf] / vf b/ af/ sL lgofqf s] af/ ] d] + O; klqsf d] + Ps n] v 5k r'sL x} ._

uf] / vf b/ af/ sL ofqf ;] nf} 6g] s] afb OR5f huL g'jfsf] 6 hfg] sL . ox eL sf7df+8" sf Ps lgs6jtL{ lhnf x} , hf] ko{6sLo dxTj s] bz{gLo : ynf] + ;] e/ f tf] x} xL, P] ltxfl;stf cf} / wfld{s kIf eL lnP x'P x} . sf7df+8" s] pQ/ klZrd d] + nueu !%lsnf] dL6/ sL b"/ L k/ cjl: yt ox lhnf k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] lnP ;fdl/ s dxTj sf yf . ctM pGxf] +g] g] kfn PsLs/ 0f s] cleofg s] l;nl;n] d] + O;] sf7df+8" sf k|j] z b\jf/ s] ¿k d] + dfgf cf} / O;s] pmk/ sO{ af/

xdnf s/ t]

/ x] . c+ttM O; k/ ljho kfg] s] afb j] sf7df+8" pkTosf s] tLgf] + lhnf] + sf] Ps–Ps s/ ckg] sAh] d] + n] g] d] + nLg x'P .

sO{ k|l;4 wfld{s : ynf] + ;] e/ f ox lhnf Ps ;do d] + ltAat s] ;fy Jofkf/ cf} / rLg s] ;fy sL n8ÞfO{ cf} / j] qfjtL d] + x'O{ ;+lw s] sf/ 0f eL k|l;4 / xf . OGxL ;a tYof] + s] sf/ 0f d} + Ps lbg ckg] Ps ldq z+s/ nfn >] i7 s] ;fy lgsn k8Þf O; P] ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo cf} / Jofkfl/ s dxTj s] lhn] sL ofqf k/ .

O; kxf8L lhn] sL ofqf k/ hft] x'P

xd nf] uf] + g] uN5L sf dfu{ ks8Þgf pko'St ;demf . ;fy d] + a} 7] z+s/ nfn sxg] nu] – …olb xd O; dfu{ ;] ofqf s/ ] + tf] k|s[lt sL c;Ld ;'+b/ tf sf cfg+b p7f kfPFu] .Ú ctM xd nf] uf] + g] p; dfOqmf] a; ;] ofqf z'? sL hf] uN5L xf] t] x'P hftL yL . jf: tj d] + xL ha dfOqmf] a; g] / fhwfgL sf] 5f] 8Þf cf} / uN5L sf dfu{ ks8Þf tf] Ps cf] / lqz'nL gbL sL x/ L axtL hnwf/ f

cf} / b";/ L cf] / x/ Le/ L k+lSta4 5f] 6L–5f] 6L kxfl8ÞofF hxfF cfFvf] + sf] zLtntf k|bfg s/ / x] y] jxL+ jftfj/ 0f d] + dgf] x/ tf sf / ; eL 3f] n / x] y] . ha dfOqmf] a; b] jL3f6 gfds : yn k/ kx'Frf tf] z+s/ nfn hL sxg] nu] – … s'5 b] / s] lnP xd oxfF ?s hfoF cf} / oxfF sL ;'+b/ tf sf] eL ghbLs ;] lgxf/ n] + .Ú jf: tj d] + jx eL ax't xL kfjg : yn x} . Ps cf] / tfbL cf} / lqz'nL sL hnwf/ f sf] ;+ud sf ¿k n] t] x'P b] vg] k/ hf] ;'v k|fKt xf] tf x} p;] zAbf] + d] ptf/ gf d'lZsn x} . lgs6 sL x/ Le/ L kxfl8ÞofF Og bf] glbof] + s] ldng k/ xlif{t xf] / xL ;L nutL x} + . P] ;f nu / xf yf dfgf] + ;fy xL v8Þf hfnkf b] jL sf d+lb/ O; jftfj/ 0f d] + kfjgtf sf ;+rf/ s/ / xf x} .

3"dt] x'P O; lhn] s] gfd s] af/ ] d] + eL a8ÞL / f] rs hfgsf/ L ldnL . oxfF gf} lsnf cjl: yt xf] g] s] sf/ 0f O;sf d"n gfd gjSjfy yf, hf] cke|+z xf] t] xf] t] g'jfsf] 6

ko{6g

sO{ k|l;4 wfld{s

: ynf] + ;] e/ f ox lhnf Ps ;do d] + ltAat s] ;fy

Jofkf/ cf} / rLg s] ;fy sL n8 ÞfO{ cf} / j] qfjtL d] + x'O{ ;+lw s] sf/ 0f eL k|l;4 / xf . OGxL ;a tYof] + s] sf/ 0f d} + Ps lbg ckg] Ps ldq z+s/ nfn >] i7 s] ;fy lgsn k8 Þf O; P] ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo cf} / Jofkfl/ s dxTj s] lhn]

sL ofqf k/ .

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%46

x'cf . oxfF lqz'nL ahf/ gfd sf Ps k|l;4 afhf/ x} . nutf x} lqz'nL gbL s] t6 k/ cjl: yt xf] g] s] sf/ 0f xL O;sf ox gfd k8Þf . oxfF ;] s'5 xL b"/ L k/ cjl: yt Ps 6Ln] k/ k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx sf k|l;4 ;ft tNn] ] b/ af/ -;ft d+lhnf k|f;fb_ x} hxfF xd] + k} bn kx'Frg] d] + nueu cfw] 3+6] nu] . g'jfsf] 6 s] pmk/ ljho k|fKt s/ g] s] afb pGxf] +g] O;] / fhwfgL sf ¿k b] t] x'P O; k|f;fb sf] agjfof . O; k|f;fb sL ljz] iftf ox x} ls k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] hdfg] d] + ox / fhf sf lgjf; tf] yf xL O: fs] cltl/ St O;s] ljleGg d+lhnf] + sf pkof] u ;ef ejg, k"hf sIf, xf] d cflb k'0o sd{ cf} / ;} lgsf] + s] lgjf; h} ;] ljleGg sfof] {+ s] lnP lsof hftf yf . oxfF s] Ps d+lhn sf] sfnsf] 7/ L sf ¿k eL lbof uof yf, hxfF s'Voft cf} / eofgs ck/ fw d] + ;+nUg ck/ fwL, 8fs" cflb / v] hft] y] . ;a;] pmk/ L d+lhn ;] ;} lgsu0f nf] uf] + s] cfjfudg k/ lgu/ fgL lsof s/ t]

y] . jt{dfg ;do d] + ox Odf/ t ko{6sf] + s] cfsif{0f sf k|d'v s] Gb| x} . O;s] af/ ] d] + ox eL sxf hftf x} ls kxn] ox gf} d+lhnf k|f;fb yf, n] lsg ljqmd ;+jt !(()s] dxfe"s+k d] + O;s] bf] d+lhn Ifltu|: t xf] uP . lkm/ eL

ckgL pmFrfO{ tyf k} uf] 8f z} nL sL ;'+b/ tf s] sf/ 0f ox Odf/ t ko{6sf] + sf] b"/ ;] xL cfslif{t s/ tL x} .

oxfF sf e} / jL sf d+lb/ eL lx+b" wdf{jnlDaof] + s] lnP Ps cTo+t kfjg : yn x} . jt{dfg ;do d] + ox d+lb/ oxfF sf k|d'v cf/ fwgf : yn x} . O; k|frLg d+lb/ sf P] ltxfl;s dxTj O;lnP eL x} ls ox k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] hLjg ;] eL ;DalGwt x} . j] lgTo xL oxfF b] jL sL k"hf s] lnP cft] y] . sxf tf] ox eL hftf x} ls Ps af/ k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx g] ckgL hGds'08nL s'5 Hof] ltlifof] + sf] lbvfO{ . s'08nL b] vs/ ;af] + g] pgsL cfo' %@jif{ ;] clws gxL xf] g] sL aft atfO{ . O;;] j] lr+ltt xf] p7] . Sof] +ls pgsL / fHo lj: tf/ sL cf+sf+Iff k"/ L gxL x'O{ yL . ctM j] kx'Fr] ] e} / jL s] d++lb/ d] + cf} / a} 7 uP b] jL e} / jL s] Wofg d] + . d+lb/ d] + cs] n] Wofg d] + nLg k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx sf] cfsfzjf0fL x'O{ . b] jL e} / jL g] sxf –…hf] k"jf{4{ d] + lnvf hf r'sf x} p;] ld6fof gxL hf ;stf x} . xfF, t'd d] / L z/ 0f d] + k|f0f Tofu bf] , d} + t'Dx] + g] kfn sf ;'v ef] ug] sf cj;/ b""FuL .Ú sxt] x} – %@jif{ sL cfo' k"/ L xf] g] ;] s'5 kxn] j] kf; s] xL b] lj3f6 k/ rn] uP hxfF tfbL cf} / lqz'nL gbL s] ;+ud : yn k/ ;do latft] x'P pgs] k|f0f kv] ? p8Þ uP .

lqz'nL ahf/ ;] s'5 xL b"/ L k/ ef/ t ;/ sf/ b\jf/ f agfO{ uO{ lqz'nL kg lahnL kl/ of] hgf x} . afb d] + O;] lj: tfl/ t s/ t] x'P b] lj3f6 kg

lahnL kl/ of] hgf ;] ;+a4 lsof uof . ox kl/ of] hgf g] kfn–ef/ t ldqtf s] k|tLs s] ?k d] + ljBdfg x} cf} ] / nf] 8;] l8+u s] jt{dfg jftfj/ 0f d] + O; If] q s] 3/ f] + sf] cfnf] lst s/ tf / xtf x} .

lqz'nL ahf/ , e} / jL d+lb/ , ;ft tNn] ] b/ af/ , lqz'nL kg lahnL kl/ of] hgf cf} / b] jL3f6 kg lahnL kl/ of] hgf s] cltl/ St sO{ wfld{s : ynf] + sf] b] vg] s] afb xd nf] u sf7df+8" nf} 6 cfP .

#,&%)dL6/ sL pmFrfO{ k/ cjl: yt x} O; lhn] sf ;jf] {Rr : yn / pr'nL hxfF ;] sO{ kj{tdfnfcf] + sL ;'+b/ tf sf cjnf] sg lsof hf ;stf x} , lhgd] + k|d'v x} + uf} / Lz+s/ lxdfn, u0f] z lxdfn, ndh'+u lxdfn cflb . uf} / Lz+s/ lxdfn sL kj{tdfnfcf] ++ sf] xd nf] u lqz'nL afhf/ ;] eL b] vg] d] + ;kmn x'P .

P] ltxfl;s, ;f+: s[lts cf} / wfld{s ;Dkbfcf] + ;] kl/ k"0f{ afUfdtL cFrn s] O; lhn] d] + ljleGg wd{ cf} / ;Dk|bfo s] nf] u lgjf; s/ t] x} + . cfk;L : g] x cf] / efO{rf/ ] sL efjgfPF k/ : k/ d] ++ ;fdflhs cf} / ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj sf] cIIf'0f / vg] d] + ;xfos / xL x} . ds/ ;+qmflGt s] cj;/ k/ cfof] lht d] n] d] + a} nf] + sf] n8Þfg] sL k|lt: k4f{ oxfF sL k|frLg k/ Dk/ f / xL x} . O;] b] vg] b"/ –b"/ ;] nf] u cfof s/ t] = x} + . ljleGg wfld{s cj;/ f] + k/ lgsfnL hfg] jfnL / yofqf oxfF sL ;f+: s[lts lj/ f;t sf] ;DkGgtf k|bfg s/ tL x} cf} / nf] uf] + sf] ckgL cf] / cfslif{t s/ tL x} .

-d} +g] P] ltxfl;s dxTj k|fKt, k|fs[lts

;'+b/ tf cf} / wfld{s : ynf] + ;] e/ ] O; g'jfsf] 6 lhn] sL ofqf jt{dfg e"s+k ;] O;s] Ifltu|: t

xf] g] ;] s'5 ;fn kxn] sL yL ._

ko{6g

d]/L k/L, cfksL k/L, xd ;a sL k/L, ;'g k8ÞL, b]v k8ÞL, rn k8ÞL,Ow/ rnL, pw/ rnL, lsw/ rnL,af]n k8ÞL, xF; k8ÞL, p8Þ k8ÞL .

dDdf sL k/L, kfkf sL k/L, df};LdfF sL k/L,gfgL sL k/L, gfgf sL k/L, dfdf sL k/L, af]n k8ÞL, uf k8ÞL, gfr k8ÞL ..

bfbf sL k/L, bfbL sL k/L, sfsf sL k/L,sfsL sL k/L, df};fsL k/L, bLbL sL k/L, nfn k/L, kLnL k/L, u'nfj k/L .

k/gfgL sL k/L, dfdfgfgf sL k/L, hn k/L, ;f]g k/L, p8Þg k/L, O;sL k/L, p;sL k/L, ls;sL k/L, d]/L k/L, cfksL k/L, xd ;asL k/L ..

– k'ikf 7fs'/

efjgf gfgL sL

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 47

cjwf/ 0ff sf] ;': ki6 cf} / ;+k'i6 s/ tf x} . Og b] zf] + sf / fhg} lts g] t[Tj kl/ l: ylt cf} / ;fdl/ stf jz rfx] hf] eL af] n] lsGt' oxfF s] cf: yf jfg af} 4 a+w' ef/ t e"ld s] k|lt ckg] + af} 4 hGo cfb/ sf] seL eL lj: d[t gxL+ s/ ;st] + x} + . oxL jx tYo x} hf] ef/ t sf] ljZju'? s] : yfg k/ lj/ flht s/ g] + s] gP cj;/ k|bfg s/

/ xf x} . Og b] zf] + d] + af} 4 wd{ kxnL ztfAbL d] + xL k|j] z s/ uof yf . Og b] zf] +

d] + xhf/ f] + sL ;+Vof d] + ;f+: s[lts cf} / wfld{s : df/ s, k"hg : yfg, u|Gy, ;+: yfg, lznfn] v, vuf] nLo cg';+wfg s] +b|, Hof] ltifLo ;+: yfg, Jofs/ 0f l;4f+t, ul0ftLo l;4f+t, ljzfn k|: t/ lgdf{0f cflb P] ;] cld6 cf} / cIf'00f >4f s] +b| x} + hf] oxfF ef/ t sf gfd a/ a; xL gxL+ clkt' >4fk"j{s n] t] / xg] + sf cj;/ k|bfg s/ t] / xt] x} + . xhf/ f] jiff{] + ;] Og b] zf] + d] + o] af} 4 cf} / lx+b'Tj cfwfl/ t ljrf/ ;+: yfg k|1f, ;+1f cf} / lj1f s] k|jfx sf] ;tt agfP x'P x} lh;s] ;sf/ fTds pkof] u sf ;do ca cf uof x} . cj;/ x} ls Og b] zf] + s] a'4Tj k|jfx sf pkof] u ef/ t sf] ljZju'? agfg] + sL lbzf d] + k'gM k|f/ De xf] . lxGb"–af} 4 ;+o'Qm ¿k d] + xd ljZj s] b';/ ] ;a;] a8Þ] wdf{jn+aL ;d'bfo s] ¿k d] + : yflkt x} + lsGt' af} 4 cf} / lxGb" sf] cnu cnu b] v] + hfg] + sL

lxGb"–af} 4 wd{ ;+o'Qm ¿k d] + cfh eL ljZju'? x}

k|jLg u'GgfgL

a'4 ho+tL cyf{t a'4 k"l0f{df of j] ;fs of xgdt;"/ L af} 4 wdf{jnlDaof] + s] ;fy ;fy ;Dk"0f{ ef/ t jif{ s] lnP Ps dxTjk"0f{, cf: yf hGo cf} / pNnf;k"j{s dgfof hfg] + jfnf kj{ x} . eujfg\ a'4 s] cjt/ 0f sf ox kj{ j} zfv k"l0f{df s] lbg k8Þtf x} . ljZj s] cg] s efuf] + d] + km} n] x'P af} 4 dtfjn+aL O; kj{ sf] j] ;fs s] gfd ;] eL hfgt] + x} + . j] ;fs zAb ef/ tLo dfx s] gfd j} zfv sf xL cke|+z x} . eujfg\ a'4 s] ;+ls;f d] + %^# O{;f k"j{ d] + cfh s] lbg cjt/ 0f xf] g] + s] ;fy ;fy O;L lbg sf] eujfg\ a'4 s] 1fg k|flKt sf lbg eL dfgf hftf x} . cfZro{ hgs ;+of] u x} ls $*# O{;f k"j{ sL j} zfv k"l0f{df s] lbg sf] eujfg\ a'4 sf] b] jl/ of lhn] s] s'zLgu/ d] + dxf kl/ lgjf{0f k|fKt x'cf yf . a'4 k"l0f{df sf ox kfjg kj{ ef/ t, rLg, ltAat, hfkfg, sf] l/ of, g] kfn, l;+ufk'/ , ljPtgfd, yfO{n} +8, nfcf] ;, sDaf] l8of, dn] lzof, >Ln+sf, Dof+df/ , >Ln+sf, tfOjfg, xf+usf+u, O+8f] g] lzof, kfls: tfg, ¿;, t'ls{: tfg, d+uf] lnof af+Unfb] z cflb cg] sf] + d] + dgfof hftf x} . ljZj s] OtgL a8ÞL ;+Vof s] b] zf] + d] + ef/ t hGo wd{ sf] >4f k"j{s dfgf hfgf ef/ t sL k|frLg ljZju'? sL

ljZj s] k|yd kf+r ljzfn wdf{] + d] +

;] bf] wd{ ef/ t e"ld ;] pTkGg x} +, Ps lx+b'Tj cf} / Ps a'4Tj . ef/ tLo d"n ;] cleGg ¿k ;] h'8 Þ] Og bf] wdf{] + s] cg'ofOof] + sL ;+Vof sL b[li6 ;] b] v] + tf] uf} / j efg xf] tf x} ls xd af} 4 cf} / lxGb" ldns/ ljZj s] ;a;] wd{ s] ¿k d] +

: jLsfo{ cf} / dfGo x} + .

a'4 ho+tL

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%48

;dflw ts s]

k|To] s c+z sf] ckg] + d] + ;dflxt s/ n] g] + jfn] ox cfo{ ci6f+u dfu{ ckg] + cfk d] + Ps P] ;L hLjg z} nL sf] ;d] 6] x'P x} + hf] cfufdL sO{ xhf/ jiff{] + sL clt ljsl;t xf] g] + jfnL hLjg z} nL d] + cf} / clws ;] clws k|efjL, k|f;+lus cf} / k|bLKt xf] t] hfo] +u] . k|1f, zLn cf} / ;dflw cfwfl/ t ljrf/ xd] + cl/ x+t efj eL b] t] x} + cf} / ;d"r] ljZj sf] xL gxL+ clkt' a|Xdf08 sf ;sf/ fTds sfnhoL l;4f+tf] +, dfGotfcf] +, ljrf/ f] + cf} / ;sf/ fTds pkof] u s/ n] g] sf ljrf/ cf} / Ifdtf bf] gf] + eL k|bfg s/ t] x} + . sfnftLt of x/ ;do d] + ;+j] bgzLn, ;6Ls cf} / ;dy{ hLjg z} nL sf] hGd b] g] jfn] xdf/ ] lxGb"–af} 4 l;4f+t cf} / ;+: sf/ xd] + ljZj g] t[Tj sL cb\e't Ifdtf k|bfg s/ t] x} + .

cfh sL ef/ tLo ljb] z gLlt d] + bf] zAb lgeL{stf cf} / ax'ntf ;] sx] hf / x] x} , Ps ln+s j] : 6 P+8 n's O{: 6 cyf{t klZrd ;] h'8Þf] + cf} / k"j{ sL cf] / b] vf] cyf{t klZrd s] tsgLsL ;sf/ fTds kIf sf] ckgft] rnf] cf} / p;d] + ;f+: s[lts, z} Ifl0fs, ljZj zf+lt cf} / kof{j/ 0f cfwfl/ t ;sf/ fTdstf k|jflxt s/ t] rnf] . O{: 6 cyf{t k"j{ sL cf] / b] vt] / xg] + cf} / ;+jfb a9fg] + sL O; gLlt s] c+tu{t cfg] + jfn] clwsfFz b] zf] + d] + af} 4 wd{ sf k|efj

cf} / eujfg a'4 s] ef/ t ;] h'8Þ] xf] g] s] sf/ 0f ef/ t s] k|lt cfb/ cf} / >4f efj O; gLlt sf] kl/ 0ffdf] + sL cf] / t] hL ;] cu|;/ s/ ;stf x} . blIf0f k|zf+t dxf;fu/ Lo !# b] zf] + sf ;d"x / fi6« ;+3 d] + Ps d'Zt a8Þ] jf] 6 a} +s s] ¿k d] + sfd cf ;stf x} . ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3 d] + ;'/ Iff kl/ ifb\ d] + : yfoL ;L6 s] lnP bzsf] + ;] k|of; / t ef/ t s] lnP Og !# b] zf] + ;] ;f+: s[lts ¿k h'8Þ] xf] g] + sf] / fhg} lts s"6gLlts afo; ;] b] vg] + cf} / t/ fzg] + sL cfjZostf x} hf] ls ef/ t s] k|wfgdGqL g/ ] +b| df] bL s] g] t[Tj d] + k|f/ De xf] uO{ x} . ef/ tLo j} b] lzs ulnof/ f] + d] + hf] b";/ f ;sf/ fTds zAb Og lbgf] + ax'ntf ;] rn / xf x} jx x} æaf} 4 ;ls{6Æ . lxGb" af} 4 ;f+: s[lts k[i7e"ld ;] h'8Þ] x'P b] zf] + sf] af} 4 ;ls{6 ;] hf] 8Þgf cf} / gP ;f+: s[lts, z} Ifl0fs cfofdf] + k/ sfd s/ t] x'P Ps gP gxL+ clkt' k|frLgtd cfofd s] gP : j¿kf] + k/ sfd s/ gf ce"tk"j{ cj;/ f] + sf] hGd b] / xf x} . j: t'tM xfn s] rf/ –kf+r ;f} jiff{] + sL j} lZjs / fhgLlt ;} Go, cfly{s, tsgLs cf} / cGo k|sf/ s] ef} ltstf jfbL b[li6sf] 0ff] + ;] a] t/ x k|efljt / xL x} . O; k|sf/ sL / fhgLlt d] + k/ : k/ k|] d, clx+;f, u'?t/ efj, ;f+: s[lts ljsf;, z} Ifl0fs cfbfg k|bfg cflb zAbf] + sf k|rng sd ;] sdt/ xL gxL+ clkt' ;dfKt k|fo xL xf] uof x} . oxL jx sf] 0f x} hxf+ ;] ef/ t sf] lxGb"–af} 4 k[i7e"ld p;] ;Dk"0f{ ljZj d] + rf} t/ kmf ;Gb] z jfxL xf] hfg] + s] cj;/ k|fKt xf] / x] + x} + . af} 4 ;ls{6 s] / fhg} lts l;4f+t k/ clwstd sfd ;] ef/ t sf] j} lZjs g] t[Tj sL kL7 sf : jfefljs cf} / g] ;lu{s clwsf/ L ;demg] + s] cj;/ pTkGg lso] hf ;st] + x} + . ef/ t–rLg s] dWo cf uP ;} Go cf} / ;+k|e'tf cfwfl/ t tgfj sf] eL -clt ;ts{tf cf} / ;r] t / xs/ _ olb a'4Tj s] cfwf/ k/ ;'nemfg] + s] gP sf] 0ff] + ;] k|of; xf] tf] ox ;d"r] ljZj s] lnP g"tg cf} / k|] / 0ff: kb xf] ;stf x} .

a'4 ho+tL

af} 4 wd{ cfwfl/ t rf/

cfo{ ;To Pj+ cfo{ ci6f+u dfu{ ;d"r] cfof{jt{ xL gxL+ clkt'

sO{ o"/ f] kLo b] zf] + d] + ckg] + ljrf/ k|efj sf lj: tf/ s/ tf b[li6ut xf] / xf x} . olb xd Og d"n af} 4 l;4f+tf] + k/ ljrf/ s/ ] + tf] xd] + : jfefljs xL k|tLt xf] tf x} ls j} lZjs

: t/ k/ xd ls; k|sf/ ;xh : jLsfo{ xL gxL+ j/ g >4] o j kL7fwLz sL e"ldsf d] + x} + . cfh ;Dk"0f{ ljZj d] + cg] sf] + / fi6« lhg rf/ af} 4 hlgt cfo{ ;To s] dfu{ k/ rn / x] x} + j] x} + – b'Mv, b'Mv sf/ 0f, b'Mv lg/ f] w tyf b'Mv lg/ f] w

sf dfu{ .

b[li6 s] ljsl;t xf] t] hfg] + sL l: ylt ;] xd wfld{s cfsf/ d] + rf} y] cf} / kf+rj] + : yfg k/ b] v] hft] x} + .

ljZj s] k|yd kf+r ljzfn wdf{] + d] + ;] bf] wd{ ef/ t e"ld ;] pTkGg x} +, Ps lx+b'Tj cf} / Ps a'4Tj . ef/ tLo d"n ;] cleGg ¿k ;] h'8Þ] Og bf] wdf{] + s] cg'ofOof] + sL ;+Vof sL b[li6 ;] b] v] + tf] uf} / j efg xf] tf x} ls xd af} 4 cf} / lxGb" ldns/ ljZj s] ;a;] a8Þ] wd{ s] ¿k d] + : jLsfo{ cf} / dfGo x} + . ;Dk"0f{ ljZj d] + ;+: s[lt : qf] t cf} / ;f+: s[lts k'ghf{u/ 0f s] ¿k d] + xd] + hf] j} lZjs dfGotf cf} / cf: yf k|fKt x} p;d] + Ps a8Þf sf/ 0f af} 4 wd{ ;] h'8Þf x'cf xL / xf x} . ef/ t sL ljZju'? sL k[i7e"ld cf} / Oltxf; sL j} lZjs dfGotf lxGb"–af} 4 sL ;+o'Qm ;f+: s[lts kL7 sf xL kl/ 0ffd x} . ef/ t s] ljleGg hut k|l;4 z} Ifl0fs ;+: yfgf] + s] ljifo d] + eL oxL tYo zt k|ltzt k'g/ fj[Q xf] t] x} + . cfh ef/ t j} lZjs / fhgLlt d] + ckgL e"ldsf sf] gP l;/ ] ;] t/ fz / xf x} . cfh ef/ t ckg] ctLt s] cg'¿k ljZj sf g] tf gxL+ alNs ljZju'? of hutu'? aggf rfx / xf x} . Og kl/ l: yltof] + d] + ef/ t e"ld of lxGb"hlgt af} 4 wd{ s] ljZj e/ d] + km} n] cg'ofoL, u|Gy, ;+: yfg cf} / ljrf/ ;+kbf ef/ t sf] u'?t/ : yfg k/ lj/ flht s/ t] b[li6ut xf] t] x} + .

af} 4 wd{ cfwfl/ t rf/ cfo{ ;To Pj+ cfo{ ci6f+u dfu{ ;d"r] cfof{jt{ xL gxL+ clkt' sO{ o"/ f] kLo b] zf] + d] + ckg] + ljrf/ k|efj sf lj: tf/ s/ tf b[li6ut xf] / xf x} . olb xd Og d"n af} 4 l;4f+tf] + k/ ljrf/ s/ ] + tf] xd] + : jfefljs xL k|tLt xf] tf x} ls j} lZjs : t/ k/ xd ls; k|sf/ ;xh : jLsfo{ xL gxL+ j/ g >4] o j kL7fwLz sL e"ldsf d] + x} + . cfh ;Dk"0f{ ljZj d] + cg] sf] + / fi6« lhg rf/ af} 4 hlgt cfo{ ;To s] dfu{ k/ rn / x] + x} + j] x} + – b'Mv, b'Mv sf/ 0f, b'Mv lg/ f] w tyf b'Mv lg/ f] w sf dfu{ . O; cfo{ ;To l;4f+t sL j} 1flgstf g] ljZj e/ d] + ef/ tLotf sf] >4f ;] b] vg] + sL b[li6 ljsl;t s/ bL x} lsGt' ox b'vb xL / xf ls O; ljZj e/ d] + lj: tfl/ t O; >4f efj sf] xd lk5n] s'5 ;f} jiff{] + s] sfnv+8 d] + g] t[Tj sf efj gxL+ b] kfP x} + . a'4 wd{ d] + cfo{ ci6f+u dfu{ d] + k|: t't lso] x} + hf] ;"q lbP x} + pgsL cfh lj1fg cfwfl/ t dfGotf lglj{jfb xf] uO{ x} . o] ci6f+u dfu{ x} + – ;Dos b[li6, ;Dos ;+sNk, ;Dos jfS, ;Dos sd{, ;Dos hLljsf, ;Dos k|of;, ;Dos : d[lt, ;Dos ;dflw . hLjg s] k|f/ De ;] n] s/

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 49

k': ts–;dLIff

8f= Zj] tf bLlKt

Ps af/ k'gM slj ceo s'df/ sL gO{ s[lt …hfqfÚ xdf/ ] ;dIf x} . slj ckgL ljlzi6 z} nL d] + k'gM O; s[lt d] + pkl: yt x'cf x} . k/ cfh O; s[lt sL ;dLIff s/ t] x'P g] kfn sL p; ;f+: s[lts w/ f] x/ sf eL : d/ 0f xf] / xf x} , lh;s] cl: tTj sf] k|s[lt sL rf] 6 g] ld6f lbof x} cf} / hf] hfg] cGhfg] O; s[lt d] jl0f{t x'O{ x} . g] kfn sL ;+: s[lt, ;Dkbf, k/ Dk/ f Og ;a sf] slj g] ckgL O; gjLg s[lt d] + ;d] 6f x} . : ynut ;Dkbf sf] sfJo sf ljifo agfgf slj sL ljz] iftf x} . …hfqfÚ d] + slj g] g] kfn sf] b] vf x} p;] jl0f{t lsof x} , p;sL ux/ fO{ sf] dfkf x} . slj dfgtf x} ls sljtf s'07f gxL+ alNs hLjg s] g} ;lu{s dfGotf sf lg/ Gt/ k|jfx x} . O;lnP OgsL sljtf d] + ;+j] bgf af] ntL x} . g] kfn s] ljljw kIf sf] hfgg] cf} / cg'e"t s/ g] s] kZrft\ pGxf] +g] p;] zAbf] + d] + ptf/ f x} . hf] Ps gP : j¿k s] ;fy xdf/ ] ;fdg] pkl: yt xf] tf x} . oxfF sL ;fF: s[lts w/ f] x/ sO{ af/ xdf/ L lgufxf] + ;] u'h/ L x} , k/ Gt' …hfqfÚ sL ofqf s/ g] s] kZrft\ jxL Ps gP ¿k d] + xdf/ ] ;fdg] cftL x} .

…kz'kltgfyÚ …hfqfÚ sL kxnL sljtf x} . slj sL Ps df} lns ljz] iftf x} ls OgsL sljtf d] + laDa : jo+ af] ntf x} —

æPs ;dodfafudtLsf] lsgf/ dfb'O{ ;'gf} nf d[u sf ¿kdfx/ piffsfn;+u} kfj{tL;Fu ls|8fdUg d .clxn] ;3g jfLt'df lgld{tsf7sf snfTds 6'F8fnsf] cf] 7df: j0f{dl08t tfd|fsf] 5fgf] To;dfly ;'gf} nf uh'/ clg cfsif{s / htåf/ x?df a: 5' .Æk|: t't k+lStofF kz'kltgfy sL wfld{s

syf s] ;fy xL p;sL ;+/ rgf sf] eL JoSt s/ g] d] + ;kmn x'O{ x} + . slj sL sljtf nDaL eL x} cf} / 5f] 6L eL . lsGt'

;eL / f] rs x} + . kf6g, eStk'/ , j;Gtk'/ , rfFu'gf/ fo0f, : jo+e"gfy, n'lDagL cflb ;eL sf] slj g] sljtf sf ljifo agfof x} . Otgf xL gxL+ oxfF xf] g] jfn] ljleGg hfqfcf] + sf] eL OGxf] +g] ;d] 6f x} h} ;] ufO{ hfqf, 3f] 8] hfqf, lal: s6 hfqf cflb . slj sf7dfG8f} s] afx/ sL eL ofqf s/ tf x} cf} / lrtjg, w'nLv] n, gu/ sf] 6, kf] v/ f, bfdg, d] NdrL, afudtL cflb . O;s] ;fy xL g] kfn s] k|l;4 JolStTj sf] eL OGxf] +g] ckgL ckgL sljtf sf ljifo agfof x} . ;r k"l5P tf] slj g] ufu/ d] + ;fu/ e/ g] sL sflzz sL x} cf} / ;kmn eL x'P x} + .

pgsL ;eL sljtfcf] + k/ Ps ;fy sxf tf] gxL+ hf ;stf k/ Gt', a;Gtk'/ b/ af/ hf] cfh dxfe"sDk sL jhx ;] Wj: t xf] r'sf x} cfOP p;s] lnP h/ f slj sL sNkgf k/ ckgL gh/ 8fn] +—

hxfF lzj: j¿k b] j sfn e} / j: jR5Gb r/ rx?, hLjft/ z} tfgx?;+u, n'sfdf/ L v] N5g\hxfF k] |dLx? cfsfz;+u cfln+uga4/ ftf] lemFu6L 5fg] Kofuf] 8fd'lg: ju{ h: t} l;+9Ldf 5xf/ L vf] H5g\hxfF hLljt b] jL s'df/ Lx?cfFvf 5n] / ;'6'Ss;+j] bgzLn tflGqs d"lt{x?nfO{pT;'stfn] x] 5{g\ =====pSt k+lStofF Ps hLljt t: jL/ vL+r

b] tL x} xdf/ L cfFvf] + s] ;fdg] . s'df/ L b] jL s] afn;'ne x/ stf] + sf] eL lrlqt s/ b] tL x} .

cFu|] hL sljtfcf] + sf] cg"lbt s/ g]

;[li6 cfksL b[li6 xdf/ Lk':ts ;dLIff

slj ceo sL hfqf

sf b'?x sfo{ >L lszf] / g] kfn hL

g] lsof x} . sljtf sf cg'jfb ;xh gxL+

xf] tf . slj sL efjgfcf] + sf] Hof] + sf Tof] + cfTd;ft\

s/ gf cf} / lkm/ p;] zAbf] + d] + afFwgf cf;fg gxL+ xf] tf .

lszf] / hL g] O;s] lnP zAbfg'jfb of efjfg'jfb sf ;xf/ f g n] s/ pgsL cleJo+hgf cf} / efj sf] n] s/ g] kfnL kf7sf] + ts kx'Frfg] sL sf] lzz sL x} . cg'jfbs : j+o dfgt] x} + ls sljtf sf cg'jfb Ps b'¿x ljifo x} . lsGt' d'em] nutf x} ls lszf] / hL g] O; b'¿xtf d] + eL ;xhtf sf] vf] h lnof x} lh;sL jhx ;] ;+u|x sL sf] O{ eL sljtf cg"lbt gxL+ nutL alNs df} lns nutL x} . ox slj cf} / cg'jfbs bf] gf] + s] lnP Ps ;kmn k|of] u x} .

hfqf lglZrt tf} / k/ kf7sf] + s] dg sL eL ofqf s/ g] d] + ;kmn xf] uL cf} / pgsL ;/ fxgf cf} / z'esfdgf cjZo ldn] uL . slj eljio d] + eL sljsd{ d] + / t / x] + cf} / ;flxTok|] ldof] + s] xfyf] + d] + pgsL / rgfPF cftL / x] + oxL cz] if z'esfdgfPF x} + xdf/ L .

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%50

sljtfP+

/ fwf ofbj

lg/ fzf s] ltld/ 36f d] +cfzf s] kmn rvtL x"F . cZsf] + ;] eLu] cfFrn k/ dg sf ;a s'5 / vtL x"F . d} + ;[li6 sL / lt r] tgtf;f} bo{ lh;] nf] u sxt] x} + .cGtd{g d] + ct'n j} ej–;Lk|] d 5nst] / xt] x} + .. rdstL x"F w"n s0f d] + eLP] ;L x} d] / L Ifdtf .b'Mv–;'v d] + lu/\tL p7\tL ;a k/ n'6ftL x"F ddtf .. ox ;[li6 sL u"9Þ / x: oh8Þ sf] s/ tL x"F r] tgf . pbofrn s] afn / lj ;f: g] x e/ f x} d] / f dg .. 6"6] ;kgf] + sL dgsf] + ;] ;'Gb/ xf/ agftL x"F . gf/ L x"F d} + O;lnP tf] b'Mv d] + eL d': s'/ ftL x"F ..

jNxfuf] 7, wg'iff

x] b} j xd] Sof] + df/ fgof ;fn sL goL+ pd+u] ;kg] go] ;hfo] gfr / x] y] 3/ –cf+ug d] +xiff] {Nnf; dgfo] .b] vf uof gxL+ Sof t'emsf] aRrf] + sL lsnsf/ L .b] vf uof gxL+ uof Sof t'emsf] cd/ fatL sL nfnLtf] 8Þ lbof nfvf] + sf ;kgfx} e"sDk sL dfofxfo ljBftf s} ;L t] / Lcbe't v] n lg/ fnf .6"6f 3/ km"6f x} sf] gf6"6 uoL km'naf/ Llstg] : ju{ l;wf/ uo] l5g uO{ ;eL v'lzofnLdf+ ;] la58Þf k'q, lktf lagaRr] ljnv / x] x} +s/ uf] bL sf] ;"gf, nfnld§L d] + t8Þk / x] x} +tktL w"k, a/ ;tf afbn

8f] n / xL e"tn x} .gfr / xL x} df} t 3/ f] + k/ rf/ f] + cf] / g/ s x} sf+k p7L w/ tL, / f] t] lrNnft] dfgjk/ t] / f dg b|ljt x'cf gft'd tf] xf] hu kfnst'd tf] kfng stf{ xf] ] lkm/ Sof] + ckgf 3/ e'nfj} zfv !@ sf] Sof] +Otgf sfFk p7fOtgf sf] k gxL+ cR5ft] / f ef] n] afafg] kfn w/ f tf] t] / f 3/ x} kfa{tL sf 8] / f .lstg] sf] ;+xf/ lsofd+lb/ –dl: hb sf] tf] 8Þf;j tf] t] ] / ] ckg] x} +lkm/ ljif 38Þf Sof] + kmf] 8Þf .Ifdf s/ f] x] gfy kz'kltcj tf] bof lbvfcf] a+b s/ f] ckgL ox nLnfæa?0fÆ t/ ; tf] vfcf] .

dxfe"sDksGx} ofnfn bf;

uhnd[0fflngL w'n]

: jfy{ l;l4 d] + ;eL ljåfg x} +a; xdL+ O; aft ;] cGhfg x} +

xf/ sf ckgL h/ f eL ud gxL+cf} / ;a xf/ ] + oxL c/ dfg x}

hf] e/ f] ;f cfksf s/ tf / xfn"6gf p; zV; sf] cf;fg x}

ox gof sfg"g x} eujfg sfkm"ntf kmntf oxfF a] O{dfg x}

hf] ;demt] ;r sL cflv/ hLt x} xfo ∕ pgsL ;f] r xL gfbfg x} .

gf/ L x"F d} +

ofbf] + s] em/ f] v] ;] cx] lgi7'/ kl/ jt{gt'Dxf/ f xL tf+8j gt{gljZj sf s?0f ljjt{g Ûx/ n] t] xf] ljej, snf, sf} zn lr/ ;+lrt Ûcflw, Joflw, ax'j[li6, jft, pTkft, cd+un,jlXg, af9Þ, e"sDk, t'Dxf/ ] ljk'n ;} Go bn ,cx] lg/ +s'z Û kbf3ft ;] lhgs] ljXjnlxn lxn p7tf x} 6ndn, kb blnt w/ ftn .

kl/ jt{g -;'ldqfgGbg k+t_

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 51

sf‘kf]{/]6

/jLGb| emf ‘z+s/’

cWofTd

k/ dfTdf sf] hfgg] jfn] s] lnP ;bf lbjfnL– cf7f] + kx/ cfgGb xL cfgGb / xtf x} . k/ dfTdf tf] ;a s] lnP xL x} + . lkm/ ;+t–dxfTdf sf] xL cf7f] + kx/ cfgGb Sof] + / xtf x} < ;a sf] Sof] + gxL+ / xtf < sf/ 0f Sof x} < Ps a8ÞL ef/ L e"n xf] tL x} ls xd j: t'cf] + d] +, JolQmof] + d] +, 36gfcf] + d] +, kl/ l: yltof] + d] + ;'v dfg n] t] x} + . ljrf/ s/ ] ls ls;L kl/ l: ylt d] + cu/ ;'v x} tf] p;L kl/ l: ylt d] + x/ bd ;'v / xgf rflxP cf} / cu/ kl/ l: ylt ;RrL x} tf] jx x/ bd / xgL rflxP . jf: tj d] + kl/ l: ylt ;a sf] ;'v gxL+ b] tL cf} / x/ bd ;'v gxL+ b] tL . ?kof] + d] + cu/ ;'v x} tf] a8Þ] –a8Þ] k} ;] jfn] vfg] s] lnP t/ ; / x] x} . sf/ 0f eft vfg] ;] a+lrt lsof x} , b"w, wL, lhtgf kf} li6s vfgf x} , ;a 8fS6/ g] j+lrt lsof x} . k} ;f x} , n] lsg vfg] s] lnP t/ ; / xf x} . gfgf k|sf/ s] / f] uf] + ;] u|l;t x} , ?kof] + ;] ;a sf] ;'v gxL+ ldntf, Sof] +ls ?kof] + d] + ;'v x} gxL+, cu/ , ;'v x} tf] ufl8ÞofF x} , s/ f] 8Þf] sL n] lsg lrlsT;s ;'ax–;'ax rng] sL ;nfx b] t] cf} / sxt] x} + ls sd ;] sd vfgf vfs/ ;f} sbd rngf xf] uf, ;'v x} sxfF, ;f] g] hft] x} tf] ;hf x'cf kn+u x} n] lsg gL+b x} sxfF < tf] sxg] tfTko{ ox x} ls ox ef} lts ;'v Ifl0fs ;'v x} , ;'v tf] p; ;+tf] sf 3/ x} , ;bf Ps xL ;dfg lbjfnL xL lbjfnL x} , lkm/

dxGyf] + ls gxL+ . ;+;f/ d] + ;a sf] k/ dfTdf ;] ;'v

ldntf / xf x} , rfx] atf;f xf] , rfx] xnjf xf] , s'5 eL xf] , ld7f; ;a rLgL sL xL x} . untL ox xf] tL x} ls goL–goL efjgf s/ s] ;+;f/ d] + ;'v 9'F9Þt] x} +, cu/ k/ dfTdf sf] 9"9Þ] tf] sNof0f ;bf s] lnP xf] hfP . cu/ ls;L j: t' d] +, JolQm d] +, kl/ l: ylt d] +, lqmof d] + ;'v xf] tf tf] ;a sf] ;'v ldntf . jf: tj d] + ls;L eL j: t', JolQm, lqmof cflb d] + ;'v gxL+ x} . uf] : jfdL hL dxf/ fh sxt] x} +– x] t' / lxt hu h'u pksf/ L, t'Dx t'Dxf/ ;] js c;'/ L -/ f=r=df= &.$&.%_

eujfg cf} / pgs] eQmf] ;] ;a sf] d'km\t d] + ;'v xf] tf x} . j] s'5 b] + cyjf g b] , pg ;] : jtM zflGt ldntL x} . hf] pg ;] j} / efj / vtf x} , p;] eL pg;] zflGt ldntL x} . pgs] åf/ f : jtM : jefljs xL ;a sf lxt xf] tf x} – ;'x[b+ ;j{e"tfgfd\ -uLtf %.@(_, ;'x[bM ;j{b] lxgfd\ ->LdEbf #.@%.@!_ pg sL / f;nLnf : jtM xL x/ bd rntL / xtL x} . >LhL sf] b] vs/ eujfg >Ls[i0f ;'vL xf] t] x} cf} / >Ls[i0f sf] b] vs/ >LhL ;'vL xf] tL x} . ctM eujfg eQmf] + s] ;fy x/ bd xL / f;nLnf s/ t] x} . xd] + jxd x} ls ?kof] + d] + ;'v x} , ;f] g] d] + ;'v x} . : qL–k'q d] + ;'v x} . 3/ d] + ;'v x} . cu/ Og d] + ;'v xf] tf tf] Og ;] seL b'Mv xf] gf xL gxL+ rflxP . Og;] ;a sf] ;'v

xf] gf rflxP, ;f] sxf . k/ dfTdf sf hf] ;'v x} , jx x/ bd xL / xtf x} , hfu|t d] +, : jkg d] +, ;'if'lKt d] +, pTklQ d] +, k|no d] +, ;+xf/ d] + .

;a hu 8/ k] d/ 0f ;] , d] / ] d/ 0f cfgGb sa dl/ o] sa e] l6o] , k"/ g k/ dfgGb ..ha d/ 0f d] + eL cfgGb x} tf] lkm/ b'Mv

ls; hux xf] uf < Hofbf ;] Hofbf b'Mv d/ g] d] + xL xf] tf x} .

xd ckg] dg d] + ox efjgf s/ n] t] x} + ls eujfg g] xd] + b'Mv b] lbof . eujfg b'Mv sxfF ;] nfP < pgs] b/ af/ d] + b'Mv x} xL gxL+ . dg'io v'b xL sNkgf s/ n] tf x} ls eujfg g] b'Mv b] lbof, j] ox gxL+ ;f] rt] ls xdg] sd{ s} ;f lsof x} . rf] / b";/ f+] s] wg d] + ;'v b] tf x} , wg s] lnP b";/ f] + sf] df/ xL b] tf x} . k/ jx Sof ;'vL xf] hftf x} < Sof seL b'MvL gxL+ xf] tf .

O;lnP sd{ s/ gf rflxP . ;To sd{ d] + e/ f] ;f / vgf rflxP, eujfg\ k/ e/ f] ;f / vgf rflxP . eujfg\ sL h} ;] – dL/ fjfO{ sf] hx/ lbof tf] j] ;] kL uO{ . k|xnfb sf] cfu d] + / v lbof tf] j] ljrlnt gxL+ x'cf . pgsL b[9Þ efjgf yL ls eujfg x+} . cfk s] ;fdg] sfFr sf 6's+8Þf cf hfP cf} / cfk s] eLt/ hFr hfP ls ox xL/ f x} tf] p; 6's8Þ] d] + eL cfgGb lbv] uf . efjgf ;] xL ;'v–b'Mv lbvtf x} . ;bf lbjfnL ;+t sL ;bf lbjfnL ;+t sL .

;bf lbjfnL ;+t sL

sf7df+8" l: yt ;Qf lgs6: y JolQmcf] + åf/ f ;~rflnt u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+: yf ;b[z O; ;+: yf sf] eL ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGqfTds / fhgLlts k|0ffnL cg';f/ / fi6«Lo lxt d] + ;~rfng x] t' ljleGg ;/ sf/ L lgsfo d] + cfly{s ;xof] u sL ofrgf ljlwjt s/ g] s] afah'b eL …v; k[i6–kf] ifs ;/ sf/ Ú åf/ f dw] zL zxLb s] jlnbfg k|lt k|blz{t z"Go ;Dj] bgzLntf ;] dw] zL s] x[bo d] + / fi6« k|lt sL pRr

efjgf sf] 7] ; nufg] sL cg'e"lt ;] ;+: yf s] ;+: yfks ;b: ou0f sL Jofs'ntf d] + x'O{ clej[l4 g] pGx] + pg dw] lzof] + sL cf] / s] lGb|t lsof, hf] u} / dw] zL g] t[Tj s] / fhgLlts tn d] + lqmofzLn x} + . jxfF kx'Frg] k/ : ki6 x'cf ls o] dxfg'ej dw] lzof] + sf] xL …aln sf as/ fÚ agfs/ ckg] kfl/ jfl/ s ;'v–;d[l4 sL k|flKt x] t' ;+nUg / fhgLlts bn d] + k"0f{ ?k] 0f ;dlk{t efj ;] cfj4 x} tyf dw] lzof] + sf zf] ifs ags/ v; ju{ s] r/ 0fkfb'sf

sf] lgTo ;'jx–zfd ;nfdL b] g] sf kf/ Dkl/ s lgolt cf} / ;+: s[lt d] + ceL eL kn / x] x} + .

c: t', ;Dk"0f{ g] kfnL dw] lzof] + sf pHhjn eljio lgdf{0ffy{ ;dfgtf sL n8ÞfO{ xd uf} td a'4 s] cfbzf{g';f/ ;+: yfdfkm{t n8t] / x] +u] . O; k'lgt sfo{ d] + ;Dk"0f{ cNk;+Vos blnt, hghflt, cflbjf;L u/ La tyf dlxnf sf] ;xefuL xf] g] s] ln O; ;+: yf sf] ;xh stf{ sL e"ldsf d] + cfu] a9fg] sf k|of; ljwfg cg';f/ lg/ Gt/ hf/ L / v] +u] .

;Ddfg s/ ] + ===

xd ckg] dg d] + ox efjgf s/ n] t] x} + ls eujfg g] xd] + b'Mv b] lbof . eujfg b'Mv sxfF ;] nfP < pgs] b/ af/ d] + b'Mv x} xL gxL+ . dg'io v'b xL sNkgf s/ n] tf x} ls eujfg g] b'Mv b]

lbof, j] ox gxL+ ;f] rt] ls xdg] sd{ s} ;f lsof x} .

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%52

ljgf] b l;+x,bfdg-;pbL c/ ] laof_

dw] z sL w/ tL k/ Ps gfd sfkmL t] hL ;] pe/ f x} 8f=;L=s] =/ fpt sf lh;g] / fhgLlt xNsf] + d] + xnrn drf lbof x} . / fi6«b|f] x s] cf/ f] k ;] pGx] + / fxt ldn r'sL x} , lh;g] dw] z sL hgtf s] dg d] + Gofo–k|0ffnL k/ ljZjf; hufof x} . gxL+ tf] s'5 lbgf] + ;] dw] z cf} / dw] lzof] + s] k|lt

;/ sf/ sL hf] gLlt lbv / xL yL p;g] dw] lzof] + s] dg sf] sfkmL cfxt lsP x'P yf . ceL b] z k|s[lt b\jf/ f lbP x'P bb{ sf] em] n / xf x} cf} / O; b'v d] + eL 8f=/ fpt b] z sL kLl8Þt hgtf s] ;fy x} + . ox aft uf} / tna x} ls O; bb{ sL 38ÞL d] + dw] z sL hgtf kxf8Þ sL hgtf s] ;fy x} . 8f= / fpt g] e"sDk kll8Þt s] lnP Ps lbg sf pkjf; cf} / cgfh bfg s/ g] sf cfXjfg lsof x} cf} / b] z sL hgtf sf] p;d] + e/ k"/ ;xof] u s/ g] sf] sxf x} .

dw] z sL ;d: ofcf] + cf} / p;s] clwsf/ f] + sf] k|fKt s/ g] s] lnP dw] z sL o'jfzlSt pgs] ;fy x} , Otgf xL gxL+ hf] dw] zL / f] huf/ s] l;nl;n] d] + b] z ;] afx/ vf8ÞL d'Nsf] + d] + sfd s/ / x] x} +, jf] eL ;L=s] =/ fpt s] ;fy x} + . b] z ;] b"/ k/ Gt' ckgL ld6\6L ;] h'8ÞL x/ aftf] + k/ pgsL lgufx] + x} + . ;do–;do k/ jf] sfo{s|d sf cfof] hg s/ t] x} + cf} / 8f=

/ fpt s] k|lt ckgL k|lta4tf JoSt s/ t] x} + . dw] z ;] b"/ / xg] k/ eL jf] dw] z s] lnP lrlGtt x} + .

lbgf+s *dO{ sf] bfdg d] + sDafgL s} Dk, / fvf ls+u8d cfkm ;pbL c/ ] laof d] + : jt+q dw] z u7aGwg ;pbL c/ ] laof g] 8f=;L=s] =/ fpt s] k|lt ckgL k|lta4tf hgft] x'P cGt/ ls|of sfo{s|d cfof] lht lsof . O; sfo{s|d d] + dw] z s] kGb|x lhnf] + s] o'jfcf] + sL pkl: ylt yL hf] vf8ÞL d'Ns d] + sfd s/ t] x} + . lh;d] + dw] z sf] hn bf] , an bf] k/ rrf{ x'O{ . sfo{s|d d] +

ljz] if cltly s] ¿k d] + O+hLlgo/ lqe'jg l;+x, d'Vo cltly O+hLlgo/ aL/ ] Gb| bf; y] cf} / sfo{s|d sL cWoIftf / fdb'nf/ d+8n g] sL . sfo{s|d sL / 0fgLlt vf8ÞL d'Nsf] + d] + : jt+q dw] z u7aGwg sf k|rf/ k|;f/ s/ gf cf} / 8f=;L=s] =/ fpt s] cleofg sf] ;xof] u s/ gf yf . vf8ÞL d'Ns d] + sfd s/ g] jfn] o'jf dw] z d] + hn cf} / an sL ;d: of ;] cjut xf] / x] x} + cf} / ckg]

clwsf/ f] + s] k|lt pgs] dg d] + hfu?stf cf} / r] tgf cf / xL x} . b"/ / x s/ eL jf] dw] z s] pTyfg s] lnP ckgf hL hfg nufg] s] lnP t} of/ x} + . sfo{s|d d] + pkl: yt o'jfcf] + g] dw] z s] lnP x/ s'af{gL b] g] sL aft sxL . : jt+q dw] z u7aGwg sf] ;pbL c/ ] laof l: yt ldlynf ;dfh b\jf/ f eL ;xof] u cf} / ;dy{g k|fKt x} . ox aft bzf{tf x} ls 8f=/ fpt sL ljrf/ wf/ f sf k|efj b] z s] ;fy ;fy ljb] zf] + d] + eL c;/ s/ / xf x} wL/ ] wL/ ] pgs] ;dy{sf] + sL tfbfb a9ÞtL hf / xL x} .

8f=;L=s] =/ fpt cf} / : jt+q dw] z u7aGwg ;pbL c/ ]laof

;dfrf/

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 53

r} q @! ut] / fhlj/ fh d] + g] kfn lxGbL k|lti7fg s] åf/ f rf} bxjfF / fi6«Lo lxGbL ;Dd] ng cfoflht lsof uof . ox sfo{s|d bf] lbgf] + ts rnf . ;+ljwfg d] + lxGbL efiff sf] dfGotf k|fKt xf] cGo efiffcf] + sL xL efFlt ;Ddfg k|fKt xf] oxL O; ;Dd] ng sf d'Vo p2] Zo yf . sfo{s|d sL cWoIftf g] kfn lxGbL k|lti7fg s] cWoIf >L / fh] Zj/ g] kfnL hL g] lsof . ;Dd] ng s] pb\3f6g ;df/ f] x d] + k|hft+q ;] gfgL an/ fd kf7s g] sxf ls g] kfn sf Oltxf; / xf x} ls oxfF sf] O{ eL dfFu lagf cfGbf] ng s] gxL+ dfgL uO{ x} . O;lnP lxGbL efiff sf] oxfF dfGotf lbnfg] s] lnP eL cfGbf] ng sL cfjZostf x} cf} / O;s] lnP o'jf ju{ sf] cfu] cfg] xf] uf . pGxf] +g] sxf ls efiff sf] n] s/ ljjfb sL cfjZostf gxL+ x} alNs k|To] s efiff sf] ;Ddfg cf} / ;+/ If0f k|fKt xf] gf rflxP . sfo{s|d d] + ;flxTosf/ 8f= ldlyn] z s'df/ L sL ul/ dfdoL pkl: ylt yL . pGxf] +g] sxf ls oxfF lxGbL sL cfjZostf x} cf} / cu/ ;/ sf/ gxL+ ;'gtL x} tf] p;] ;'gfg] sL cfjZostf x} . ;flxTo cf} / ;flxTosf/ v'b sf] hnfs/ / f] zgL b] tf x} cf} / ;dfh sf] k|sfzdo agftf x} . ;df/ f] x d] + ef/ t ;] cfP Pd=uf] ljGb / fhg hL sL eL pkl: ylt yL . pGxf] +g] dfgf ls g] kfn cf} / ef/ t sf ;daGw ;lbof] + k'/ fgf x} cf} / ljZjf; x} ls efiff s] gfd k/ Og bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] l/ Ztf] + d] + seL eL b/ f/ gxL+ cfPuL . O;L t/ x sfo{s|d d] + pkl: yt lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lxGbL ljefu sL cWoIf 8f= Zj] tf bLlKt g] ckg] d+tJo sf] / vt] x'P sxf ls lxGbL sf] plrt : yfg lbnfg] sf oxL ;xL ;do x} cf} / O;s] lnP o'jfju{ vf; s/ dw] zL o'jfju{ ;] cfu] cfg] sL ck] Iff x} . pGxf] +g] sxf ls dw] z s] x/ 3/

d] + ldq / fi6« ef/ t sL a] 6L ax' ag s/ cftL x} cf} / oxfF sL a] 6L ax' ag s/ hftL x} P] ;] d] + pgsL efiff sf ;Ddfg xd] + s/ gf rflxP cf} / pgsL lzIff sf] cfu] a9Þfg] s] lnP pgsL efiff sf] oxfF dfGotf lbnfgL xL xf] uL Sof] +ls lzIff k/ ;asf ;dfg clwsf/ x} . sfo{s|d d] + ;Gt ;flxTosf/ xl/ j+z bf;, 8f= u+ufk|;fb cfrfo{, ;Dd] ng s] d"n cfof] hs ;ldlt s] ;+of] hs v'zLnfn d+8n, lxDdt l;+x, 8f= cfzf l;Gxf h} ;] a'l4hLljof] + sL pkl: ylt yL . sfo{s|d d] + g] kfn d] + lxGbL sf] ;Ddfg, p;s] ljsf;, lj: tf/ Pj+ ;dy{g d] + dxTjk"0f{ of] ubfg b] g] s] lnP 8f= Zj] tf bLlKt, 8f= ldlyn] z s'df/ L, 8f= Pd= / fhg, s?0ff emf, k"gd emf cflb sf] ;Ddflgt lsof uof . / fhlif{ k'/ : sf/ ;] : j= a'GgLnfn hL sf] ;Ddflgt lsof uof . sfo{s|d d] + : jfut d+tJo >L cjwlszf] / l;+x hL s] åf/ f lbof uof .

sfo{s|d s] b";/ ] lbg 8f= Zj] tf bLlKt g] u0ft+q g] kfn d] + lxGbL ljifo k/ ckgf

sfo{kq k9Þf lh;k/ l6Kk0fL >L cjwlszf] / hL g] lsof . tTkZrft\ a[xt slj ;Dd] ng sL z'?cft x'O{ lh;d] + gjf] lbt sljof] + g] a9Þr9Þ s/ lx: ;f lnof . sfo{s|d s] cGt d] + cWoIf / fh] Zj/ g] kfnL g] sxf ls rl/ q lgdf{0f tyf : j: y / fi6« ljsf; s] lnP / fi6«Lo lje"ltof] + cd/ zxLbf] + Pj+ jl/ i7 ;flxTosf/ f] + s] hGd hoGtL, alnbfg lbj; Pj+ k"0o ltly dgfg] s] s|d d] + ;Dk"0f{ g] kfn sf] hf] 8Þg] jfnL lxGbL efiff, ;flxTo cf} / ;+: s[lt ;+/ If0f s] lnP @)%@ ;fn d] + / fi6«Lo k|hft+q s] cj;/ k/ k|yd g] kfn / fi6«Lo lxGbL ;Dd] ng cfof] lht lsof uof hf] cfh ts cgj/ t ¿k ;] rntf cf / xf x} . cfu] eL ;as] ;xof] u sL ck] Iff s/ tf x'cf ox cfof] lht xf] tf / x] uf ox cfzf x} . pGxf] +g] sxf ls nf] st+q d] + x/ ] s efiff, wd{ cf} / ;+: s[lt sf ;dfg ;+/ If0f cf} / ljsf; xf] tf x} . lsGt' xdf/ ] b] z d] + cfh eL nf] st+q of u0ft+q sf cy{ ls;L Ps efiffefifL of hflt d] + ;Lldt s/ g] sf v] n hf/ L x} cf} / O;;] nf] st+q seL eL ;'b[9Þ cf} / ;an gxL+ xf] ;stf x} . ctM cfh ;a;] a8ÞL h?/ t x} nf] s;f+: s[lts ;+: s[lt s] ljsf; sf Sof] +ls hats xd Ps b";/ ] sf ;Ddfg gxL+ s/ ] +u] tf] : j: y / fi6« sf ljsf; gxL+ xf] kfPuf . ctPj jL/ zxLbf] + s] alnbfg ;] k|fKt ;+3Lo nf] stf+lqs u0ft+q s] ;+ljwfg d] + b] z sL ax';+Vos hgtf s] aLr ;Dks{ efiff s] ¿k d] + af] nL k9ÞL cf} / lnvL hfg] jfnL lxGbL s] k|lt 3[0ff cf} / å] if Tofus/ xd ;eL ;dfgtf sL efjgf ;] g] kfnL sL xL t/ x lxGbL sf] eL b";/ L ;/ sf/ L sfdsfh sL efiff agfs/ k|fGtLo : t/ k/ If] qLo efiffcf] + d] + eL sfdsfh s/ g] s] lnP cu|;/ xf] + . O;L pb\3f] if cf} / wGojfb 1fkg s] ;fy sfo{s|d sf cGt x'cf .

rf} bxjf“ / fi6«Lo lxGbL ;Dd] ng;dfrf/

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%54

rf} w/ L u|'k g] !) xhf/ 3/ lgdf{0f s/ g] sf km} ;nf lsof

dxfe"sDk ;] a] 3/ x'P kLl8Þt s] lnP ca rf} w/ L u|'k c: yfO{ 3/ lgdf{0f s/ ] uf . rf} w/ L u|'k g] !) xhf/ 3/ lgdf{0f s/ g] sf km} ;nf lsof x} lh;d+] ! xhf/ rf} w/ L u|'k lgdf{0f s/ ] uf cf} / ( xhf/ 3/ sf lgdf{0f b] zL ljb] zL s] ;xof] u cf} / ljleGg ;+: yfg s] ;xof] u ;] agfof hfPuf . Ps xhf/ 3/ lgdf{0f s/ g] d] & s/ f] 8Þ ts sf vr{ nu] uf rf} w/ L u|'k s] cWoIf ljgf] b rf} w/ L g] ox hfgsf/ L bL x} . Ps 3/ agfg] d] nueu &) xhf/ ts sf vr{ nu] uf . cWoIf rf} w/ L s] cg';f/ ! xhf/ 3/ agfg] d] + cufdL ^ dxLgf nu ;stf x} . 3/ lgdf{0f s/ s] kLl8Þt sf] x: tfgfGt/ 0f s/ g] sL of] hgf atfO{ uoL x} . ( xhf/ 3/ lgdf{0f

d] eL rf} w/ L u|'k !) s/ f] 8Þ b] uf . rf} w/ L u|'k lzIff s] If] q d] + kxn] ;] xL sfd s/ / xf x} .

dxfe"sDk ;] k|efljt : yfg d] + ;fd'bflos k|fylds ljBfno k'glgdf{0f eL s/ g] sL hfgsf/ L cWoIf rf} w/ L g] bL x} . ljBfno lgdf{0f d] + $ s/ f] 8Þ ts sf vr{ nu ;stf x} . k|fs[lts k|sf] k ;] a] 3/ x'P nf] uf] + sf] cGt/ f{i6«Lo : t/ k/ cfwfl/ t 3/ sf lgdf{0f s/ s] k|bfg lsof hfo] uf ox hfgsf/ L cWoIf rf} w/ L g] bL x} . pg s] cg';f/ : yfgLo : t/ k/ pknAw jf; nufot sL ;fdu|L k|of] u s/ s] 3/ sf lgdf{0f lsof hfo] uf .

;/ sf/ L tYof+s s] cg';f/ e"sDk k|efljt If] q d] @ nfv % xhf/ %@ lghL 3/ k"0f{¿k ;] Ifltu|: t kfof uof x} . ! nfv *^ xhf/ @ ;o *% 3/ cf+lzs ¿k d] + Ifltu|: t x} . O;L k|sf/ % ;f} &% ljBfno ejg k"0f{¿k d] + Ifltu|: t x} + tf] ( ;f} ^( ljBfno cf+lzs ¿k d] + Ifltu|: t x+} . ;/ sf/ g] j} zfv ts k7g kf7g aGb lsof x} n] lsg ceL ljBfyL{ ljBfno d] hfs/ cWoog s/ g] sL l: ylt sd x} . kl/ of] hgf lgdf{0f s] lnP k|fO; jf6/ xfp; s'k;{-kL8An";L_ OlG8of kmfpG8] ;g cf} / ;f] ;n OGefO/ f] d] G6 PG8 Osf] nf] lhsn 8] enkd] G6 ;f] ;fO6L-l;8\;_ OlG8of s] ;fy ;fem] bf/ L sL uO{ x} .

e'sDk kLl8Þtf] + sf] hgtf a} +s sf ;xof] uljgfzsf/ L dxfe"sDk ;] sf7df8fF} pkTosf cf} / cltk|efljt

l;Gw'kfNrf] s lhnf s] uf=la=;= d] hgtf a} +s g] a} zfv @# sf]

ts/ Lag ! dxLg] ts sf rfjn, bfn, t] n, rLgL, rfokQL cf} / !!)) k} s] 6 vfB;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof x} . (% k|ltzt 3/ d] + Iflt kx'Fr] pSt uflj; s] ;eL 3/ wgL s] lnP / fxt : j¿k pknAw vfB;fdu|L ( j8f s] j8f: t/ Lo gful/ s d~r s] ;+of] hs sf] a} +s s] cWoIf Pj+ ;+ljwfg ;ef s] ;ef;b >L pbo g] kfnL >] i7 g] x: tfgfGt/ 0f lsof . pSt cj;/ d] + a} +s ;~rfng ;ldlt s] ;b: o >L s] za axfb'/ / fodfemL, >L ledfgGb 9'+ufgf, a} +s s] sfod d'sfod k|d'v sfo{sf/ L clws[t >L k[YjL >] i7 ;lxt a} +s s] pRrkb: y kbflwsfl/ of] + sL pkl: ylt yL . a} +s e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP pknAw x'P ;xof] u d] …cfkmGtsf] ;xof] uL xftx?Ú cf} / …c?l0fdf z} lIfs k|lti7fgÚ sf eL ;xof] u / xf yf .

PgPdla a} +s g] dn] l;of d] k|ltlglw sfof{no vf] nL

PgPdla a} +s dn] lzof s] SjfnfnDk"/ d] : yfkgf x'P k|ltlglw sfof{no laxLaf/ ;] ;~rfng d] + cfof x} . ox a} +s b] z s] afx/ vf] nf uof kxnf k|ltlglw sfof{no x} . SjfnfNdk'/ s] n] a'xk;f/ a] ;f/ l: yt lj: df : 6] «6; 6] «l8ª lalN8ª d] / x] k|ltlglw sfof{no : yfkgf s] ;fy dn] l;of s] Jofkfl/ of] + s] ;fy ;xsfo{ s/ gf cf;fg x'cf x} . O; ;] dn] l;og lgj] z g] kfn d+] nufg] s] lnP cf;fg xf] g] sf ljZjf; PgPdla a} +s g] lsof x} .

/ fi6« a} +såf/ f e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + sf] @ k|ltzt Jofh d] + shf{

g] kfn / fi6« a} +s dxfe"sDk s] sf/ 0f cfjf;Lo 3/ Ifltu|: t x'P e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + sf] @ k|ltzt Jofhb/ d] 3/ shf{ pknAw s/ fg] sL Joj: yf sL x} . ;j{;fwf/ 0ff] + sf] ;xof] u x] t' k'glg{df{0f sfd s] lnP sf7df8fF} pkTosf d] + clwstd @% nfv ts sL cf} / pkTosf afx/ clwstd !% nfv ts s] cfjf;Lo 3/ shf{ d] / fi6« a} +s z"Go Aofhb/ d] + k'gs{hf{ pknAw s/ fg] sL Joj: yf lsof x} . / fi6« a} +s åf/ f hf/ L lsof uof ;"rgf d] sxf

sf‘kf]{/]6 k|:t'ltM ljgo s'df/

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 55

x} , P] ;f sh{ d] a} +s tyf ljQLo ;+: yfcf] + clwstd @ k|ltzt ts xL Aofh n] g] sL Joj: yf x} . dxfe"sDk s] sf/ 0f bf] nfv ;] Hofbf 3/ Ifltu|: t xf] g] sf tYof+s x} . sh{ j;'n xf] g] sL cj: yf xf] g] k/ xL a} +s kLl8Þtf] + sf] C0f b] uf .

OGe] i6d] 06 a} +s åf/ f e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + sf] Ps s/ f] 8Þ h: tfkftf

g] kfn OGe] i6d] 06 a} +s e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP Ps s/ f] 8Þ ?k} of sf h: tfkftf b] g] jfnf x} . a} +s e"sDk ;] 6"6] x'P 3/ k'glg{df{0f s] lnP h: tfkftf b] g] sf lg0f{o lsof x} . a} +s åf/ f

hf/ L lj1lKt d] + pNn] v x} , …h: tfkftf v/ Lb s/ dxfe"sDk k|efljt ls;L eL If] q d] hNb xL ljt/ 0f s/ g] sf lg0f{o x'cf x} .Ú OGe] i6d] 06 a} +s sd{rf/ L sNof0fsf/ L sf] if ;] sf7df8fF} , eQmk'/ , sfe|] , wflbª, l;Gw'kfNrf] s, g'jfsf] 6 cf} / ndh'ª d] !) nfv ?k} of a/ fa/ sf Ps xhf/ kf+r ;f} yfg lqkfn cf} / ^ nfv a/ fa/ sf vfBfGg tyf sk8Þf ljt/ 0f xf] g] sL hfgsf/ L x} . a} +s s] sd{rfl/ of] + sL ;lqmotf d] + / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f sL uoL x} .

cfOPdO{ åf/ f /fxt ljt/0fcfOPdO{ ;d"x e"sDk k|efljt lhnf d] / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof x} . ;d"x l;Gw'kfNrf] s, wflbª cf} / dsjfgk'/ s] e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + sf] rfjn, sDan, rfprfp cf} / 6r{nfO6 ljt/ 0f lsof x} . cfOPdO{ ;d"x l;Gw'kfNrf] s d] cf7 xhf/ $)) lsnf] rfjn, %)) yfg sDan s] ;fy !)) sf6'{g rfprfp cf} / 6r{nfO{ / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof yf . l;Gw'kfNrf] s lzv/ k'/ l: yt dfemL ufp+ s] @)) ;] Hofbf e"sDk kLl8Þt kl/ jf/ sf] cfO{PdO{ s] sfo{sf/ L cWoIf rGb|k|;fb 9sfn tyf sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs x] d/ fh 9sfn ;xefuL 6f] nL / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof yf . O;L t/ x yk / fxt ;fdu|L d] nDrL l: yt

;} lgs Onfsf-ledsfnL u'Nd_ d] + hfs/ k|] d xdfn tyf k|x/ L lg/ LIfs rGb|axfb'/ yfkf sf] / fxt ;fdu|L x: tfgfGt/ 0f lsof yf . ;d"x wflbª s] sNn] / L cf} / a] Nv d] cf} / rGb|flu/ L s] jn sf/ lgdf{0f: yn dsjfgk'/ s] lrTnfª d] / fxt ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f lsof yf . cfO{PdO{ s] sfo{sf/ L cWoIf 9sfn cf} / sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs x] d/ fh cfO{PdO{ kmfpG8] zg cGt{ut : yflkt cfO{PdO{ e"sDk / fxt sf] if d] bf] s/ f] 8Þ ?k} of eL ;xof] u lsof x} . O;L t/ x ;d"x s] d'Vo nufgL / xf Unf] an cfOPdO{ a} +s eL e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP 8] 9Þ s/ f] 8Þ ?k} of ;xof] u s/ g] sL 3f] if0ff sL x} .

d] uf a} +s åf/ f e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP krf; nfv 3f] if0ffd] uf a} +s g] kfn dxfe"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP krf; nfv ?k} of

;xof] u sL 3f] if0ff sL x} . a} +s ;~rfng ;ldlt s] a} 7s d] + e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] / fxt s] lnP tTsfn %) nfv ?k} of s] / fxt Kofs] h b] g] sf lg0f{o lsof x} . ;~rfng ;ldlt, sfd{rf/ L cf} / a} +s sL cf] / ;] ox ;xof] u lsof hf / xf x} . krf; nfv a/ fa/ sL / fxt ;fdu|L ;xof] u a} +s k|efljt lhnf d+] kx'Fr s/ kLl8Þtf] +

sf] x: tfgfGt/ 0f lsof hfPuf a} +s s] l;Ocf] clgn s] z/ L zfx g] atfof . a} +s dxfe"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] lnP tTsfn / fxt kxF'rfg] s] p2] Zo ;] …d] uf cy{Sj] s u|fG6 csfpG6Ú-d] uf_ gfds rNtL vftf : yfkgf lsof yf . O; vftf d] + cfg] jfnf ;Dk"0f{ / sd e"sDk kLl8Þtf] + s] p4f/ , pkrf/ , / fxt, k'g: {yfkgf, ef} lts ;+/ rgfcf] + s] dd{t tyf k'glg{df{0f s] lnP ;/ sf/ åf/ f : yflkt …k|wfgdGqL b} jL k|sf] k p4f/ sf] ifÚ d] hdf s/ g] sL hfgsf/ L bL x} .

sf‘kf]{/]6

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%56

d] ifM -r"= r] = rf] = nf= nL= n"= n] = nf] = c=_ – d] if / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6k|b / x] uf . : jf: yxflg, zq'eo, zf] s, dfgl;s tgfj tyf j] r} gL / x] uL . tyflk wgk|flKt tyf sd{ s] jn k/ cGttM ;kmn tyf ljhoL xf] +u] . cfk lzj sL k"hf tyf ç gdM lzjfo sf hfk s/ ] +, nfes/ / x] uf .

a[ifM -O= p= P= cf] = af= lj= a'= j] = jf] =_ – j[if / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos x} . hxfF si6, aGwg, : qLsi6, k'?ifsi6, c1ft eo tyf sflGtxLg, jxL wgnfe, ;'Gb/ ef] hg tyf cGttM sfo{l;l4 xf] uL . cfk b'uf{ ;Kt;tL sf kf7 s/ ] +, nfes/ xf] uf .

ldy'gM -s= ls= s'= 3= ª= 5= s] = sf] = x_ – ldy'g / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos x} . zf/ Ll/ s k/ ] zfgL, Joy vr{ sL ;Defjgf tyf zq'j[l4 xf] t] x'P eL wgk|flKt, ;'v tyf cGgtM ljho xf] uL . cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

ss{M -lx= x'= x] = xf] = 8f= 8ÞL= 8Þ'= 8Þ] = 8Þf] _ – ss{ / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx z'ebfos x} . Jofkf/ d] + j[l4, / fhsfo{ d] + ;kmntf, wgk|flKt, ceo tyf sfo{bIftf k/ Gt' k'q si6 tyf zq' ;] ;fjwfgL a/ tgL xf] uL, t;y{ cfk xg'dfg rfnL;f sf kf7 s/ ] + .

l;+xM -df= ld= d'= d] = df] = 6f= l6= 6'= 6] _ – l;+x / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos x} . hxfF– wd{xflg, lrGtf, dg r+rntf tyf 3d08, jxL wgk|flKt, ;'v, / fHo If] q ;] nfe tyf sfo{l;l4 tyf ljho xf] uL tyflk cfk lzj k'hg tyf b'uf{ ;Kt;tL sf kf7 s/ ] + .

sGofM -6f] = k= kL= k"= if= 0f= 7= k] = kf] =_ – sGof / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod x} . kL8Þf, zf/ Ll/ s / f] u, dfgl;s tgfj tyf cfly{s t+ËL / x] uL tyflk Jofkf/ , lzIff, / fhgLlt d] + cf+lzs nfe tyf dfgj[l4 xf] uL . cfk s] lnP lzjk"hg tyf …ç j[ j[x: Kto] gdMÚ sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

t'nfM -/ f= l/ = ?= / ] = / f] = tf= tL= t'= t] =_ – t'nf / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod

kmnbfos x} . clws Joo, zf/ Ll/ s k/ ] zfgL tyf r~rntf xf] t] x'P eL e|d0f ;] nfe, ;'v k|flKt, wgk|flKt tyf pGglt xf] uL, cfk xg'dfg rfnL;f sf kf7 tyf lzj k"hg s/ ] + .

j[lZrsM -tf] gf= lg= g'= gf] = of= lo= o'_ – j[lZrs / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos x} . Joy{ vr{, Joy{ e|d0f, sfo{ If] q d] + dgd'6fj tyf kfl/ jfl/ s lrGtf xf] t] x'P eL wd{ d] + cle?lr, b|Jonfe, ;'v tyf cGttM ljho xf] uL, tyflk cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

wg'M -o= of] = ef= eL= e"= w= kmf= 9= e] =_ – wg' / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos x} + . Sn] z, xflg, zq'j[l4, cfly{s k/ d] zfgL tyf sfo{If] q d] + dgd'6fj sL l: ylt xf] ;stL x} , k/ Gt' cGttM ;'v tyf ljho k|flKt xf] uL . cfk lzj k"hg s/ ] + .

ds/ M -ef] = hf= hL= h'= h] = hf] = v= lv= v'= vf] = uf= uL_ – ds/ / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod x} + . clws Joo, zf/ Ll/ s si6, zq'j[l4, kfk/ lt, dg r~rntf tyf lzIff d] + cfn: otf xf] uL, tyflk dfgj[l4, cfo d] + j[l4 tyf cfo'j[l4 xf] uL . cfk s] lnP xg'dfg rfnL;f sf kf7 >] os/ xf] uf .

s'DeM -u'= u] = uf] = ;f= ;L= ;'= ;] = ;f] = b=_ – s'De / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos xL x} . zf/ Ll/ s si6, zf] s, eo, sfo{If] q d] + c;kmntf tyf dfgxflg sL ;Defjgf / x] uL, tyflk b|Jonfe, lzIff, s[lif If] q, / fHo ;Qf ;] cflz+s nfe tyf k'q ;'v k|flKt xf] uL . cfk b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 s/ ] + .

dLgM -bL= b'= y= em= ̀ = b] = bf] = bL= r= rL_ – dLg / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos x} . c1ft eo, kfk/ lt, xflg, : qLsi6÷k'?ifsi6 sL ;Defjgf tyflk / fHo kIff] + ;] nfe, Jofkf/ d] + j[l4, wgk|flKt, k'q ;'v cf} / 1fgj[l4 xf] uL . cfk …ç j[+ j[x: kto] gdMÚ jf ç gdM lzjfoÚ sf hfk s/ ] + . c: t' .

-ox / flzkmn ! dfr{ ;] n] s/ #! dfr{ ts nfu" xf] uf_/ flzkmn k|: t't / flzkmn ! dO{ ;] #) dO{ ts nfu" xf] uf

n] vsM k+=Hof] = x/ ] s[i0f emf -Hof] ltiffrfo{_df] = g= (*$$)&@!(^, sf7df+8Þ" dw' emf

;fdu|LM s6xn @%) u|fd, 5f] 6] cfn" @, ls;ld; ! a8Þf rDdr, cb/ s !÷@ O+r sf 6's8Þf -dxLg s6f x'cf_, afbfd lu/ L *–!) -dxLg s6f x'cf_, sfh" *–!) -dxLg s6f x'cf_, x/ L wlgof ! u§L -dxLg s6f x'cf_, kf] : tf ! a8Þf rDdr, v/ a"h] sf aLh ! a8Þf rDdr, 5f] 6f Kofh !, ud{ d;fnf ! 5f] 6f rDdr, t] hkQf @–#, 6df6/ @, sfZdL/ L ldr{ kfp8/ !÷@ 5f] 6f rDdr, gds : jfbfg';f/ , 3L of t] n tng] s] lno] .

ljlwM s6xn sf] 5f] 6] –5f] 6] 6's8Þf] d] + sf6s/ pafn n] + . cfn" pafn s/ s6xn j cfn" kL; n] + . xNsf ;f gds ldnf b] + . lszldz kL; n] + ca cb/ s, cfwL x/ L wlgof cf} / lk;L lszldz sf] Ps ;fy ldnf n] + . cfn", s6xn s] ld>0f sf] 5f] 6L–5f] 6L nf] O{ agfs/ xfyf] + s] aLr baf–bafs/ lszldz jfnf ld>0f yf] 8Þf–yf] 8Þf n] + j dgrfx] cfsf/ d] + / f] n agf n] + . OGx] + ud{ 3L of l/ kmfO08 cfon d] + ;'gx/ f tns/ / v n] + . sfh", afbfd, kf] : tf, v/ a"h] sf aLh

j Kofh sf] Ps ;fy kL; n] + . Ps k} g d] + @–# a8Þ] rDdr t] n of 3L ud{ s/ ] + j Kofh jfnf d;fnf 8fns/ e"g n] + . ha xNsf u'nfaL e"g hfP tf] 6df6/ sf6s/ 8fn b] + . / +u jfnL ldr{, u/ d d;fnf, t] hkQf 8fns/ @–# ldg6 cf} / e"g] + . O; s] kZrft gds j yf] 8Þf ;f kfgL 8fn s/ uf9ÞL u|] jL t} of/ s/ n] + . ;j{ s/ g] ;] kxn] ;lj{+u l8z d] + s6xn s] / f] N; / vs/ pmk/ ;] u|] jL 8fn b] + j x/ L wlgofF ;] ;hf b] + .

d} +uf] n] 8L;fdu|LM ! sk cfd sf h";, * k'bLg]

s] kQ] , @ : s"k a] gL+nf cfO;qmLdljlwM Un] +8/ d] + cfd sf h"; cf} /

a] gLnf cfO;qmLd sf] ldnf s/ An] +8 s/ n] + . k'bLg] s] kQf] ;] uflg{z s/ ] +, 7+8f s/ s] ;j{ s/ ] + .

gafaL s6xn

vfgf–vhfgf

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 57

g] kfn s] cf} Bf] lus hut d] + hfgf dfgf gfd x} h] gL;f df] Stfg . cfk cfO=Pd=P; x\o"dg l/ ;f] ;{ -Pr=cf/ _ x} + . cfkg] ckgL lzIff ef/ t g] kfn cf} / o"s] ;] k"/ L sL x} . cfO{=;L=P;=O cf} / P n] en s] ;fy xL cfkg] lahg] ; Osf] gf] ldS; ;] u|] h'Pzg lsof ;fy xL df: 6/ sL l8u|L cfkg] Xo"dg l/ ;f] ;{ cf} / lahg] ; P8ldg] : 6«] zg ;] lsof x} . cfk ld; g] kfn eL / x r'sL x} + . cfksL of] Uotf sf] b] vs/ lglZrt tf} / k/ sxf hf ;stf x} ls dlxnf sxL+ kL5] gxL+ x} + a; cj;/ sL tnfz xf] tL x} . h] gL;f df] Stfg ;] lxdflngL sL dxfk|a+ws sljtf bf; sL x'O{ aftrLt sf ;Dkflbt c+zM

jx lahg] ; xL Sof lh;d+] k|lt: k4f{ gf xf]

) jt{dfg d] ;as] xfyf] d] + ;} d;+u : df6{ df] jfO{n b] vf hf ;stf x} . g] kfnL ahf/ d] + O;sf afhf/ s} ;f x} <

– d} + cf;fgL ;] sx ;stL xF' ls ;} d;+u g+a/ Ps x} g] kfn d] + xdnf] u afhf/ sf] bf] t/ x ;] b] vt] x} + Ps x} u'0fjQf, b";/ f dfqf cf} / d"No . dfqf d] + ax't Hofbf k|lt: kbf{ x} . xdf/ ] df] afOn sf hf] d"No x} p;d] b'sfgbf/ !) ;: t] df] afOn a] rt] x} + k/ ha aft cftL x} u'0fjQf sL tf] xd ;a ;] cfu] x} + . afhf/ d] + df] afOn sL hf] laqmL x} p;d] ̂ )% ;] &)% ts ;} d;+u sf xL cf / xf x} . u|fxs kxn] b";/ f df] afOn k|of] u s/ t] x+} k/ Gt' ha jx ;} d;+u sf k|of] u s/ gf z'? s/ t] x} + ta jf] lkm/ b";/ f df] afOn rngf gxL+ rfxt] x} + . ox xdf/ L ;a ;] a8ÞL ;+klQ x} , lh;sL jhx ;] ;} d;+u g+a/ ! agg] d] + sfdofa x'cf x} .) g] kfnL afhf/ d] + 9] / ;f/ ] df] jfO{n cf / x] x+} . lrk P08 a] : 6 ;eL k|sf/ s] df] jfO{n nfg] jfnL sDklgofF ax't x} + . O;;] ;} d;+u : df6{ kmf] g s] Jofkf/ k/ sf] O{ c;/ <

– cfkg] ;xL sxf afhf/ d] + ax't Hofbf df] afOn cf / x] x} +, k/ d} + sx"FuL ;: tf df] afOn ax't x} k/ ;a;] cR5f df] afOn, jx ax't sd x} . afhf/ d] + ceL rfogLh, ef/ tLo cf} / b";/ ] s+kgL s] df] afOn ax't Hofbf x} + lhgs] d"No sd x} + k/ jx a] : 6 xL xf] uf ox h?/ L gxL+ x} . O;;] xdnf] uf] s] afhf/ k/ c;/ tf] k8Þf x} . k/ afhf/ d] + lhtg] lvnf8ÞL cfPFu] ptgL xL k|ltof] lutf a9Þ] uL k/ O;;] xdf/ f a|f+8 cf} / eL cfu] xf] uf So'+ls b";/ ] df] afOn sf tsgLs dha"t gxL+ x} df] afOn hNb ;] hNb vÞ/ fa xf] hftf x} h} ;] df] afOn sf hngf, lu/ t] xL 6's8Þ] xf] hfgf , aft s/ t–s/ t] df] afOn u/ d xf] hfgf ox ;a ;d: of cfd df] afOn d] + x} k/ xdf/ f df] afOn ;fnf] ;fn rntf x} cf} / ax't Hofbf dha"t eL x} . O;;] xdf/ ] a|f+8 sf dxTj cf} / eL a9Þ hftf x} . cfk g] ;xL sxf k|lt: kbf{ a9ÞL x} k/ jx lahÞg] ; xL Sof lh;d] k|lt: kbf{ gf xf] cf} / xd nf] u Otgf : 6«f+u pTkfbg n] s/ cfo] x} + lh;;] xdnf] uf] + sf] 8/ g] sL aft xL gxL+ x} .

cGt/jftf{

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%58

cGt/jftf{) g] kfnL ahf/ d] + sf] O{ gof+ : df6{ kmf] g cf / xf x} of gxL+ <

– ceL xfn xL d] + xdnf] u ax'k|ltlIft : df6{kmf] g ;} d;+u Uofn] S;L …P;–^Ú / …P;–^ PhÚ afhf/ d] + n] s/ cfo] x} + . Uofn] S;L …P;–^Ú z'? x'cf yf u} n] S;L ;L/ Lh ;] k/ ceL ox P;–^ ts kxF'r r'sf x} cf} / O;sf d"No *% xhf/ ?k} ofF x} ,= cf} / P;–^ PhÚ ox b'lgof sf kxnf df] afOn x} lh;sf : s|Lg se{ x} cf} / O;] ls;L eL cf] / ;] rnfof hf ;stf x} , ;a t/ km ;] Ps xL k|efj lbv] uf . O;sf d"No (% xhf/ ?k} ofF x} .) ;} d;+u df] jfO{n sf laqmL ljt/ 0f s} ;f x} <

– xdnf] u g] kfn s] lnP cflwsfl/ s ljqm] tf x} + . xdf/ ] kf; #) If] qLo ljqm] tf x} , !)) ;] Hofbf km'6s/ ljqm] tf x+} hf] u|fxs ts df] afOn pknAw s/ ft] x+} . xdnf] uf] sL ax't cR5L 6Ld x} hf] k"/ L t/ x ;] ckgf sfd s/ t] x} + . df] afOn ;lj{; ;] +6/ d] + 1fg k|fKt 6] SgLlzog x} + hf] u|fxs sf] k"/ L t/ x ;+t'i6 s/ t] x} + . ceL % ;lj{; ;] +6/ x} + k/ ;fn s] cGt ts xdf/ L !% ;] @) ;lj{; ;] +6/ sL zfvf vf] ng] sf of] hgf x} . xdnf] u cg'ejL 6] SgLlzog sf] / vt] x} + k/ pGx] + xd ckg] : 6} +88{ s] d'tflas l;vft] x} +. ) ;} d;+u df] jfO{n d] + P] ;f Sof x} hf] u|fxsf] + sf] k;Gb cfP <

– ;} d;+u s+kgL s8Þf] / f] + 8f‘n/ / L;r{ cf} / ljsfz d] + vr{ s/ tf x} , b'lgof d] + @–# s+klgofF xL+ x} + hf] u'0f: t/ Lotf k/ Hofbf hf] / b] tf x} . cfh hf] eL gof tsgLs cf / xf x} *)% ;} d;+u d] + xL xf] / xf x} . g] kfn d] + hf] df] afOn xd cfoft s/ t] x} + jx g] kfn s] kl/ j] z cf} / oxfF s] lx;fa ;] agfof hftf x} . lh;;] g] kfnL u|fxs sf] pkof] u s/ g] d] + cf;fgL xf] tL x} .) cfk Xo"dg l/ ;f] ;{ -Pr=cf/ _ s] kb k/ sfo{/ t x+} O;sL Sof e"ldsf xf] tL x} cf} / cfk sf] O; If] q d] + sf] O{ k/ ] zfgL <

– Xo"dg l/ ;f] ;{ -dfgj ;+;fwg_ s+kgL sf xf6{ xf] tf x} hf] O+;fg b\jf/ f lsof hftf x} s'5 eL cf‘6f] d] 6] 8 gxL+ xf] tf x} g] kfn h} ;] b] zf+] d] + . Xo"dg l/ ;f] ;{ s+kgL sL / 0fgLlt , b[li6 , lbzf, g] t[Tj, k|] / 0ff, b[9Þ ;+sNk k/ sfo{ s/ tL x} . k/ ] zfgL sL aft s/ ] + tf] xd] + k|ltefjfg nf] u sL sdL dx;"; xf] / xL x} . d] / ] kf; sfd x} b] g] sf] , cR5] k} ;] x+} b] g] s] lnP k/ xdf/ ] b] z d] + cg'ejL nf] uf] + sL ax't sdL x} . d] / ] kf; ax't nf] u cft] x} + gf} s/ L s] lnP k/ d'em] pgd] sfaLlnot gxL+ ldntL x} hf] xdf/ ] s+kgL s] lnP h¿/ L x} . k9Þ] lnv] nf] uf] + sL ax't Hofbf sdL x} xdf/ ] b] z d] +, cfh xdf/ f s+kgL O+6/ g] zgn dfs] |l{6+u ;lj{; Ps ;kmn s+kgL x} hxfF k/ o'jf 6Ld x} . pgsf] sfd s/ g] sf h'g'g x} , s'5 s/ g] sL rfx x} cf} / d] xgtL x} + . xd j} ;] nf] uf] + sf] rfxt] x+} ckgL s+kgL s] lnP . ) cGt d] + g] kfnL u|fxsf] + sf] Sof sxgf rfxtL x} + <

– cGt d] + a; Otgf xL sx"FuL ls cfh s] hÞdfg] d] + O+;fg s] hLjg d] + df] afOn

sf dxTj ax't a9Þ uof x} . xdf/ f Hofbf ;do df] afOn k/ u'h/ tf x} . kxn] cfk ox ;f] lro] sL cfk sf] kÞmf] g s} ;f rflxP cg';+wfg sLlho] cf} / P] ;] df] afOn d] + lgj] z sLlho] hf] cfk sL h?/ t sf] k"/ f s/ ] ;s] .

gjjif{ @)&! s] z'ecj;/ k/ ;d: t g]kfnL hgtf d]+ xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm s/t] x}+ .

Go" kz'klt OlG8:6«Lh P08 >L l;4L 6]S;6fON; k|f=ln=

jL/u+h, kmf]g g+=M )%!–%@*!#@, %@!$@@

lxdflngLdO{ @)!% 59

lxdflngL dO{ @)!%60