Dream it, Design it, Build it. www.ccee.engineering.iastate.edu
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYCivil, Construction & Environmental Engineering
David J. White, Pavana Vennapusa, Heath Gieselman, Luke Johanson, Rachel Goldsmith, Jiake Zhang,
Stephen Quist
May 21, 2008
Minnesota Route 4 Aggregate Base and HMA
Texas FM 156 Cohesive Subgrade
Lime Stabilized Subgrade
Aggregate “Flex” Base
Kansas US69 Cohesive Subgrade
New York US219 Granular Subgrade
Granular Base
HMA non-wearing course layer mapa = 0.6 mm, f = 3000 vpm
Class 5 aggregate subbase layer map, a = 0.6 mm, f = 2500 vpm
Reflection of hard spots onthe HMA layer
Reflection of hard spots onthe HMA layer
Reflection of soft spots onthe HMA layer
HMA Map Subbase Map
CCVSubbase (a = 0.6 mm, f = 2500)
0 5 10 15 20 25
CC
V HM
A (a
= 0
.6 m
m, f
= 3
000)
0
5
10
15
20
25
y = 2.45 ln(x) + 2.3R2 = 0.69
Influence of Support Conditions – CCV
Minnesota Route 4, Kandiyohi County, MN
HMA Map Subbase Map
(NRCS 2008)
CR 98
CR 98 Approximate location where subgrade layer reportedly “failed” under test rolling, and IC mapping showed poor support conditions
Approximate location where HMA layer “failed” under construction traffic loads
548
Soil Unit 548 (NRCS 2008):Palms Muck, Sandy SubstratumVery poorly DrainedWater Table At Surface0 to 27 in – Muck27 – 39 in – Sandy Clay Loam39 – 60 in – Coarse Sand
Dis
tanc
e (m
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Pass 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Lane12345
Localized Wet Area
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
k SIS
D(M
N/m
)
20
40
60
80
EFW
D-D
3 (M
Pa)
0
400
800
1200
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
k SIS
D(M
N/m
)
20
40
60
80
ELW
D-Z
2 (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
400ks (MN/m)Point Measurement
Flex Base Flex BaseLime Stabilized Subgrade
Flex Base
Lime StabilizedSubgrade
Flex Base
Box Culvert
Flex Base
Lime StabilizedSubgrade
Flex Base
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
CM
V
0
50
100
150
200
ELW
D-Z
2 (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
400
CMV (Setting 2)Point MeasurementCMV (Setting 3)
Flex Base Flex BaseLime Stabilized Subgrade
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
CM
V
0
50
100
150
200
EFW
D-D
3 (M
Pa)
0
400
800
1200
200
4000
Box Culvert
Lane 6
Lane 5
Lane 4
Lane 3
Lane 2
~ 200 m
~ 14
m
Calibration lanes
Lane 1
Box Culvert
Distance (m)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
k s (M
N/m
)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40Pass 1Pass 4Pass 6Pass 8Pass 12
Box Culvert
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
k s (M
N/m
)
1015202530354045
EFW
D-D
3(M
Pa)
050100150200250
EFWD-D3
Measurement repeatability
Box Culvert
CBR (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Dep
th (m
m)
0
200
400
600
800
Point 13
CBR (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Dep
th (m
m)
0
200
400
600
800
Point 12
DCP refusal(Box Culvert)
CBR (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60D
epth
(mm
)
0
200
400
600
800
Point 5
CBR (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Dep
th (m
m)
0
200
400
600
800
Point 1
Point 1
Point 5
Point 12
Point 13
w = 29.5%γ d = 13.8 kN/m3
ELWD-Z2 = 11.6 MPa
ELWD-Z2 = 58.4 MPaEV1 = 96.9 MPaEV2 = 381.1 MPaEFWD-D3 = 145 MPaED-SPA = 88 MPa
w = 20.8%γ d = 16.0 kN/m3
ELWD-Z2 = 61.1 MPa
ELWD-Z2 = 47.5 MPaEV1 = 42.1 MPaEV2 = 121.1 MPaEFWD-D3 = 57 MPaED-SPA = 44 MPa
Box Culvert
kSΙSD map; nominal a = 1.10 mm, f = 30 Hz, and v = 3.5 km/h
kSΙPD map; nominal a = 0.80 mm, f = 35 Hz, and v = 3.2 km/h
kSIPD (MN/m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
k SIS
D (M
N/m
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80Padfoot a = 0.8 mm, f = 35 HzSmoothdrum a = 1.1 mm, f = 30 HzPadfoot a = 1.3 mm, f = 35 HzSmoothdrum a = 1.1 mm, f = 30 HzPadfoot a = 1.0 mm, f = 35 HzSmoothdrum a = 1.5 mm, f = 35 Hz
0 10 20 30 40 50
CC
V
1234567
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
ELW
D-Z
2 (M
Pa)
0
20
40
60Pass 1
Lane 2: a = 0.93 mm, v = 6 km/h, f = 33 Hz (Low amp setting)
Pass 4 Pass 13
0 10 20 30 40 50
CC
V
1234567
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
γ d (k
N/m
3 )
14
15
16
17
18
19
20Pass 1 Pass 4 Pass 13
Dist 1 vs Pass 1 Dist 1 vs Pass 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
CC
V
1234567
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
w (%
)
5
10
15
20
Pass 1 Pass 4 Pass 13
Dist 1 vs Pass 1 Dist 1 vs Pass 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
CC
V
1234567
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50C
BR
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50Pass 1 Pass 4 Pass 13
Dist 1 vs Pass 1 Dist 1 vs Pass 1
Distance (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50
CC
V
1234567
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
EFW
D-D
4.5 (
MP
a)
0
30
60
90
120
150Pass 1 Pass 4 Pass 13Avg. F = 27 kN
LWD
Nuke DD
Nuke w%
DCP - CBR
FWD
Pass
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
CC
V
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pass
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ELW
D-Z
2 (M
Pa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pass
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
d (k
N/m
3 )
10
12
14
16
18
20
Pass
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
CB
R (%
)
0
5
10
15
20
Values corrected using w% values after Pass 1
TB 4 Lane 3: a = 2.19 mm, v = 6 km/h, f = 26 Hz (High amp setting)
Weathered Shale(Stiff)
Clay Subgrade
Padfoot CCV Smooth Drum CCV
Comparison between Padfoot and Smooth Drum CCV
MDP for Pass Number1 2 3
Elevation (Pass #3)
Elev. (m)>245.67245.67245.06244.45243.84243.23242.62<242.62
Passes>987654321
280
m
Pass Number1 2 3
MDP80
>1401351301251201150
Pass
0 1 2 3 4
Ave
rage
MD
P80
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Direction North to SouthDirection South to North
1x
Production AreaCompaction
Elev. (m)>245.67245.67245.06244.45243.84243.23242.62<242.62
125
m
MDP80 Measurement Pass
1 2-3 4-7
Passes>987654321
MDP80
>1401351301251201150
RollingDirection
Shale Fill Clay Fill
Pass
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ave
rage
MD
P80
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Clay FillShale Fill
1x
ISU Research Team Contacts:David J. White, Associate Professor, [email protected], (515) 290-1080 (cell)Heath Gieselman, Assistant Scientist, [email protected], (515) 450-1383 (cell)
Embankment/Subgrade (Sandy Silt/Gravel)
Aggregate Base (4 inch minus)
1
2
3
Embankment/Pavement Foundation LayersAccelerated Implementation of IC Technology for Embankment Subgrade Soils, Aggregate Base, and Asphalt Pavement Materials
US 219, Springville, NY – New York State Department of Transportation[May 17-May 22, 2009]
Notes:A. Moisture condition calibration test strip areas ± 1.5% optimum except as noted. B. NYSDOT assistance requested for FWD testing and information on project QA testing requirements. C. As time permits repeatability passes for roller will be performed on embankment and aggregate base.
Aggregate Base (2 inch minus)4”
8”
Date TB MachineAmp (mm)
Spot Tests Notes/Comments
05/17
ISU arrives at site to setup mobile lab (2pm)Setup BOMAG/CAT rollers and make trial runs with GPS (3pm)Meet with Contractor and identify potential test areas (4pm)Collect material samples for on-site laboratory characterization (5pm)
05/18
1BOMAG (smooth)
0.7, 2.0Auto
DCP, LWD, NG, PLT, BCD(?)
10 m x 60 m calibration test area. 1. Compact foundation layer with 8 roller passes and
map.2. Place one 300 mm loose lift of silty gravel over
area3. Compact in three lanes using low, high, and vario
control – 10 passes + 3 mapping passes4. Develop compaction curves5. Excavate trenches and repeat compaction
2CAT
(smooth)TBD
DCP, LWD, NG, PLT, FWD
Roller mapping in production areas of embankment and aggregate base. Monitor existing practice and perform in-situ tests for comparison. Use data for test run on IC QA specification.
05/19
3CAT
(smooth)0.91.8
DCP, LWD, NG, PLT, BCD
15 m x 60 m calibration test area. 1. Compact foundation layer with 8 roller passes and
map.2. Place 300 mm loose lift of silty gravel over a area
for lanes 1/2 and 600 mm loose lift lanes 3/4.3. Create wet spot (+4%) 15 m x 10 m4. Compact in four lanes using low and high 10
passes + 2 mapping passes5. Develop compaction curves
4BOMAG (smooth)
TBDDCP, LWD, NG,
PLT, FWD
Roller mapping in production areas of embankment and aggregate base. Monitor existing practice and perform in-situ tests for comparison. Use data for test run on IC QA specification.
5/20 to 5/22
5/6
BOMAG (smooth)/
CAT (Smooth)
TBDDCP, LWD, NG,
PLT, FWDProduction compaction areas of embankment and aggregate base. Multiple lifts.
05/21 Open House –presentation of preliminary results and roller demonstrations.
#2 (Vario Control)#3 (High Amp)
#1 (Low Amp)
Plan View Profile View
Notes: Compact underlying layer with 8 roller passes
Lift = 300 mm10 m
~60 m
Notes: After compaction testing, excavate two trenches and recompact
10 m
~60 m
Trench depth = 0.3 m and 1 mTrench widths = 1 m and 2m
Loose trenches
Calibration Test Strips - BOMAG
#1 #2 #3
Profile View
Lift = 600 mm
Notes: Compact underlying layer with 8 roller passes
Lift = 300 mmLanes 1/2
Lanes 3/4Wet zone (+4% wopt)
#3 (Low Amp)
Plan View
15 m#2 (High Amp)
#4 (High Amp)
#1 (Low Amp)
~60 m
Calibration Test Strips - CAT
• 10 Test Beds– TB1: Embankment Area Production Map CAT
– TB2: Embankment Area Production Map CAT
– TB3: Embankment Area Production Map Bomag
– TB4: Aggregate Base Calibration CAT
– TB5: Aggregate Base Calibration Bomag
– TB6: Aggregate Base Production CAT
– TB7: Aggregate Base Production Bomag
– TB8: Aggregate Base Production CAT (Contractor)
– TB9: Embankment Calibration (FWD) CAT and Bomag
– TB10: Embankment Test Trench Test Bed CAT and Bomag
MDPPass 1Static
MDPPass 2
Low
MDPPass 3
Low
MDP40
>145140135130125120
ELWD-Z2 (MPa)
0 100 200 300 400
MD
P40
100
110
120
130
140
150
CBR300
0 50 100 150 200
ELWDCBR MDP-ELWD MDP-CBR
R2 0.80
R2 = 0.72
ELWD-Z2 (MPa)
0 100 200 300 400
CM
V
0
20
40
60
80
100
CBR300
0 50 100 150 200
ELWDCBR CMV - ELWDCMV-CBR
R2 = 0.68
R2 = 0.85
MDPPass 2
Low
MDPPass 3
Low
200
m
CMV>100806040200
Test Bed 1Embankment Material
ELWD-Z2 (MPa)
0 100 200 300 400
CM
V
0
20
40
60
80
100
CBR300
0 50 100 150 200
ELWDCBR CMV - ELWDCMV-CBR
R2 = 0.68
R2 = 0.85
ELWD-Z2 (MPa)
0 100 200 300 400
CM
V
0
20
40
60
80
100
CBR300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ELWDCBR CMV - ELWDCMV - CBR
R2 = 0.54
R2 = 0.30
CMV>100806040200
CMVPass 2
Low
71 m
MDPPass 1Static
MDPPass 2
Low
MDP40
>145140135130125120
ELWD-Z2 (MPa)
0 100 200 300 400
MD
P40
100
110
120
130
140
150
CBR300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ELWDCBR MDP - CBRMDP - ELWD
R2 0.54
R2 = 0.75
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
Jum
p
0
1
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
Jum
p
0
1
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
Jum
p
0
1
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100E
VIB
(MP
a)0
100
200
300
Jum
p
0
1
2
Distance (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
Jum
p
0
1
2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
Jum
p
0
1
2
Pass 1: Manual a = 0.70 mm
Pass 2: Auto
Pass 3: Manual a = 0.70 mm
Pass 4: Manual a = 1.10 mm
Pass 5: Manual a = 0.70mm
Pass 6: Manual a = 1.10mm
Test Bed 3 (Bomag) Embankment Subgrade
Distance (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
ELW
D-Z
2 (M
Pa)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Pass 4: Manual a = 0.7 mm
Distance (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
ELW
D-Z
3 (M
Pa)
50
100
150
200
250
Pass 4: Manual a = 0.7 mm
Distance (m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
EV
IB (M
Pa)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jum
p
-1
0
1
2
3
Pass 4: Manual a = 0.7 mm
300 mm Zorn LWD
Jump
200 mm Zorn LWD
Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4
TX
MT
CA
MIID
AZ
NV
NM
OR
ILCO
WY
UT
MN
IA
KS
SD WI
NE
NDWA
FL
OK
MO
NY
AL
LA
GA
PAIN
ARNC
VA
OH
TN
MS
KY
ME
SC
WV
VT
MD
NH
CTMA
NJ
DE
RI
NCHRP 21-09
FHWA IC Pooled Fund
NCHRP / FHWA / MnDOT
FHWA IC Pooled Fund To Be Visited
NCHRP / FHWA
Other
Thank youhttp://www.ctre.iastate.edu/reports/
Contact: [email protected]
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