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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Introduction toIntroduction toData Communications Data Communications
and and NetworkingNetworking
Workshop IWorkshop I
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Five components of data communication
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 1.2 Simplex
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 1.3 Half-duplex
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 1.4 Full-duplex
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Point-to-point connection
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 1.6 Multipoint connection
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Categories of topology
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Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)
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Star topology
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Bus topology
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Ring topology
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Categories of networks
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Figure 1.13 LAN
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Figure 1.13 LAN (Continued)
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Figure 1.14 MAN
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Figure 1.15 WAN
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
The InternetThe Internet
A Brief History
The Internet Today
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Chronology of Internet Evolution (W. Stallings)
1996 ARPA packet-switching experiment 1969 First ARPANET nodes operational 1972 Distributed e-mail invented 1973 Non US computer linked to ARPANET 1975 ARPANET transitioned to Defense
Communications Agency 1980 TCP/IP experiment began 1981 New host added every twenty days 1983 TCP/IP switchover complete
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Chronology of Internet Evolution continued (W. Stallings)
1986NSFnet backbone created 1990ARPANET retired 1991Gopher introduced 1991WWW invented 1992Mosaic introduced 1995Internet backbone privatized 1996OC-3 (155 Mbps) backbone built
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Growth of the Internet
Exponential growth in the 1990s (Web technology is a major factor)
More than 30-million computers were attached to the Internet in 1998
Doubling the size every 9 to 12 month in the 1990s
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Internet today
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Websites http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/ http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ http://www.nsrc.org/codes/bymap/ntlgy/
(Internetology: 1993-97, by continents, by date) http://www.w3.org/History.html (Web history) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone http://www.nthelp.com/maps.htm (backbone maps) http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Internet/Or
ganizations/Internet_Backbone/
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NetworkModels
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Layered Tasks
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
Services
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Sending a letter as an analogy
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Internet layers
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Peer-to-peer processes
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Physical layer
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The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.
Note:Note:
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
Note:Note:
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 2.7 Node-to-node delivery
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The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.
Note:Note:
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Figure 2.10 Source-to-destination delivery
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The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery of a message from
one process to another.
Note:Note:
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Figure 2.12 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 2.15 Application layer
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The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Note:Note:
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Summary of duties
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Configuration for TCP/IP: an Example
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Operation of TCP/IP: sending side
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Operation of TCP/IP: actions at the router
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Operation of TCP/IP: sending side
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TransmissionMedia
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Transmission medium and physical layer
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media
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Guided MediaGuided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
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Twisted-pair cable
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UTP and STP
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Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cablesCategories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
Category Bandwidth Data Rate Digital/Analog Use
1 very low < 100 kbps Analog Telephone
2 < 2 MHz 2 Mbps Analog/digital T-1 lines
3 16 MHz 10 Mbps Digital LANs
4 20 MHz 20 Mbps Digital LANs
5 100 MHz 100 Mbps Digital LANs
6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 Mbps Digital LANs
7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 Mbps Digital LANs
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UTP connector
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Coaxial cable
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BNC connectors
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Bending of light ray
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Optical fiber
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Modes
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Fiber construction
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Fiber-optic cable connectors
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Unguided Media: WirelessUnguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
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Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication
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BandsBands
BandBand RangeRange PropagationPropagation ApplicationApplication
VLFVLF 3–30 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation
LFLF 30–300 KHz GroundRadio beacons and
navigational locators
MFMF 300 KHz–3 MHz Sky AM radio
HF HF 3–30 MHz SkyCitizens band (CB),
ship/aircraft communication
VHF VHF 30–300 MHzSky and
line-of-sightVHF TV, FM radio
UHF UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz Line-of-sightUHF TV, cellular phones,
paging, satellite
SHF SHF 3–30 GHz Line-of-sight Satellite communication
EHFEHF 30–300 GHz Line-of-sight Long-range radio navigation
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Wireless transmission waves
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Omnidirectional antennas
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Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.
NoteNote::
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Unidirectional antennas
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Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
NoteNote::
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.
NoteNote::
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Connecting LANs,Backbone Networks
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Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices
Repeaters
Routers
Bridges
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Connecting devices
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Repeater
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A repeater connects segments of a LAN.
NoteNote::
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.
NoteNote::
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Hubs
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A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.
NoteNote::
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Bridge
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Backbone NetworksBackbone Networks
Bus Backbone
Star Backbone
Connecting Remote LANs
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In a bus backbone, the topology of the backbone is a bus.
NoteNote::
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Figure 16.11 Bus backbone
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In a star backbone, the topology of the backbone is a star; the backbone is
just one switch.
NoteNote::
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Figure 16.12 Star backbone
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
Connecting remote LANs
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
A point-to-point link acts as a LAN in a remote backbone connected by
remote bridges.
NoteNote::
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
VLANs create broadcast domains.
NoteNote::