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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Introduction to Data Communications Data Communications and and Networking Networking Workshop I Workshop I
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Page 1: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Introduction toIntroduction toData Communications Data Communications

and and NetworkingNetworking

Workshop IWorkshop I

Page 2: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Five components of data communication

Page 3: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.2 Simplex

Page 4: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.3 Half-duplex

Page 5: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.4 Full-duplex

Page 6: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Point-to-point connection

Page 7: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.6 Multipoint connection

Page 8: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Categories of topology

Page 9: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

Page 10: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Star topology

Page 11: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Bus topology

Page 12: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Ring topology

Page 13: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Categories of networks

Page 14: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.13 LAN

Page 15: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.13 LAN (Continued)

Page 16: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.14 MAN

Page 17: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 1.15 WAN

Page 18: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

The InternetThe Internet

A Brief History

The Internet Today

Page 19: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Chronology of Internet Evolution (W. Stallings)

1996 ARPA packet-switching experiment 1969 First ARPANET nodes operational 1972 Distributed e-mail invented 1973 Non US computer linked to ARPANET 1975 ARPANET transitioned to Defense

Communications Agency 1980 TCP/IP experiment began 1981 New host added every twenty days 1983 TCP/IP switchover complete

Page 20: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Chronology of Internet Evolution continued (W. Stallings)

1986NSFnet backbone created 1990ARPANET retired 1991Gopher introduced 1991WWW invented 1992Mosaic introduced 1995Internet backbone privatized 1996OC-3 (155 Mbps) backbone built

Page 21: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Growth of the Internet

Exponential growth in the 1990s (Web technology is a major factor)

More than 30-million computers were attached to the Internet in 1998

Doubling the size every 9 to 12 month in the 1990s

Page 22: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Page 23: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Internet today

Page 24: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Websites http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/ http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ http://www.nsrc.org/codes/bymap/ntlgy/

(Internetology: 1993-97, by continents, by date) http://www.w3.org/History.html (Web history) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone http://www.nthelp.com/maps.htm (backbone maps) http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Internet/Or

ganizations/Internet_Backbone/

Page 25: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

NetworkModels

Page 26: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Layered Tasks

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier

Hierarchy

Services

Page 27: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Sending a letter as an analogy

Page 28: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Internet layers

Page 29: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Peer-to-peer processes

Page 30: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Physical layer

Page 31: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one

node to the next.

Note:Note:

Page 32: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from

one node to the next.

Note:Note:

Page 33: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 2.7 Node-to-node delivery

Page 34: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the

original source to the final destination.

Note:Note:

Page 35: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 2.10 Source-to-destination delivery

Page 36: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery of a message from

one process to another.

Note:Note:

Page 37: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 2.12 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

Page 38: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 2.15 Application layer

Page 39: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

Note:Note:

Page 40: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Summary of duties

Page 41: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Configuration for TCP/IP: an Example

Page 42: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Operation of TCP/IP: sending side

Page 43: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Operation of TCP/IP: actions at the router

Page 44: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Operation of TCP/IP: sending side

Page 45: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

TransmissionMedia

Page 46: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Transmission medium and physical layer

Page 47: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

Page 48: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Guided MediaGuided Media

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable

Page 49: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Twisted-pair cable

Page 50: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

UTP and STP

Page 51: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cablesCategories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

Category Bandwidth Data Rate Digital/Analog Use

1 very low < 100 kbps Analog Telephone

2 < 2 MHz 2 Mbps Analog/digital T-1 lines

3 16 MHz 10 Mbps Digital LANs

4 20 MHz 20 Mbps Digital LANs

5 100 MHz 100 Mbps Digital LANs

6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 Mbps Digital LANs

7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 Mbps Digital LANs

Page 52: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

UTP connector

Page 53: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Coaxial cable

Page 54: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

BNC connectors

Page 55: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Bending of light ray

Page 56: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Optical fiber

Page 57: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Modes

Page 58: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Fiber construction

Page 59: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Fiber-optic cable connectors

Page 60: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Unguided Media: WirelessUnguided Media: Wireless

Radio Waves

Microwaves

Infrared

Page 61: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

Page 62: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

BandsBands

BandBand RangeRange PropagationPropagation ApplicationApplication

VLFVLF 3–30 KHz Ground Long-range radio navigation

LFLF 30–300 KHz GroundRadio beacons and

navigational locators

MFMF 300 KHz–3 MHz Sky AM radio

HF HF 3–30 MHz SkyCitizens band (CB),

ship/aircraft communication

VHF VHF 30–300 MHzSky and

line-of-sightVHF TV, FM radio

UHF UHF 300 MHz–3 GHz Line-of-sightUHF TV, cellular phones,

paging, satellite

SHF SHF 3–30 GHz Line-of-sight Satellite communication

EHFEHF 30–300 GHz Line-of-sight Long-range radio navigation

Page 63: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Wireless transmission waves

Page 64: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Omnidirectional antennas

Page 65: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and

television, and paging systems.

NoteNote::

Page 66: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Unidirectional antennas

Page 67: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular

telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

NoteNote::

Page 68: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area

using line-of-sight propagation.

NoteNote::

Page 69: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Connecting LANs,Backbone Networks

Page 70: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Connecting DevicesConnecting Devices

Repeaters

Routers

Bridges

Page 71: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Connecting devices

Page 72: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Repeater

Page 73: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

A repeater connects segments of a LAN.

NoteNote::

Page 74: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.

NoteNote::

Page 75: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Hubs

Page 76: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.

NoteNote::

Page 77: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Bridge

Page 78: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Backbone NetworksBackbone Networks

Bus Backbone

Star Backbone

Connecting Remote LANs

Page 79: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

In a bus backbone, the topology of the backbone is a bus.

NoteNote::

Page 80: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 16.11 Bus backbone

Page 81: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

In a star backbone, the topology of the backbone is a star; the backbone is

just one switch.

NoteNote::

Page 82: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 16.12 Star backbone

Page 83: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Connecting remote LANs

Page 84: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

A point-to-point link acts as a LAN in a remote backbone connected by

remote bridges.

NoteNote::

Page 85: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Introduction to Data Communications and Networking Workshop I.

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

VLANs create broadcast domains.

NoteNote::


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