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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyramid
M C N d hM.C. NandeeshaCentre for Aquaculture Research
and Development St. Xavier’s Bishramganj,
Bihramganj-799103, Tripura, India
State true or false : Substantiate your answer in any case
• Farmers are scientists : True / False
• Scientists are farmers :Scientists are farmers : True /False
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What is innovation
Innovation is defined as somethingnew that has been started andpracticed successfully by farmers ontheir own initiative
New is defined as somethingunknown to the locality , but notnecessarily new to the worldnecessarily new to the world.
Innovation is a strategy adopted byall living organisms including humanrace.
Innovation
Necessity is the mother of all i tiinnovations
Innovation is the foundation for survival and sustainability
Progressive society is always g y yinnovative
Poor people constantly innovate to meet their livelihood necessities
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Commonsense and curiosity
Sir Peter Mademeyer – Nobel Laureate inPhysiology states -Commonsense and curiosityare the two essential basic qualities necessaryfor an innovatorBased on the level of possession andBased on the level of possession andapplication of these two qualities of commonsense and curiosity , the farmer or researcher’sdegree of success as an innovator is determinedby the society
Hone
Professor Anil Gupta of the Indian Institute of Management , Ahmedabad established this network to promote grass root innovations e
y
B
The network acts as knowledge center to pool ideas and solutions developed by people without outside help in different sectors
It h b hi f th 90ee
It has membership from more than 90 countries . It produces newsletters in English Spanish and four Indian regional languages to document and disseminate such grass roo6t innovations Network
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National Innovation Foundation-INDIA
• To scout innovation at the grass root level and identify the potential innovation forand identify the potential innovation for scaling up to benefit wider section of the society
• Provide apt recognition for the innovator and help the innovator to derive benefits from any scaling up processany scaling up process
• Provide support for the innovators to blossom their potential
National level Competitions
First year 1660 innovations
Second year 6226 innovations
Third year 13500 innovations
Seventh year over 30,000 innovations
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Inno
Dr. R.A.Mashelkar, FRS. Chairman, NIF“Today we are honouring those unsung heros who are not scientists , but whose creativity is no less than that of the scientists They are not scientists and o
vatI
scientists . They are not scientists and they do not work in our formal laboratories like the National Physical Laboratory ; they work in the laboratory of life. They are not formally trained in scientific analysis , but their powers of observation , analysis and I
on
p f , ysynthesis is no less than those of formally trained scientists”.
is CELEBRATION
Necessity is the mother of all innovations
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CHINA - THE TOP MOST AQUACULTURE
PRODUCER
Farmer
Scientist
Soldier
Earthen Chinese hatcheryFarmers have used bamboo to buildcircular hatchery and successfulbreeding activities have been carriedout in such low cost hatcheriesout in such low cost hatcheriesMost interesting innovation is theconstruction of Chinese hatchery bydigging the soil and using plastic lineas a layer to carry out breedingoperation.The farmer has also evolved simpletechnique to preserve the hormonetechnique to preserve the hormoneon the pond bottom due to lowtemperature.The farmer has now improved thehatchery system by building betterstructures with the money he wasable to make from seed productionactivity
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Chinese hatcherymodifications to suit thelocal conditions are themost important innovationsmade by farmers
These hatchery used for thebreeding of silverbarb, silver carp, commoncarp have made the seedavailability to farmersavailability to farmerslocally
Snakehead culture - Cambodia
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Successful culture with pellet feed
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Innovations in Indonesia
SAP
Philippines – innovations in sea weed
VVVV
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Thailand – Tilapia
ZERO TIGER
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Vietnam – Tilapia hatchery
IMPACTS
(1) HOW LONG IT WILL(1) HOW LONG IT WILL TAKE TO SPREAD?
(2) WHAT WILL BE SUSTAINED BYSUSTAINED BY THE COMMUNITY ?
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Cage culture in Bangladesh
Small farmer – small cages
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Visit to AIT and field – Thailand
Tilapia hatchery
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Cage culture in rivers in Bangladesh
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Several hundred successful cages in rivers
Species selection for composite culture in India and ChinaIn India , farmers had chosen three speciesof carps for culture – Catla , rohu and mrigalb d h k l d d b
p , gbased on the knowledge generated byfarmers centuries agoFarmers also devised the method for thecollection of these species seed from riversSimilar is the innovation of Chinese farmerswho had chosen silver carp , big head , grasscarp, black carp , etc and evolved compositecarp, black carp , etc and evolved compositecultureChinese farmers have also evolved localmethod for the collection of these speciesfrom rivers and transportation of seed
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Innovations of farmers in Andhra Pradesh – Ponds
Size of the ponds used for carp lt l t diculture are large extending even
up to 50 ha . Bigger the pond better the growth in case of carpsTrench method of pond construction wherein trench is dug
d th il f th t h iand the soil from the trench is used for the bundh constructionCost of construction reduced drastically in trench method of pond construction
Bag feeding method
One of the most significant innovation ofAndhra farmers is the evolution of bagfeeding method to prevent the wastage offoodFertiliser bags are trimmed and few rows ofholes are made at the bottomFishes browse the feed through such smallFishes browse the feed through such smallholes.Bag feeding method has become excellent wayof treating fish diseaseIf the given feed is not exhausted within2-3 hrs, it gives an indication to farmerson the health of fish and / or pond.
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Bag feeding method
One of the most significant innovation ofAndhra farmers is the evolution of bagfeeding method to prevent the wastage offoodFertiliser bags are trimmed and few rows ofholes are made at the bottomFishes browse the feed through such smallFishes browse the feed through such smallholes.Bag feeding method has become excellent wayof treating fish diseaseIf the given feed is not exhausted within2-3 hrs, it gives an indication to farmerson the health of fish and / or pond.
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Poverty combined with desire
promotes innovation
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Lime is an essential pond input , butnot easily available
Ash as a substitute to lime
Farmers have been using ash fortreating varieties of plant of plantdiseaseBanana stem is commonly used toabsorb acidity in different environmentAsh prepared from banana stem, wood
h h hash, various types other ashes areused as substitute to lime. Farmers arehappy with the results obtained withthese substitutes.
Common carp breedingand Nursing
Common carp are bred by providing water hyacinth roots as substrate for egg attachment
Water hyacinth attached with eggs are sold directly to other farmers and farmers also often keep these eggs for direct hatching in paddy fields .
Hatching of common carp eggs is done in hapa, cement tubs
Seed are nursed using locally available feed resources like egg yolk , wheat bran , rice polish , etc.
Women are the most active participants of the common carp breeding and nursing activity
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Gher innovation and nursing of prawn seed
Gher is a method evolved for culture of prawn inGher is a method evolved for culture of prawn inBangladesh. About 30-40% of the total low lying areais dug and made as trench and the soil excavated isused for raising dike all around
In monsoon whole area is submerged in water. Mostfarmers undertake cultivation of only prawn and indry season the paddy is grown in the area
I th t h k t d b bl ki th ilIn the trenches pockets are made by blocking the soiland prawn larvae are nursed from post larvae tojuvenile stage. When they are grown small dikes areremoved
Hapas and cages area also used for nursing of prawnseed . Gher farming of prawn has improved thelivelihood of several thousand of farmers
Feeds and feed
N i fi h d d i d b ki
Making devices
Nursing fish and prawn seed is done by makinggood pellet feed using various locally availablefeed ingredients. Most commonly rice bran, wheat flour , oilcakes , prawn / fish meal , etcare nicely powdered and the dough is preparedThe dough is passed through the pellet makingdevise More than ten different types of pelletdevise . More than ten different types of pelletmaking devices developed locally by farmersthemselves are popularly used , including theuse of rice noodle making machine for makingfish pellets.More than 12 different types of local feedmaking devises can be seen in the area.
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Transfer of technology model
Prevalent in 1950 s and 60s . The concept was to developtechnology on station then transfer to farmers
Uptake of such technology was poor with poor farmers .Hence , devised training and visit method as anextension strategy . Yet poor farmers continue to sufferfrom the difficulty of adoption of technologies due tofrom the difficulty of adoption of technologies due tovarious reasons
Farmer participatory research evolved to find a solutionto the problem and develop technologies suitable forsmall farmers
Farmer Participatory Research
Farmer Participatory Research is……………Farmer Participatory Research is…………… A method in which major emphasis is onproduction research , planned and carried out byand with the farmers on their own fieldA systematic approach of evolving or adaptingtechnology among the people of a communityA process where the farmer acts as a subject whoA process where the farmer acts as a subject whoinvestigates , measures and studies incollaboration with researchersA practical process for bringing together theknowledge and research capacities of the localfarming communities with that of the commercialand scientific institutions in an interactive way
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Main features of FPR
Develop appropriate agriculture technology tomeet the production needs of small farmersFarmer participate actively in the entireprocessResearch is conducted in farmers fieldResearch is conducted in farmers fieldScientist is an investigator, colleague andadvisorFPR uses systems perspective , interdisciplinarycollaboration between researchers and farmers
Integrated Pest Management Program ( IPM)
FAO has experimented the concept of establishing farmerfield schools (FFS) to build the knowledge of farmersbased on the ecology of paddy fields through discoveryprocess in Indonesia and educate farmers to preventpesticide usageSeveral FFS established have been very successful toSeveral FFS established have been very successful toeliminate pesticide usage through IPM approachFFS have been graduated to become action researchcentres and continue the process of innovation.Success of the FFS and FPR concepts have paved wayfor large scale expansion in different continents.
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Farmer Innovations
Several innovations have been made by farmerswith each species , in different environmentsand in different countriesMany of these innovations are yet to bedocumented as farmer innovationsAquaculture Asia is now promoting thedocumentation of farmer innovationsIIRR , FAO and WFC have brought out farmerproven technologies handbook
CONSTRAINTS OF FPR• It takes a longer time to establish contacts,
build relationship and win the confidence ofbuild relationship and win the confidence of farmers.
• Farmers may be motivated to undertake research in anticipation of benefits
• Farmers always anticipate quick results and prefer short cut methodsprefer short cut methods
• Literacy level being low, in many instances record keeping is a major challenge
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How to improve farmer innovations
Create data base of farmer innovations and make it accessible to all Recognise and honour successful innovators locally , nationally and regionallyregionally Build confidence among farmers and encourage them to innovate Encourage staff to use FPR approaches
Way forward
“Every soul is potentially divine”- Swami Vivekananda
-“Aquaculture, not the internet, represents the
most promising investment opportunity for the 21st century”the 21st century”
Dr. Peter Drucker, Economist and Nobel Laureate
