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MCS 041

Block 3 Unit 4Case Study Windows 2000

By

Kirit A. Dhabalia

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Content

Windows 2000 An Introduction

Windows 2000 Programming

Windows 2000 OS

Process and Threads

Booting Windows 2000

Memory Management

Input/Output Windows 2000

File System Management

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Windows 2000 An Introduction

Significant Features of Windows 2000

Support for FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS

Increased uptime of the system and significantly fewer OS reboot scenarios

Windows installer tracks applications and recognises and replace missing

components

Protects memory of individual apps and processes to avoid a single app bringing

the system down

Encrypted file systems protect sensitive data

Secure virtual private networking (VPN) supports tunneling in to private LAN over

public internet

Personalised menus adapt to the way you work Multilingual version allows for user interface and help to switch, based on login

Includes broader support for high-speed networking devices, including native ATM

and cable modems

Supports universal bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 for greater bandwidth devices

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Windows 2000 An Introduction

The new features in windows 2000 OS are: Active directory service

Security using kerberos

Support for smart cards

System monitoring tools Better integration of laptop computers with desktop computers

System management infrastructure

Single instance store and job objects

The file system NTFS has been extended to support encrypted

files, quotas, linked files, mounted volumes and contentindexing etc

internationalisation

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Windows 2000 An Introduction

When the system is installed, version is recorded in theregistry (internal database). At boot time, the OSchecks the registry to see the version.

Windows 2000 to make two or four servers look like a

single server to the outside world

Windows 2000 Ver. Max. RAM CPU Max Clients Cluster

Size

Optimized for

Professional 4 GB 2 10 0 Response Time

Server 4 GB 4 Unlimited 0 Throughput

Advance Server 8 GB 8 Unlimited 2 Throughput

Datacenter Server 64 GB 32 Unlimited 4 Throughput

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Windows 2000 Programming

Application Programming Interface

The Registry All the info. Needed for booting and configuring the

system and tailoring it to the current user wasgathered in a big central database called registry.

Top level key starts with the string HKEY (root key) HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE

HKEY_USERS

HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA HKEY_CLASS_ROOT

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG

HKEY_CURRENT_USER

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Windows 2000 OS Structure

Win 2k consists of two major components OS itself, which runs in kernel mode

Environment subsystems, which run in user mode

Hardware

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

Kernel VDD

System Services

System Interface (NT DLL.DLL)

File Sys

I/O Mgr ObjectMgr

Process

Mgr

Memory

MgrSecurity

Mgr

Cache

Mgr

PmP

Mgr

Power

Mgr

Config

Mgr

LPC

MgrWin32 GDI

Service Process POSIX Program

POSIX Subsys

Win32 Program

Win32 Subsys

OS/2 Program

OS/2 Subsys

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Windows 2000 OS Structure

HAL Services Access to device registers

Bus-independent device addressing

Interrupt handling

Resetting

DMA transfer

Control of the times and real time clock

Low-level spin locks and multiprocessorsynchronization

Interfacing with the BIOS and its CMOS configurationmemory

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Windows 2000 OS Structure

Kernal Layer

The purpose of the kernel is to make the rest ofthe operating system hardware-independent.

It access the hardware via HAL (HardwareAbstraction Layer)

File Name Consists of

Ntoskrnl.exe Kernel and executiveHal.dll HALL

Win32k.sys Win32 and GDI

*.sys Driver files

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Windows 2000 OS Structure

Object Type DescriptionProcess User Process

Thread Thread within a process

Semaphore Counting semaphore used for interprocess synchronization

Mutex Binary semaphore used to enter a critical region

Event Synchronization object with persistent state (signaled/not)

Port Mechanism for interprocess message passing

Timer Object allowing a thread to sleep for a fixed time interval

Queue Object used for completion notification on asynchronous I/O

Open File Object associated with open file

Access token Security descriptor for some object

Profile Data structure used for profiling CPU usageSection Structure used for mapping files into virtual address space

Key Register key

Object directory Directory for grouping objects within the object manager

Symbolic link Pointer to another object by name

Device I/O device object

Device driver Each loaded device has its own object

EnvironmentSubsystem Usermodecomponents areof three kinds DLLs

Environmentsubsystems

Serviceprocesses

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Process And Threads

Windows processes and threads

Every process consists of one or more threads

Threads are scheduled on the basis of the following factors

Availability of resources such as CPU and physical memory

Priority

Fairness and many more

Job: Collection of processes that share quotas and limits

Process: Container for holding resources

Thread : Entity scheduled by the kernel Fiber: Light weight thread managed entirely in user space

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Process And ThreadsRelationship between jobs, processes and threads

Process

Stack

Thread

Address

Space

Job

Process Handle Process HandleKernel mode

Thread stack

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Process And Threads

API Calls Pointer to the name of the executable file

Command line itself

Pointer to a security descriptor for the process

Pointer to a security descriptor for the initial thread A bit telling whether the new process inherits the creators

handles

Miscellaneous flag

A pointer to the environment string

Pointer to the name of the new process current workingdirectory

Pointer for initial window on the screen

Pointer to a structure that returns 18 values

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Booting Windows 2000

Boot process consist of reading in the first sector of the first disk, the master boot record and

jumping to it

The assembly language program reads the partition table to check which partition table contains

the bootable OS

On finding the OS partition, it reads the first sector of the partition, called the boot sector

The program in the boot sector reads its partitions root directory, searching for a file called ntldr

Ntldr is loaded into memory and executed. Ntldr loads windows 2000

Ntldr reads boot.ini, the only configuration information that is not available in the registry

Ntldr then selects and loads hal.dll and ntoskrnl.exe and bootvid.dll (default video driver)

Ntldr next reads the registry to find out which drivers are needed to complete the boot. It reads all

drivers and passes the control to ntoskrnl.exe

General initialisation

After the service processes (user space daemons) start and allow user to log in. winlogon.exe first

creates the authentication manager (lsass.exe) and then the parent process of the services

(services.exe).

Winlogon.exe is responsible for user logins. A separate program in msgina.dll handles the actual

login dialog

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Thank You