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Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 1
MILITARYDECISIONMAKING
PROCESS
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 2
Military Decision Making Process
MISSION RECEIVED
STAFF ACTIONSINFO TO CDR
STAFF
EST
MISSION ANALYSIS PROPOSED RESTATED MSN
COA DEVELOPMENT
COA ANALYSIS, COMPARISON,
RECOMMENDATION
PREP PLAN/ ORDER/FRAGO
ISSUE PLAN/ ORDER/FRAGO
MSN REC’D BY SUB UNITS
EXECUTION
CDR ACTIONS
INFO TO STAFF
MSN ANALYSIS RESTATED MSN
CDR’S GUIDANCE
COA DEVELOPMENT/ ANALYSIS
COA COMPARISON AND DECISION
PLAN/ORDER/ FRAGO APPROVAL
CDR’S
EST
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 3
Military Decision Making Process
WARNING ORDER
WARNING ORDER
WARNING ORDER
EXECUTION & ASSESSMENT
COA DEVELOPMENT
COA ANALYSIS
RECEIPT OF MISSION
MISSION ANALYSIS
ORDERS PRODUCTION
REHEARSAL
COA APPROVAL
COA COMPARISON
FM 101-5 pg 5-2
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 4
Military Decision Making Process
Copy __ of __ CopiesIssuing headquartersPlace of issueDate-time group of signatureMessage reference no.
WARNING ORDER #__References:1. SITUATION a. Enemy forces. b. Friendly forces. (1) Mission (2) Commander’s Intent c. Attachments and detachments.2. MISSION3. EXECUTION Intent (when available). a. Concept of operation (when available). Assembly area locations (If applicable, when available). b. Tasks to maneuver units (when available). (1) Reconnaissance. (2) Surveillance (2) Security c. Tasks to combat support units (when available). d. Coordinating instructions. (1) Earliest movement time and degree of notice. (2) Orders group meeting (attendees, location, and time) (when applicable).4. SERVICE SUPPORT a. Special equipment. b. Transportation.5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL
ACKNOWLEDGE:
NAME (Commander’s last name) RANK (Commander’s rank)OFFICIAL:ANNEXES:DISTRIBUTION:
FM 101-5 pgs H-27/28
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 5
Military Decision Making Process 7 Steps
• Receipt of mission
• Mission analysis
• Course of action development
• Course of action analysis
• Course of action comparison
• Course of action approval
• Orders production
FM 101-5 pg 5-3
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 6
Military Decision Making Process Step 1
OutputInput
Mission of Higher Cdr’s Initial Guidance
Warning Order 1
Receipt of Mission- Initial Assessment
- Update Staff Estimates
- Prepare for Mission Analysis
FM 101-5 pgs 5-3, 5-4
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 7
Military Decision Making Process Step 2
Cdr’s Intent / Guidance
OutputInput
Mission
Staff Estimates
Mission Analysis- Analysis of Higher Msn/Intent
- Identify Specified / Implied Tasks /
Essential Tasks
- Review Task Org / Assets
- Determine Restrictions / Constraints
- Assess Risk
- Identify Critical Facts / Assumptions
Initial IPB Products
Restated Mission
Staff Products
Warning Order 2
Battlefield Framework
Preliminary Movement
FM 102-5 pgs 5-4, 5-5
Facts & Assumptions
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 8
The commander’s intent is a clear, concise statement of what the force must do to succeed with respect to the enemy and the terrain, and the desired end state. It provides the link between the mission and the concept of operations by stating the key tasks that, along with the mission, are the basis for subordinates to exercise initiative when unanticipated opportunities arise or when the original concept of operations no longer applies. Intent is normally expressed in four or five sentences and is mandatory for all orders. The mission and the commander’s intent must be understood two echelons down.
Definition of Commander’s Intent
FM 101-5 pg 5-9
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 9
Commander’s intent statement should state the following:
– Key tasks– End state
Intent Statement
FM 101-5 pg 5-9
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 10
• Tasks that must be performed, or conditions that must be met, to achieve stated purpose of the operation
• Not tied to specific course of action, but fundamental to the force’s success
• Subordinates use these tasks to keep their efforts supporting the commander’s intent
• Examples
– Tempo– Duration– Terrain that must be controlled– Effect on the enemy
Key Tasks For Commander’s Intent
FM 101-5 pg 5-9
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 11
MissionAt 112130JUL97, 1 CAV DIV attacks in zone to PL VIRGINIA to defeat the 61 BDE (MTZD) and establish a covering force NLT 120600JUL97 from PL ALABAMA to PL MAINE to protect CORPS assembly areas. On order, 1 CAV DIV attacks in zone to PL FLORIDA to defeat the remaining enemy forces. On order, defends in sector from PL ILLINOIS to PL VIRGINIA to defeat enemy attacks across the international border.
Commander's IntentI want to rapidly defeat the remaining enemy forces in zone to PL ALABAMA to establish a covering force. The covering force will protect the division until we are prepared for combat and facilitate the forward passage of the heavy brigades, allowing the heavy brigades to rapidly defeat enemy forces in zone to PL FLORIDA, and posture the division to destroy any enemy counterattacks across the international border. End state is the international border restored and the division defending in sector along PL FLORIDA prepared to defeat any enemy attacks across the international border.
Example Commander’s Intent
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 12
Military Decision Making Process
13 Elements of commander’s guidance
– Specify COAs, friendly & enemy, and the priority for addressing them
– The CCIR
– Reconnaissance guidance
– Risk guidance
– Deception guidance
– Fire support guidance
– Mobility & countermobility guidance
– Security measures to be implemented
– Additional specific priorities for CS and CSS
– Other information the Cdr wants the staff to consider
– The time plan
– Type of order to issue
– Type of rehearsal to conductFM 101-5 pg 5-10
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 13
Commander’s Critical Information Requirements
(CCIR)
• Supports the commander’s battlefield visualization
• Identifies critical decisions
• Assists in determining or validating COAs
• Helps filter information available to the commander
• Focuses the efforts of subordinates and staff
• Assists in the allocation of resources
• Assists staff officers in making recommendations
• 10 or less items of information
• Directly affects the success or failure of the missionFM 101-5 pg 5-7
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 14
Commander’s Critical Information Requirements(CCIR)
• PIR - Information about the enemy. Example: Are the 14 TMD and 13 ID DAGs located vicinity NAI 17 (CH 4535) and NAI 14 (CH3736) respectively? LTIOV: 252300JUL97
• EEFI - Information needed to protect friendly forces from the enemy’s information-gathering systems. Example: Location of brigade command posts.
• FFIR - Information about the capabilities of own or adjacent units. Example: First contact with enemy.
Combat power below designated level.
FM 101-5 pg 5-8
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 15
NCOs In The Military Decision Making Process
MISSION ANALYSIS–Prepare charts for mission analysis–Prepare terrain sketches–Update and post unit reports/status–Prepare TOC for planning process–Conduct mission analysis–Serve as a recorder during process–Brief commander and staff
COMMANDER’S GUIDANCE–Assist Cdr in developing guidance–Issue guidance–Record/post Cdr’s guidance
COA DEVELOPMENT–Prepare charts–Sketch COAs–Develop COAs
PLANNING PROCESS COMMANDER STAFF OFFICERS STAFF NCOs RTOs/CLERKS
XXXX
X
XXXXX
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
XX
X
FM 101-5 pg K-2
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 16
NCOs In The Military Decision Making Process
(continued)
COA ANALYSIS–Collect and prepare tools/charts–Serve as a war-game recorder–Conduct war-game session
DECISION–Make recommendation to Cdr–Decide–Record/post Cdr’s guidance
ORDERS PREP–Write annexes–Consolidate annexes–Type order–Reproduce orders/graphics–Review order–Approve order
PLANNING PROCESS COMMANDER STAFF OFFICERS STAFF NCOs RTOs/CLERKS
XXX
X
XXX
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X XXX
XX
X X
FM 101-5 pg K-2
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 17
MILITARY DECISIONMAKING PROCESS
Workshop #2
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 18
Military Decision Making Process Step 3
Restated Mission
Cdr's Guidance / Intent
OutputInput
Course of Action Development- Analyze Relative Combat Power
- Generate Options
- Array Initial Forces
- Develop the Scheme of Maneuver
- Assign Headquarters
- Prepare COA Statements / Sketches
COA Stmts / Sketches
Enemy COAs
Staff Estimates
FM 101-5 pgs 5-4, 5-11
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 19
Course of Action Development Criteria
• Suitability
• Feasibility
• Acceptability
• Distinguishability
• Completeness
FM 101-5 pg 5-11
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 20
PL NEBRASKA
42
Course of Action: BDE attacks frontally with two task forces abreast at 200630 May 97 with a mech heavy task force conductingthe main attack in zone in the east to seize OBJ BAYONET to defeat an enemy battalion. Priority of indirect fires initially tocounterbattery then neutralization of enemy forces at the point of attack. Smoke will be used to isolate enemy positions at thepoint of attack. A 20 minute prep on the OBJ’s will be fired to suppress enemy forces. An infantry battalion conducts a supportingattack in zone in the west to seize OBJ KNIFE to defeat an enemy battalion. A tank heavy task force follows the mech heavy taskforce and assumes the main effort to defeat the second echelon battalion vicinity OBJ SABER. Lead battalions provide frontal andflank security. A mech team, brigade reserve, follows the tank heavy task force prepared to reinforce the main effort or respond to threats to LOC. DS, R artillery and Q36 radar will initially position forward along PL NEVADA. One battery from the DS and one battery from the R battalion will initially move behind the lead Co/Tm’s in the right and left zone, respectively. The Q36 radar will move with the mech heavy TF. BDE Main CP will position vic PL NEVADA prior to attack. TAC CP will follow mech heavy TF. Risk is accepted by having a small reserve in order to mass combat power on the objective.
PL IOWA
O/O FEBA (PL FLORIDA)
OBJ KNIFE
3 X 1
LOA(PL WISCONSIN)37
LOA(PL WISCONSIN)
O/O FEBA(PL FLORIDA)
PL IOWA
PL NEBRASKA
LD/LC(PL NEVADA)
LD/LC (PL NEVADA)
X52 ID X MNC
X
AASCABBARD
OBJBAYONET
03
57
TONG’DUCH
OBJSABER
COA #1
CFL 52 DIV CFL 52 DIV200100 MAY 97 200100 MAY 97
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 21
PL NEBRASKA
Course of Action: On order, BDE defends from PL FLORIDA to PL NEVADA with two task forces abreast to defeat the advanceguard and lead battalions; a task force in depth, the defeat mechanism, will counter attack to defeat the enemy. Forward battalionsestablish screen from PL WISCONSIN to PL FLORIDA. The tank heavy task force establishes a combat outpost in TONG’DUCH to engage enemy reconnaissance and force deployment of the Advanced Guard Battalion. Indirect fires neutralize Advance Guard insecurity zone. A tank heavy task force, main effort, in the east defends in sector from PL FLORIDA to PL IOWA to defeat the advanceguard and first echelon battalion. An infantry battalion in the west defends in sector from PL FLORIDA to PL IOWA to defeat a firstechelon battalion. A mech heavy task force occupies AA SCABBARD; on order main effort counterattacks into EA DALLAS or EA AUSTIN to defeat the second echelon battalion. Priority of fires to main effort battalion. Use blocking obstacles to shape EA DALLASor EA AUSTIN once enemy main effort is identified, to support mech heavy TF’s CATK. A mech team, brigade reserve, occupies AA HILT, prepared to defeat penetrations of PL NEBRASKA or respond to level II rear area threats. DS and R artillery with Q36 radarpositioned forward between PL FLORIDA and PL IOWA. Risk is accepted by having a small reserve in order to defeat penetrations of PL NEBRASKA.
PL IOWA
FEBA (PL FLORIDA)
37
42
PL NEVADA
COA #1
3 X 1
LOA(PL WISCONSIN)
LOA(PL WISCONSIN)
FEBA(PL FLORIDA)
PL IOWA
PL NEBRASKA
PL NEVADA
57
03
TONG’DUCH
AAHILT
AASCABBARD
EADALLAS
EAAUSTIN
X 52 ID X MNC X
CFL 52 DIVO/O
CFL 52 DIVO/O
MAIN
X
X
TAC
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 22
PL NEBRASKA
42
Course of Action: BDE attacks frontally with two task forces abreast at 200630 May 97 with a mech heavy task force conductingthe main attack in zone in the east to seize OBJ BAYONET to defeat an enemy battalion. Priority of indirect fires initially tocounterbattery then neutralization of enemy forces at the point of attack. Smoke will be used to isolate enemy positions at thepoint of attack. A 20 minute prep on the OBJ’s will be fired to suppress enemy forces. An infantry battalion conducts a supportingattack in zone in the west to seize OBJ KNIFE to defeat an enemy battalion. A tank heavy task force follows the mech heavy taskforce and assumes the main effort to defeat the second echelon battalion vicinity OBJ SABER. Lead battalions provide frontal andflank security. A mech team, brigade reserve, follows the tank heavy task force prepared to reinforce the main effort or respond to threats to LOC. DS, R artillery and Q36 radar will initially position forward along PL NEVADA. One battery from the DS and one battery from the R battalion will initially move behind the lead Co/Tm’s in the right and left zone, respectively. The Q36 radar will move with the mech heavy TF. BDE Main CP will position vic PL NEVADA prior to attack. TAC CP will follow mech heavy TF. Risk is accepted by having a small reserve in order to mass combat power on the objective.
PL IOWA
O/O FEBA (PL FLORIDA)
OBJ KNIFE
3 X 1
LOA(PL WISCONSIN)37
LOA(PL WISCONSIN)
O/O FEBA(PL FLORIDA)
PL IOWA
PL NEBRASKA
LD/LC(PL NEVADA)
LD/LC (PL NEVADA)
X52 ID X MNC
X
AASCABBARD
OBJBAYONET
03
57
TONG’DUCH
OBJSABER
COA #1
CFL 52 DIV CFL 52 DIV200100 MAY 97 200100 MAY 97
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 23
MILITARY DECISIONMAKING PROCESS
Workshop #3
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 24
Military Decision Making Process Step 4
COA Stmts / Sketches
Staff COA
War Game Results
Mission to Subordinates
CCIR
OutputInput
Enemy COA
- Conduct War Game
Course of Action Analysis
Task Organization
FM 101-5 pgs 5-4, 5-16
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 25
Course of Action Analysis War Gaming Rules
• Remain unbiased
• List advantages and disadvantages (as found)
• Continually assess COA feasibility, acceptability, and suitability
• Avoid drawing premature conclusions and gathering facts to support such conclusions
• Compare COAs during comparison process: Not during war game
FM 101-5 pg 5-16
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 26
Course of Action Analysis War Gaming Steps
• Gather the tools
• List all friendly forces
• List assumptions
• List known critical events and decision points
• Determine evaluation criteria
• Select the war game method (avenue/belt/box)
• Select method to record and display results (synch matrix or sketch note)
• War game the battle and assess the resultsFM 101-5 pg 5-17
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 27
Course of Action Analysis War Game Results 1 OF 3
• Modified COA
• Modified location and timing of the decisive point
• Identification of key terrain
• Refinement of enemy event template & matrix
• Refinement of task organization
• Identification of subordinate unit’s tasks
• Allocation of combat, CS and CSS assets to subordinates
• The synchronization matrix and decision support template
• Estimate duration of each critical event / entire operation
• Projection of enemy force destruction
• Identification of location and commitment of reserveFM 101-5 pgs 5-23, 5-24
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 28
• Identify likely times and areas for enemy use of WMD and friendly NBC requirements
• Most dangerous enemy COA
• Location of commander and CPs
• Identify additional critical events
• Identify additional CS and CSS requirements
• Requirements for deception and surprise
• Refined C2 requirements
• Finalize CCIR and IR with LTIOV
• Finalize R&S plan
• Refined CCIR and incorporate into R&S plan and graphics
Course of Action Analysis War Game Results 2 OF 3
FM 101-5 pgs 5-23, 5-24
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 29
• Develop FS, Engr, AD, IO, CSS plans and graphics
• Identify / confirm DPs / NAIs, TAIs
• Timing of force concentration & initiation of the attack or counterattack
• Develop the intel collection and dissemination plan
• Determine movement times and tables
• Identify, analyze, and evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the COA
• Integrate targeting process
• Synchronize smoke
• Identify additional risks, develop control measures
Course of Action Analysis War Game Results 3 OF 3
FM 101-5 pgs 5-23, 5-24
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 30
Military Decision Making Process Step 5
OutputInput
War Game Results Decision MatrixCourse of Action Comparison- Assess Risk
- Compare COAs
- Recommendation
Establish Criteria
FM 101-5 pgs 5-4, 5-24
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 31
Course of Action Comparison
• Select comparison method
• Determine decision criteria
• Assign weighting values to criteria
• Make recommendation
FM 101-5 pg 5-24
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 32
MILITARY DECISIONMAKING PROCESS
Workshop #4
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 33
“If the band played a piece first with thepiccolo then with the brass horn, then with theclarinet, and then with the trumpet, there would be a hell of a lot of noise but no music. To get harmony in the music, each instrument must support the others, to get harmony in battle, each weapon must support the others. Team play wins.” General George S. Patton
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 34
“There is a type of staff officer who seems to think that it is more important to draft immaculate orders than to get out a reasonably well-worded order in time for action to be taken before the situation changes or the opportunity passes.”
Orders
BH Liddell HartThoughts on War1933
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 35
Military Decision Making Process Step 6
Course of Action ApprovalDecision Matrix
Specified Type of Order / Rehearsal
High Pay-Off Target List
- Select COA
- Assess Risk
- Specify Type of Order
Approved COA
Refined Cdr’s Intent
OutputInput
FM 101-5 pgs 5-4, 5-26
Warning Order 3
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 36
OPORD / OPLAN Development Guidelines / Characteristics 1 OF 2
• Address critical facts and assumptions
• Authoritative expression
• Positive expression
• Avoiding unqualified directives
• Balance
• Simplicity
• Be concise
• Clarity
• Completeness
FM 101-5 pgs H-3, H-4
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 37
OPORD / OPLAN Development Guidelines / Characteristics 2 OF 2
• Coordination
• Flexibility
• Clear, concise mission and intent statements
• Centralized planning
• Decentralized execution
• Use of existing resources
• Timeliness
FM 101-5 pgs H-3, H-4
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 38
Military Decision Making Process Step 7
Approved COA Orders Production- Translate into Plan / Order
- Incorporate Branches and Sequels
- Establish Control Measures
- Synchronize Plan / Order
OPORD / OPLAN
OutputInput
FM 101-5 pgs 5-4, 5-26
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 39
NCOs In TOC OPS
RECEIVE INFORMATION–Monitor situation–Receive messages/reports–Maintain journal–Update post unit locations–Update status boards/charts
DISTRIBUTE INFORMATION–Submit reports–Publish orders–Pass messages/reports within TOCs
ANALYZE INFORMATION–Review in/out going reports/orders–Conduct predictive analysis–Identify CCIR–Conduct TDMP
–Serve as recorders–Develop terrain Sketches–prepare charts and overlays
TOC FUNCTION XO BATTLE CPT STAFF NCOs RTOs/CLERKS
XXXXXX
X
XXX
XXXX
X XX
XXXX
X X
X
XXXXX
XXX
X
Reference: CALL Newsletter 95-12, DEC 95, Tactical Decision Making: Abbreviated Planning
MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS TO CDR
INTEGRATE/SYNCH RESOURCES
X
X
X
X
X
XXXX
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 40
NCO Use
• NCOs involvement
• Enforce duties and responsibilities
• Battlestaff trained NCOs
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 41
Military Decision Making Process
Rehearsal- 5 Types of Rehearsals
- Confirmation Brief
- Backbrief
- Combined Arms Rehearsal
- Support Rehearsal
- Battle Drill or SOP Rehearsal
FM 101-5 pgs 5-2, G-1/2
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 42
Military Decision Making Process
Execution & Assessment
FM 101-5 pg 5-2
Brigade Command & Battle Staff Training
Combined Arms . . . Decisive VictoryMDMP 44
MILITARY DECISIONMAKING
PROCESS