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ME381R Lecture 1
Overview of Microscale Thermal Fluid Sciences and Applications
Dr. Li ShiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX 78712
www.me.utexas.edu/~lishi [email protected]
2
Microprocessor Evolution
Source: IntelSource: Intel
1,000,0001,000,000
100,000100,000
10,00010,000
1,0001,000
1010
100100
11
1 Billion 1 Billion TransistorsTransistors
80868086
8028680286i386i386
i486i486PentiumPentium®®
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PentiumPentium®® IIII
’’7575 ’’8080 ’’8585 ’’9090 ’’9595 ’’0000 ’’0505 ’’1010
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Source: IntelSource: Intel
1,000,0001,000,000
100,000100,000
10,00010,000
1,0001,000
1010
100100
11
1 Billion 1 Billion TransistorsTransistors
80868086
8028680286i386i386
i486i486PentiumPentium®®
KK
PentiumPentium®® IIII
’’7575 ’’8080 ’’8585 ’’9090 ’’9595 ’’0000 ’’0505 ’’1010
PentiumPentium®® IIIIIIPentiumPentium®® 44
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3
Steve Kang et al. Electrothermal analysis of VLSI Systems, Kluwer 2000
Localized Heating in VLSI Chips
T=20C
Mean-time-to-failure due to electromigration increase x5
110C
108C90C80C
1 cm
On chip temperature contour
Dependence of mean time between failure on temperature
4
Telecommunication Data Rate Evolution
1
103
106
109
1012
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Year
Data Rate (bits/sec)
Doubles every4.7 years
Telephone
Transcontinental cable
Coaxial circuits
Fiber
WDMDWDM
Telegraph
Doubles every 16 months
1.44MB Floppy Disk
1.00 GB Hard Drive
Howard Banks, "Life at 100 billion bits per second", Forbes Magazine, Oct. 6, 1997
5
Electroabsorption modulator
Waveguide Ridge
20um
A. Shakouri, J. Christofferson, Z. Bian, and P. Kozodoy, “High Spatial Resolution Thermal Imaging of Multiple Section Semiconductor Lasers,” Proceeding of Photonic Devices and System Packaging Symposium (PhoPack 2002), pp22-25, July 2002, Stanford CA.
Thermal Issues in Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits
Affolter, WDM Solutions (supplement to Laser Focus World), P.65 June 2001, www.wdm-solutions.com
6
IC Thermal Management Challenge
Courtesy: Prof. Ken Goodson, DARAPA Thermal Management Workshop
7
Electroosmotic Microchannel Cooling System
8
Cooligy 150 W PC Prototype
9
Thermoelectric Refrigeration
• Electronics • Optoelectronics
• Automobile
• Consumer
• Marlow Single-Stage Thermoelectric cooler
• No moving parts: quiet
• No CFC: clean
• Low efficiency
10
Efficient Thin Film Thermoelectric Coolers Venkatasubramanian et al, Nature 413, P. 597 (2001)
Thin film superlattice
11
McMasters & Cummings, Journal of Aircraft, Jan-Feb 2002
Airplane Speed- Past, Present, Future
How far exponential growth in electronics and fiber optics can continue?
Source: IntelSource: Intel
1,000,0001,000,000
100,000100,000
10,00010,000
1,0001,000
1010
100100
11
1 Billion 1 Billion TransistorsTransistors
80868086
8028680286i386i386
i486i486PentiumPentium®®
KK
PentiumPentium®® IIII
’’7575 ’’8080 ’’8585 ’’9090 ’’9595 ’’0000 ’’0505 ’’1010
PentiumPentium®® IIIIIIPentiumPentium®® 44
’’1515
Source: IntelSource: Intel
1,000,0001,000,000
100,000100,000
10,00010,000
1,0001,000
1010
100100
11
1 Billion 1 Billion TransistorsTransistors
80868086
8028680286i386i386
i486i486PentiumPentium®®
KK
PentiumPentium®® IIII
’’7575 ’’8080 ’’8585 ’’9090 ’’9595 ’’0000 ’’0505 ’’1010
PentiumPentium®® IIIIIIPentiumPentium®® 44
’’1515
The brick wall due to heating, fabrication cost, quantum mechanics …
Future challenges & opportunities: transportation, communication, energy, health care …
12
• Electric power generator with no moving part
• Power sources for NASA space probe
• NAVY Electric Ships (Seapower 21)
• Waste heat recovery (cars, power plants, …)
• Microscale power sources
Direct Thermal to Electric Energy Conversion
Spacecraft Power Source
Efficient Nanostructured Thermoelectric Power Generator
13
Microfluidic Chip for Continuous Glucose Monitoring(J. Zahn et al.)
14
Length Scale
1 m
1 mm
1 m
1 nm
Human
Automobile
Butterfly
1 km
Aircraft
Computer
Wavelength of Visible Light
MEMS
Width of DNA
Microprocessor, NEMS
Blood Cells
Microprocessor Module
Nanotubes, Nanowires
Particle transport theories,molecular dynamics…
100 nm
Fourier’s law,Novier-Stokes
l
15
Thermal conductivity
HotTh
ColdTc
L
Q (heat flow)
Fourier’s Law for Heat Conduction
dxdT
kAL
TTkAQ ch
16
Microscopic Origins of Thermal Fluid Transport--The Particle Nature
Materials Dominant energy carriers
Gases: Molecules
Metals: Electrons
Insulators: Phonons (crystal vibration)
In micro-nano scale thermal fluid systems, often L < mean free path of collision of energy carriers & Fourier’s law breaks down Particle transport theories or molecular dynamics methods
L
Hot Cold