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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy & Its Forms
Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one form to
another. Energy is available in different forms heat (thermal), light (radiant),mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. There are two types of energy -
stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. For example, in case of an
Internal Combustion Engine the chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted in the
form of mechanical energy.
1. Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). It exists
in following forms.
2. Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemicalenergy.
3. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that
holds the nucleus together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear
energy.
4. Stored Mechanical Energy
Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by the application of a force.
Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored mechanical
energy.
5. Gravitational Energy
Gravitational energy is the energy of place or position. Water in a reservoir behind ahydropower dam is an example of gravitational energy. When the water is released
to spin the turbines, it becomes motion energy.
6. Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms,
molecules and substances. It exists in following forms.
7. Radiant Energy
Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant
energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar energy is an
example of radiant energy.
8. Thermal Energy
Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the vibration andmovement of atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an
example of thermal energy.
9. Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity are
examples of electrical energy.
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1.2 Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is not generally referred to as electrical energy for the layperson, and
is most commonly known as electricity. Electrical energy is the scientific form of
electricity, and refers to the flow of power or the flow of charges along a conductor to
create energy. Electrical energy is known to be a secondary source of energy, which
means that we obtain electrical energy through the conversion of other forms of
energy. These other forms of energy are known as the primary sources of energy and
can be used from coal, nuclear energy, natural gas, or oil. The primary sources from
which we create electrical energy can be either non-renewable forms of energy or
renewable forms of energy. Electrical energy however is neither non-renewable nor
renewable.
Electrical energy is a standard part of nature, and today it is our most widely used form
of energy. Many towns and cities were developed beside waterfalls which are known
to be primary sources of mechanical energy. Wheels would be built in the waterfalls
and the falls would turn the wheels in order to create energy that fuelled the cities and
towns. Before this type of electrical energy generation was developed, homes would
be lit with candles and kerosene lamps, and would be warmed with coal or wood-
burning stoves.
Benjamin Franklin and the famous story of a kite on a stormy evening was the first to
discover the initial principles of electrical energy. Thomas Edison came along to perfect
these principles with the invention of the light bulb. Following this, Nikola Tesla
developed the notion of AC electrical energy, which referred to as alternating current
electrical energy. With AC energy, electrical energy could be transmitted over much
larger distances. With this discovery, electrical energy could then be used to light
homes and to power machines that would be more effective at heating homes as well.
It is important to understand that electrical energy is not a kind of energy in and of
itself, but it is rather a form of transferring energy from one object or element to
another. The energy that is being transferred is the electrical energy. In order for
electrical energy to transfer at all, it must have a conductor or a circuit that will enable
the transfer of the energy. This is what Benjamin Franklin discovered when the
electrical energy was transferred from the lightning to his kite, with the kite acting as
his conductor or circuit. Electrical energywill occur when electric charges are moving
or changing position from one element or object to another. When the electrical
energy is moved, it is frequently stored in what we know of today as batteries or
energy cells.
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1.3 Grades of Energy
High-grade energy
Electrical and chemical energy are high-grade energy, because the energy is
concentrated in a small space. Even a small amount of electrical and chemical energy
can do a great amount of work. The molecules or particles that store these forms of
energy are highly ordered and compact and thus considered as high grade energy.
High-grade energy like electricity is better used for high grade applications like melting
of metals rather than simply heating of water.
Low-grade energy
Heat is low-grade energy. Heat can still be used to do work (example of a heater
boiling water), but it rapidly dissipates. The molecules in which this kind of energy is
stored (air and water molecules) are more randomly distributed than the molecules of
carbon in a coal. This disordered state of the molecules and the dissipated energy are
classified as low-grade energy.
1.4 Energy through Global View
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the
case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in
view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.
From the Global view the energy can be classified into several types based on the
following criteria:
Primary and Secondary energy
Commercial and Non commercial energy
Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
Primary and Secondary Energy
Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common
sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). The primary energysources can be converted into secondary energy sources like coal, gas are converted
into steam and electricity.
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Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy
Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are
electricity, coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of
industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In
the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for
economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population.
Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.
Non-Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels
such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered,
and not bought at a price, used especially in rural households. These are also called
traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting.Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas, lifting water for irrigation, wind energy
for lifting water and electricity generation.
Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal
energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power (See Figure 1.2). The most important
feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful
pollutants. Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and
gas, which are likely to deplete with time.
(Fig 1.1 Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy)
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Chapter 2
ENERGY CRISIS
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2.1 Global Energy Crisis
Energy is the lifeblood of modern era. Oil is necessary for almost all machines to move
and we live in an era where oil is necessary to produce, transport food, for movement
of vehicles, airplanes etc. We live in the age of oil. Oil is the most important
ingredient for our lives, for industry, for economic development, for our prosperity but
unfortunately, we are facing a global energy crisis with natural reserves being depleted
fast due to over consumption.
The reasons for global energy crisis are many. It can be the aging infrastructure, the
disrupting activities at oil refineries, over consumption during the cold winters. In
certain cases, accidents and pipeline failures also caused a crisis in energy supplies.
Unforeseen attacks by terrorists, or certain political events like change in government
regime, coup, etc, may cause disruption in oil and gas production. Dependence on non-
renewable sources of energy instead on utilizing the renewable sources of energy is
also one major cause of this global energy crisis. Abundantly available non-renewable
sources of energy like coal, petroleum that can be used immediately results in not
exploiting the non-renewable sources of energy like wind, water. Now, with the global
energy crisis, nations are aware of the threat of the current situation and new
technologies and developments are carried out to exploit the renewable source of
energy.
The US is heavily dependent on oil imports for its ever-increasing needs of energy.
With its huge companies and growing economy, the US also requires a growing energy
base that has not been feasible. Instead, the US is depending on imports and
petroleum imports have grown steadily and is said to be at record levels. The growing
energy scare is evident from the high rise of oil that has gone over $30 per barrel and
is still on the increase.
2.2 Causes of crisis
Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can
develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government
embargoes. The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point
disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An
emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters due to increased consumption
of energy.
Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies.
A crisis could possibly emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather.
Attacks by terrorists or militia on important infrastructure are a possible problem forenergy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility potentially causing
global shortages. Political events, for example, when governments change due to
regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and
gas production and create shortages.
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2.3 World Energy consumption and Reserves
World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth Energy markets have
combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism. Energy consumption in the
G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong
increase is the result of two converging trends. On the one-hand, industrialized
countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered
firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity
markets followed the same trend. On the other hand, China and India, which showed
no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of
energy.
In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years
(1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and
economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[ This evolution is the result of two
contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several
developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was
severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North
America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively
due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy
consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from
4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its
share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy
consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.
In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules
(4741018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate
of 15 terawatts (1.5041013 W). The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy
1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ
(139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) andocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).
More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since
the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. According to
IEA world statistics in four years (20042008) the world population increased 5%,
annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.
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The total estimated amount
non-producible oil, is called
and limitations in petroleum
brought to the surface, and i
reserves. The ratio of produ
often referred to as the reco
The recovery factor of any p
history and in response to ch
may also rise over time if a
techniques such as gas injeenhanced oil recovery.
Based on data from OPEC a
including non-conventional
Saudi Arabia (18% of global re
Because the geology of t
techniques must be used to e
new technologies have inc
uncertainties still remain. In
field are conservative andreserves growth.
CRUDE OIL
(Fig 2.1 Crude Oil)
of oil in an oil reservoir, including both prod
il in place. However, because of reservoir cha
extraction technologies, only a fraction of this
t is only this producible fraction that is consid
ible oil reserves to total oil in place for a gi
ery factor. Recovery factors vary greatly amon
rticular field may change over time based on
anges in technology and economics. The reco
dditional investment is made in enhanced o
tion, surfactants injection, water-flooding, o
the beginning of 2011 the highest proved o
il deposits are in Venezuela (20% of global
serves), Canada (13% of global reserves), Iran (
e subsurface cannot be examined directl
stimate the size and recoverability of the reso
reased the accuracy of these techniques,
general, most early estimates of the reserve
tend to grow with time. This phenomeno
9
ucible and
racteristics
oil can be
ered to be
en field is
g oil fields.
operating
ery factor
il recovery
microbial
il reserves
reserves),
9%).
, indirect
rce. While
significant
s of an oil
is called
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(Fig 2.2 Distribution of proved reserves)
Oil price were $79.50 per barrel in 2010, an increase of 29% from the 2009 but
still nearly $18 per barrel below the 2008 record level. Other benchmark crudes
registered similar increases. Very strong consumption growth and continuing OPEC
production restraint helped to push prices higher late in the year, with prices reaching
a peak near $94 at year-end. After falling for two consecutive years, global oil
consumption grew by 2.7 million barrels per day (b/d), or 3.1%, to reach a record level
of 87.4 million b/d. This was the largest percentage increase since 2004 but still the
weakest global growth rate among fossil fuels. OECD consumption grew by 0.9%
(480,000 b/d), the first increase since 2005. Outside the OECD, consumption growth
was a record 2.2 million b/d, or 5.5%. Growth remained robust in China and Middle
Eastern countries, with Chinese consumption growing by 860,000 b/d or 10.4%. Driven
by the economic recovery, middle distillates (+4.4%) were the fastest-growing refined
product category globally. Global oil production increased by 1.8 million b/d, or 2.2%,
but did not match the rapid growth in consumption. The gains in production were
shared between OPEC and non-OPEC producers. OPEC production cuts implemented
late in 2008 were maintained throughout 2010, although relaxed production discipline
and rising output not subject to production allocations resulted in an increase of
960,000 b/d, or 2.5%. The largest increases were in Nigeria (+340,000 b/d) and Qatar
(+220,000 b/d). Oil production outside OPEC grew by 860,000 b/d, or 1.8%, the largest
increase since 2002. Growth was led by China which recorded its largest production
increase ever the US, and Russia. Continued declines in Norway which saw the
worlds largest decline and the UK partly offset growth elsewhere. Non-OPEC
countries accounted for 58.2% of global oil production in 2010, roughly the same share
as in 2000. Global crude runs increased by 1.8 million b/d, or 2.4%. Non-OECD
countries accounted for 85% of the increase, and for the first time accounted for a
majority of global throughput. Chinese throughput grew by 1 million b/d, or 13.4%.
Global refinery capacity utilization rose to 81.5%. Refining capacity increased by
720,000 b/d last year, the slowest growth since 2003. However, the aggregate growth
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figure hides net reductions in the OECD markets of Europe, Japan, the US and Canada.
Capacity additions were concentrated in the non-OECD, with growth in China (640,000
b/d) accounting for almost 90% of the global total. Installed refining capacity in the
non-OECD now exceeds that of the OECD by 1.5 million b/d. After two consecutive
declines, global oil trade grew by 2.2%, or 1.2 million b/d, with net Asia Pacific imports
accounting for nearly 90% of the growth. Net imports grew robustly in China (+14.6%,
680,000 b/d) and Japan (+7.1%, 280,000 b/d). Net export growth was largely from the
Former Soviet Union (+7.2%, 570,000 b/d) and the Middle East (+2.6%, 470,000 b/d).
The growth in global trade was roughly split between crude and refined products,
though crude still accounts for 70% of global oil trade.
(Fig 2.3 Reserves to production)
World proved oil reserves in 2010 were sufficient to meet 46.2 years of global production,
down slightly from 2009 R/P ratio because of the large increase in the world production;
global proved reserves rose slightly last year . An increase in Venezuelan official reserve
estimates drove Latin Americas R/P ratio to 93.9 years the worlds largest, surpassing the
Middle East.
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Natural gas is a naturally oc
methane, with up to 20 pe
impurities in varying amount
an important energy sour
generating electricity, providi
feedstock in the manufactureNatural gas is found in deep
other hydrocarbon reservoir
gas was created over time b
gas is created by methanog
sediments. Deeper in the ear
is created from buried organi
World natural gas consumpt
Consumption growth was ab
had the worlds largest incre
and to a new record high. Ru
volumetric increases in the ccountries also grew rapidly (
gas production grew by 7.3
worlds largest volumetric i
remained the worlds largest
to grow despite weak Nort
discounts to crude oil in 201
decline, falling for a fourth co
NATURAL GAS
(Fig 2.4 Natural Gas)
curring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting p
rcent concentration of other hydrocarbons
such as carbon dioxide. Natural gas is widely
e in many applications including heating
ng heat and power to industry and vehicles a
of products such as fertilizers.underground natural rock formations or asso
, in coal beds, and as methane clathrates. M
y two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogeni
enic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, a
h, at greater temperature and pressure, therm
material.
ion grew by 7.4%, the most rapid increase s
ve average in all regions except the Middle E
ase in consumption (in volumetric terms), risi
sia and China also registered large increases
untrys history in each case. Consumption in10.7%), led by a 21.5% increase in India. Glo
. Production grew rapidly in Russia (+11.6%
crease), the US (+4.7%) and Qatar (+30.7
producer, with supply of unconventional gas
American natural gas prices (which traded
1) while Canadian production saw the worl
nsecutive year.
12
rimarily of
as well as
sed and is
buildings,
d is also a
iated with
st natural
. Biogenic
d shallow
ogenic gas
ince 1984.
st. The US
g by 5.6%
the largest
ther Asianal natural
, with the
). The US
continuing
at record
ds largest
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(Fig 2.5 Global Natural Gas scenario)
Global natural gas trade increased by a robust 10.1% in 2010. A 22.6% increase in LNG shipments was
driven by a 53.2% increase in Qatari shipments. Among LNG importers, the largest volumetric growth
was in South Korea, the UK and Japan. LNG now accounts for 30.5% of global gas trade. Pipelineshipments grew by 5.4%, led by growth in Russian exports.
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Throughout history, coal ha
primarily burned as a fossil
also used for industrial purp
matter is converted into pea
This involves biological and g
time
Coal, a fossil fuel, is the lar
worldwide, as well as one of
dioxide releases. Gross carb
than those from petroleum
extracted from the ground b
seams or in open pits.
Top hard and brown coal pr
United States 997 (985), Ind
Russia 324 (297), South Afric
Colombia 74 (73)
COAL
(Fig 2.6 Coal mining)
been a useful resource for human consum
uel for the production of electricity and/or h
ses such as refining metals. Coal forms when
, which in turn is converted into lignite, then
eological processes that take place over a lon
gest source of energy for the generation of
the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources
n dioxide emissions from coal usage are sli
nd about double the amount from natural
mining, either underground by shaft mining t
oducers in 2010 (2009) were (Mt): China 3,1
ia 571 (571), Australia 420 (399), Indonesia
255 (247), Poland 134 (135), Kazakhstan 111
14
tion. It is
eat, and is
dead plant
anthracite.
period of
electricity
of carbon
htly more
as. Coal is
rough the
2 (2,971),
336 (301),
(101), and
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(Fig 2.7 Production by Region) (Fig 2.8 Consumption by Region)
Coal consumption grew by 7.6% in 2010, the fastest global growth since 2003. Coal
now accounts for 29.6% of global energy consumption, up from 25.6% 10 years ago.Chinese consumption grew by 10.1%; China last year consumed 48.2% of the worlds
coal and accounted for nearly two-thirds of global consumption growth. But
consumption growth was robust elsewhere as well: OECD consumption grew by 5.2%,
the strongest growth since 1979, with strong growth in all regions. Global coal
production grew by 6.3%, with China (+9%) again accounting for two-thirds of global
growth. Elsewhere, coal production grew robustly in the US and Asia but fell in the EU,
helping to explain the relative strength of coal prices in Europe.
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Wind power harnesses the p
These turbines cause the rot
are usually built together on
annually, with a worldwide i
widely used in Europe, Asia, a
At the end of 2010, worldwi197 gigawatts (GW). Energ
worldwide electricity usage.
wind power penetration, suc
18% in Portugal, 16% in Spai
83 countries around the worl
the largest operational onsh
2010, the Roscoe Wind Far
capacity of 781.5 MW of po
(735.5 MW). As of Novemb
Kingdom is the largest offsho
Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.Renewable energy used in
robust growth in wind energy
by China and the US, which t
forms of renewable energy a
0.6% in 2000.
WIND ENERGY
(Fig 2.9 Wind Energy)
ower of the wind to propel the blades of win
ation of magnets, which creates electricity. W
wind farms. Wind power is growing at the r
nstalled capacity of 158 gigawatts (GW) in 2
nd the United States.
e nameplate capacity of wind-powered geneproduction was 430 TWh, which is abou
Several countries have achieved relatively hig
as 21% of stationary electricity production in
14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010.
d are using wind power on a commercial basi
re wind farms are located in the USA. As of
is the largest onshore wind farm in the wo
er, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Ene
er 2010, the Thanet Offshore Wind Project
re wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followe
ower generation grew by 15.5%, driven by
(+22.7%). The increase in wind energy in turn
gether accounted for nearly 70% of global gro
counted for 1.8% of global energy consumptio
16
turbines.
ind towers
te of 30%
09, and is
rators wast 2.5% of
h levels of
Denmark,
s of 2011,
s. Many of
November
rld, with a
rgy Center
in United
d by Horns
continued
was driven
th. These
n, up from
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(The Gordon Dam in Tasman
inst
In hydro energy, the gravitati
single location with a dam
pressure and flow can be
mechanical mill or an electric
In some cases with hydroelec
that a hydroelectric dam in
kWh than electricity produc
decaying organic material, th
flooded, and are of much less
particular to dams created b
vegetation. There are howe
require a dam. And pumpe
different altitudes to store wi
Global hydroelectric and nucl
Hydroelectric output grew bygrowth due to a combination
HYDROELECTRIC
(Fig 2.10 Hydroelectric)
ia is a large conventional dammed-hydro facilit
lled capacity of up to 430 MW.)
nal descent of a river is compressed from a lo
r a flume. This creates a location where co
sed to turn turbines or water wheels, whi
generator.
tric dams, there are unexpected results. One st
he Amazon has 3.6 times larger greenhouse
ion from oil, due to large scale emission of me
ough this is most significant as river valleys
consequence for more boreal dams. This effec
simply flooding a large area, without first cl
er investigations into underwater turbines t
d-storage hydroelectricity can use water re
nd and solar power.
ear output each saw the strongest increases
5.3%, with China accounting for more than 60of new capacity and wet weather.
17
y, with an
ng run to a
centrated
h drive a
udy shows
effect per
hane from
re initially
t applies in
aring it of
at do not
ervoirs at
ince 2004.
of global
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(Nellis Solar Power Plant, theSolar power involves using so
hitting solar thermal panels
hitting a parabolic mirror to
windows for passive solar h
solar panels in the regions of
At the end of 2009, cumula
GW[6][7][8] and PV power st
power stations operate in t
megawatt (MW) SEGS power
China is increasing worldwid
tons by July 2008, and ov
international investment ca
China is building large subsid
Dongtan Eco City. Much of
McDonough.
Many solar photovoltaic po
December 2011, the largest
Golmud Solar Park (China, 2
MW), Montalto di Castro Ph
Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 M
Photovoltaic Park (Germany,
MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic
(Germany, 54 MW).
SOLAR ENERGY
(Fig 2.11 Solar Energy)
third largest photovoltaic power plant in Northlar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, usi
to convert sunlight to heat water or air, usi
heat water (producing steam), or using sunlig
ating of a building. It would be advantageo
highest solar radiation.
tive global photovoltaic (PV) installations sur
tions are popular in Germany and Spain.[9] Sol
e USA and Spain, and the largest of these
plant in the Mojave Desert.
silicon wafer capacity for photovoltaics to 2,
r 6,000 metric tons by the end of 2010
ital is flowing into China to support this o
ized off-the-grid solar-powered cities in Huan
the design was done by Americans such
er stations have been built, mainly in Eur
photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the wor
00 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (
otovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Fi
), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Ukraine, 80 MW),
71.8 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plan
Park (Spain, 60 MW), and the Strasskirchen
18
America)g sunlight
g sunlight
t entering
s to place
passed 21
ar thermal
is the 354
00 metric
Significant
portunity.
baiyu and
s William
pe. As of
ld are the
anada, 97
sterwalde
Lieberose
(Italy, 70
Solar Park
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AGRIC
(Fig 2.12 A
Biomass production involves
or other vegetation to gener
produced is captured in pipe
wood can be burned directly
alcohols. Brazil has one of
involving production of ethan
the country's automotive fuel
Vegetable oil is generated fro
store than gasoline or dieselin diesel engines if it is heate
biodiesel, which burns like no
For India, biomass has alway
scenario in India today indica
energy, about 32% of the tot
biomass and more than 70%
needs.
Global biofuels production in
the largest sources of liquids
the US (+140,000 b/d, or 17%
LTURAL BIOMASS & BIOFUEL
gricultural biomass and biofuel)
using garbage or other renewable resources s
ate electricity. When garbage decomposes, th
and later burned to produce electricity. Vege
to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or process
the largest renewable energy programs in
ol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provi
.[11] Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the
m sunlight, H2O, and CO2 by plants. It is safer
as it has a higher flash point. Straight vegetabld first. Vegetable oil can also be transesterifie
rmal diesel.
been an important energy source. Although
tes a growing dependence on the convention
al primary energy use in the country is still de
f the country's population depends upon it fo
2010 grew by 13.8%, or 240,000 b/d, constitu
production growth in the world. Growth wa
) and Brazil (+50,000 b/d, or 11.5%).
19
ch as corn
methane
tation and
ed to form
he world,
des 18% of
USA.
to use and
e oil worksd to make
he energy
l forms of
rived from
its energy
ing one of
driven by
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2.4 Conclusion:
Energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. One thing is clear: the
era of easy oil is over. What we all do next, will determine how well we meet the
energy needs of the entire world in this century and beyond.
Because of our numbers and our technology, we humans greatly influence the
ecology of Earth. We humans qualified or not, are at the controls. Earth does not come
with an operating manual. We humans need to look to science to create one.
The coming era of limited and expensive energy will be very difficult for
everyone on Earth but it will be even more difficult if it is not anticipated. It is of
utmost importance that the public and especially policymakers understand the global
energy crisis and the underlying science.
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Chapter no -3
INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO
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3.1Energy Reserves in India
Crude oil
Most of Indias crude oil reserves are located offshore, in the west of the country, and
onshore in the northeast. Substantial reserves also exist in the Bay of Bengal and in
Rajasthan state. Indias largest oil field is the offshore Mumbai High field, locatednorth-west of Mumbai and operated by ONGC. Block D6 in the Krishna-Godavari basin,
a major gas play operated by Reliance Industries, began oil production in September
2008.
Natural gas
Despite major new natural gas discoveries in recent years, India continues to plan on
gas imports to meet its future needs. According to Oil and Gas Journal, India had
approximately 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves as of January
2011. EIA estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010, a
63 percent increase over 2008 production levels. The bulk of Indias natural gasproduction comes from the western offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High
complex, though fields in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) are increasingly important.
Electricity
In 2008, India had approximately 177 gigawatts (GW) of installed electric capacity and
generated 761 billion kilowatt hours. Conventional thermal sources produce more
than 80 percent of Indias electricity. Hydroelectricity, nuclear power, and other
renewable sources account for the remainder. India also imports marginal amounts of
electricity from Bhutan and Nepal and has signed an agreement to begin importing
power from Bangladesh.
Conventional thermal power generation
Conventional thermal-generated power accounted for more than 80 percent of
electricity in India in 2008. Coal predominates, generating roughly 70 percent Indias
power. India is both the third-largest consumer and third-largest producer of coal in
the world. Indias domestic coal is low in quality this renders coal-fired power
generation relatively inefficient and necessitates imports of metallurgical coal for steel-
making. The country imports considerable quantities of coal (83 million tons or 11
percent of total consumption in 2010).
Natural gas, which was primarily to offset the seasonality of hydroelectricity, is now
becoming an increasingly important power generation fuel. Capacity additions and
increasingly abundant domestic natural gas are causing this expansion. In the IEO2011,
EIA projects that the share of natural gas in Indias power generation mix will expand
from 11 percent in 2008 to 16 percent in 2035.
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Nuclear power generation
The Indian government continues to focus on the development of nuclear power to
meet its power generation targets. Although India is not a party to the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), its 2005 nuclear cooperation deal with the United
States, known as the 123 Agreement, allows for civil nuclear trade between the U.S.
and India. This agreement will facilitate Indias goal of increasing Indias installed
nuclear power generation capacity to 20 GW by 2020. India currently operates 20
nuclear reactors, which represent 4.4GW of generation capacity. The country is
building another six reactors that will more than double this.
Hydropower
As part of Indias goal of diversifying its sources of electric power generation and
increasing the countrys capacity, the government also plans to increase the use of
hydroelectric power. International organizations such as the World Bank are providing
funding for a variety of hydroelectric projects around the country. However, lack of
reliability and environmental and land-use concerns surrounding construction may
make it difficult to capitalize fully upon this domestic energy resource.
While India holds the potential for developing other renewable power sources, such as
geothermal, solar, and wind power, cost concerns and an underdeveloped
transmission and distribution network will likely hinder their expansion.
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3.2 Energy Requirement in India
Indias rapid economic growth has made it the second fastest growing energy market
in the world. Its domestic strategy for dealing with this raises painful questions about
efficiency and fiscal soundness. Its international strategy involves a relentless push to
diversify suppliers, increase Indias equity stake overseas, and try to avoid destructive
commercial competition with China. In some cases, this has produced foreign policy
differences with the United States that will require careful management on both sides.
The Indian economy has clocked an average growth rate of 7 percent in the last
decade. To maintain this pace, experts believe that the country will have to increase its
energy consumption by at least 4 percent annually. This relentlessly increasing demand
is a massive challenge for India, affecting not only the domestic economy but Indias
foreign policy. India is the worlds eleventh-largest energy producer, with 2.4 percent
of energy production, and the worlds sixth-largest consumer, with 3.5 percent of
global energy consumption. Domestic coal reserves account for 70 percent of Indias
energy needs. The remaining 30 percent is met by oil, with more than 65 percent of
that oil being imported. Demand for energy is expected to double by 2025; by then, 90
percent of Indias petroleum will be imported. Many observers believe that the most
effective way to meet this growing demand is to reform the energy sector.
3.3 Need for alternate energy sources
Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy
intended to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced
fuels. The term "alternative" presupposes a set of undesirable energy technologies
against which "alternative energies" are contrasted. As such, the list of energy
technologies excluded is an indicator of which problems the alternative technologies
are intended to address. Controversies regarding dominant sources of energy and their
alternatives have a long history. The nature of what were regarded alternative energy
sources has changed considerably over time, and today, because of the variety of
energy choices and differing goals of their advocates, defining some energy types as
"alternative" is highly controversial.
In a general sense in contemporary society, alternative energy is that which is
produced without the undesirable consequences of the burning of fossil fuels, such as
high carbon dioxide emissions, which is considered to be the major contributing factor
of global warming according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Sometimes, this less comprehensive meaning of "alternative energy" excludes nuclear
energy (e.g. as defined in the Michigan Next Energy Authority Act of 2002).
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Common types of alternative energy:
Solar energy
The sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth and provides renewable sources of
energy like wind, tidal energy, biomass etc. With the rapid advances in technology,
direct conversion of solar energy into electricity has gathered momentum.
Solar energy is generating of electricity from the sun. It is split up into two types,
thermal and electric energy. These two subgroups mean that they heat up homes (and
water) and generate electricity respectively.
Wind energy
Wind power has been recognized, globally, as one of the most affordable clean energy
solutions. With more than 65 GW of onshore generation potential and 15 GW of
operating capacity, wind already contributes to more than 90% of installed renewable
energy asset base and provides less than 4% of all the electricity produced in India.
With the emergence of IPPs, such as GIL, and the strong regulatory policy and fiscal
incentive support provided by the Government of India through tax benefits and
Generation Based Incentives (GBI), REC's etc., wind is expected to remain the mainstay
of Indian renewable energy generation over the next few years.
Growth in wind energy sector in India has been tremendous. The Indian wind energy
sector has an installed capacity of 14158.00 MW (as on March 31, 2011). In terms of
wind power installed capacity, India is ranked 5th in the World. Today India is a major
player in the global wind energy market.
Indian government plans to add 5,000 MW of capacity in the 12th Five-Year Plan in
addition to the 15,000 MW planned through new projects. In India, Tamil Nadu is the
most aggressive and leading state seeking quantum leap in harnessing power through
both wind and solar energy over next five years. India's total wind power installedcapacity is about 14,000 MW, with Tamil Nadu accounting for 43%. The state is
preparing to announce a separate renewable energy policy with a goal to add about
8,000mw of capacity through wind and solar in the next five years.
India is among the fastest growing renewable energy countries in the world after
China, Brazil and United States, said a UN report on green economy released.
Investment from countries such as India, China and Brazil has increased by five times
between 2005 and 2010 and it surpassed that of the developed countries in 2010.
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Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is using
buildings or electricity gener
(Fig 3.2 geothermal energy)
Geothermal energy harness
wells are drilled. One well in
heat the water to produce
purified and is used to drive
temperature is below the b
point liquid is used to drive
refrigeration unit running i
energy: some can come fro
world's largest geothermal pcapacity of 750 MW.
hot water or steam from the Earths interior
ation.
es the heat energy present underneath the
ects water into the ground to provide water. T
team. The steam that shoots back up the oth
urbines, which power electric generators. Wh
iling point of water a binary system is used.
a turbine and generator in a closed system
reverse. There are also natural sources of
volcanoes, geysers, hot springs, and steam ve
ower installation is The Geysers in California,
26
or heating
Earth. Two
he hot rocks
er hole(s) is
n the water
low boiling
similar to a
geothermal
nts.[30] The
ith a rated
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Tidal energy
(Fig 3.3 Tidal energy generati
Tidal power can be extracte
turbine in a tidal current, o
release water through a turbi
compressor, that can then s
clean, free, renewable, and s
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels sources burn co
decomposition of plants and
petroleum, and natural gas.
principally derived from theused either directly for space
energy for vehicles, industrial
Greenhouse gas emissions
Currently governments subsi
n)
from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locati
r by building impoundment pond dams that
ne. The turbine can turn an electrical generat
ore energy until needed. Coastal tides are a
stainable energy.
al or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the rema
animals. There are three main types of fossil
Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum ga
roduction of natural gas. Heat from burning fheating and process heating, or converted to
processes, or electrical power generation.
result from fossil fuel-based electricity
ize fossil fuels by an estimated $500 billion a y
27
g a water
admit-or-
r, or a gas
source of
ins of the
uels: coal,
s (LPG), is
ssil fuel isechanical
eneration.
ar.
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Nuclear
(Fig 3.4 Diablo Canyon Power
FissionNuclear power stations use
uranium-235 inside a nuclea
which are split in the proce
process continues as a chain
create steam, which spins a t
Fusion
Fusion power could solve m
mentioned above) but, despi
fusion reactor is expected b
Proposed fusion reactors co
and in most current designs acurrent global output and th
current lithium reserves wou
million years, and a more co
water would have fuel for 15
Plant Nuclear power station)
nuclear fission to generate energy by the r
r reactor. The reactor uses uranium rods, th
ss of fission, releasing a large amount of e
reaction with other nuclei. The energy heat
rbine generator, producing electricity.
any of the problems of fission power (the
te research having started in the 1950s, no c
efore 2050 many technical problems remain
monly use deuterium, an isotope of hydrog
lso lithium. Assuming a fusion energy output eat this does not increase in the future, then
ld last 3000 years, lithium from sea water wo
mplicated fusion process using only deuteriu
billion years.
28
eaction of
atoms of
ergy. The
s water to
echnology
ommercial
unsolved.
en, as fuel
qual to thehe known
uld last 60
from sea
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Electricity
(Fig 3.5 Electric Grid: Pilons a
Electricity grids are the ne
production source to end us
Sources include electrical ge
power plant, etc. A combin
piping are used to maintain
transient blackouts and bro
extreme space weather even
have a predefined carrying
power requirements exceed
problems, power is then ratio
Industrialized countries such
per capita consumers of el
widespread electrical distribu
although infrastructure main
a real-time overview of the el
Northeast of the US. Afric
correspondingly low annual
power grids in the world supp
d cables distribute power)
tworks used to transmit and distribute p
r, when the two may be hundreds of kilome
neration plants such as a nuclear reactor, co
tion of sub-stations, transformers, towers, c
a constant flow of electricity. Grids may s
nouts, often due to weather damage. Duri
ts solar wind can interfere with transmissions.
apacity or load that cannot safely be excee
what's available, failures are inevitable.
ned.
as Canada, the US, and Australia are among t
ectricity in the world, which is possible th
tion network. The US grid is one of the most
enance is becoming a problem. Current Ener
ectricity supply and demand for California, Tex
n countries with small scale electrical gri
er capita usage of electricity. One of the mos
lies power to the state of Queensland, Australi
29
wer from
ters away.
al burning
ables, and
uffer from
ng certain
Grids also
ed. When
o prevent
he highest
anks to a
advanced,
y provides
as, and the
s have a
t powerful
a.
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3.4 Energy Reserves
Levels of primary energy sources are the reserves in the ground. Flows are
production. The most important part of primary energy sources are the carbon
based fossil energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas provided 79.6% of primaryenergy production during 2002 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe))
(34.9+23.5+21.2).
Levels (proved reserves) during 20052007
Coal: 997,748 million short tonnes (905 billion metric tonnes) 4,416 billion barrels
(702.1 km3) of oil equivalent
Oil: 1,119 billion barrels (177.9 km3) to 1,317 billion barrels (209.4 km3)
Natural gas: 6,1836,381 trillion cubic feet (175181 trillion cubic meters), 1,161
billion barrels (184.610^9 m3) of oil equivalent
Flows (daily production) during 2006
Coal: 18,476,127 short tonnes (16,761,260 metric tonnes),[15] 52,000,000 barrels
(8,300,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day Oil: 84,000,000 barrels per day (13,400,000 m3/d)[16]
Natural gas: 104,435 billion cubic feet (2,960 billion cubic meters) 19,000,000
barrels (3,000,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day
Years of production left in the ground with the current proved reserves and flows
above
Coal: 148 years
Oil: 43 years
Natural gas: 61 years
Years of production left in the ground with the most optimistic proved reserve
estimates (Oil & Gas Journal, World Oil)
Coal: 417 years Oil: 43 years
Natural gas: 167 years
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3.5 Sector wise energy consumption:
(Fig 3.6 Sector wise energy consumption)
The energy consumption by various stake-holders contributes towards the GDP growth
and, therefore, the energy consumption in various sectors like domestic, commercial,
agriculture, industry, railways, public lighting, public water works etc. has beenconsidered State-wise to work out the demand for each sector of electricity
consumption. India has been facing electricity shortages in spite of appreciable growth
in electricity generation. The demand for electrical energy has been growing at the
faster rate and shall increase at higher growth rate to match with the projected growth
of Indian economy. The forecast of electricity demand is done on short and long term
basis using internationally well- know n methodologies of time series analysis and end
use method duly validated by the results obtained from economic and electricity
growth indicators. The short term electricity demand has been made after
compensating electricity shortages in the assumed base year. The T&D loss reduction
targets were assumed based on consultation with the State Electricity Regulatory
Commissions w ho furnished the plans of T&D loss reduction for 11th Plan. Whereversuch program was not available for full period of 11th Plan, extrapolated data has been
considered. The inter- regional diversity factor w as also applied for peak demand for
the first time in view of the program for format ion of a strong National Grid during the
11th Plan.
The Rural-Urban division of the forecast of electricity consumption has been done for
the first time to account for accelerated rural electrification and development in line
with National Electricity Policy. With all these features the utility of the Report would
improve over previous edit ions of Electric Power Survey of India. The growth rates of
forecast of electrical energy consumption and energy requirement prepared by the
17th Electric Power
Survey Committee worked out to about 1 0% & 8% respectively for the period t ill 11thPlan end against the actual growth rate of less than 5% during 9 th & initial years of
10th Plan.
The corresponding peak demand growth works out to 9% for period upto 11th Plan
end against actual achievement of 5.3%.
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The energy consumption by various stake-holders contributes towards the GDP growth
and therefore, the energy consumption in various sectors like domestic, commercial,
agriculture, industry, railways, public lighting, public water works etc. has been
considered State-wise to work out the demand for each sector of electricity
consumption. The report has projected electrical energy demand of 969 Tera Watt
Hours for 2011 12 and peak electric demand of 153 Giga Watts entailing capacity
addition of 78000 MW by
2011-12 . The electrical energy demand for 2021 - 22 has been estimated as 1915 Tera
Watt Hours and peak electric demand of 2 9 8 Giga Watts. The demand project ions
have been made assuming that the utilities would be able to make rigorous efforts in
containing T&D losses and adopting Demand Side Management Techniques to achieve
high load factors.
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Chapter 4
ENERGY CONSERVATION
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4.1 Energy Security
The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the
imported energy sources for its economic growth. India will continue to experience an
energy supply shortfall throughout the forecast period. This gap has widened since
1985, when the country became a net importer of coal. India has been unable to raise
its oil production substantially in the 1990s.
Rising oil demand of close to 10 percent per year has led to sizable oil import bills. In
addition, the government subsidizes refined oil product prices, thus compounding the
overall monetary loss to the government.
Imports of oil and coal have been increasing at rates of 7% and 16% per annum
respectively during the period 199199. The dependence on energy imports is
projected to increase in the future. Estimates indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of
total oil consumption requirements and coal imports will meet 22% of total coal
consumption requirements in 2006. The imports of gas and LNG (liquefied natural gas)
are likely to increase in the coming years.
This energy import dependence implies vulnerability to external price shocks and
supply fluctuations, which threaten the energy security of the country.
Increasing dependence on oil imports means reliance on imports from the Middle East,
a region susceptible to disturbances and consequent disruptions of oil supplies.
This calls for diversification of sources of oil imports. The need to deal with oil price
fluctuations also necessitates measures to be taken to reduce the oil dependence of
the economy, possibly through fiscal measures to reduce demand, and by developing
alternatives to oil, such as natural gas and renewable energy. Some of the strategies
that can be used to meet future challenges to their energy security are
Diversification of energy supply sources
Increased capacity of fuel switching
Demand restraint
Development of renewable energy sources
Energy efficiency
Sustainable development
Although all these options are feasible, their implementation will take time.
However, out of all these options, the simplest and the most easily attainable is
reducing demand through persistent energy conservation efforts.
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4.2 Importance of Energy Conservation
Coal and other fossil fuels, which have taken three million years to form, are likely to
deplete soon. In the last two hundred years, we have consumed 60% of all resources.
For sustainable development, we need to adopt energy efficiency measures.
Today, 85% of primary energy comes from non-renewable and fossil sources (coal, oil,
etc.). These reserves are continually diminishing with increasing consumption and will
not exist for future generations.
Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency
Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts. Energy
conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in
physical terms.
Energy Conservation can, therefore, is the result of several processes or developments,
such as productivity increase or technological progress. On the other hand Energy
efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of
production or consumption is reduced without affecting output, consumption or
comfort levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation
and is therefore an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies.
Energy efficiency is often viewed as a resource option like coal, oil or natural gas. It
provides additional economic value by preserving the resource base and reducing
pollution. e.g. replacing traditional bulbs with CFLs means you will use only one fourth
of the energy to light a room. Pollution levels are also reduced by same amount.
Nature sets some basic limits on how efficiently the energy can be used, but in most
cases our products and manufacturing processes are still a long way from operating
this theoretical limit. Very simply, energy efficiency means using less energy to
perform the same function.
Although, energy efficiency has been in practice ever since the first oil crisis in 1973, it
has today assumed even more importance because of being the most cost-effective
and reliable means of mitigating the global climatic change.
Recognition of that potential has led to high expectations for the control of future CO
emissions through even more energy efficiency improvements than have occurred in
the past. The industrial sector accounts for some 41 per cent of global primary energy
demand and approximately the same share of CO emissions.
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4.3 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and its Features
Policy Framework Energy Conservation Act 2001
With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits, bridging the gap
between demand and supply, reducing environmental emissions through energy
saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enactedthe Energy Conservation Act 2001. The Act provides the much-needed legal
framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency drive.
Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has been established with
effect from 1 March 2002 by merging erstwhile Energy Management Centre of
Ministry of Power.
The Bureau would be responsible for implementation of policy programmes and
coordination of implementation of energy conservation activities.
Important features of the Energy Conservation Act are:-
Standards and Labeling
Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity for energy efficiency
improvement. The S & L program, when in place would ensure that only energy
efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the consumers.
The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:
Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified
equipment and appliances.
Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not conform
to the standards.
Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment appliances toenable consumers to make informed choices.
Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers.
Designated Consumers
The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are:-
The government would notify energy intensive industries and other establishments
as designated consumers;
Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered basicallyenergy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector, Power Stations,
Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial buildings or
establishments; The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an accredited
energy auditor;
Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be appointed or
designated by the designated consumers;
Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of energy
consumption as prescribed by the central government.
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Certification of Energy Managers and Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms
The main activities in this regard as envisaged in the Act are:
A cadre of professionally qualified energy managers and auditors with expertise in
policy analysis, project management, financing and implementation of energy
efficiency projects would be developed through Certification and Accreditation
program. BEE to design training modules, and conduct a National level examination for
certification of energy managers and energy auditors.
Energy Conservation Building Codes
The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy Conservation Building Codes are:
The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC).
These would be notified to suit local climate conditions or other compelling factors
by the respective states for commercial buildings erected after the rules relating to
energy conservation building codes have been notified. In addition, these buildings
should have a connected load of 500 kW or contract demand of 600 kVA and above
and are intended to be used for commercial purposes;
Energy audit of specific designated commercial building consumers would also be
prescribed.
Central Energy Conservation Fund:
The EC Act provisions in this case are:
The fund would be set up at the centre to develop the delivery mechanism for large-
scale adoption of energy efficiency services such as performance contracting and
promotion of energy service companies. The fund is expected to give a thrust to R & D
and demonstration in order to boost market penetration of efficient equipment and
appliances. It would support the creation of facilities for testing and development and
to promote consumer awareness.
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Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy efficiency
services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to
energy efficiency in all sectors of economy. The primary objective would be to
reduce energy intensity in the Indian Economy.
The general superintendence, directions and management of the affairs of the
Bureau is vested in the Governing Council with 26 members. The Council is headed
by Union Minister of Power and consists of members represented by Secretaries of
various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical agencies under the Ministries,
members representing equipment and appliance manufacturers, industry,
architects, consumers and five power regions representing the states. The Director
General of the Bureau shall be the ex-official member-secretary of the Council.
The BEE will be initially supported by the Central Government by way of grants
through budget, it will, however, in a period of 5-7 years become self-sufficient. It
would be authorized to collect appropriate fee in discharge of its functions assigned
to it. The BEE will also use the Central Energy Conservation Fund and other funds
raised from various sources for innovative financing of energy efficiency projects in
order to promote energy efficient investment.
Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency
The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of appliances and
equipment, develop a list of designated consumers, specify certification and
accreditation procedure, prepare building codes, maintain Central EC fund and
undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center and state level agencies.
The role would include development of Energy service companies (ESCOs),transforming the market for energy efficiency and create awareness through measures
including clearing house.
Role of Central and State Governments:
The following role of Central and State Government is envisaged in the Act
Central - to notify rules and regulations under various provisions of the Act,
provide initial financial assistance to BEE and EC fund, Coordinate with various
State Governments for notification, enforcement, penalties and adjudication.
State - to amend energy conservation building codes to suit the regional and local
Climatic condition, to designate state level agency to coordinate, regulate and
enforce provisions of the Act and constitute a State Energy Conservation Fund forpromotion of energy efficiency.
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Enforcement through Self-Regulation:
E.C. Act would require inspection of only two items. The following procedure of
self-regulation is proposed to be adopted for verifying areas that require inspection
of only two items that require inspection.
The certification of energy consumption norms and standards of production
process by the Accredited Energy Auditors is a way to enforce effective energy
efficiency in designated Consumers.
For energy performance and standards, manufacturers declared values would be
checked in Accredited Laboratories by drawing sample from market. Any
manufacturer or consumer or consumer association can challenge the values of the
other manufacturer and bring to the notice of BEE. BEE can recognize for challenge
testing in disputed cases as a measure for self-regulation.
Penalties and Adjudication:
Penalty for each offence under the Act would be in monetary terms i.e. Rs.10, 000
for each offence and Rs.1, 000 for each day for continued non Compliance.
The initial phase of 5 years would be promotional and creating infrastructure for
Implementation of Act. No penalties would be effective during this phase.
The power to adjudicate has been vested with state Electricity Regulatory
Commission which shall appoint any one of its member to be an adjudicating
officer for holding an enquiry in connection with the penalty imposed.
Features Extracted from The Energy Conservation Act, 2001.
Energy Strategy for the Future
The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate, medium-term
and long-term strategy. The various components of these strategies are listed below:
Immediate-term strategy:
Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.
Optimum utilization of existing assets
Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including
those in traditional energy sources.
Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for environmentally
sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy sources.
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42
Medium-term strategy:
Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum fuel
mix, structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in the
transport sector, i.e. greater dependence on rail than on road for the movement
of goods and passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes
for passenger transport; changes in design of different products to reduce the
material intensity of those products, recycling, etc.
There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This would
include measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads, better
design of vehicles, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc.
Similarly, better urban planning would also reduce the demand for energy use in
the transport sector.
There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources
viz. solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.
Long-term strategy:
Efficient generation of energy resources
Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas
Reduction of natural gas flaring
Improving energy infrastructure
Building new refineries
Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network
Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.
Building new coal and gas fired power stations.
Enhancing energy efficiency
Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-economic, and
environmental priorities
Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards
Labeling programs for products and adoption of energy efficient technologies in
large industries
Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive
Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency Investment
legislation to attract foreign investments.
Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation in power
generation, transmission and distribution.
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Chapter 5
HOME ENERGY
MANAGEMENT & AUDIT
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HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDIT
5.1 Energy Management
The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services
with the least cost and least environmental effect.
Energy Management is defined as The judicious and effective use of energy to
maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive positions
Another comprehensive definition is The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy,
using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output
while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these
systems
A home energy management system includes set of devices that can be installed in
home to help owner monitor their energy usage and therefore advise them on how to
reduce both energy wastage and money on energy bills.
Objectives of Energy Management:-
To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
To minimize environmental effects.
5.2 Benefits of home energy management:-
The benefits of owning a home energy management system are advantageous, not
only to the homeowner, but also the environment as a whole. Not only can
homeowners see for themselves just how much energy they are using on each
individual appliance, as well as on average, but they can also take active measures to
reduce the amount of energy they are using unnecessarily in order to save money and
cut energy bills. They will also no longer have to provide electricity or gas meter
readings to energy suppliers. This will have considerable benefits for the environment.
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5.3 Types of houses in India
Slums
A heavily populated urban
by substandard housing and s
The United Nations
slums/informal settlements
the following:
Poor structural quality and du
Insufficient living areas (more
sharing a room) ,Lack of se
access to water & Lack of sani
Chawl
A chawl is a name for a type
in India. They are often 4 t
about 10 to 20 tenemen
as kholis, which literally mea
floor. Many chawls c
in Mumbai where they wer
abundance to house the pe
Mumbai because of its boo
and overall strong economy.A usual tenement in a chawl
purpose room that functions
and sleeping space and a kitc
also serves as a dining room.
floor have to share a commo
each block containing typicall
Row house
One of a series of houses, oidentical design, situated s
joined by common walls.
rea characterized
qualor.
characterizes
y one or more of
rability of housing
than three people
cure tenure, Poor
tation facilities
(
of building found
o 5 stories with
ts, referred to
'rooms' on each
n be found
constructed in
ple migrating to
ing cotton mills
onsists of one all
both as a living
en that
Families on a
block of latrines,
4 to 5 latrines.
ften of similar oride by side and
45
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f
k
s
Bungalow
A house or cottage usually h
and sometimes an addit
Bungalows are generally sma
footage, but it is not uncom
bungalows. Bungalows were
provide affordable, moder
working class.
lat
flat or apartment is self contained housin
ccupies only part of a building. Such a buildi
alled an apartment building, apartment hous
lats, tower block. Flats usually consist of hall,
itchen and bathroom. Depending upon the n
edrooms the flat can be classified as 1bhk 2bh
o on.
aving a single storey
ional attic storey.
ll in terms of square
on to see very large
riginally designed to
housing for the
46
unit that
g may be
e block of
bedroom,
umbers of
3bhk and
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5.4 Ways of managing electri
Unplugging devices when the
See for star rating while
purchasing decisions abou
equipment, and even vehicle
Tips to efficiently manage
household are as follows
Lightning:-
Turning off lights while
room to another room of
Use CFCL bulbs instead
bulb which consumes less
Turn off your lights whil
and while going from one Take advantage of dayli
colored, loose-weave
windows to allow daylig
room. Also, decorate wit
reflect daylight.
Fans:-
Make use of 5 star rated f Install exhaust fans at a h
ceiling fans.
Replace conventional
electronic regulators for c
Iron:-
Use appropriate regulator Do not put more water on
Do not iron wet clothes
As iron consumes more p
city consumption at home
re not in use is a simple way to cut your ener
uying appliances. These ratings can help
t energy-efficient appliances, heating an
.
the electricity consumption for various ap
moving from one
the house.
f Incandescent light
power.
e leaving the house
room to another.ght by using light-
curtains on your
ht to penetrate the
h lighter colors that
ans.igher elevation than
regulators with
eiling fans.
position for ironingclothes while ironing
wer make quick and proper use of it.
47
y costs.
you make
d cooling
liances in
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Washing machines:-
Always wash only with fu
Use optimal quantity of
Use timer facility to save
Always use cold water in
Refrigerator:-
Regularly defrost manu
freezers; frost buildup
energy needed to keep th
Leave enough space bet
the walls so that air can
refrigerator.
Don't keep your refrigerat
Make sure your refrigerat
Cover liquids and wr
refrigerator. Uncovered
make the compressor wo
Do not open the doors of
Don't leave the fridge
necessary, as cold air will
Use smaller cabinets for s
Avoid putting hot or war
Switch off the refrigeratortemperature is almost ma
Vacuum clean the conde
Accumulated dust reduce
electricity bill.
ll loads.
ater.
energy.
the rinse cycle
l-defrost refrigerators and
increases the amount of
e motor running.
een your refrigerator and
easily circulate around the
or or freezer too cold.
or door seals are airtight
p foods stored in the
oods release moisture and
k harder.
the refrigerators frequently
oor open for longer than
escape.
oring frequently used items.
food straight into the fridge.
at night for 5-6 hrs since at night it is rarely usintained within it.
ser coils at the back or underneath your frid
s their efficiency by up to 25% adding that c
48
ed and the
e freezer.
st to your
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Air conditioner:-
Prefer air conditioners ha
cut off.
Keep regulators at low c
Operate the ceiling fan
window air conditioner to
effectively throughout th
conditioner at higher tem
Seal the doors and windo
Set your thermostat as h
in the summer.
The less difference betw
be energy consumption.
Don't place lamps or TV s
senses heat from these
longer than necessary.
Computer:-
If your computer must b
monitor; this device alon
the system's energy.
Setting computers, monit
sleep-mode when not in
costs by approximately 40
Battery chargers, such as
phones and digital
whenever they are plu
inefficient. Pull the plug a
Screen savers save comp
Start-ups and shutdown
energy, nor are they h
components. In fact, sh
when you are finished usi
system wear and saves
ing automatic temperature
ol position.
in conjunction with your
spread the cooled air more
room and operate the air
perature.
s properly.
igh as comfortably possible
en the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the
ts near your air-conditioning thermostat. The
appliances, which can cause the air conditio
e left on, turn off the
e uses more than half
rs, and copiers to use
use helps cut energy
%.
those for laptops, cell
ameras, draw power
gged in and are very
d save.
ter screens, not energy.
do not use any extra
ard on your computer
utting computers down
ng them actually reduces
nergy.
49
lower will
hermostat
er to run
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5.5 Energy Audit
Energy Audit is the key to a
energy management.
It attempts to balance the tot
energy streams in a facility
functions. Industrial energy
comprehensive energy mana
As per the Energy Conservati
monitoring and analysis of
containing recommendations
and an action plan to reduce
Need for Home Energy Audit
Various audit gadgets like lu
used to check the efficiency
repair faulty appliance and wi
Energy Audit will help to und
residential buildings and hel
where scope for improvemen
By knowing the time hours
consumed by each appliance
can help household for deter
Such an audit program will h
costs, availability and reliabili
identify energy conservation
systematic approach for decision-making in t
al energy inputs with its use, and serves to ide
. It quantifies energy usage according to i
audit is an effective tool in defining an
ement programme.
n Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as the v
se of energy including submission of techn
for improving energy efficiency with cost bene
nergy consumption.
The first step toward increasing your hom
efficiency and comfort is to conduct wh
energy audit. It is very essential for every in
make efficient utilization of electricity con
present shortage.
Energy audit helps people know how muc
their electric appliance are and how much
being utilized by them daily. This can b
proper assessment of the time hours for
electric appliances are running.
x meter, anemometer, thermo hygrometer,
of the household appliances. This data will
ll put in the picture the concept of energy cons
erstand more about the ways electricity is bei
p in identifying the areas where waste can
t exists.
for which the appliances are running and t
total energy consumed in kwh can be calcul
ining exact cost of energy they are consumin
lp to keep focus on variations which occur in
y of supply of energy, decide on appropriate e
echnologies, retrofit for energy conservation e
50
he area of
tify all the
s discrete
pursuing
erification,
ical report
fit analysis
es energy
ole house
dividual to
idering its
h efficient
energy is
done by
which the
tc can be
help us to
ervation.
ng used in
occur and
he energy
ted which
.
he energy
nergy mix,
quipment.
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In general, Energy Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by
lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational
considerations within a specified time frame.
Energy Audit provides a bench-mark (Reference point) for managing energy in the
household and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of energy
throughout the residential areas.
Types of audit
Preliminary Audit:-
The preliminary audit alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-
through audit, is the simplest and quickest type of audit. It involves minimal interviews
with site operating personnel, a brief review of facility utility bills and other operatingdata, and a walk-through of the facility to become familiar with the building operation
and identify glaring areas of energy waste or inefficiency.
Typically, only major problem areas will be uncovered during this type of audit.
Corrective measures are briefly described, and quick estimates of implemen