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Measurement Results and Trigger Values/ Action Levels Robert Rodden, P.E. www.robertrodden.com 10/31/2014 1 Evaluation of Concrete Pavements
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Measurement Results and Trigger Values/Action LevelsRobert Rodden, P.E.www.robertrodden.com
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We are Focusing on Roadways; Similar Exist for Airfield Pavements 1
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Intent of this Presentation• We will cover some examples of from various distress trigger values
suggested or required for both network- and project-level metrics
• It’s ultimately up to the owner of any facility to decide the metrics and thresholds necessary based on their experience and to best serve the needs of their customers
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FHWA LTPPDistress IDManualMeasurement Results and Trigger Values/Action Levels
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DistressMapExamples… We’reBack to These…
Concrete Distress Types:Cracking 1
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Distress Type Unit of MeasureSeverityLevels?
Trafficor
Load
Climate or
Materials
Corner Breaks # Yes X
Durability Cracking # of slabs, area Yes X
Longitudinal Cracking length Yes X X
Transverse Cracking #, length Yes X X
Corner Breaks:Description• A portion of the slab separated by a crack that intersects the adjacent
transverse and longitudinal joints at about a 45-degree angle with the direction of traffic
• The length of the sides is from 0.3 m to one-half the width of the slab
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Corner Breaks:Severity Levels• LOW = Crack is not spalled for more than 10
percent of the length of the crack; there is no measurable faulting; and the corner piece is not broken into two or more pieces and has no loss of material and no patching
• MODERATE = Crack is spalled at low severity for more than 10 percent of its total length; or faulting of crack or joint is < 13 mm; and the corner piece is not broken into two or more pieces
• HIGH = Crack is spalled at moderate to high severity for more than 10 percent of its total length; or faulting of the crack or joint is ≥ 13 mm; or the corner piece is broken into two or more pieces or contains patch material
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Corner Breaks:How to Measure• Record number of corner breaks at
each severity level
• Corner breaks that have had a full-depth repaired should be rated as a patch
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Durability (D) Cracking:Description• Closely spaced crescent-shaped hairline cracking pattern
• Occurs adjacent to joints, cracks, or free edges
• Initiates in slab corners
• Dark coloring of the cracking pattern and surrounding area
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Durability (D) Cracking:Severity Levels• LOW = “D” cracks are tight, with no
loose or missing pieces, and no patching is in the affected area
• MODERATE = “D” cracks are well-defined, and some small pieces are loose or have been displaced
• HIGH = “D” cracking has a well-developed pattern, with a significant amount of loose or missing material; displaced pieces, up to 0.1 m2, may have been patched
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Durability (D) Cracking:How to Measure• Record number of slabs with “D” cracking and square meters of area
affected at each severity level
• The slab and affected area severity rating is based on the highest severity level present for at least 10 percent of the area affected
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Longitudinal Cracking:Description• Cracks that are predominantly parallel to the pavement centerline
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Longitudinal Cracking:Severity Levels• LOW = Crack widths < 3 mm, no spalling
and no measurable faulting; or well-sealed and with a width that cannot be determined
• MODERATE = Crack widths ≥ 3 mm and < 13 mm; or with spalling < 75 mm; or faulting up to 13 mm
• HIGH = Crack widths ≥ 13 mm; or with spalling ≥ 75 mm; or faulting ≥ 13 mm
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Longitudinal Cracking:How to Measure• Record length in meters of longitudinal cracking at each severity
level
• Also record length in meters of longitudinal cracking with sealant in good condition at each severity level
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Transverse Cracking:Description• Cracks that are predominantly perpendicular to
the pavement centerline
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Transverse Cracking:Severity Levels• LOW = Crack widths < 3 mm, no spalling
and no measurable faulting; or well-sealed and the width cannot be determined
• MODERATE = Crack widths ≥ 3 mm and < 6 mm; or with spalling < 75 mm; or faulting up to 6 mm
• HIGH = Crack widths ≥ 6 mm; or with spalling ≥ 75 mm; or faulting ≥ 6 mm
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Transverse Cracking:How to Measure• Record number and length of transverse
cracks at each severity level
• Rate the entire transverse crack at the highest severity level present for at least 10 percent of the total length of the crack
• Also record the length, in meters, of transverse cracking at each severity level with sealant in good condition (e.g., > 90% of crack length)
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Concrete Distress Types:Joint Deficiencies 1
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Distress Type Unit of MeasureSeverityLevels?
Trafficor
Load
Climate or
Materials
Transverse Joint Seal Damage # Yes X
Longitudinal Joint Seal Damage # No X
Spalling of Longitudinal Joints length Yes X
Spalling of Transverse Joints #, length Yes X
Joint Seal Damage:Description• Joint seal damage is any condition which enables incompressible
materials or water to infiltrate the joint from the surface
• Typical types of joint seal damage are:
� Hardening, adhesive failure (bonding), cohesive failure (splitting), or complete loss of sealant
� Intrusion of foreign material in the joint
� Weed growth in the joint
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21 YEAR OLD HOT POUR!
20 YEAR OLD
SILICONE!
Joint Seal Damage:Severity Levels• For transverse joints:
� LOW = Joint seal damage exists over less than 10 percent of the joint
� MODERATE = Joint seal damage exists over 10-50 percent of the joint
� HIGH = Joint seal damage exists over more than 50 percent of the joint
• For longitudinal joints:
� N/A
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Joint Seal Damage:How to Measure• For transverse joints:
� Indicate whether the transverse joints have been sealed (yes or no)
� If sealed, record number of sealed transverse joints at each severity level
� Any joint seal with no apparent damage is considered to be low severity
• For longitudinal joints:
� Record number of longitudinal joints that are sealed (0, 1, 2, etc.)
� Record total length of sealed longitudinal joints with joint seal damage as described above
� Individual occurrences are recorded only when at least 1 m in length
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Spalling of Longitudinal Joints:Description• Cracking, breaking, chipping, or fraying of slab edges within 0.3 m
from the face of the longitudinal joint
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Spalling of Longitudinal Joints:Severity Levels• LOW = Spalls < 75 mm wide, measured to the
face of the joint, with loss of material, or spalls with no loss of material and no patching
• MODERATE = Spalls 75 mm to 150 mm wide, measured to the face of the joint, with loss of material
• HIGH = Spalls > 150 mm wide, measured to the face of the joint, with loss of material or is broken into two or more pieces or contains patch material
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Spalling of Longitudinal Joints:How to Measure• Record length in meters of longitudinal joint
affected at each severity level.
• Only record spalls that have a length of 0.1 m or more
• Spalls that have been repaired should be rated as a patch
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Spalling of Transverse Joints:Description• Cracking, breaking, chipping, or fraying of slab edges within 0.3 m
from the face of the transverse joint
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Spalling of Transverse Joints:Severity Levels• LOW = Spalls < 75 mm wide, measured to
the face of the joint, with loss of material, or spalls with no loss of material and no patching
• MODERATE = Spalls 75 mm to 150 mm wide, measured to the face of the joint, with loss of material
• HIGH = Spalls > 150 mm wide, measured to the face of the joint, with loss of material, or broken into two or more pieces, or contains patch material
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Spalling of Transverse Joints:How to Measure• Record number of affected transverse
joints at each severity level
• A joint is affected only if the total length of spalling is 10 percent or more of the length of the joint
• Record length in meters of the spalledportion of the joint at the assigned severity level for the joint
• Spalls that have been repaired should be rated as a patch
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Concrete Distress Types:Surface Defects 1
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Distress Type Unit of MeasureSeverityLevels?
Trafficor
Load
Climate or
Materials
Map Cracking #, area No X
Scaling #, area No X
Polished Aggregates area No X
Popouts #, area No X
Map Cracking:Description• A series of cracks that extend only into
the upper surface of the slab
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How to Measure• Record the number of occurrences and
the square meters of affected area
Severity Levels• Not applicable
Scaling:Description• Scaling is the deterioration of the upper concrete slab
surface, normally 3 mm to 13 mm, and may occur anywhere over the pavement
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How to Measure• Record the number of occurrences and
the square meters of affected area
Severity Levels• Not applicable
Polished Aggregates:Description• Surface mortar and texturing worn away to
expose coarse aggregate
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How to Measure• Record square meters of affected surface area
• Diamond grinding also removes the surface mortar and texturing
� This condition should not be recorded as polished aggregate, but instead, be noted by a comment
Severity Levels• Not applicable; however, the degree of polishing may be
reflected in a reduction of surface friction
Popouts:Description• Small pieces of pavement broken
loose from the surface, normally ranging in diameter from 25 mm to 100 mm, and depth from 13 mm to 50 mm
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How to Measure• Not recorded in LTPP surveys
Severity Levels• Not applicable, but severity levels can be
defined in relation to the intensity of popouts
Concrete Distress Types:Miscellaneous Distresses 1
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Distress Type Unit of MeasureSeverityLevels?
Trafficor
Load
Climate or
Materials
Blowups # No X
Transverse Const. Joint Deterioration # Yes X
Faulting of Transverse Joints/Cracks height No X
Lane-to-Shoulder Dropoff height No X
Lane-to-Shoulder Separation width No X
Patch/Patch Deterioration #, area Yes X
Water Bleeding and Pumping #, length No X
Blowups:Description• Localized upward movement of the
pavement surface at transverse joints or cracks, often accompanied by shattering of the concrete in that area
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How to Measure• Record the number of blowups
Severity Levels• Not applicable, but severity levels can be defined by the relative
effect of a blowup on ride quality and safety
Faulting of Transverse Joints/Cracks:Description• Difference in elevation across a joint or crack
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Severity Levels• Not applicable, but severity levels
could be defined by categorizing the measurements taken and a complete record of the measurements taken is much more desirable because it is more accurate and repeatable than are severity levels
Faulting of Transverse Joints/Cracks:How to Measure• Record in millimeters, to the nearest
millimeter: 0.3 m and 0.75 m from the outside slab edge (approximately the outer wheel path)
� For a widened lane, the wheel path location will be 0.75 m from the outside lane edge stripe
• At each location, three measurements are made, but only the approximate average of the readings is recorded
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Lane-to-Shoulder Dropoff:Description• Difference in elevation between the edge of slab and outside
shoulder; typically occurs when the outside shoulder settles
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Severity Levels• Not applicable, but severity levels can be
defined by categorizing the measurements taken and a complete record of the measurements taken is much more desirable because it is more accurate and repeatable than are severity levels
Lane-to-Shoulder Dropoff:How to Measure• Measure at the longitudinal
construction joint between the lane edge and the shoulder
• Record to the nearest millimeter at 15 m intervals along the lane-to-shoulder joint
• If the traveled surface is lower than the shoulder, record as a negative (-) value
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Lane-to-Shoulder Separation:Description• Widening of the joint between the edge of the slab and the shoulder
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Severity Levels• Not applicable, but severity
levels can be defined by categorizing the measurements taken and complete record of the measurements taken is much more desirable because it is more accurate and repeatable than severity levels
Lane-to-Shoulder Separation:How to Measure• Record to the nearest millimeter
at intervals of 15 m along the lane-to-shoulder joint
• Indicate whether the joint is well-sealed (yes or no) at each location
• Note: A null value (“N”) should be recorded and entered into the database when the surveyor is unable to take a measurement due to an anomaly such as sealant or patch material
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Patch/Patch Deterioration:Description• A portion, greater than 0.1 m2, or all of the original concrete slab
that has been removed and replaced, or additional material applied to the pavement after original construction
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Patch/Patch Deterioration:Severity Levels• LOW = Patch has low severity
distress of any type; and no measurable faulting or settlement; pumping is not evident
• MODERATE = Patch has moderate severity distress of any type; or faulting or settlement up to 6 mm; pumping is not evident
• HIGH = Patch has a high severity distress of any type; or faulting or settlement ≥ 6 mm; pumping may be evident
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Patch/Patch Deterioration:How to Measure• Record number of patches and
square meters of affected surface area at each severity level, recorded separately by material type—concrete versus asphalt
• For slab replacement, rate each slab as a separate patch and continue to rate joints
• All patches meeting size criteria are rated
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Water Bleeding and Pumping:Description• Seeping or ejection of water from beneath
the pavement through cracks
• In some cases, detectable by deposits of fine material left on the pavement surface
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How to Measure• Record the number of occurrences of water bleeding and pumping and
the length in meters of affected pavement with a minimum length of 1 m
Severity Levels• Not applicable; severity levels are not used because the amount and degree
of water bleeding and pumping changes with varying moisture conditions
DistressMapSymbols
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DistressMapSymbols
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computer-
based
manual field
survey
distress
mapping
tools exist
too
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Blank Distress Surveys& Reports in the Manual! 1
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Cleaner Copy in theCP Tech Guide 1
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While I’m Mentioning the CP Tech Preservation Manual• It focuses on preservation techniques, not distress ID
• Lots of other useful info, like a summary of key material-related distresses
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… see the
guide for
the rest of
this table
General Thresholdsfrom ACPAMeasurement Results and Trigger Values/Action Levels
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Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement: Structural Triggers/Thresholds 1
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Trigger/Threshold Values
Traffic Volumes HighADT>10,000
Medium3000<ADT<10,000
LowADT<3000
Low - High SeverityFatigue Cracking (% slabs) 1.5 / 5.0 2.0 / 10.0 2.5 / 15.0
Deteriorated Joints (% joints) 1.5 / 15.0 2.0 / 17.5 2.5 / 20.0Corner Breaks (% joints) 1.0 / 8.0 1.5 / 10.0 2.0 / 12.0
Faulting (avg. - mm) 2.0 / 12.0 2.0 / 15.0 2.0 / 18.0D-Cracking (severity) Medium-High
Joint Seal Damage (% joints) > 25 / ---Load Transfer (%) < 50 / ---
Skid Resistance Minimum Local Acceptable Level / ---
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement: Functional Triggers/Thresholds 1
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Trigger / Limit ValuesTraffic Volumes High
ADT>10,000Medium
3000<ADT<10,000Low<ADT 3000
IRI (m/km) 1.0 / 2.5 1.2 / 3.0 1.4 / 3.5
PSR 3.8 / 3.0 3.6 / 2.5 3.4 / 2.0California Profilograph (in./mi) 12 / 60 15 / 80 18 / 100
The Concrete PASER ManualMeasurement Results and Trigger Values/Action Levels
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The Concrete PASER Manual• Developed for evaluation and rating lower volume/local
roadways; important because tolerance of users is different at lower speeds
• A well organized approach to separate and rate pavement conditions and defects
• A combination of distress modes, severity and extent govern the rating presented in this manual; not all of the following distresses will be evident on any given pavement so engineering judgment is still necessary!
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Rating System: 10 – Excellent • Visible Distresses
� None; new construction
• Treatment Measure(s)
� No action required
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Rating System: 9 – Excellent • Visible Distresses:
� Slight traffic wear in wheel path
� Slight map cracking
� Few pop outs
• Treatment Measure(s)
� No action required
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Rating System: 8 – Very Good• Visible Distresses
� Partial loss of joint sealant
� Minor surface defects - pop outs, map cracking or slight scaling
� Isolated meandering cracks (well sealed or tight)
� Light surface wear
� Isolated cracks at manholes (well sealed or tight)
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Little or no maintenance required
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Rating System: 7 – Good• Visible Distresses
� More extensive surface scaling
� Some open joints
� Isolated transverse or longitudinal cracks (well sealed or tight)
� Some manhole displacement and cracking
� First utility patch (in good condition)
� First noticeable settlement or heave area
• Treatment Measure(s)� Seal open joints
� Other routine maintenance
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Rating System: 6 –Good• Visible Distresses
� Moderate scaling in several locations
� A few isolated surface spalls
� Several corner cracks (well sealed or tight)
� Longitudinal or transverse joints open 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) wide
� More frequent transverse cracks (some open 1⁄4 in. [6 mm])
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Needs general joint and crack resealing
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Rating System: 5 – Fair• Visible Distresses
� Moderate to severe polishing or scaling over 25% of the surface
� Some joints and cracks have begun spalling
� First signs of joint or crack faulting (1⁄4 in. [6 mm])
� Multiple corner cracks with broken pieces
� Moderate settlement or frost heave areas
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Grind to repair surface defects
� Some partial depth patching or joint repairs needed
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Rating System: 4 – Fair• Visible Distresses
� Severe polishing, scaling, map cracking, or spalling over 50% of the area
� Joints and cracks show moderate to severe spalling
� Pumping and faulting of joints (1/2 in. [12 mm]) with fair ride
� Several slabs have multiple cracks with moderate spalling
� Spalled area broken into several pieces
� Corner cracks with missing pieces or patches
� Pavement blowups
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Needs some full depth repairs and grinding to correct surface defects
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Rating System: 3 – Poor• Visible Distresses
� Most joints and cracks are open, with multiple parallel cracks, severe spalling, or faulting
� D-cracking is evident
� Severe faulting (1 in. [25 mm]) giving poor ride
� Extensive patching in fair to poor condition
� Many cracks, open and severely spalled
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Needs extensive full depth patching plus some full slab replacement
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Rating System: 2 – Very Poor• Visible Distresses
� Extensive slab cracking, severely spalled and patched
� Joints failed
� Patching in very poor condition
� Severe and extensive settlements or frost heaves
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Recycle and/or rebuild pavement
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Rating System: 1 – Failed• Visible Distresses
� Restricted speed
� Almost total loss of pavement integrity
• Treatment Measure(s)
� Total reconstruction
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We Saw Variety, But Not All the Answers• I can’t tell you what metrics exactly to use because it depends on
what is of concern locally, the distresses that develop in your pavements because of your design and construction conditions, your budget constraints, and lots of other factors…
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Questions?Robert Rodden, P.E.www.robertrodden.com
Colorado DOTPerformanceThresholdsMeasurement Results and Trigger Values/Action Levels
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Structural and FunctionalAdequacy
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DistressLevel forDurability
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Distress Levelsfor AssessingAdequacy ofDrainage
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Common Distress Causes
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General Thresholdsfrom FHWA Measurement Results and Trigger Values/Action Levels
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Triggers are Presented with Focus on Preservation Treatments• Slab Stabilization – Before damage due to loss of support and generally
with voids with a thickness of 0.125 in. (3 mm) or less
• Partial-Depth Repairs – Addresses shallow spalling on pavements that are otherwise structurally sound (e.g., no significant fatigue cracking)
• Full-Depth Repairs – Distress limited to a few joints or cracks; widespread distress indicates a need for overlay or reconstruction
• Dowel Bar Retrofit – Average faulting of 0.10 to 0.15 in. (2.5 to 2.5 mm) and/or load transfer efficiency ≤ 70%, but not more than 10% slabs cracked and no material-related distresses limiting remaining life
• Diamond Grinding – Average faulting of 0.09 to 0.13 in. (2.3 to 3.3 mm), or a Present Serviceability Index of 3.8 – 4.0
• Diamond Grooving – A significant number of wet-weather accidents
• Joint Resealing – Whenever sealant is no longer performing its function
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Texas-BasedRoutine MaintenanceDecision MatrixMeasurement Results and Trigger Values/Action Levels
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They are Pushing for Very Proactive Maintenance 1
0/3
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ProposedRoutine Maintenance Strategies
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ProposedRoutine Maintenance Repairs
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A SimplePavementConditionForm
Routine Maintenance Flowcharts
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Routine Maintenance Flowcharts
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Routine Maintenance Flowcharts
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Routine Maintenance Flowcharts
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