Measures of Population Measures of Population ChangeChange

Births, Deaths and FertilityBirths, Deaths and Fertility

World PopulationWorld Population

Crude Birth RateCrude Birth Rate Annual number of births Annual number of births

per 1,000 populationper 1,000 population

Crude Birth RateCrude Birth Rate

Crude Death RateCrude Death Rate Total number of deaths per Total number of deaths per

1,000 population1,000 population

Crude Death RateCrude Death Rate

Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate Number of deaths each Number of deaths each

year to infants under age 1 year to infants under age 1 per 1,000 live birthsper 1,000 live births

Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Number of children born to Number of children born to

the average woman of the average woman of childbearing agechildbearing age

Replacement rate = 2.1Replacement rate = 2.1 Must be greater than this in Must be greater than this in

order for population to groworder for population to grow World average: 2.8World average: 2.8

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Rate of Natural IncreaseRate of Natural Increase Measure of growthMeasure of growth Natural Increase =Natural Increase =

• (Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate)/10(Crude Birth Rate – Crude Death Rate)/10

Does not count Does not count immigration/emigrationimmigration/emigration

World average: 1.4%World average: 1.4%

Natural IncreaseNatural Increase

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Average number of years Average number of years

before deathbefore death

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

Arithmetic Population DensityArithmetic Population Density Number of people per square mile or Number of people per square mile or

square kilometersquare kilometer World = 53 per kmWorld = 53 per km22

LowestLowest• Mongolia = 2Mongolia = 2

HighestHighest• Monaco = 18,068Monaco = 18,068

USA = 35USA = 35

World Population DensityWorld Population Density

Physiologic Population DensityPhysiologic Population Density

Number of people per sq. mile or sq. km of Number of people per sq. mile or sq. km of arablearable land land

HighestHighest• Singapore = 440,998 per kmSingapore = 440,998 per km22

LowestLowest• Australia = 43Australia = 43

United States = 179United States = 179

EgyptEgypt

Population (2006)Population (2006)• 76.4 million76.4 million

Arithmetic DensityArithmetic Density• 7878

Pysiologic DensityPysiologic Density• 2,6682,668

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Doubling TimeDoubling Time

How many years it takes for How many years it takes for population to doublepopulation to double

Useful population growth measureUseful population growth measure

World population doubling time has World population doubling time has been decreasingbeen decreasing

S-CurveS-Curve

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity