Measuring China's Progress:

Research on Monitoring the Advancement of

Building a Xiaokang Society

Dr. Shi FengdanResearch Institute of Statistical SciencesNational Bureau of Statistics of China

25 February, 2013

High-Level Forum on Official Statistics’ Response to the Rio+20 Mandate for Broader Measures of Progress

• What is a Xiaokang society?

• The System of Xiaokang Indicators

• Monitoring results of China’s Progress

in Building a Xiaokang Society

2

Outlines

What is a Xiaokang society?

• Xiaokang : well-off and moderate prosperity

• Goals of Building a Xiaokang Society of China– by 1990 ： end food and clothing shortages– by 2000 ： a Xiaokang society at a

preliminary stage– by 2020 ： a Xiaokang society in all aspects

3

What is a Xiaokang society?

• Goal of building a Xiaokang society in all aspects: to build a moderately prosperous society for the

entire Chinese population that features: – accelerated economic development, – enhanced democracy, – advanced science and education, – prosperous culture, – harmonious society, – higher living standard, – more efficient use of resources and friendly

environment. 4

System of Xiaokang Indicators

I: Economic Development

(5)

II: Society Harmony

(5)

III: Quality of Life

(5)IV:

Democracy and Law

(2)

V: Culture and

Education(3)

VI: Resource and

Environment(3)

The System of Xiaokang Indicators

23 Indicators

5

System of Xiaokang Indicators

Ⅰ: Economic Development

Per capita GDP

Share of R&D expenses in GDP

Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP

Proportion of urban population

Urban unemployment rate 6

Demographic structure

Technical innovation

Ⅰ: Economic Development

Per capita GDP

Share of R&D expenses in GDP

Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP

Proportion of urban population

Urban unemployment rate Employment

Economic growth

Industrial structure

System of Xiaokang Indicators I ：Economic Development

1. Per capita GDP– It is a comprehensive, aggregate and

representative indicator. – Economic development forms the basis of social

progress.

2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP– Reflects the input in technology.

3. Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP

– Reflects the economic structure.

7

System of Xiaokang Indicators I ：Economic Development

4. Proportion of urban population – Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of

industrialization and modernization.

– The proportion of urban population directly reflects a country’s urbanization level.

5. Urban unemployment rate – Unemployment rate is one of the most important

indicators to reflect the status of economic development.

8

System of Xiaokang Indicators

II: Social Harmony

Gini Coefficient

Urban-rural resident income ratio

Regional economic development disparity coefficient

Basic social security coverage

Gender disparity coefficient of senior high school graduates

9

Social security

Urban-rural divide

Gender disparity

Income gap

Regional divide

System of Xiaokang Indicators II ：Social Harmony

6. Gini Coefficient

– It is a classical indicator commonly recognized and widely

used in the world.

– Reflects the gap of income distribution.

7. Urban-rural resident income ratio

– Reflects the gap of urban and rural incomes.

– Estimates the imbalance of China’s economic development.

10

System of Xiaokang Indicators II ：Social Harmony

8. Regional economic development disparity coefficient – Dispersion coefficient of per capita GDP of n regions.– Reflects the gap of regional economic development. – Formula ：

Of which ： n : number of regions within a certain area : per capita GDP of region i : mean of per capita GDP of n regions : Regional economic development disparity coefficient

1 2( )1

nPCY PCYiinV

PCY

iPCY

PCY

V

11

System of Xiaokang Indicators II ：Social Harmony

9. Basic social security coverage – Basic endowment insurance and medical insurance are

selected to reflect the conditions of social security.

Basic social security coverage

=

Number of people covered by basic endowment insurance

× 50%+

Number of people covered by basic medical insurance

× 50%Number of people that

should be covered by basic endowment

insurance

Number of people that should be covered by basic medical insurance

12

System of Xiaokang Indicators II ：Social Harmony

10. Gender disparity coefficient of senior high school graduates

– Reflects the gap of gender.

– Formula:

Gender Disparity Coefficient of Senior High

School Graduates=

Sex ratio of senior high school graduates

× 100%Sex ratio of population of the same age group

13

System of Xiaokang Indicators

III: Quality of Life

Per capita disposable income

Engel’s coefficient

Per capita usable floor space

Under-five mortality rate

Life expectancy

14

Health care

Consumption structure

Health conditions

Income level

Housing conditions

System of Xiaokang Indicators III ：Quality of Life

11. Per capita disposable income – It reflects people’s living level.– Different from per capita GDP.

12. Engel’s coefficient– The proportion of food expenditure in total

spending.– Reflects household’s total consumption and its

structure.13. Per capita usable floor space

– It is an important indicator that measures people’s living standard.

15

System of Xiaokang Indicators III ：Quality of Life

14. Under-five mortality rate – Indirectly reflects the health care

conditions of a society.

15. Life expectancy– The improvement of life expectancy is the

result of improved quality of life and enhanced medical and health care.

16

System of Xiaokang Indicators

IV: Democracy and Law

Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights

Social safety index 17

System of Xiaokang Indicators IV ：Democracy and Law

16. Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights– The satisfaction of citizens about whether their political,

economic and cultural rights and interests are respected and guaranteed.

17. Social safety index

– Involving the overall changes of the major aspects of social order( public security, traffic security, living safety, and publication safety) within a certain period.

Social safety index

=

Criminals in 10,000 persons in 2000

× 40% +

Traffic deaths in 10,000 persons in 2000

× 20% +Criminals in 10,000 persons in the current year

Traffic deaths in 10,000 persons in the current

year

Fire deaths in 10,000 persons in 2000

×20%+

Work injury deaths in 10,000 persons in 2000

× 20%Fire deaths in 10,000 persons

in the current yearWork injury deaths in 10,000

persons in the current year

18

System of Xiaokang Indicators

V: Culture and Education

Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP

Share of household’s expenses on cultural, educational and recreational services in total expenses

Average years of education

19

Education

Culture industry

Social service

System of Xiaokang Indicators V ：Culture and Education

18. Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP – Reflects the prosperity and development of a country’s

cultural industry.

19. Share of household’s expenses on cultural, educational and recreational services in total expenses

– Reflects the diversity of the people’s spiritual life and improvement of their education.

20. Average years of education– Reflects the education level of the entire population.

20

System of Xiaokang Indicators

VI: Resources and Environment

Per unit GDP energy consumption

Arable land area index

Environmental quality index

21

Environment

Utilization efficiency

Resource protection

System of Xiaokang Indicators VI ：Resources and Environment

21. Per unit GDP energy consumption

– Reflects the efficiency of resources utilization. 22. Arable land area index

– Reflects the protection of arable land.

Arable land area index =

Arable land area in the reporting period × 100%

Arable land area of the base period (2000)

22

System of Xiaokang Indicators VI ：Resources and Environment

23. Environmental quality index

Environmental quality index

= Urban air quality conformity rate

× 40%+

Surface water conformity rate

× 40%+Land greening conformity rate

× 20%

23

System of Xiaokang IndicatorsAspect Indicator Weight Target

Economic Development

(29)

1. Per capita GDP﹡ 12 ≥31400RMB

2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP 4 ≥2.5%

3. Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP

4 ≥50%

4. Proportion of urban population 5 ≥60%

5. Urban unemployment rate 4 ≤6%

Social Harmony

(15)

6. Gini Coefficient 2 ≤0.4

7. Urban-rural resident income ratio 2 ≤2.80

8. Regional economic development disparity coefficient

2 ≤60%

9. Basic social security coverage 6 ≥90%

10. Gender disparity coefficient of senior high school graduates

3 =100%

﹡Per capita GDP is calculated use constant prices in 200024

System of Xiaokang Indicators

﹡Per capita disposable Income is calculated use constant prices in 2000

Aspect Indicator Weight Target

Quality of Life(19)

11. Per capita disposable income﹡ 6 ≥15000RMB

12. Engel’s coefficient 3 ≤40%

13. Per capita usable floor space 5 ≥27m2

14. Under-five mortality rate 2 ≤12‰

15. Life expectancy 3 ≥75 years old

Democracy and Law

(11)

16. Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights

5 ≥90%

17. Social safety index 6 ≥100%

25

System of Xiaokang Indicators

﹡Per unit GDP is calculated use constant prices in 2000

Aspect Indicator Weight Target

Culture and Education

(14)

18. Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP

6 ≥5%

19. Share of household’s expenses on cultural, educational and recreational services in total expenses

2 ≥16%

20. Average years of education 6 ≥10.5 years

Resources and Environment

(12)

21. Per unit GDP energy consumption﹡ 4

≤0.84 tons of SCE per

10,000 RMB

22. Arable land area index 2 ≥94%

23. Environmental quality index 6 =100%

26

270% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

23. Envi ronmental qual i t y i ndex

22. Arabl e l and area i ndex

21. Per uni t GDP energy consumpt i on

20. Average years of educat i on

19. Share of househol d’ s expenseson cul tural , educat i onal and

18. Share of val ue- added ofcul tural i ndust ry i n GDP

17. Soci al saf ety i ndex

16. Ci t i zens’ sat i sf act i on ofdemocrat i c r i ght s

15. Li f e expectancy

14. Under - fi ve mortal i t y rate

13. Per capi ta usabl e fl oor space

12. Engel ’ s coeffi ci ent

11. Per capi ta di sposabl e i ncome

10. Gender di spar i t y coeffi ci ent ofseni or hi gh school graduates

9. Basi c soci al secur i t y coverage

8. Regi onal economi c devel opmentdi spar i t y coeffi ci ent

7. Urban- rural resi dent i ncomerat i o

6. Gi ni Coeffi ci ent

5. Urban unempl oyment rate

4. Proport i on of urban popul at i on

3. Share of val ue- added of t heter t i ary i ndust ry i n GDP

2. Share of R&D expenses i n GDP

1. Per capi t a GDP 2010

2000

Monitoring results of China’s Progress in Building a Xiaokang Society

　 2010 20002010 vs.

2000Annualized

growth

Economic Development 76.1% 50.3% 25.8% 2.58%

Social Harmony 82.5% 57.5% 25.0% 2.50%

Quality of Life 86.4% 58.3% 28.1% 2.81%

Democracy and Law 93.6%　 84.8% 8.8%　 0.88%　

Culture and Education 68.0% 58.5% 9.7% 0.97%

Resources and Environment 78.2% 65.4% 12.8% 1.28%

TotalTotal 80.1% 59.6% 20.5% 2.05%28

29

>90%

70%-80%

60%-70%

80%-90%

Not monitoring

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Monitoring results of China’s Progress in Building a Xiaokang Society(2010)

Thank you for your

attention!

30E-mail: shifd@gj.stats.cn