Evaluation of the Level of Service Rendered by Functioning Rural Water Supply Schemes: Case of Farta woreda, Amhara Region Ethiopia
Mebit Mitiku
MSc. Thesis
Community-led accelerated WaSH
(COWASH)
Presentation outline Presentation outline
Introduction
Problem statement
Research objective
Methodology
Findings
Conclusion and recommendation
Introduction Introduction
According to MoWE(2013): access to water supply in Ethiopia
reaches 61.6% at national level in 2012/13.
The revised UAP targets to achieve 98% access to rural water
supply at the end of 2015
COWASH project established to facilitate the implementation of
CMP to accelerate the achievement of UAP
CMP related researches confirm: the approach reach 98% rate of
functionality
Problem statementProblem statement
Based on early result of NWI: the non-functionality rate have been
improved from 33% to 24.47%
does it really due to the impact of a certain intervention or due to
addition of newly constructed water point?
Accelerated implementation of water supply schemes alone couldn’t
ensure water supply service in a given area
Evaluation of water supply service level by functional water supply
schemes had not been studied
Research objectiveResearch objective
To evaluate the level of service delivered by functioning water
supply points developed through CMP and other project
approaches implemented in Farta Woreda of Amhara Region.
Specific objectives:
Examine service level
Investigate determinant factors affecting functionality and service
level
Compare service quality (other project approaches against CMP)
Methodology Methodology
Conducted in Farta woreda:
RWSEP/COWASH implementing more water points using CMP
approach
CARE Ethiopia supported by donors implementing large number
of water supply schemes for long period in the woreda
The study used cross-sectional method with qualitative and
quantitative data collected using : questionnaire, focused group
discussion, key informant interview and observation.
Sampling method Sampling method
Water points (76WP)
A sample frame of 359 FCWP (2003/04 to 2009/10) were
established
Representative sampling techniques used
Household (442HH)
Number of HH/WP established as sample frame
20% (Gay and Diehl, 1992) of HH of each WP
Kebele (17)
Kebele having more than 10FCWP (2003/04 to 2009/10)
Map of visited water pointsMap of visited water points
Data entry and analysisData entry and analysis
After relevant data collected:
Quantitative data were coded and processed using SPSS
version 20
The result reported using tables and graphs
Qualitative data were analysed using MS-excel and word
and used for triangulation
Findings: Feature of implementers: RWSEP and CAREFindings: Feature of implementers: RWSEP and CARE
RWSEP-CMP approach
CARE-NGOMP approach
Procurement Community The project itself
Community participation High High
Contribution during constn Minimum 15% & upfront contribution
All construction materials except fabricated goods
WASHCO composition 5-6: including 1 care taker or pump attendant
7: including 2 pump attendant or care taker
Care taker or pump attendant WASHCO or community WASHCO members
O&MM Community + woreda Community +woreda
Supervision during constn Woreda staff Woreda staff + project staff
Institutional support Annual rehabilitation SW for clustered HDWs
Findings: Design variation of water pointsFindings: Design variation of water points
RWSEP: distribution point at the storage tank
Distribution point separate from storage tank
Hand dug wells: CARE: use vertical deformed bar but 4 quintals of cement for head workRWSEP: no vertical deformed bar but 7 to 8 quintals of cement for head work
Hand dug wells: CARE: use vertical deformed bar but 4 quintals of cement for head workRWSEP: no vertical deformed bar but 7 to 8 quintals of cement for head work
Findings: Water supply service qualityFindings: Water supply service quality
Water supply service quality
Quantity : water usage of sampled households
Quality : beneficiaries perception and sanitary inspection
Accessibility : Crowding, time spent to collect water and
users satisfaction on service operator
Reliability: water shortage and service interruption
Cont’…Cont’…
Day Mon Tues Wends Thurs Fri Sat Sun Total
Container
Clay pot
Jeri-can
10
20
25
Total (liters) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 QTotal
Average daily collection of a household= QTotal /7= QAvg. (litres/HH)
Average per capita water usage = QAvg /family size=q (lpcd)
The same calculation done for time spent (round trip including time
of queue)
Findings: Summarised water supply service qualityFindings: Summarised water supply service quality
Indicators Beneficiaries (%)Sub-indicator (%) Indicator (%)
1. Quantity (15 lpcd) 25.6
2. Quality (users perception) 78.5
3. Accessibility 91.87
3.1. Time spent to collect water (30 mpcd) 79
3.2. Crowding (number of HH/wp) 100
3.3. Operator and users satisfaction 96.6
4. Reliability 57.35
4.1. Water supply shortage 60.4
4.2. water supply service interruption 54.3
Average water supply service quality 63.33
Findings: Comparison of water supply service quality: RWSEP and CAREFindings: Comparison of water supply service quality: RWSEP and CARE
Indicators CARE-NGOMP RWSEP-CMP
1. Quantity 28% 24%
2. Quality 75.8% 81%
3. Accessibility 91.05% 86.4%
4. Reliability 56.45% 57.95%
Average water supply service quality 62.83% 62.34%
Percentage of beneficiaries who met the national target of water
quantity small in RWSEP compared to CARE:
Woreda staffs not appropriately supervise during construction
Lack of cohesion b/n WASHCOs and beneficiaries
Conclusion and recommendationConclusion and recommendation
Only 1/4th of sampled HHs met the national target water quantity
Prevalent water shortage:
Design problems
Monitoring and supervision problem during construction
Provision of water point though it doesn’t yield sufficient water
Decrease in pump efficiency
Lack of community cohesion in CMP implementation kebeles
Environmental degradation and climate change
Recommendations Recommendations
There should be appropriate design consideration during
construction
Clear guidelines must be established on O&M responsibility
Government should solve problems with spare part supply chain
Consideration to alternative mechanisms of water fee collection
As per dime rate is motivation factor for woreda staffs all WASH
projects should use similar and reasonable per dime rate
Refreshment training for WASHCOs
Cont’d…Cont’d…
Further study
Communities economic characteristics and appropriate
financing mechanisms for O&M
Water supply service quality: across various Areas,
Approaches, Technology options, and socio-cultural
settings
Comparison of water consumption, need and service
criteria
Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention
Communities collecting water from pond due to pipe failure that connect storage tank to distribution point to the right