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WELCOME TO MEC 520
Energy TechnologyThermodynamics
Fall 2015Mahder Tewolde, MSME
Ar! "!r#, MSME
$lenn M!sano, MSME
Sean S#oll, MSME
So#irios Mamalis, %h&'1
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MEC 520Fall 2015
Lecture 1
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MEC 520 in a n!#shell(
All a)o!# MEC 51*
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About Me
BE Mechanical Engineering (SUNYMaritime)
MS Mechanical Engineering
Automated Meter Reading & Non-IntrusieA!!liance "oad Monitoring #or a residentialnatural gas meters
$h% Studenthermoelectric deice #abrication using
additie manu#acturing technologies
"aser-assisted thermal'non-thermal!rocessing o# materials #or energ haresting
a!!lications 4
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+eerence -oo.sF!ndamen#als o Eng& Thermodynamics
Morran and Shapiro
/ea# Transer
J. P. Holman
/ea# Transer( A rac#ical aroach
Yunus A. Cengel
Principles of Solar Engineering
Goswani, Kreith, and Kreider
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$rading or MEC 520
Mid#erm Eam ( 03Final Eam( 03
/omewor.( 203
Will use black board for homework and announcements.
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Energy Technology %rogram S#a
%ro& 4ohn "incaid Mahder Tewolde
Ar! "!r#, MSME$len M!ssano, MSME
%ro& So#irios Mamalis
Sean S#oll, MSME
!
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To train the next generation of alternative and renewableenerg engineers
Provides students with a global understanding of !urrent
energ !hallenges.
"Hands on" laborator and design experien!e in the areas of
heat pumps# insulation# solar thermal# photovoltai!s $P%
wind turbines# fuel !ells# and thermoele!tri!s
Theoreti!al ba!'ground on energ transformation# transfer#
and storage.
Why was energy #echnology rogram
deeloed6
The ind!s#ry is )ooming771"
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8mor#an# Me#rics
Conersion Me#hod #on$ersion %fficienc& 'orm of ener(& )roduct
#*2(eneration
+and sa(e Water usa(e #ost
Energy So!rces -)ecific %ner(& /0k( %ner(& ensit& /0+ hase m)urities #ost
Energy s& %ower
%ner(&, % , 8oules 0 or cal
ower 9 d%dt hr, WattsW
1 Watt 9 1 0oule-econd
/ea# Flow s& Wor.
%ner(& )er time can be used to describe
heat flow and work but to distin(uish
between these ener(& flows we use
notation: thermal thermal ;th and electric ;
e /Wthand /WeWor.
< wa& to measure the amo!n#of work
)erformed or (enerated watt=hour
Wh, Kilowatt=hours kWh or >uad 11
S8 9ni#s will )e !sed in #his co!rse
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Scales o energy lows
cell )hone 2 W
la)to) com)uter 1" W
human bod& 2""" #alorie diet 1"" W
1 horse)ower 75" W
hair dr&er 1,5"" W
automobile 13",""" W
1 wind turbine 2,""",""" W 2 /W
757 8et )lane 5,""",""" W 5 /W
+ar(e )ower )lant 1,""",""",""" W 1 GW
Global ener(& use 15,"",""",""",""" W 15. W
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World %ner(& #onsum)tion b&
-ource 2"13, %< ata
World %ner(& #onsum)tion b&-ector 2"13, %< ata 13
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Es#ima#ed 9&S& Energy 9se, 201:
San.ey 'iagram ; !ads ?2&@e101:.Wh
#redit: +awrence +i$ermore ?ational +aborator&
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Order o Magni#!de o Energy +eso!rces
hoto #redit: World %ner(& #ouncil, 2"1" 15
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%roBec#ed +enewa)le Elec#rici#y %rod!c#ion
@enewable electricit& (eneration )ro8ected to scale u) b& 6"=7"A
from 2"13 to 2"4"
hoto #redit: %
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ew Dor. S#a#e +enewa)le Energy %lan
he 2"15 ?ew Bork -tate %ner(& lan sa&s
that renewable sources, which toda&
)ro$ide about 11 )ercent of the ener(& we
use, ha$e the )otential to meet as much as4" )ercent of our ener(& needs b& 2"3".
-tate (o$ernment offers (rants and loans to
hel) ?ew Borkers ado)t renewable ener(&technolo(ies and de$elo) renewable ener(&
businesses.
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Eiciency Comarisons
1
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Toics #o )e coered incl!de(
(nfrared (maging and Sensors (nsulation and Thermal Condu!tivit )le!tri! Motors and *enerators +atteries
,C to AC (nverters Heat Pumps -adiation Solar Thermal Colle!tors Spe!trometer Solar alls ind Power
1!
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8nrared ?8+ 8maging etect radiation in the lon(=infrared ran(e of the
electroma(netic s)ectrum rou(hl& !;14 Cm and )roduce
ima(es of that radiation, called thermo(rams.
@ ima(in( has numerous a))lications
The use of thermal imaging !ameras for solar panel evaluation offers several advantages.
Anomalies !an !learl be seen on a !risp thermal image and / unli'e most other methods / thermal
!ameras !an be used to s!an installed solar panels during normal operation 2"
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Alica#ions o 8+ 8maging
%lectrical ins)ections
rans)ortation
-ubstation electrical ins)ections hermal heat loss ins)ections of buildin(s
+ocate radiant heatin( wires or )i)es +ocate )otential areas for mold (rowth 'lat=roof leak detection for buildin(s etect thermal )atterns on boiler tubes
/echanical bearin( ins)ections etect insulation leaks in refri(eration
e>ui)ment
WeatheriDation stud&
Windmill ns ectionWater ama(e
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8ns!la#ion @educe heat loss
m)ro$e efficienc&
&)ical wall
insulation
i)e insulationhermal acket nsulated refri(erant )i)in(
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Thermal Cond!c#ii#y hermal conducti$it& is the )ro)ert& of a material to conduct heat. '
or EWmFK or EtuhrFftFH'
he )erformance of an insulator de)ends on its thermal conducti$it&
he lower the thermal conducti$it&, the better its insulation ca)abilit&
@=$alue is a measure of thermal resistance used in the buildin( and
construction industr& Em2FKW or EhrFft2FH'tu
MEC 502 Cond!c#ion and +adia#ion /ea# Transer
MEC 501 Conec#ie /ea# Transer and /ea# Echange 23
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-a##eries #onsist of two or more electrochemical cells that con$ert
stored chemical ener(& into electrical ener(&.
rimar&: dis)osable because their electrochemical reactioncannot be re$ersed.
-econdar&: rechar(eable because their electrochemical reaction
can be re$ersed b& a))l&in( $olta(e in the o))osite direction of
the dischar(e.
+ithium ion atter&
+ead
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Energy s#orage is also imor#an# or ower leeling or #he
ower comanies atter& stora(e is becomin( a desired method of demand
res)onse. atteries are char(ed durin( Ioff )eakJ )eriods and
drained durin( I)eak )eriodsJ.
atteries also )ro$ide the benefit of le$elin( out the )owera$ailabilit& of (rowin( renewable ener(& sources such as solar
and wind.
-olar and wind )ower cause )ower mana(ement )roblems for
electric utilities due to intermittent (eneration of )ower. tilit&must ha$e additional (eneratin( ca)acit& when renewables
cant (enerate )ower.
atteries meet this need without construction of eL)ensi$e less
efficient fossil fuel (eneration.
-a##ery Energy S#orage
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-a##ery Energy S#orage Caa)ili#y
%ner(& densit& is a measure of theamount of ener(& )er unit wei(ht
or )er unit $olume which can be
stored in a batter&.
%ner(& stora(e must consider boththe amount of ener(& that can be
stored ener(& densit& of the
material and the efficienc& at
which it can be reco$ered.
chart illustrates the $olumetric and
s)ecific ener(& densities showin(
smaller siDes and li(hter wei(ht
cells.
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Elec#ric ehicles?E ses one or more electric motors or traction motors for
)ro)ulsion. /ost electric $ehicles use lithium ion batteries. +ithium
ion batteries ha$e hi(her ener(& densit&, lon(er life s)an
and hi(her )ower densit& than most other )ractical
batteries
esla /odel -
/Wi3
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Tesla $igaac#ory
roke (round on the Gi(afactor& in 0une 2"14 outside -)arks, ?e$ada
& 2"2", the Gi(afactor& will )roduce more lithium ion batteries
annuall& than were )roduced worldwide in 2"13
esla eL)ects that Gi(afactor& 1 will reduce the )roduction cost for
their %lectric $ehicle batter& and owerwall )acks b& 3"A
< 1"kWh esla owerwall
Credit0 http011www.teslamotors.!om1gigafa!tor
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8ner#ers
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/ea# %!ms /o$e thermal ener(& o))osite to the direction of s)ontaneous
heat flow b& absorbin( heat from a cold s)ace and releasin( it
to a warmer one
ON
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Wind %ower
Wind turns the windmill blades /echanical motion con$erted to the shaft of a
(enerator, )roducin( electricit&
+ow )ower densit& Q2 Wm2
uare miles of water
roduces 4"" /We )eak
roduces 13" /We a$era(e
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Wind Energy in ew Dor.
he
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Solar eak normal solar irradiance is 1kWm2at surface, 1.366
kW at the to) of atmos)here, known as the solar constant
he suns ener(& can make electricit& in two wa&s:
hoto$oltaic he sunli(ht im)in(es on a solar $oltaic cell
he ener(& is directl& con$erted into # electricit&
-olar thermal @a&s are focused
'ocused ra&s can heat water
Water turns to steam to make electricit&
+ike wind, the )ower densit& is low
eak )ower )roduced is about 1"" = 2"" Wm2
uare miles )roduces about 1"" = 2"" /W on a$era(e
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+adia#ion
@adiation is the emission or transmission of ener(& in the form of wa$es
or )articles throu(h s)ace or throu(h a material medium.
We do not see the thermal radiation because it occurs at infrared
wa$elen(ths in$isible to the human e&e.
MEC 502 Cond!c#ion and +adia#ion /ea# Transer
*b8ects (low different colors
at different tem)eratures
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% Technology
N echnolo(& #lassification
-ilicon #r&stalline echnolo(&
/ono #r&stalline N #ells
/ulti #r&stalline N #ells
hin 'ilm echnolo(&
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%ho#ool#aics?%
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Solar Thermal Collec#ors #ollect solar radiation to )ro$ide heat and hot water
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#oncentrated -olar hermal lant
(enerate solar )ower b&
usin( mirrors or lenses toconcentrate a lar(e area of
sunli(ht, or solar thermal
ener(&, onto a small area.
%lectricit& is (eneratedwhen the concentrated li(ht
is con$erted to heat, which
dri$es a heat en(ine
usuall& a steam turbine
connected to an electrical
)ower (enerator.
< concentrated solar thermal )lant near
-e$ille in -)ain. his )ower )lant )roduces 2"/W,
enou(h to )ower 25,""" homes. he )ower tower stores heat in tanks
as su)erheated and )ressuriDed water
roduces ener(& 24 hours )er da&
3!
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Solar Energy in ew Dor.
+on( sland -olar 'arm is the lar(est solar
)ower )lant in the eastern nited -tates. t
consists of 164,""" solar )anels that )ro$ideu) to 32 /W of electricit& #redit:
rookha$en ?ational +aborator&
hree /ain echnolo(ies Oar$est-olar %ner(&
-olar hoto$oltaic N -olar hermal %ner(& assi$e -olar %ner(&
-olar )anels on school roof
#redit: ?B-%@
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8n#ernal Com)!s#ion Engines
a heat engine in which the heat source is a combustible
miLture that also ser$es as the workin( fluid
MEC 52: 8n#ernal Com)!s#ion Engines < four=stroke en(ine
< two=stroke en(ine
41
E / #i
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Energy /ares#ing
< )rocess b& which ener(& is deri$ed from eLternal
sources e.(. solar )ower, thermal ener(&, $ibration, windener(&, salinit& (radients, and kinetic ener(&, ca)tured,
and stored for small, wireless autonomous de$ices, like
those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor
networks.
MEC 51@ Energy /ares#ing
#ar ire ressure
/onitors
Wireless weatherstation raffic
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Thermoelec#rics
-olid=state de$ice that con$ert heat to electricit& or use
electricit& to mo$e heat #an be used of )ower (eneration and refri(eration
a))lications
#ooled
#ar -eat
#r&o(enic @
?i(ht Nision
%ner(& har$estin(
eltier cooler 43
Th l i A li i
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Thermoelec#ric Alica#ions
wearables
ortable )ower44
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F!el Cells Tuite sim)l&, a fuel cell is a de$ice that con$erts chemical ener(& into
electrical ener(&, water, and heat throu(h electrochemical reactions
'uel and air react when the& come into
contact throu(h a )orous membrane
electrol&te which se)arates them.
his reaction results in a transfer ofelectrons and ions across the electrol&te
from the anode to the cathode.
f an eLternal load is attached to this
arran(ement, a com)lete circuit is formed
and a $olta(e is (enerated from the flow of
electrical current.
The voltage generated by a single cell is typically rather small (< 1 volt), so many
cells are connected in series to create a useful voltage.
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'uel #ells in se: -tationar& -&stems
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'uel #ells in se: rans)ortation -&stems
uses are most commerciall&
ad$anced a))lications of fuel cells
to date.
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%ieoelec#ric
he )ieDoelectric effect con$erts mechanical strain
into electric current or $olta(e.
his strain can come from man& different sources.
Ouman motion
low=fre>uenc& seismic $ibrations acoustic noise
Nibration in machiner&
wearables4
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s)ectrometer
Sec#rome#er
sed to measure a s)ectrum of li(ht as well as absor)tionand transmission of materials
4!
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+ela#ed Co!rses
/%# 5"6 ; %ner(& /ana(ement in#ommercial uildin(s EON
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SOME OF T/E E>98%MET DO9 W8LL -E
WO+"8$ W8T/ SEMESTE+
Some o #he eG!imen# is c!s#om )!il# and one o a
.ind in #he WO+L'777
Eerimen#s are seciically designed #o #each yo!
hands on energy #echnology #heory and rincials&
One o #he only, i no# #he only, grad!a#e al#erna#e
and renewa)le energy rograms in #he 9S&
Do! will gain inal!a)le hands on eerience in/ydrogen as a !el, Solar energy, 8n#ernal
com)!s#ion engines, hea# !ms, sec#rome#ry,
mo#ors, genera#ors, iner#ers, )a##eries&51
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%+E%A+AT8O 8S T/E "ED TO S9CCESS
8 T/E LA-O+ATO+D CO9+SE
%ach (rou)s time is $er& limited. %L)eriments can be
fast )aced.
Bou will ha$e a limited time to set u), eLecute andcollect data for &our eL)eriment.
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'ailure to come to the lab )re)ared is sure to lead to
&our (rou)s failure on the eL)eriment.
f &ou run out of time &ou will ha$e to lea$e &our
station to allow the neLt (rou) to )roceed.
COME TO T/E LA- %+E%A+E'.
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/OW TO -EST %+E%A+E FO+ T/E LA-&
%ay a##en#ion in #he lec#!re classes and seciically #he lalec#!res&
%rin# o!# and s#!dy #he la) man!als H-EFO+EI yo! come
#o la)& We will os# #hem on )ac.)oard in adance&
-ring a lash drie #o la)&
H#i o #he wee.I i# wo!ld sae yo! a lo# o #ime )o#h in #he
la) and when wri#ing la) reor# i yo! se# ! da#a #a)les onyo!r la #o com!#er or recording da#a777777
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LETJS TA"E A H%EE"I AT SOME OF
T/E E>98%MET DO9 W8LL -E
9S8$ 8 T/E LA-&
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5
/ d / # %
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/amden /ea# %!m
5!
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6"
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+earnin( to use
the 'luke i2"/
#reated in )artnershi) with
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6!
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Fla#;la#e solar sys#em
7"
+elec#ion, Transmission, A)sor#ion
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s)ectrometer
+elec#ion, Transmission, A)sor#ion
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Transmission
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A)sor)ance
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S-9 s!nligh#, 4!ne
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LA-O+ATO+D SAFETD
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LA-O+ATO+D SAFETD
Do! will )e wor.ing aro!nd ro#a#ing machinery, lamma)lema#erials, elosie ma#erials, high ol#age, ho# eG!imen#,
noisy eG!imen# and, i#Js #he end o #he day when we are all
ge##ing #ired&
Follow all sae#y ins#r!c#ions gien )y yo!r ins#r!c#or& -e
cognian# o #he dangers aro!nd yo! a# all #ime77
Wear all assigned sae#y eG!imen# a# all #imes incl!ding,
sae#y glasses or goggles, gloes, hearing ro#ec#ion e#c&
Ea#ing is OT ermi##ed in #he la)& Conerence room only
lease77