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MECHANISM Normal Condition Ocean Profile Cold Warm Wind Flow Pattern thermocline upwelling SE trade winds
MECHANISM
Normal Condition
Ocean Profile
Cold
Warm
Wind Flow Pattern
thermoclineupwelling
SE trade winds
MECHANISM
El Niño Condition
Ocean Profile
Wind Flow Pattern
Cold
Warm
cool air cool air
thermoclineupwelling
SE trade winds
MECHANISM
La Niña Condition
Wind Flow Pattern
Ocean Profilethermocline
Cold
Warm
Walker Circulation
cool air
HL
SE trade winds
EFFECTS
PRECIPITATIONEFFECTS
Red circles indicate drought during El Niño.
Blue circles indicate that during El Niño there was, on average, more rain than normal.
March-May
June-August
North Mexico
North-east
Brazil
Europe
Indonesia
September-November
December-
February
Spain
IndiaSri Lanka
Philippines
IndonesiaAustralia Chile
EastAfrica
SouthAfrica
Uruguay
MexicoFlorida
EcuadorPeru
Philippines
Indonesia
South America
Uruguay
South
Brazil
TEMPERATURE
Blue circles are colder during El Niño and/or warmer during La Niña. The size of the circles is a measure of the strength of the relationship.
Red circles denote locations that on average are warmer during El Niño and cooler during La Niña.
EFFECTS
March-May
June-August
NorthAmerica
Mexico
IndiaWest Africa
South America
CanadaEast Asia
South-eastAmerica
September-November
December-February
South AmericaIndia
Australia
South America
North America
AustraliaSouthern Africa
WORLD CHANGING EFFECTS OF LA NIÑA
La Niña's Typical Effect
on Peru's Weather
Cycles
To the North, Montana's Climate Patterns are Also Affected
Farther North, La Niña
Cools Canada's Weather
Cycles
Drought in East Africa Also Due to La Niña
Impact of El Nino by Region
IMPACT
In Australia, the impact event of El Niño has not been as strong as
anticipated.
In Indonesia, late-arriving rains delayed the normal
October/November rice planting and caused a reduction in rice production
potential.
In Malaysia, rainfall has been below normal but adequate for rice
production.
In Thailand, below normal rainfall has lowered water reserves for the
second rice crop.
In the Philippines, localized dryness has reduced corn and rice yields.
IMPACT
In the Republic of South Africa, November/December
corn planting was delayed due to insufficient rainfall.
In Zimbabwe, a hot, dry December
In Tanzania and Kenya, drought earlier in the crop year
In India past El Niño brought dry weather across
northwest India
In the Central America the major El Niño impact is
nearly over as their rainy season has ended.
SEVERE DROUGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1982-1983• drought damage to rice and corn cost more than P700 million• 450,000 hectares of land were affected• among the severely hit provinces were Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Northern Visayas and Western
Mindanao
1992-1993• drought damage set back the agricultural sector by P4.1 billion• 478,000 metric tons of corn were destroyed• among the worst hit were South Cotabato, Isabela, Bukidnon, Maguindanao, North Cotabato and
Cagayan
1997-1998• dry spell between June1997-1998; effects continued to be felt through September 1998• El Niño struck as the country was enjoying a continuous four-year growth• damage to agriculture amounted to P8.46 billion• 16 regions were affected
MITIGATIONEl Niño
early warningspre-emptive actions
- setting up disaster assistance for farmers - issuing drought insurance - making changes to tax and food import policies - building up strategic food stocks - encouraging shifts in planting patternsplanting of early maturing varieties of crops.
La Niña identification and mapping of areas that are prone to flood and vulnerable to erosion and landslides. construction of 990 units of small farm reservoirs (SFRs) for harvesting rainwater and surface runoff
MITIGATION
Recent technological advances have made it possible to monitor, diagnose, and predict El Niño and La Niña events in near-real time. Some of the major technologies used are:
Satellite
Ocean buoys
MITIGATION
Radiosondes
Super computers
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Geophysical and Socio-economic settings have multi-dimensional influences on El Niño and La Niña impacts. Therefore, it should be duly considered in conducting any sort of impact study on El Niño and La Niña, and in undertaking any intervention to cope with disaster problems.
There should be an adequate assessments about and monitoring of hazards, disasters and vulnerabilities, so that the need for prevention is accurately identified and disasters defined.
There is need for a clear and comprehensive national disaster policy, which will address the total disaster management spectrum, including El Niño and La Niña considerations of all aspects of preparedness. Within this policy, there must be a readiness on the part of the government to institutionalize preventive measures.The Government undertake the following initiatives: To formulate a comprehensive plan for disaster management, disaster policy and disaster actions at the earliest possible time. To design an appropriate and enforceable legal mechanism for dealing with all types of natural disaster To develop appropriate technology and ensure the collection of relevant data on disaster through the use of satellites and the introduction of a regular system of delivering information to the public through television, radio and other mass media.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENI
NG !!!
Reporters
Navarro, Mary Joy
Gumisad, Lourdes
