Mechanization in the United States of America
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of Bologna
The 25 years of the Club of BolognaEvolution and prospects of agricultural mechanization in the world
12-13 November 2016
EIMA INTERNATIONAL – Bologna, Italy Sinfonia Hall
John K. Schueller ([email protected])
Mechanization Always Important to USA
• Settler Colonialism and European/African/Native Interactions Led to Labor Shortages
• Early Leaders Were Farmers (Washington, Jefferson, …)
• Equipment Innovators (McCormick, Case, Deere, Ford, …)
• World Wars and Industrial Development
Agricultural Mechanization Varies
• Almost 100,000,000 km2
• Variety of climates, topographies, soils, social structures
• Great range of crops and production systems
Disclaimer: Following are broad, general statements
Easy to disprove by examples
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Illinois $16.29B Farm Receipts by State
Illinois $16.29B
North Dakota $7.53BFarm Receipts by State
Florida $8.36BIllinois $16.29B North Dakota $7.53B
Farm Receipts by State
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Northeast and North CentralDairy FarmsSmaller grain farmsFamily vegetable farmsModerate tractors and equipment
Corn Belt (Heartland)Corn/Soybean MonocultureHigh tech moderately-large tractors and equipmentHeart of equipment manufacturing industry
Wheat BeltDrier climateLarge farmsLarge equipment
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
South and SoutheastAdd warmer weather crops
Cotton, rice, peanuts, sugarcane, …Variety of farms and equipment
Mountain RegionDry, grazing landEquipment to supportRelatively simple and reliable
Fruitfull RimHigh value specialty cropsSome operations in some crops not mechanizedSome special machinery
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
TractorizationEarly in USA, but took a long time
1910 more value in horses and mules than all farm equipmentKey tractors
FordsonFarmallFord-FergusonNew Generation and Competitors
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
TractorizationEarly in USA, but took a long time
1910 more value in horses and mules than all farm equipmentKey tractors
FordsonFarmallFord-FergusonNew Generation and Competitors
EnginesGasolineDiesel
TransmissionsClutchedPower-Shift in RangePower-ShiftCVT
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Most InterestRow-crop 100-300 HP
Ackerman steeringPowered frontHigh Technology
UtilitySmallerModerate technology
2015 Sales<40 HP 118,348>40 HP, <100 HP 59,401>100 HP 23,930“4WD” 3,111
Generally 10,000 – 25,000 per month, depending uponcommodity priceseconomic conditionsmonth
2017 Tractor of the year announced at EIMA
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Tillage
• Moldboard plows are history• No-till, Minimum-Till, Conservation Till
– Wind and water erosion; tillage costs
• Strip-till
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Tillage
• Moldboard plows are history• No-till, Minimum-Till, Conservation Till
– Wind and water erosion; tillage costs• Strip-till• Primary: chisel plows, disks, rippers• Secondary: field cultivators, disks, harrows, …• Combined equipment: Timeliness
– E.g., chisel points, disks, rolling baskets on same machine– E.g., tillage, fertilization, pesticide application, and
planting on same machine
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Crop Establishment
• Mostly from seed• No-till and conservation challenging• Faster speeds and more rows
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Crop Establishment
• Mostly from seed• No-till and conservation challenging• Faster speeds and more rows• Dynamic research and development
– Seed trench environment– Seed metering and placement
• Air seeding of small grains
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Crop Promotion and Protection
• Fertilizers, Pesticides (weeds, insects, diseases)
• Pre-plant, During Planting, Post-plant• GPS and nozzle controls common• Some variable rate• Mechanical to replace some pesticides?
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
CDC
USDA
Florida Orange Production (million boxes)2003-2004 2422015-2016 81.62016-2017 70 ?2026-2027 27.3 ??
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Harvesting Mechanization
• Grain and Forage Early• Large rotary self-propelled combines• Round, small, and large bales; SP Choppers• Cotton after WWII; Sugarcane (billets) late• Processing vegetables sophisticated machines• Fresh fruits and vegetables partially
mechanized
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Cotton Harvesting Has Changed
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Transport
• Wagons• Trucks
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Equipment to Support Animal Agriculture
Farmsteads of my brother and a neighbor Part of another neighbor’s farmstead
How can the smallholder remain sustainable?
Google Maps
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Equipment for Smaller Farmers is Widely Available
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Due to USA size, distribution, sales, and service are still very important
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Range of Materials & Processes in a Tractor
Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials, 5th ed. Kalpakjian • Schmid© 2008, Pearson EducationISBN No. 0-13-227271-7
FIGURE 1.1 Model 8430 tractor, with detailed illustration ofits diesel engine, showing the variety of materials andprocesses incorporated. Source: Courtesy of John DeereCompany.
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Manufacturing Trends• Digital • Rapid • Remanufacturing
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Trend: Drones
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Trend: Robotics
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
www.sentera.com
Trend: Sensors
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
www.intelinair.com
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
Thank you
John K. [email protected]
26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016
