1b. TECH. SEMINARA STUDY OF MECHATRONICS & ITS

APPLICATIONS

Mechanical Engineering(Machine Design)

Submitted bySHASHANK AWASTHI

Happy Srivastava & Gaurav Raghav(Supervisor)

Department of Mechanical EngineeringInstitute of Technology & Management

Aligarh- 202001

2CONTENTS:1. INTRODUCTION2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE3. KEY ELEMENTS OF MECHATRONICS4. GOALS & SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES5. THE MECHATRONIC SYSTEM6. APPLICATIONS7. ADVANTAGES8. DISADVANTAGES9. CONCLUSION10. REFERENCES

3INTRODUCTION:The word, mechatronics, is composed of mecha from mechanism and thetronics from electronics.In other words, technologies and developed products will be incorporatingelectronics more and more into mechanisms, intimately and organically, andmaking it impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins.In their words, mechatronics is defined as, The synergistic integration ofmechanical engineering, with electronics and intelligent computer controlin the design and manufacturing of industrial products and processes.Another definition was suggested by Auslander and Kempf .Mechatronics is the application of complex decision making to the operationof physical systems.Another definition due to Shetty and Kolk appeared in 1997 :Mechatronics is a methodology used for the optimal design ofelectromechanical products.More recently, we find the suggestion by W. Bolton :A mechatronic system is not just a marriage of electrical and mechanicalsystems and is more than just a control system; it is a complete integration ofall of them.

1. Review of literature:. Mechatronics was born in Japan about 25 years ago which is aninterdisciplinary area relating to the mechanical engineering, electricalengineering/electronics and computer science. This technology has producedmany new products and provided powerful ways of improving the efficiency of

4the products we use in our daily life. Currently, there is no doubt about theimportance of mechatronics as an area in science and technologyIn the late 1970s, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Machine Industry(JSPMI) classified mechatronicsproducts into four categories [1]:1.Class I :Primarily mechanical products with electronics incorporated toenhance functionality. Examples include numerically controlled machine toolsand variable speed drives in manufacturingmachines.2. Class II: Traditional mechanical systems with significantly updated internaldevices incorporating electronics. The external user interfaces are unaltered.Examples include the modern sewing machine and automated manufacturingsystems.3.Class III: Systems that retain the functionality of the traditional mechanicalsystem, but the internal mechanisms are replaced by electronics. An exampleis the digital watch.4.Class IV: Products designed with mechanical and electronic technologiesthrough synergistic integration. Examples include photocopiers, intelligentwashers and dryers, rice cookers, and automatic ovens.

2. Key Elements of Mechatronics:The study of mechatronic systems can be divided into the following areas ofspecialty:1. Physical Systems Modeling2. Sensors and Actuators3. Signals and Systems

54. Computers and Logic Systems5. Software and Data Acquisition

Fig1: Elemental Structure of Mechatronics

3. Goals And Specifics Objective:The principal goal of the mechatronics curriculum are summarized below: To develop an innovative curriculum in Electro Mechanical system

design that will serve as a national model. To use this innovative curriculum as a means of integrating electrical ,

electronics , mechanical , and computational engineering education into a capstone design sequence.

To introduce the use of video and computers in the classroom andLaboratory.

To emphasize the use of a variety of CAD tools in engineering design andanalysis.

64. The Mechatronic System:Figure shows a typical mechatronic system with mechanical, electrical, andcomputer components. The process of system data acquisition begins with themeasurement of a physical value by a sensor. The sensor is able to generatesome form of signal, generally an analog signal in the form of a voltage levelor waveform. This analog signal is sent to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).Commonly using a process of successive approximation, the ADC maps theanalog input signal to a digital output. This digital value is composed of a set ofbinary values called bits (often represented by 0s and 1s). The set of bitsrepresents a decimal or hexadecimal number that can be used by themicrocontroller. The microcontroller consists of a microprocessor plus memoryand other attached devices. The program in the microprocessor uses thisdigital value along with other inputs and preloaded values called calibrations todetermine output commands. Like the input to the microprocessor, theseoutputs are in digital form and can be represented by a set of bits. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is then often used to convert the digital value into ananalog signal. The analog signal is used by an actuator to control a physicaldevice or affect the physical environment. The sensor then takes newmeasurements and the process repeated, thus completing a feedback controlloop. Timing for this entire operation is synchronized by the use of a clock.

7Fig2 :Microprocessor control system.

5.Application:

Automation and robotics Servo-mechanics Sensing and control systems Automotive engineering, Automotive equipment in the design of

subsystems such as anti-lock braking system Computer-machine controls, such as computer driven machines like CNC

machines

5.1. Automation:

8Automation is the use of control system (such as numerical control,programmable logic controller, and other INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM), inconcert with other applications of I.T. (such as computer aided technologies

[CAD, CAM, CAx]), to control industry machinery and industrial process,reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization,automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization providedhuman operators with machinery to assist them with the muscularrequirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensoryand mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also beautomated.

Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and indaily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices withmathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidlyexpanding range of applications and human activities.

Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scopeof automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language recognition, andlanguage production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modernmechanical and computer systems. Specialized hardened computers, referredto as programmable logic controller (PLCs), are frequently used to synchronizethe flow of inputs from (physical) sensor and events with the flow of outputs toactuators and events. This leads to precisely controlled actions that permit atight control of almost any industrial process.

Human-computer interaction(HMI) or user computing (CHI), formerly known asman-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and

9other computers, such as entering and monitoring temperature control orpressures for further automated control or emergency response. Servicepersonnel who monitor & controls these interfaces are often referred to asstationary engineers.

Fig3 : KUKA Industrial Robots being used at a bakery for foodproduction

5.2. Servomechanism:A servomechanism, or servo is an automatic device that uses error-sensingfeedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. The term correctlyapplies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals helpcontrol mechanical position or other parameters.

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Servomechanism may or may not use a servomotor. For example, a householdfurnace controlled by thermostat is a servomechanism, yet there is no motorbeing controlled directly by the servomechanism.

Many autofocus cameras also use a servomechanism to accurately move thelens, and thus adjust the focus. A modern hard disk drive has a magnetic servosystem with sub-micrometer positioning accuracy.

Typical servos give a rotary (angular) output. Linear types are common as well,using a simple machine or a linear motors to give linear motion.

Another device commonly referred to as a servo is used in automobiles toamplify the power steering or brake force applied by the driver. However,these devices are not true servos, but rather mechanical amplifier.

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Fig4 : Industrial servomotor

6.3 Sensor:

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into asignal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, athermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion andcontraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. Athermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be readby a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibration against knownstandards.

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Fig5 : Thermocouple sensor for high temperature measurement

6.4 . Control system:

A control system is a device or set of devices to manage, command, direct orregulate the behavior of other devices or systems.

There are two common classes of control systems, with many variations andcombinations: logic controls, and feedback or linear controls. There is alsofuzzy logic, which attempts to combine some of the design simplicity of logicwith the utility of linear control. Some devices or systems are inherentlycontrollability.

The term "control system" may be applied to the essentially manual controlsthat allow an operator to, for example, close and open a hydraulic press,where the logic requires that it cannot be moved unless safety guards are inplace.

An automatic sequential control system may trigger a series of mechanicalactuators in the correct sequence to perform a task. For example various

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electric and pneumatic transducers may fold and glue a cardboard box, fill itwith product and then seal it in an automatic packaging machine.

In the case of linear feedback systems, a control loop, including sensors,control algorithms and actuators, is arranged in such a fashion as to try toregulate a variable at a setpoint or reference value. An example of this mayincrease the fuel supply to a furnace when a measured temperature drops. PIDController are common and effective in cases such as this. Control systems thatinclude some sensing of the results they are trying to achieve are making useof feedback and so can, to some extent, adapt to varying circumstances. Openloop controller do not directly make use of feedback, but run only in pre-arranged ways.

6.5. Antilock Braking System (ABS):

A second example is the Antilock Braking System (ABS) found in many vehicles.The entire purpose of this type of system is to prevent a wheel from locking upand thus having the driver loose directional control of the vehicle due toskidding. In this case, sensors attached to each wheel determine the rotationalspeed of the wheels. These data, probably in a waveform or time-variedelectrical voltage, is sent to the microcontroller along with the data fromsensors reporting inputs such as brake pedal position, vehicle speed, and yaw.After conversion by the ADC or input capture routine into a digital value, theprogram in the microprocessor then determines the necessary action. This iswhere the aspect of human computer interface (HCI) or human machineinterface (HMI) comes into play by taking account of the feel of the systemto the user. System calibration can adjust the response to the driver while, ofcourse, stopping the vehicle by controlling the brakes with the actuators. There

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are two important things to note in this example. The first is that, in the end,the vehicle is being stopped because of hydraulic forces pressing the brake padagainst a drum or rotora purely mechanical function. The other is that theABS, while an intelligent product, is not a stand-alone device. It is part of alarger system, the vehicle, with multiple microcontrollers working togetherthrough the data network of the vehicle.

6. Advantages of Mechatronic Systems:

simplified mechanical design rapid machine setup cost-effectiveness rapid development trials possibilities for adaptation during commissioning optimized performance, productivity, reliability

7. Disadvantages of Mechatronic Systems:

different expertise required more complex safety issues increase in component failures increased power requirements lifetimes change/vary real-time calculations/mathematical models

Conclusion:The purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automotafrom an engineering perspective and serves. The purpose of controllingadvanced hybrid system important to mechatronics include production system,

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synergy drives, planetry exploration rovers, automotive subsystem such asantilock braking system, spin assist and every day equipment such as autofocus cameras, video, hard disk, cd-players.

REFERENCES:Kyura, N. and Oho, H., Mechatronicsan industrial perspective,IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics,Vol. 1, No. 1, 1996, pp. 1015

Shetty, D. and Kolk, R. A., Mechatronic System Design,PWS PublishingCompany, Boston, MA, 1997.

Bolton, W., Mechatronics: Electrical Control Systems in Mechanical andElectrical Engineering, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley Longman, Harlow, England.

Karnopp, Dean C., Donald L. Margolis, Ronald C. Rosenberg, SystemDynamics: Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems, 4th Edition,Wiley, 2006. Bestselling system dynamics book using bond graph approach.

C. A. Grimes, E. C. Dickey, and M. V. Pishko (2006), Encyclopedia of Sensors(10-Volume Set), American Scientific Publishers.

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