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Coming up
• Recapping
• Issues for media policy
• Broadcast policy issues
• SA media policy landscape
1. RECAPPING:Key questions for policy
• Who is involved?• Where are they?• When are they involved?• How are they involved? Values,
interests, research, secrecy• Why policy?• So what?
2. ISSUES IN MEDIA POLICY
Adapted from Steyn: • Deregulation or re-regulation• Liberalisation• Corporatisation/commercialisation• Privatisation• Concentration laws
More issues in media policy
• Public broadcaster• Freedom of expression• Diversity• Social/cultural issues: language,
nationhood• Convergence
Golding: Policy ethos
interventionist
inte
rventio
ni
st
liberal
liber
al
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MEDIA
CONTENTS
Golding: Policy systems
Authoritarian Free market + strong
state
Regulatory Libertarian
interventionist
inte
rventio
ni
st
liberal
liber
al
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
MEDIA
CONTENTS
Summing up
• Key issues facing media policy
• Question: whose interests served?
• Policy on content, on industry structure
• Interventionist vs liberal ethos
• Systems.
3. SINGLING OUT BROADCAST
• Historically authoritarian:– media content – industry structure
• Form: – state monopoly– public must pay licence fees– universal service notion
Why broadcast & not print?
• Rationale: – uses public frequency spectrum
– nation-building power
• Exceptions are the rule!– Print is regulated in many countries!
– Rationale: seen as powerful
Regulatory rationales• Broadcast liberalisation is also
regulated:– Spectrum and order argument
– Social factors arguments
= License commercial broadcasters.
• Thus policy covers all broadcasters:• Eg. Local content, morals, elections,
news, language, uni service, tariffs, etc.
Perspectives
• Broadcast control in whose interests?– the public (functionalist view)
– government/ruling class (marxist)
– private interests (pluralist)
– consumers & communities (rad dem)
Convergence confuses
• Digital broadcasting:– Policy when frequency not at stake?
• Different channels:– When broadcast goes via Net?
• Other frequency use: – When goes via 3G or WiFi?
Summing up
• Broadcast policy issues:– Historically more susceptible to policy
and regulation
– Frequency and social issues
– Convergence issues
4. SA MEDIA POLICY
• Constitution guarantees free exp.
• Constitutional guarantee of independent regulator
• Law on Hate Speech
• Law on Film & Publications
• Defamation & copyright law
Where is media policy made?
• Institutions:– parliament
– government
– ICASA
– industry (BCCSA, Ombudsman)
– Film and Publications Board
– Media Devt and Diversity Agency
Players in SA media policy
• Actors within the institutions
• Business (eg. Convergence Bill)
• Civil Society
• Courts
• Note: conflicts between sites and also between players
Brief history: apartheid
• Values & interests:– racist, anti-democratic
• State control:– Broadcast near monopoly
– Print hemmed in by laws
• Aim: media as tool for apartheid
New factors at work …Freedom of ExpressionDeregulation, LiberalisationPrivatisation, CommercialisationConcentration and ownershipPBSLanguage and social issuesConvergence
Post-apartheid media policy• Values & interests:
– non-racial, BEE, democratic
• State liberalised:– Broadcast pluralism– Print is free – Subsidies by MDDA
• Aim: media as mixed sector–Public service, access, make money
Key moment: 1993
• Three groups (cf Horwitz):– ANC (new state)
– NP (old state, pro-market)
– Civil society (pro-participation)
• ANC and NP compromise: – neither will control
• Civil society writes 1993 IBA Act.
New broadcast landscape
• IBA–Satra
–Merger: Icasa
• Triple enquiry issues:– local content
– funding public broadcaster
– cross & foreign ownership
Three tier system
1. Community broadcasting: - 100 new stations licensed
2. Public broadcasting: - a cut-back SABC
3. Private broadcasting:– privatised 6 stations
– greenfields stations
Complementarities
TIEROwnership Purpose Obligs Funding
Community community access mediumvolunteer, donors, ads
PBS statepublic service high
adverts, licenses, sponsors
Commercial private growth lowadverts, sponsors
FEATURES
Complexities: • Funding:
– all chasing advertising
• Access:– all providing some access
• SABC:– Pbs and Cpbs, – Two new television stations– Internal policies & accountability
Issues:• Who finally decides policy:
– Icasa or govt or parliament?• Eg. SABC’s policies issue
• Who makes policy? Compare: – Codesa group: 1993 Act – Stakeholders group:
• green & white paper: 1997 Act
– Industry consultation: 2003 Bill
Summing up• Current institutions
• Pre and post apartheid policy
• Key moment – 1993
• Three tier system
• Key issues and perspectives: authoritarian, radical democratic, marxist, functionalist
5. CONCLUSION
• Issues in media policy
• Broadcast policy
• SA media policy
• Broadcasting complexity