Media & Biochemical TestsMedia & Biochemical Tests

Laboratory Objectives

Tests To KnowTests To Know Case Study Tests

IndoleMethyl Red/Voges ProskauerCitrateH2S production in SIMUrea hydrolysisMotilityLactose fermentationSucrose fermentationGlucose fermentation & gas production

Staphylococcus identification testsBAPMSAMstaph brothCoagulase

Indole TestIndole Test How to Perform Test: Inoculate Tryptone broth with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is performed to help differentiate species

of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It tests for the bacteria species’ ability to produce indole. Bacteria use an enzyme, tryptophanase to break down the amino acid, tryptophan, which makes by-products, of which, indole is one.

Media and Reagents Used: Tryptone broth contains tryptophan. Kovac’s reagent—contains hydrochloric acid, dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and amyl alcohol—yellow in color.

Reading Results: Kovac’s reagent reacts with indole and creates a red color at the top part of the test tube.

question/? Find out positive indole bac and the negative…..

IndoleIndole

Methyl Red/Voges Proskauer (MR/VP)Methyl Red/Voges Proskauer (MR/VP)

How to Perform Tests: Inoculate 2 glucose broths with inoculating loop. After 48 hours of incubation, add a few drops of MR to one tube, and VP reagents to the other tube.

Properties they test for: Both tests are used to help differentiate species of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

MR—tests for acid end products from glucose fermentation. VP—tests for acetoin production from glucose fermentation.

Media and Reagents Used: Glucose BrothMethyl Red indicator for acidVoges Proskauer reagents—A: 5% Alpha-Naphthol, & ethanol, B: Potassium Hydroxide, & Deionized Water.

MR/VP continuedMR/VP continued Reading Results:

MR— a + result is red (indicating pH below 6) and a – result is yellow (indicating no acid production)VP—A + result is red after VP reagents are added (indicating the presence of acetoin) and a – result is no color change.

Methyl Red: left – and right + VP: left + and right –

CitrateCitrate How to Perform Test: Inoculate slant with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is used to help differentiate species of the

family Enterobacteriaceae. It is selective for bacteria that has the ability to consume citrate as its sole source of carbon and ammonium as sole nitrogen source.

Media and Reagents Used: Simmon’s Citrate Agar contains sodium citrate (carbon source), ammonium ion (nitrogen source), & pH indicator—bromthymol blue.

Reading Results: A + result is blue (meaning the bacteria metabolised citrate and produced an acid end product) and a – result remains green

CitrateCitrate

Left positive and right negative.

H2S Production in SIMH2S Production in SIM

How to Perform Test: Stab SIM media with inoculating needle. Property it tests for: This test is used to help differentiate species of the

family Enterobacteriaceae. This test is used to determine the ability to reduce sulfur into H2S.

Media and Reagents Used: SIM media contains the sulfur containing amino acid, cysteine, sodium thiosulfate, & peptonized iron or ferrous sulfate.

Reading Results: H2S will react with the iron or ferrous sulfate and produce a black precipitate. A positive result has a black precipitate present and a negative result has no black precipitate.

Urea HydrolysisUrea Hydrolysis How to Perform Test: Inoculate Urea broth with

inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is done to determine a

bacteria’s ability to hydrolyze urea to make ammonia using the enzyme urease.

Media and Reagents Used: Urea broth contains a yeast extract, monopotassium phosphate, disodium phosphate, urea, and phenol red indicator.

Reading Results: Urea broth is a yellow-orange color. The enzyme urease will be used to hydrolyze urea to make ammonia. If ammonia is made, the broth turns a bright pink color, and is positive. If test is negative, broth has no color change and no ammonia is made.

Motility TestMotility Test How to Perform Test: Stab motility media with inoculating

needle. Property it tests for: This test is done to help differentiate

species of bacteria that are motile. Media and Reagents Used: Motility media contains

tryptose, sodium chloride, agar, and a color indicator. Reading Results: If bacteria is motile, there will be growth

going out away from the stab line, and test is positive. If bacteria is not motile, there will only be growth along the stab line. A colored indicator can be used to make the results easier to see.

MotilityMotility

From left to right:+ – +

Lactose FermentationLactose Fermentation How to Perform Test: Inoculate lactose broth with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This tests for the bacteria’s ability to ferment

lactose. Media and Reagents Used: Lactose broth contains beef extract, gelatin

peptone, and lactose. A phenol red indicator is added to indicate acid production from fermentation.

Results

A positive result is yellow after indicator is added (indicating lactose fermentation)A negative result will have no color change or will be redish.

Sucrose FermentationSucrose Fermentation How to Perform Test: Inoculate sucrose broth with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is done to help differentiate species of the

family Enterobacteriaceae. This tests for the bacteria’s ability to ferment sucrose and production of acid end-product

Media and Reagents Used: Sucrose broth contains beef extract, gelatin peptone, and sucrose. Phenol red indicator is added to indicate an acid end-product.

Results

A positive result is yellow after indicator is added (indicating sucrose fermentation)A negative result has no color change or is reddish.

Glucose Fermentation & Gas Production

Glucose Fermentation & Gas Production

How to Perform Test: Inoculate broth with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is done to help differnetiate species of the

family Enterobacteriaceae. This tests for the bacteria’s ability to ferment glucose and produce gas and/or an acid end-product..

Media and Reagents Used: Glucose broth contains beef extract, gelatine peptone, and glucose. A phenol red indicator is added to indicate an acid enproduct. A Durham tube is added to indicate gas production.

ResultsA positive result for acid is yellow after indicator is added (indicating glucose fermentation)A positive result for gas is a bubble in the Durham tube.A completely negative result has no color change or reddish color and no bubble.

Sugar Fermentation TestsSugar Fermentation Tests

Tube 1: Negative acid /Negative gasTube 2A: Must incubate longer (ambiguous result)Tube 2B: Positive acid /Negative gasTube 3A: Positive acid/ Positive gas

BAP with Novobiocin TestBAP with Novobiocin Test How to Perform Test: Inoculate a BAP plate using streak plate

method and incubate 24-48 hours. Place a novovbiocin disk in the first quadrant of the streak.

Property it tests for: This test is used to determine two things:It determines if the organism is resistant or sensitive to NovobiocinIt also determines if the organism can lyse red blood cells (hemolysis)

Media and Reagents: Media contains nutrient agar with 5% sheep's blood added. A Novobiocin antibiotic disk is added after inoculation.

BAP with NovobiocinBAP with Novobiocin Possible test results:

Hemolysis– Hemolysis occurs if the media surrounding the colonies turns translucent or green

in color

Novobiocin resistance– Measure the zone of clearing around the disk. If the zone of clearing is smaller

than the manufacturers recommendations for sensitivity (see package instructions) then the organism is resistant.

No hemolysis; Top streak is R for NB and bottom is S Hemolytic bacteria

Non-hemolytic bacteria

Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) How to Perform Test: Inoculate an MSA plate using streak plate

method and incubate 24-48 hours.

Property it tests for: This tests for the bacteria’s ability to tolerate 7% salt concentration and ferment mannitol. The media is selective because it selects for salt tolerant bacteria. The media is also differential because it differentiates the salt tolerant organisms on their ability to ferment mannitol.

Media and Reagents: MSA media contains nutrient agar, mannitol, 7% sodium chloride and phenol red indicator.

MSA ResultsMSA Results Reading Results:

If the organism is tolerant to salt it will grow.If the organism is not tolerant to salt it will not grow.If the salt tolerant organism can ferment mannitol then there will be yellow zones around the colonies.If the salt tolerant organism cannot ferment mannitol then the media will remain pink.

Growth with no mannitol fermentation.Growth with + mannitol fermentation.

Mstaph brothMstaph broth How to Perform Test: Inoculate broth and incubate for

24-48 hours. Property it tests for: This tests for the bacteria’s

ability to tolerate 7% salt concentration and ferment mannitol. The media is selective because it selects for salt tolerant Staphylococcus.

Media and Reagents: This media contains nutrients appropriate for growing Staphylococcus and 7% salt.

M-STAPH ResultsM-STAPH Results Reading Results:

If the organism is tolerant to salt it will grow.If the organism is not tolerant to salt it will not grow.

Tolerates Salt.Does not tolerate salt.

CoagulaseCoagulase How to Perform Test: Inoculate rabbit plasma with one

single colony. Break up colony and stir until blended in plasma. Incubate at 37 degrees C for 24 hours.

Property it tests for: This tests for the bacteria’s ability to clot blood plasma using the enzyme coagulase. If the organism has coagulase it will clump rabbit plasma.

Media and Reagents: This media contains rabbit plasma dissolved in buffer.

Coagulase ResultsCoagulase Results Reading Results:

If the organism is has coagulase it will clump the plasma.If the organism does not have coagulase it will not clump the plasma.