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Media diets in an age of apps and social media:Dealing with a third layer of repertoire elements
Damian Trilling
University of AmsterdamDepartment of Communication Science
Amsterdam School of Communication [email protected]
ECREA ECC Conference, Prague, 10-11-2016
Common assumptions
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Common assumptions
We do as if these assumptions would still hold . . .(have they ever?)
“People use a fixed set of newsoutlets”
“People can name these outlets”“People use these outlets with aconstant frequency”“The content of the outlets isstatic”
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Common assumptions
We do as if these assumptions would still hold . . .(have they ever?)
“People use a fixed set of newsoutlets”
“People can name these outlets”
“People use these outlets with aconstant frequency”“The content of the outlets isstatic”
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Common assumptions
We do as if these assumptions would still hold . . .(have they ever?)
“People use a fixed set of newsoutlets”“People can name these outlets”
“People use these outlets with aconstant frequency”
“The content of the outlets isstatic”
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Common assumptions
We do as if these assumptions would still hold . . .(have they ever?)
“People use a fixed set of newsoutlets”“People can name these outlets”“People use these outlets with aconstant frequency”
“The content of the outlets isstatic”
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Common assumptions
We do as if these assumptions would still hold . . .(have they ever?)
“Outlets are a meaningful categoryto categorize distinct content”
“Content produced by one outlet isdelivered via one channel”
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Common assumptions
We do as if these assumptions would still hold . . .(have they ever?)
“Outlets are a meaningful categoryto categorize distinct content”
“Content produced by one outlet isdelivered via one channel”
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
. . . and why they are wrong
But they are wrong.
• News providers spread their content via different channels:website, apps, social media, . . .
• Large share (typically 33%–50%) of website traffic comes vialinks on social media
• tailored, personalized, targeted content
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
. . . and why they are wrong
Some numbers
Out of 10 online news items read,. . .
• 3.9 are read by visiting the web site• 2.1 via an app• 0.3 via a news aggregator• 1.6 via a Facebook-link• 0.2 via a Twitter-link• 1.0 via a link somewhere else
(source: own survey data)
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Toward new theories of news flows
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Unbundling
Toward new theories of news flows
Transmission of societally relevant information
• before: few distinct channels, largely the same for everyone• now: also social network sites, personalized media, . . .• complicating factor: citizens influence the news diffusionprocess by sharing articles (feedback loops)
⇒ news products get unbundled
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Unbundling
Toward new theories of news flows
Transmission of societally relevant information
• before: few distinct channels, largely the same for everyone• now: also social network sites, personalized media, . . .• complicating factor: citizens influence the news diffusionprocess by sharing articles (feedback loops)
⇒ news products get unbundled
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Unbundling
Unbundling of news
• single news item instead of collection of items bundled in, e.g.a newspaper
examples
• aggregators (Google News)• pay-per-article (Blendle)
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Unbundling
Unbundling of news
• single news item instead of collection of items bundled in, e.g.a newspaper
examples
• aggregators (Google News)• pay-per-article (Blendle)
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Unbundling
Thorson & Wells: Curated news flows
curation is“the production, selection, filtering, annotation, or framing ofcontent. Unlike the mass media era, in which communication couldbe conceptualized as largely controlled by political elites and mediaactors, in the digital information environment processes of curationare also undertaken by actors such as friends and social contacts,computer algorithms, and individual media users themselves.”
Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digitalage. Communication Theory, 26, 309–328. doi:10.1111/comt.12087
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
News exposure as network of users and news items
is (
near
ly)
iden
tica
l
News item 5
News item 4
News item 3
News item 2
topic = economy
source = ANP
date = 06-12-2015
frames = [human interest, conflict]
reads
reads
A
B
C
reads
reads
... ... ...
medium = nu.nl
medium = nrc.nl
age = 59
gender = M
age = 27
gender =F
News item 1 age = 59
gender = M
... ... ...readsis (nearly) identical
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Consequences for repertoire research
Relevant components of media repertoires
media types, genres, topics, concrete products/brands, socialcontextsHasebrink, U., & Domeyer, H. (2012). Media repertoires as patterns of behaviour and as meaningfulpractices: A multimethod approach to media use in converging media environments. Participations, 9(2), 757–779.
Let’s systematize that!
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Consequences for repertoire research
Relevant components of media repertoires
media types, genres, topics, concrete products/brands, socialcontextsHasebrink, U., & Domeyer, H. (2012). Media repertoires as patterns of behaviour and as meaningfulpractices: A multimethod approach to media use in converging media environments. Participations, 9(2), 757–779.
Let’s systematize that!
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Layer 1:
media types
• radio• newspaper• TV• “the internet”• . . .
e.g., Hasebrink & Popp, 2006; Hasebrink & Dohmeyer, 2012; Schrøder, 2014
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Layer 2:
individual outlets
• specific newspaper (“de Volkskrant”)• specific website (“www.nu.nl”)• specific TV program (“NOS Journaal”)
e.g., Van Rees & Van Eijck, 2003; Trilling & Schoenbach, 2013, 2015)
⇒ There is an intersection with the types of the first layer!
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Layer 2:
individual outlets
• specific newspaper (“de Volkskrant”)• specific website (“www.nu.nl”)• specific TV program (“NOS Journaal”)
e.g., Van Rees & Van Eijck, 2003; Trilling & Schoenbach, 2013, 2015)
⇒ There is an intersection with the types of the first layer!
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Problem
How to deal with unbundling in repertoire research?
• Ignore (“people will ultimately use the same outlets anyway”)• Add new items to list (“Facebook as news source”)
• Both don’t really capture the consequences of unbundling• We are essentially treating a threedimensional space astwodimensional
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Problem
How to deal with unbundling in repertoire research?• Ignore (“people will ultimately use the same outlets anyway”)
• Add new items to list (“Facebook as news source”)
• Both don’t really capture the consequences of unbundling• We are essentially treating a threedimensional space astwodimensional
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Problem
How to deal with unbundling in repertoire research?• Ignore (“people will ultimately use the same outlets anyway”)• Add new items to list (“Facebook as news source”)
• Both don’t really capture the consequences of unbundling• We are essentially treating a threedimensional space astwodimensional
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Problem
How to deal with unbundling in repertoire research?• Ignore (“people will ultimately use the same outlets anyway”)• Add new items to list (“Facebook as news source”)
• Both don’t really capture the consequences of unbundling
• We are essentially treating a threedimensional space astwodimensional
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Repertoires?
Problem
How to deal with unbundling in repertoire research?• Ignore (“people will ultimately use the same outlets anyway”)• Add new items to list (“Facebook as news source”)
• Both don’t really capture the consequences of unbundling• We are essentially treating a threedimensional space astwodimensional
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Towards a conceptualization of Layer 3
We need to think of a third layer or dimension of repertoiresthat is orthogonal to the other two.
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
The 2D model
medium type
brand
example repertoire:{[’Volkskrant’, ’www’], [’Volkskrant’, ’paper’], [’nu.nl’, ’www’]}
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
The 2D model
medium type
brand
example repertoire:{[’Volkskrant’, ’www’], [’Volkskrant’, ’paper’], [’nu.nl’, ’www’]}
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
The 3D model
medium type
brand
gateway
example repertoire:{[’Volkskrant’, ’www’,’Facebook’], [’Volkskrant’, ’paper’,None],[’nu.nl’, ’www’,’app’]}
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
The 3D model
medium type
brand
gateway
example repertoire:{[’Volkskrant’, ’www’,’Facebook’], [’Volkskrant’, ’paper’,None],[’nu.nl’, ’www’,’app’]}
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Slicing the dice
Maybe we are interested in gateway–brand repertoires.
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Slicing the dice
Or in medium–brand repertoires.
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Translating this into practice
A conceptual problem, not tied to one methodology
• in survey research: don’t lump together items that belong todifferent layers
• in qualitative studies: don’t forget to concider how people gotto their news
• in online tracking studies: adopt a network perspective
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Conclusions
• Apps, social media, etc. are not just new elements in a mediarepertoire
• Need to systematize elements of repertoires in differentdimensions
• The dice of a media repertoire can be sliced in three ways• . . . but it will be increasingly difficult to get a completepicture of the whole dice
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
Common assumptions Toward new theories of news flows The third layer Conclusion
Questions?
[email protected]@damian0604
www.damiantrilling.net
www.personalised-communication.net
A third layer of repertoire elements Damian Trilling
