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OPEN DIPLOMACY
Post WWI
By president USA Woodrow Wilson
Wilson Fourteen points
He called for open diplomacy, frank and in publicview, opens covenants of peace, No privacy
Called it a way to achieve democracy anddevelopment in world
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MEDIA- BROKER DIPLOMACY
Use of media in IR & especially inconflict resolution
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PUBLIC DIPLOMACY
It involves trying to create an overall image thatenhances a countrys ability to achieve itsdiplomatic objective.
It is an important technique in a communication-linked world.
E.g. Hillary Clinton visit of world for cause ofwomen and children and creating good image ofUSA abroad.
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MEDIA ROLE IN DIPLOMACY
O pen diplomacy.
Critical in conflict
To break ice in negotiation
Increase in media dependence of everyone in world
To shape public opinion
To communicate with population/audience in other country
Negative side is also there
O ver exaggeration
O ver expectation in output of negotiation. 5
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MEDIA DIPLOMACY (MD)
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY
It typically uses media, communications along withinterpersonal communication etc. and is oriented to long termcultivation of favorability towards state by foreign publics(Gilboa 2000)
Promoting the national interest and national security of thecountry through understanding, informing and influencingforeign publics and broadening dialogues between citizens,institutions and their counterpart
The area of public diplomacy used to target audiences abroad iscalled MEDIA DIPL O MACY
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Uses of mass media to
communicate with state and nonstate actors, to build confidence
and advance negotiations, as wellas to mobilize public support for
agreement
(Gilboa 2000)
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The Question is
Whether public o pinion is potent enough to have any
im pact on elites as elites are decision makers?
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PERSPECTIVES ON MEDIA DIPLOMACY
Foreign Public Must Understand the StatePolicies
MD must be rooted in culture
Message should be consistent, truthful andcredible
Address opinion leader as well as general public
MD is just like dialogues
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MEDIA DILPL O MACY MEANS USE O F S O FTPO WER
Foreign policy aimed to achieve political,economic and cultural goals and if they areachievable by peaceful means then there is no pointgoing for war.
So USE MASS MEDIA for diplomacyMedia can approach to large no. of people in a
short span of time.
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F IVE CHARATERISTRICS O F TV NEWS COVERAGE
1. 24 hours transmission2. Real time telecast3. Transmission from every place4. Headline oriented presentation5. Live events
Integration between the two
Power hungry (State)
AND
News hungry (Media)
What can be the result?
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CNN E FF ECT
Global TV now determine policy
Global TV shows images and these images createimpact on policy making
24 hours news coverage of war, disasters,international conflicts using photos and images. Itcreates pressure on government and compels it todo immediate decision that can be spontaneousand thoughtful
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Teledemocracy: Use of media to promoteand propagate democratic values.
Images of what is happening in the world isgiven more importance than what reallyhappens.
Validity of CNN effect is in question asdecision making is a complicated process.
Live coverage does not change the policy,but it does create the environment in whichpolicy is made
Competing source of information14
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Professor Livingstone describes threeeffects of CNN effect1. Media as a policy agenda setting agent2. Media as a an impediment to achieve
desired policy on diplomatic front by the
state3. Media as an accelerant to policy decisionmaking
SO coverage of events leads to immediatepublic awareness and scrutiny of decisionsmakers
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Media and foreign policy relations.
does editorial policy of print andelectronic media matched with foreign
policy and up to what extent?Media has effects on various phasesand dimensions of foreign policy
making????????media as a power broker in politics
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Agenda Setting
Media does not tell what to think, butwhat to thing about
Media has ability to set agenda forthoughts on various issues and even canalso set the boundaries and impose
limitations of thinking about variousissues.
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Tone of reporting also matters
Media can create height inexpectations
Media has accelerated peace ofdiplomatic communication
Media tends to create pressureon policy makers
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MEDIA AND DIPLOMACYMedia has made following changes possible
Fast communicationDistinction between private and public diplomacy is
blurredMedia act as a channel of communication and tends to
break the ice in the case of no-contact or incommunicable
situationMedia as a pseudo diplomatmedia also poses a challenge for media handling abilities
of diplomats and politicians i.e. how competent they are toface media
Media role as a think tank in IR and diplomacymedia can exaggerate or play up any issue or matter
related to IR or in other case media can downplay anymatter
Media framing of any issue is also very important 19
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F raming means
How pieces of information are selected and organized in media.
The most important question related to media role in IR isTo whom media work?
1. For government
2. For public
3. For market
4. For vested interests
Media role becomes critical in conflict i.e. war, threat for war,diplomatic crisis etc.
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INDIA AND PAKISTAN MEDIA ROLE IN A F TERMATH O F 26/11INCIDENT.INDIAN MEDIA
hostileall previous efforts are sabotaged and media has role in itwho followed whom
Govt. followed mediaO
RMedia followed govt.was media role due to panic i.e. breaking news and events unfolded
and cascading of events leads to in one direction onlyO R
It is done due intentionallyO R
It is done as it was preplannedIndian media played an extreme negative role
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PAKISTAN MEDIA
PAK media was confusedBetween
To be proactive or not
Between
To show sympathy and up to what extent
BetweenTo be offensive in order to defend Indian media assault or toshow restrain
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