Medical Entomology Annual Report 2015/16 · • DoH established a routine exotic vector mosquito...

Department of Health is a Smoke Free Workplace

Medical Entomology Annual Report

2015/16

Medical Entomology Centre for Disease Control

Department of Health Northern Territory Government

February 2017

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH


Medical Entomology, Centre for Disease Control

Department of Health, Northern Territory 2017 This publication is copyright. The information in this report may be freely copied and distributed for

• non-profit purposes such as study, research, health service management and public information subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. Reproduction for other purposes requires the written permission of the Chief Executive of the Department of Health, Northern Territory.

An electronic version is available at: http://digitallibrary.health.nt.gov.au/prodjspui/ General enquiries about this publication should be directed to: Nina Kurucz Director Medical Entomology CDC Department of Health 7PO Box 41326, NT 0811 Phone:

(08) 8922 8901 Facsimile: (08) 8922 8820


Page 2 Department of Health is a Smoke Free Workplace

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

1.1 GOAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY To reduce the impact of insects and other arthropods of medical importance on the health of the people of the Northern Territory (NT).

1.2 VISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Every major urban area in the NT located in an environment that is planned, modified or controlled so that residents are not subjected to pest levels of biting insects and are free from the risks of both exotic and endemic mosquito borne disease.

MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY SERVICES Services provided by Medical Entomology (ME) of the Department of Health (DoH) aim to reduce the impact of biting insects on the people of the Northern Territory. These include the prevention of the re-introduction of malaria, the prevention of the introduction of exotic mosquito vectors of dengue, chikungunya and Zika, insecticide and engineering programs for mosquito control, mosquito surveillance programs in the major towns, guidelines and advice on biting insects for both large and small scale developments, a public inquiry service, a public awareness program, and incidental research on biting insects and mosquito borne viruses. Major clients are the general public, but significant clients include local government, the Department of Lands Planning & the Environment (DLPE), the Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries (DPIF), the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory (PWCNT), the Australian Government, Department of Defence, the Power and Water Corporation (PWC), the Australian Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR), Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO), consultants and developers for development and planning advice, and environmental health officers.

Intersectoral affiliations include:

• a combined mosquito engineering program with the City of Darwin (CoD), with an annual budget for maintaining drains and rectifying urban or near urban mosquito breeding sites;

• the PWCNT rectifying mosquito breeding sites and carrying out and funding mosquito control in Casuarina Coastal Reserve, George Brown Darwin Botanical Gardens and Charles Darwin National Park.

• local government and Environmental Health Officers in towns throughout the NT conducting mosquito surveillance and control.



1.3 OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1. Prevent the re-establishment of malaria in the NT by entomologically investigating

and appropriately responding to each case of imported malaria. Eliminate sources of malaria vectors near urban Darwin by engineering means.

2. Prevent the introduction of exotic dengue vector mosquitoes from overseas and

Queensland by providing advice and assistance to DAWR, surveillance using mosquito traps, surveying for larvae at vulnerable geographic points, reducing potential breeding places by landowner liaison and media advertising, and eliminating vectors following detection.

3. Carry out surveillance and control of mosquitoes in all major towns and mine

developments by organising and assisting with regular mosquito trapping and providing advice and assistance with control operations, under the NT Mosquito Borne Disease Control program and a user pays scheme.

4. Carry out mosquito surveys throughout the NT, including remote communities, to

determine the distribution and relative abundance of mosquitoes in order to enable the assessment of the risk of mosquito borne disease.

5. Carry out extensive and intensive mosquito larval control operations in Darwin using a

program of helicopter applied insecticide in coastal swamps.

6. Organise and assist the CoD and the PWCNT with engineering programs in and

adjacent to urban areas, under the combined Mosquito Engineering Control Program.

7. Carry out surveillance of flaviviruses causing human disease by: maintaining a sentinel chicken surveillance program with the assistance of DPIF and volunteers, investigating of outbreaks of mosquito borne disease, and collecting and processing mosquitoes for arbovirus isolation.

8. Provide planning and development advice and guidelines to DLPE and others to prevent new biting insect problems for development projects.

9. Promote public awareness of biting insects and arthropod borne disease by regular

public communication, a public reference service, public information sheets, an internet site for advice and high quality information pamphlets and publications.

10. Assist students and other bodies in basic research on biting insects and other

arthropods of medical importance.



11. Carry out incidental and applied research, either independently or in cooperation with other researchers, on biting insects in the NT to establish improved methods for the avoidance, reduction or control of insects of public health importance.

12. Build and maintain a reference collection of mosquitoes, biting midges and other

arthropods of medical importance in the NT.

13. Provide opportunities for staff development by in-service and external training, so that they are better able to deliver services.



1.4 PERFORMANCE FOR 2015 – 2016

• The dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti was detected in DAWR routine surveillance traps at the Darwin International Airport in October and December 2015 and again in January 2016. In August 2015 the Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus was detected at East Arm Wharf. All incursions of these exotic species were responded to with enhanced surveillance and control as per protocol, with the NT remaining exotic vector free.

• DoH established a routine exotic vector mosquito surveillance program at Port Melville, in response to the port being declared a first port of entry for international vessel movement. The program commenced in November 2015, enabling early detection and control of exotic dengue mosquito incursions.

• A total of 16 aerial survey and control operations were carried out, with a total of 2112 hectares treated. Salt marsh mosquito numbers peaked in October and December, with breeding triggered by high tides and rain in the swamp system bordering the northern Darwin suburbs.

• There were 258 laboratory confirmed cases of Ross River virus (RRV) in the NT this year. This was well below the number of cases reported in the last two financial years, and below the 5 year mean, except for in September and October coinciding with high numbers of salt marsh mosquitoes.

• There were 17 cases of Barmah Forest virus (BFV) notified in the NT, compared with last year’s total of 28 cases. This was one of the lowest number of cases reported since recording began in 1991/92, but was most likely due to the revised case definition implemented in January 2016.

• In 2015/16, NT sentinel chickens seroconverted to Murray Valley encephalitis (MVEV) in the Darwin, Katherine and Barkley regions, and to Kunjin virus (KUNV) in the Darwin, Katherine, East Arnhem and Barkley regions. No MVEV or KUNV disease cases were reported in the NT in 2015/16.

• In 2015/16, a total of 17 malaria cases were notified in the NT. Five of the patients were positive for gametocytes and entomological investigations were carried out by the ME unit for 4 of the cases to determine vector abundance and potential for local malaria transmission. None of the cases required mosquito vector control to be carried out.

• The combined CoD/DoH mosquito engineering program in Darwin carried out clearing of drains in Leanyer Swamp, Coconut Grove, Vesteys Lake, East Point, Mindil Beach, The Gardens and Marrara. Other major works included filling of depressions at Vesteys Lake and East Point, and the concrete upgrading of drains near the city.

• The ground larval mosquito control program, carried out by ME and PWCNT in the Darwin area, surveyed a total of 518 sites, with a total of 313 sites treated for mosquito breeding.

• In 2015/16, DoH issued a total of 15 media warnings to warn the public on mosquito borne disease risks, including MVE and RRV, as well as high biting midge and fly numbers. The warnings received coverage in the NT News, TV and on radio. In addition, DoH launched a MVE public awareness campaign in February, with messages delivered in language to increase risk awareness in remote communities.

• In 2015/16, the ME unit published six scientific publications and four unit reports.



2 ABBREVIATIONS

Ae. Aedes ALPC Arnhem Land Pest Control B.t.i Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis BFV Barmah Forest virus BG Biogents CDC Centre for Disease Control, Darwin CDNA Communicable Disease Network of Australia CHO Chief Health Officer CoD City of Darwin CPRS Coastal Plains Research Station Cx. Culex DLPE Department of Lands Planning & the Environment DPIF Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries DAWR Australian Department of Agriculture and Water

Resources DIA Darwin International Airport DoH Department of Health EAW East Arm Wharf EIS Environmental Impact Statement EVS Encephalitis Vector Surveillance GEMCO Groote Eylandt Mining Company GIS Geographical Information System IFFV Illegal Foreign Fishing Vessel KUNV Kunjin virus ME Medical Entomology MVEV Murray Valley encephalitis virus NAAC National Arbovirus Advisory Committee NAMAC National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee NCL Nhulunbuy Corporation Limited NPHP National Public Health Partnership Program NT Northern Territory PWC Power and Water Corporation PWCNT Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory RAAF Royal Australian Air Force RRV Ross River virus SoNG Series of National Guidelines ULV Ultra Low Volume



3 CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW 2 1.1 GOAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2 1.2 VISION OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 3 1.4 PERFORMANCE FOR 2015 – 2016 5 2 ABBREVIATIONS 6 3 CONTENTS 7 FIGURES AND TABLES 10 4 INTRODUCTION TO 2015/16 ANNUAL REPORT 13 5 EXOTIC VECTOR ELIMINATION PROGRAM 14 5.1 Introduction 14 5.2 Exotic Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program 14 5.2.1 Darwin City and Outer Darwin 15 5.2.2 Darwin Rural and Palmerston 16 5.2.3 Groote Eylandt - Alyangula 16 5.2.4 Nhulunbuy 16 5.2.5 Katherine 17 5.2.6 Tennant Creek 17 5.2.7 Alice Springs 17 5.3 DoA Adult Mosquito Trapping Program 17 5.3.1 Darwin 18 5.4 Exotic Mosquito Interceptions 19 5.5 Receptacle Breeding Surveys 19 6 VECTOR SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL IN THE NORTHERN

TERRITORY 20 6.1 Darwin 20 6.1.1 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 20 6.1.2 Vectors & Disease case data 23 6.1.3 Routine Ground Larval Mosquito Control Program Darwin 24 6.1.4 Aerial Mosquito Control Program 25 6.1.5 Mosquito Engineering Control Program 25 6.1.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 26 6.2 Groote Eylandt 28 6.2.1 Mosquito species recorded on Groote Eylandt 28 6.2.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 28 6.2.3 Vector & Disease case data 29 6.2.4 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 30 6.3 Nhulunbuy 30 6.3.1 Mosquito species recorded in Nhulunbuy 30 6.3.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 31



6.3.3 Trapping sites 32 6.3.4 Larval survey and control program 32 6.3.5 Vector & Disease case data 33 6.3.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 34 6.4 Katherine 34 6.4.1 Mosquito species recorded in Katherine 34 6.4.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 34 6.4.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 35 6.4.4 Vector & Disease case data 35 6.4.5 Visits and surveys by ME 36 6.4.6 Engineering measures 36 6.4.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 36 6.5 Tennant Creek 36 6.5.1 Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek 36 6.5.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 36 6.5.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program 37 6.5.4 Vector & Disease case data 37 6.5.5 Visits or surveys by ME 38 6.5.6 Engineering measures 38 6.5.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 38 6.6 Alice Springs 38 6.6.1 Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs 38 6.6.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 39 6.6.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program 40 6.6.4 Vector & Disease case data 40 6.6.5 Visits or surveys by ME 41 6.6.6 Engineering measures 41 6.6.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control 41 7 MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CASE DATA IN THE NORTHERN

TERRITORY 42 7.1 Ross River virus disease 42 7.2 Barmah Forest virus disease 42 7.3 Murray Valley encephalitis virus disease 43 7.4 Kunjin virus disease 43 8 ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH 43 8.1 Sentinel Chicken Program 43 9 MALARIA SURVEILLANCE 44 9.1 Case data 44 10 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND

COMMENTS 45 10.1 Development comments 45 10.2 Development investigations 45



10.2.1 Legune Station Aquaculture (Project Sea Dragon) 45 10.2.2 Litchfield Shire Rural Activity Centres 46 11 MOSQUITO AWARENESS AND TRAINING 46 11.1 Mosquito awareness campaign 46 11.2 Medical Entomology training 46 11.3 Public enquiries 47 12 COMMITTEES AND ADVISORY GROUPS 47 12.1 National Arbovirus And Malaria Advisory Committee 47 12.2 The Northern Territory Zoonosis Committee 47 13 PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS 48 14 REFERENCE COLLECTIONS 48 15 DATA MANAGEMENT 48 15.1 Medical Entomology Data Collection System 48 15.2 Geographic Information Systems 49 16 STAFF MATTERS 49 17 REFERENCES 50 18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51



FIGURES AND TABLES

Fig. 1. Darwin adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and sentinel chicken locations.

Fig. 2. Darwin urban exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program. Location of ovitrap and sentinel chicken sites.

Fig. 3. Darwin rural exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program. Location of ovitrap and sentinel chicken sites.

Fig. 4. Alyangula adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and ovitrap locations. Fig. 5. Angurugu adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and ovitrap locations. Fig. 6. Nhulunbuy adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites, ovitrap and sentinel

chicken locations. Fig. 7. Katherine adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites, ovitrap and sentinel

chicken locations. Fig. 8. Tennant Creek adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites and sentinel chicken

locations. Fig. 9. Alice Springs adult mosquito monitoring CO2 trap sites, ovitrap and sentinel

chicken locations. Fig. 10. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Darwin adult mosquito CO2

and BG trap sites. Fig. 11. Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program – Darwin City and Outer Darwin

2015/16. Fig. 12. Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program – Darwin Rural and Palmerston

2015/16. Fig. 13. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Average number of all female

mosquitoes per trap night caught using weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps at the eleven continuous monitoring sites - 2011/12 to 2015/16.

Fig. 14. Darwin. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016.

Fig. 15. Darwin. Monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris July 2010 to June 2016.

Fig. 16 Darwin. Financial year & long term average number of Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris per trap caught in the eleven continuous CO2 baited mosquito traps.

Fig. 17 Alice Springs. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016.

Fig. 18 Alice Springs. Monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016.

Fig. 19. Aerial applied mosquito larval control program - major mosquito breeding areas – Darwin.

Fig. 20. Ross River virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases from CDC (by month of onset) 1999/00 to 2015/16.

Fig. 21. Location of sentinel chicken flocks in the NT. Fig. 22. Northern Territory rainfall deciles 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016. Fig. 23. Northern Territory rainfall totals (mm) 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.



Table 1. Mosquito species collected in Darwin and Palmerston by ME – all collection methods.

Table 2. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin July 2015 to June 2016. Total numbers of nine selected species of female mosquitoes caught in thirteen weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps.

Table 3. Mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Average number of nine selected species of female mosquitoes caught in eleven continuous weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps for financial years 2010/11 to 2015/16.

Table 4. Darwin – routine larval survey and control program 2015/16.

Table 5. Ross River virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region per month) July 2015 to June 2016.

Table 6. Barmah Forest virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region per month) July 2015 to June 2016.

Table 7. Ross River virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region) 1990/91 to 2015/16.

Table 8. Barmah Forest virus disease cases in the NT. Laboratory confirmed cases notified from CDC (by region) 1991/92 to 2015/16.

Table 9. Location and month of onset of cases of MVE or KUN 1974 – 2016 acquired in the NT.

Table 10. Combined DoH and DPIF NT sentinel chicken flavivirus surveillance. Progressive results of number of new seroconversions in month of bleeding 2015/16.

Table 11. Combined DoH and DPIF NT sentinel chicken flavivirus surveillance. Summary of new seroconversions by month Jul 1992 – Jul 2016.

Table 12. Combined DoH and DPIF NT sentinel chicken flavivirus surveillance. New seroconversions in month of bleeding by year Jul 1992 – Jun 2016.

Table 13. Mosquito species collected in Nhulunbuy and Yirrkala by ME – all collection methods.

Table 14. Mosquito monitoring program Nhulunbuy. Total number of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the six weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 15. Adult mosquito species collected on Groote Eylandt (Alyangula, Angurugu and Umbakumba) by ME – all collection methods.

Table 16. Mosquito monitoring program Alyangula. Total number of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the three CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 17. Mosquito species collected in Katherine town by ME - all collection methods.

Table 18. Mosquito monitoring program Katherine. Total numbers of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the four CO2 baited mosquito traps 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.



Table 19. Mosquito species collected from Tennant Creek town by ME - all collection methods.

Table 20. Mosquito monitoring program Tennant Creek. Total number of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in the CO2 baited mosquito trap at the sewage ponds 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 21. Mosquito species collected in Alice Springs town by ME - all collection methods.

Table 22. Mosquito monitoring program Alice Springs. Total number of selected species of female mosquitoes caught in all CO2 baited traps 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 23. Mosquito monitoring program Alice Springs. Average number of selected species caught in the continuous CO2 baited mosquito traps for financial years 2010/11 to 2015/16.

Table 24. DAWR exotic mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited EVS mosquito traps 1July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 25. DAWR exotic mosquito monitoring program Darwin. Total number of female mosquitoes caught in all weekly CO2 baited Biogents sentinel mosquito traps 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 26. Malaria notifications in the Northern Territory 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016.

Table 27. Interception of exotic mosquitoes in Northern Territory sea and airports July 2000 - June 2016.

Table 28. Medical Entomology mosquito survey and travel July 2015 to June 2016.

Table 29. Medical Entomology publications 2015/16.



4 INTRODUCTION TO 2015/16 ANNUAL REPORT

The Medical Entomology (ME) Annual Report 2015/16 is intended to present an overall picture of the Northern Territory Department of Health (DoH) mosquito surveillance and control activities carried out in 2015/16.

The ME Annual Report 2015/16 is also available electronically on the DoH internet site:



5 EXOTIC VECTOR ELIMINATION PROGRAM

5.1 Introduction The most frequently intercepted exotic mosquitoes in the Northern Territory (NT) are the dengue mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus. These dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika vectors can be transported as eggs or larvae in actual or previously water-filled receptacles on ships and cargo arriving from foreign ports, as desiccant resistant eggs on receptacles relocated from areas in north Queensland (Qld) or as adults on international aircraft. While Ae. aegypti is widely distributed in northern Queensland, the distribution of Ae. albopictus is currently restricted to a number of Torres Strait islands.

There have been three instances since the late 1950’s where the exotic mosquito Ae. aegypti was found as established populations in the NT. Two of these establishments were discovered through surveillance detections in Tennant Creek in 2004 (through the adult mosquito surveillance program) and on Groote Eylandt in 2006 (through the exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program). In both instances, the populations were eliminated after two year programs by Department of Health (DoH) with funding assistance from the Australian Department of Health and Ageing. In November 2011, Ae. aegypti was again found in Tennant Creek (through the Aedes ovitrap surveillance program), and an Ae. aegypti elimination program was immediately commenced. The program was completed successfully in April 2014 following eight rounds of property by property surveys and insecticide treatment, with the NT once again free of the dengue mosquito. At present, local transmission of dengue in Australia is restricted to Qld where Ae. aegypti occurs. Transmission occurs periodically when the virus is introduced by infected overseas travellers.

The NT receives an appreciable public health and economic benefit from preventing the dengue vectors and other exotic mosquito vectors of disease from becoming established. Medical Entomology (ME) has routine exotic mosquito monitoring and exclusion programs around all major towns and entry points to prevent the introduction or establishment of dengue vectors, and conducts periodic surveys of other towns and localities to ensure the NT remains dengue vector free.

5.2 Exotic Aedes Ovitrap Surveillance Program The ME exotic Aedes ovitrap (egg trap) surveillance program is a continuous routine program used to detect importations of exotic Aedes mosquito species into the NT, and thus allows timely control or elimination measures. In 2015/16 there were 33 ovitraps in the Darwin area (Fig. 2) and 12 ovitraps in the Palmerston and rural areas (Fig. 3) that were collected, inspected, and re-set fortnightly. The regional ovitrap programs in Alyangula, Nhulunbuy, Katherine, and Alice Springs are also operated on a fortnightly basis. The Darwin ovitraps are set and retrieved by ME, while the ovitraps in the regional centres are serviced by Environmental Health Officers (EHO), local government or mine site personnel. Additional ovitraps are set by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR) at NT first ports of entry within the 400m quarantine zone.



Ovitraps in Darwin are located in most suburbs and in various rural residential areas. They are set adjacent to vulnerable entry points for either exotic mosquito incursions from overseas or Qld. Vulnerable entry points include port areas, interstate trucking yards, removalist companies, caravan parks, tyre yards and plant nurseries.

Ovitrap paddles from all regions are received by ME in Darwin, along with any preserved larvae found in the traps. The eggs on the paddles are hatched in the ME laboratory and all subsequent larvae are reared to fourth instars for identification to species level. Often, when the endemic species Ae. katherinensis is suspected to be present, the larvae are reared through to the adult stage for identification confirmation since Ae. albopictus is very similar to Ae. katherinensis in the larval stage. The number of mosquito eggs laid on ovitrap paddles is generally dependant on the abundance of the adult (female) population, and in turn can relate to the productivity, number, and proximity of suitable breeding sites where the ovitrap is located. The seasonal pattern of larval numbers (eggs laid) from ovitraps is also dependant on the extent and frequency of rainfall in the wet season or the artificial filling of receptacles during the dry season due to garden irrigation or wash down activities. The ovitrap programs undergo a continual reassessment throughout the year to increase the efficiency of the program. Ovitrap site placements are adjusted according to changed conditions and risk levels, such as loss of overhead vegetation cover, changes in property ownership, access issues, the arrival of risk cargo imported from locations where the target mosquitoes are prevalent, and when there are detections of adult mosquitoes from DAWR collections.

Given that the exotic disease vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus can potentially utilise the same breeding habitats as some endemic Aedes species, the recovery of endemic receptacle breeding Aedes in vulnerable locations, such as the port areas, are an indicator of available breeding sites for exotic Aedes. The recovery of appreciable numbers of endemic Aedes species in the ovitraps is an indication that ongoing awareness campaigns aimed at household and commercial premises with regards to receptacle-breeding mosquitoes need to continue.

5.2.1 Darwin City and Outer Darwin This financial year, 23.8% (181) of ovitraps sampled (758) in Darwin were positive for mosquito larvae. This percentage of positive ovitraps was lower compared to last year (33.5%). The species most often detected in all traps was Ae. notoscriptus (present in 92.3% of positive ovitraps), followed by Ae. tremulus (present in 9.9% of positive ovitraps) (Fig. 11). No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2015/16.



Of all ovitraps collected from residential premises, 44% were positive for mosquito eggs. The next highest were commercial premises (15%), transport companies (11%) caravan parks (4%), and port areas (3%).

5.2.2 Darwin Rural and Palmerston In Darwin Rural and Palmerston, 22.1% (52) of ovitraps sampled (235) were positive for mosquito larvae. The species most often detected was Ae. notoscriptus (present in 76.9% of positive ovitraps) followed by Ae. tremulus (present in 28.9% of positive ovitraps) (Fig. 12). No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2015/16.

5.2.3 Groote Eylandt - Alyangula Alyangula is a mining town located on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in the East Arnhem region. Many of the vessel arrivals are for international ore export or coastal cargo transport barges to and from Darwin. There is also a possibility of illegal vessels landing on Groote Eylandt or nearby areas. Similar to Nhulunbuy, the area is considered a vulnerable entry point for exotic Aedes species into the NT from Qld and overseas.

The ovitrap program has operated in collaboration between the Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) and ME. The ovitrap program was established in July 1998 and continued to March 2000, when local staff shortages resulted in its suspension. The program was re-established in March 2003 and operated until March 2014 when it was again suspended due to GEMCO staff shortages. The program recommenced in February 2016. The five ovitraps are located at the wharf, the airport, mine site, and the Alyangula Township (Old and New Town) and were serviced fortnightly (Figs 4 and 5). In 2015/16, Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. katherinensis, Ae. tremulus and Culex quinquefasciatus were the endemic species collected. No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2015/16.

5.2.4 Nhulunbuy Nhulunbuy is a mining town and the principal town in the East Arnhem region. The town is considered a vulnerable entry point for exotic Aedes species into the NT because of mining related transport arriving from overseas and Qld, as well as illegal foreign fishing vessels being occasionally detained near Port Melville and prepared for onshore destruction at Drimmie Head by a local contractor. An ongoing ovitrap surveillance program was established in Nhulunbuy in 1995/96 in collaboration with the Nhulunbuy Corporation (NCL). The NCL suspended the program in July 2011, but it was re-established by ME in liaison with Environmental Health in February 2013.

Since July 2015, the East Arnhem Shire Council services the ovitraps under a funding agreement with DoH, with the eight ovitraps serviced fortnightly (Fig. 6). Ovitrap paddles and any larvae are forwarded to ME for larval rearing and identification.



In 2015/16, Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. tremulus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. halifaxii were the endemic species collected. No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2015/16.

5.2.5 Katherine The ovitrap surveillance program in Katherine currently consists of six ovitraps, located adjacent to vulnerable entry points into Katherine (Fig. 7). Katherine Town Council services the ovitrap in Katherine under a funding arrangement with DoH which commenced in June 2015.

In 2015/16, Ae. notoscriptus, Ae. tremulus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Tripteroides. punctolateralis were the endemic species collected. No exotic mosquitoes were detected in 2015/16.

5.2.6 Tennant Creek The Tennant Creek ovitrap surveillance program has historically consisted of three ovitraps set at the Memorial Club, 3 Kittle Street and the Caravan Park (Lot 2133). The traps were serviced fortnightly by the Tennant Creek EHO during the wet season only, commencing after the first appreciable rains. However, the ovitrap program was temporarily suspended from November 2011 to April 2014 while the enhanced surveillance and control activities of the Tennant Creek Ae. aegypti elimination program were occurring. Since the completion of the elimination program in April 2014, the local EHO in Tennant Creek has resumed responsibility for the setting and collecting of mosquito traps. Two routine CO2 baited BG sentinel traps are scheduled to be set on a fortnightly basis at ad hoc locations about the town, replacing the previous ovitrap program.

5.2.7 Alice Springs The Alice Springs ovitrap surveillance program consists of eight ovitraps (Fig. 9). The ovitraps are serviced fortnightly by the Alice Springs EHO during the summer months (November to May). In 2015/16, traps were set between November 2015 and May 2016. Aedes notoscriptus and Cx. quinquefasciatus were the endemic species collected. No exotic mosquitoes were collected in 2015/16.

5.3 DAWR Adult Mosquito Trapping Program The aim of the DAWR adult mosquito trapping program is to monitor for exotic adult mosquitoes around NT first ports of entry (port and airport areas), including Darwin East Arm Wharf (EAW), Fort Hill Wharf, the INPEX site at Blaydin Point (since January 2015) and the Darwin International Airport (DIA) and Royal Australian Airforce (RAAF) airport. ME carries out mosquito identifications of the samples as a cost per service program. Weekly routine adult mosquito trapping using carbon dioxide baited encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) and Biogents (BG) traps is conducted by DAWR or port authorities in these areas



(Fig. 10, Tables 24 and 25). Results and comments are forwarded by ME to DAWR, the RAAF and Darwin Airport, and Environmental and Safety Officers and the Darwin Port Authority.

In addition, 3 BG traps are set at Port Melville by the port authority as part of the DAWR program, following the arrival of international vessels. The program commenced in November 2015, with a total of 15 traps set in 2015/16 (Table 25).

Since early 2010, BG sentinel adult mosquito traps, specifically designed to attract and collect Ae. aegypti and other Aedes (Stg) species, such as the exotic Ae. albopictus and the endemic Ae. katherinensis, have been incorporated into the quarantine monitoring program (Fig. 10, Table 25). Carbon dioxide gas has been used to enhance the attractiveness of the traps (Meeraus et al 2008).

In 2015/16, CO2 baited EVS traps and BG traps were set and collected weekly by DAWR Officers at three and six sites respectively (Fig. 10, Tables 24 and 25). The captured mosquitoes were forwarded to ME for identification. The 3 INPEX BG traps were also collected weekly until January 2016 and then twice weekly by the port authority and sent to ME for identification (Fig. 10).

5.3.1 Darwin In 2015/16, there was one incursion of Ae. albopictus associated with international vessel arrivals at Darwin EAW and three incursions of Ae. aegypti associated with international aircraft arrivals at DIA (Table 27).

In August 2015, Ae. albopictus larvae were detected on plastic wrapped cargo offloaded from an international ship carrying break bulk cargo from a South East Asian port. ME and DAWR responded to the detection with Ultra Low Volume (ULV) fogging, larval surveys, insecticide treatment of receptacles, plastic wrap and mosquito harbourage areas at EAW and the burial of all plastic wrap in landfill. There were no further detections of Ae. albopictus associated with this incursion. Routine surveillance traps at DIA were found to be positive for Ae. aegypti in October 2015 (sentinel tyre), December 2016 (ovitrap) and January 2016 (BG trap). ME and DAWR responded to these detections with exotic larval surveys at the airport, insecticide treatment of drain pits and potential harbourage areas about the terminal and enhanced surveillance using additional BG traps and ovitraps. ULV fogging of the baggage handling area at the DIA terminal was carried out following the detection of the adult Ae. aegypti in a BG trap in October 2015. There were no further detections of Ae. aegypti associated with any of these incursion.

No exotic mosquitoes were collected in the CO2 baited EVS traps in 2015/16 (Table 24).



5.4 Exotic Mosquito Interceptions In the NT, DAWR survey and treat apprehended illegal foreign fishing vessels (IFFVs) and illegal persons vessels for any exotic pest threats to Australia, including mosquitoes. Illegal vessels are usually detained and escorted to a port by the Royal Australian Navy and the Australian Custom Services. Some vessels, such as fishing iceboats traditionally carry large 800-1000L drinking water receptacles that are sealed and therefore are not suitable for mosquito breeding. Shark boats and illegal persons vessels however, often use open 200L plastic drums as drinking water receptacles, which are suitable for mosquito breeding, and exotic larvae are often detected in these receptacles. In 2015/16, information forwarded from DAWR indicated that there were no interceptions of exotic mosquitoes from illegal vessels intercepted in close proximity to NT ports.

5.5 Receptacle Breeding Surveys As part of the ME exotic vector surveillance program, surveys for receptacle breeding exotic Aedes mosquitoes are conducted each year. The aim is to detect exotic mosquito incursions that have breached the 400m quarantine zone at international ports or from those arriving from Queensland (Qld) by road or via any other mode.

Locations that are targeted for the potential presence of exotic receptacle breeding species are port areas, nurseries, caravan parks and transport companies, as they are potential entry points for exotic mosquitoes in the NT. Some commercial and residential premises outside these categories are also surveyed, particularly those close to potential entry points listed above, or that contain a large number of potential receptacle breeding sites. Port areas receive international shipping traffic and are thus susceptible to potential exotic mosquito incursions. Caravan parks and transport companies represent a risk of interstate vehicles inadvertently transporting Ae. aegypti eggs or larvae in receptacles across the border from Qld. Nurseries are considered a risk because they often import plants and pots from interstate (including Qld) and overseas, and they can contain suitable breeding or adult harbourage sites.

Remote coastal locations close to frequent IFFV activity are potentially subject to exotic mosquito introductions via routes other than through the main shipping ports. The method of introduction into nearby towns or communities may be via relocation of receptacles obtained from IFFV camps.

In 2015/16, exotic vector surveys were carried out in Nhulunbuy (January 2016), Tennant Creek (February 2016), Jabiru (April 2016) and Alyangula and Angurugu on Groote Eylandt (March 2016). No exotic mosquitoes were detected (see section 6 for details). Darwin port areas within the 400m quarantine zone were surveyed at the beginning, middle and end of the 2015/16 wet season as a DAWR program with ME collaboration. The timing of the surveys allowed for a comprehensive assessment of each port area before, during



and after the main wet season so that source reduction recommendations could be conveyed to the respective proprietors, and then actioned in a timely manner to reduce the port’s receptivity to exotic mosquitoes. No exotic mosquitoes were detected during the receptacle surveys.

6 VECTOR SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

6.1 Darwin In 2015/16, a total of 51 adult mosquito species were recorded in Darwin and Palmerston using all collection methods (Table 1). Two of these species were the exotic disease carrying mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus), which triggered a control and enhanced surveillance response (see section 5). The most important endemic mosquito species recorded from routine CO2 baited encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) traps in Darwin in 2015/16 and their relative numbers are shown in Tables 2 & 3.

6.1.1 Adult Mosquito Monitoring Program 6.1.1.1 Monitoring program

The Darwin routine adult mosquito monitoring program consisted of 13 CO2 baited EVS traps set throughout the Darwin urban area (Table 2, Fig. 1). Twelve of the traps were set weekly throughout the year, with the Brandt Road trap discontinued in January 2016, as 12 months of weekly data was obtained from this distant trap site. The Richardson Park trap was moved a short distance due to construction activity near the original trap site, with no trapping carried out from January to April at Richardson Park. Eleven of the trap sites have been monitored continuously using the same trap type since 1985, with continuous monitoring at some of the sites in place since 1979, representing one of the longest consistent adult mosquito monitoring data sets in Australia. This data is used to evaluate long term mosquito control and disease risk.

6.1.1.2 Adult mosquito numbers The 2015/16 Darwin adult mosquito monitoring data from all 13 trap sites are shown in Table 2. Karama and Palm Creek were by far the most productive of the 13 trap sites, recording 31,784 and 26,393 adult female mosquitoes respectively, followed by Brandt Rd (24,995), Longwood (11,009), Leanyer Dump (9,782) and Leanyer Gate (8,198) (Table 2).

The average weekly number of Aedes vigilax per trap for the 11 continuous traps in 2015/16 was 65, which was moderately higher than in 2014/15 (41) (Table 3). Average common banded mosquito (Culex annulirostris) numbers per trap in the eleven continuous traps decreased significantly from 118 in 2014/15 to 61 in 2015/16 (Table 3). This was the lowest average Cx. annulirostris number recorded since 2011/12.The higher Ae. vigilax numbers were most likely due to the poor wet season, which allowed increased egg laying in pools,



which would otherwise not have been breeding sites when fully flooded. The decrease in Cx. annulirostris numbers may have been due to less wet season flooding, and earlier drying of the swamps due to the poor wet season.

The average weekly number of Anopheles bancroftii in 2015/16 was 5, less than half compared to 2014/15 (12) (Table 3). Average weekly An. farauti s.l. numbers in 2015/16 (2) were similar to 2014/15. The pest mosquito Mansonia uniformis was also recorded in similar numbers compared to 2014/15, while there was a moderate decrease in Coquillettidia. xanthogaster numbers (Table 3).

6.1.1.3 Seasonal occurrence Aedes vigilax abundance is associated with monthly high tides (7.4 m ACD or over) and/or appreciable daily rainfall (25mm and above) during most months of the year, except for February and March, when the majority or all of their principal breeding sites are seasonally flooded and unavailable for egg deposition. Aedes vigilax is usually most common in the Darwin area from September to January inclusive. Maximum monthly tide levels generally increase from mid-July to December, increasing inundation of the salt marsh habitat, with heavy rain also resulting in egg hatching. Consequently, Ae. vigilax numbers increase steadily to reach a peak in November to January. The exception is the Casuarina Coastal Reserve, which can breed high Ae. vigilax numbers in coastal dune depressions throughout the mid-late wet season after heavy rain events or very high tides. After poor wet seasons in particular, a small Ae. vigilax peak could occur in May and June, following high tides or early dry season (May) rains. Aedes vigilax was the only important mosquito to increase in numbers in 2015/16, most likely due to the poor wet season allowing increased breeding, as breeding sites remained available for longer.

Culex annulirostris is most common in the Darwin area during the months of January to August (Fig. 14). During most years, two peaks occur during these months, an early to mid - wet season peak in January or February, and an extended peak during the months of April to August. The early/mid wet season peak is usually larger than the late wet/early dry season peak (Fig. 14). The early/mid wet season peak is generally a result of initial widespread flooding of the Holmes Jungle and Leanyer swamps, and other swamps and smaller ground depressions in the wider Darwin area, with high mosquito productivity due to the lack of mosquito larvae predators after initial flooding. The late wet to mid dry season peak is a result of the progressive drying of the larger breeding sites, such as the Holmes Jungle Reed Swamp, resulting in the formation of thickly vegetated pools with restricted access for mosquito larvae predators. The late wet and early dry season peak is also contributed to by residual grassy pools in the Leanyer Swamp floodplain, and by vegetated stormwater drains located in Leanyer, Malak and Karama. In 2015/16, February was the most productive month for Cx. annulirostris, followed by January, May and June (Fig. 14).

Generally, the early to mid - wet season peak is impractical to effectively control due to concurrent flooding of over 1000 hectares of floodplain in the Leanyer and Holmes Jungle swamps after the first monsoonal rains. However, high concentrations of larvae are targeted by aerial control to reduce the size of the early/mid - wet season peak. The early to mid - dry season peaks are usually smaller due to targeted aerial control of more defined breeding sites in the Holmes Jungle Swamp.



In May and June 2016, very high numbers of Cx. sitiens were collected. The high numbers were most likely due to the poor wet season, with very high tides in April and May keeping water saline enough for this species to breed.

Other important mosquito species such as Cq. xanthogaster, An. bancroftii, An. farauti s.l. and Ma. uniformis are usually most abundant in the late wet season and early dry season, when semi-aquatic vegetation growth is abundant, and deep flooded areas begin to dry, leaving shallow or relatively isolated pools. All of these species recorded similar to lower average numbers per trap night in 2015/16 compared to 2014/15, due to the poor wet season.

6.1.1.4 Trapping sites

When comparing total numbers of all mosquito species from all routine monitoring sites, the Karama and Palm Creek trap sites are usually the most productive. This trend was followed in 2015/16, with Karama being the most productive trap site, closely followed by Palm Creek (Table 2). The Brandt Rd trap was operated at specific dates only to gain knowledge of salt marsh mosquito breeding productivity in the swamps to the east of Darwin, associated with King Creek. However, if the Brandt Rd trap was continued for the entire year, it probably would have exceeded both the Karama and Palm Creek traps. The higher numbers of all mosquito species at Karama and Palm Creek is due to very large areas of reed swamp and other wetland breeding areas in the nearby Holmes Jungle Reed Swamp and upper mangrove areas close to the trap sites. These breeding sites are considerably influenced by rainfall and tides, providing suitable habitats for both freshwater and brackish water mosquito species.

The Holmes Jungle Reed Swamp is not targeted by engineering control methods due to the ecological sensitivity and its importance as a fish breeding site. Medical Entomology (ME) does not routinely control mosquitoes other than the salt marsh mosquito in this swamp, unless there is a relatively high risk of mosquito borne disease from Cx. annulirostris or if numbers of this species and other pest mosquitoes such as An. bancroftii become markedly high. The minimum urban distance buffer of 1.6 km from the edge of this swamp usually results in few pest problems in the nearby residential areas, apart from those caused by the long distance dispersing mosquito Ae. vigilax. The Palm Creek and Karama trap sites are also likely to be influenced to some extent by Ae. vigilax dispersal from coastal swamps associated with Kings Creek and the Howard River to the east, and the Micket Creek swamp.

As in previous years, the northern suburb traps of Karama, Palm Creek, Leanyer Gate, Leanyer Dump and Longwood were amongst the most productive traps (Table 2), due to the location of the traps between productive swamp breeding sites and the urban fringes of the suburbs. Casuarina was the next most productive trap site, due to extensive mosquito breeding sites in interdunal depressions, and urban stormwater discharge into Sandy Creek creating freshwater mosquito breeding sites in and near the Sandy Creek upper tidal margin close to the Royal Darwin Hospital. Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris were the two most common mosquito species recorded in the Casuarina trap.



The traps bordering the Marrara Swamp system were the next most productive traps. Culex annulirostris and Cq. xanthogaster were the two most common mosquitoes in the Aviation Museum and Marrara Rifle Range traps, with breeding of both species related to the availability of semi-aquatic vegetation and shallow ponding (Table 2). The Marrara Round Swamp trap was less productive for mosquitoes in 2015/16 compared to the other two traps near the Marrara swamps. Usually, the Marrara swamps are only moderate sources of mosquitoes, but numbers have increased in recent years.

Karama was by far the most productive continuous trap site for Ae. vigilax, with Palm Creek, Leanyer Dump, Longwood Ave and Leanyer Gate being the next most productive trap sites. Casuarina was also a productive trap site for Ae. vigilax (Table 2).

Culex annulirostris was most abundant in the traps set nearby to the Holmes Jungle and Leanyer swamps (Table 2). This mosquito was also common at Casuarina and Richardson Park.

Other important mosquitoes such as the Anopheles mosquitoes and Cq. xanthogaster were most abundant in the Palm Creek and Karama traps (Table 2). The Brandt Rd trap results indicated that the extensive Micket Creek Reed Swamp, Noogoo Swamp, and potentially Knuckey Lagoons, are important sources of Cx. annulirostris, Cq. xanthogaster and Anopheles mosquitoes to this area. The trap results also indicated that the King Creek swamps are important sources of Ae. vigilax.

6.1.2 Vectors & Disease case data 6.1.2.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

The two principal vectors of Ross River virus (RRV) and Barmah Forest virus (BFV) in the Darwin region are the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax and the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris The ecology and seasonality of these mosquitoes is discussed in Section 6.1.1.3.

The dry conditions of the mid to late dry season result in a relatively short longevity for Ae. vigilax and hence in a reduced capacity to transmit RRV. This is why large numbers of Ae. vigilax in October to November generally do not translate to high numbers of RRV cases. As soon as the heavy rains occur (usually in December or January), the increase in humidity, increases the longevity of Ae. vigilax resulting in an increased potential to transmit RRV. High numbers of Cx. annulirostris in April, May or June are also not correlated with high RRV disease cases, due to the reduced life span of the vector. In 2015/16 there were 216 laboratory notified cases of RRV in the Darwin region (Table 7). This was the lowest number of cases since 2012/13.



The decrease in RRV disease cases in the Darwin region in 2015/16 was likely due to relatively low Cx. annulirostris numbers. In addition, due to high case numbers in the previous two years, herd immunity might have also increased, and subsequently decreased the susceptible population. In addition, the very poor wet season may have had an effect on animal reservoir (wallaby) breeding, particularly in the late-dry and early wet season at the start of the RRV season.

The number of laboratory reported cases of BFV disease in the NT has remained low for the second year (Table 8), following the removal of the commercial test kit in 2013, responsible for the high number of false positive cases (Kurucz et al. 2016).

6.1.2.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance

Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system to detect Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and Kunjin virus (KUNV) activity in the NT. The sentinel chicken data for 2015/16 is summarised in Table 10 and discussed in Section 8.1. No MVE or KUN virus disease cases were reported in the Darwin region in 2015/16 (Table 9).

6.1.3 Routine Ground Larval Mosquito Control Program Darwin 6.1.3.1 Larval survey and control program

Larval mosquito surveys in the Darwin urban and peri urban areas are carried out by ME in cooperation with the Parks and Wildlife Commission of the NT (PWCNT), as part of the Department of Health (DoH) NT Disease Control Program. In the Darwin area, control operations generally target the major disease vectors Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris. Known breeding sites are inspected and controlled by ME, with the exception of the Botanic Gardens and Charles Darwin National Park, which are serviced by PWCNT. All known mosquito breeding sites in Darwin Urban have been mapped on Geographic Information System (GIS), with the data compatible with Google Earth for easy viewing and file sharing.

The City of Darwin (CoD) is responsible for preventing mosquito breeding within its jurisdiction, with major potential breeding areas located in Fannie Bay, East Point Reserve, Vestey's Beach, Mindil Beach, Nightcliff Foreshore and the Rapid Creek area. Integrated mosquito control is carried out by engineering measures (CoD) (see Section 6.1.5), and larval mosquito control. Crown Land areas around Darwin Urban only, such as Ludmilla Swamp, Coconut Grove/Kulaluk and Frances Bay, are also surveyed and controlled by ME.

6.1.3.2 Larval mosquito survey results The results for the 2015/16 Darwin Urban routine larval mosquito control program are shown in Table 4. In total, 518 sites were inspected by ME and PWCNT in their respective areas. There were 204 sites found breeding mosquitoes across the coastal Darwin suburbs, with Ludmilla (45), Lee Point (33) and Darwin Botanical Gardens (29) the most productive areas. The most commonly found mosquito species was Ae. vigilax, with 114 of the 204 sites positive for this species. Culex annulirostris was the second most common mosquito, detected at 30 sites (Table 4).



Since some known and productive breeding sites in Darwin are pre-treated with residual insecticide (s-methoprene briquettes or pellets), while they are dry, the number of sites treated shown in Table 4 is higher compared to the number of sites found breeding.

A total of 313 sites were treated with larvicides, including methoprene, temephos and B.t.i. (Table 4). A new methoprene product (Culithor) was trialled in Ludmilla on five occasions, with successful short term control, but no efficient residual effect. Thus, the use of this product was discontinued.

6.1.4 Aerial Mosquito Control Program The aerial larval control program in Darwin is aimed primarily at the northern salt marsh mosquito Ae. vigilax, and the common banded mosquito Cx. annulirostris. Salt marsh swamps within a 7km range of the edge of the northern suburbs of Darwin are routinely surveyed by either helicopter or quad bikes by ME after high tides or critical amounts of rain. Swamp areas surveyed and controlled by helicopter include Leanyer Swamp, the Leanyer bomb crater area, Holmes Jungle reed and mangrove swamps, Micket Swamp and parts of the Shoal Bay Communication Base Swamp (Fig. 19). Insecticides are applied by helicopter in liquid formulations, primarily the bacterial insecticide B.t.i or less commonly liquid s-methoprene or s-methoprene pellets. In the 2015/16 season, a total of 18 aerial surveys and 16 control operations were carried out, with a total of 2112 hectares controlled, compared to 1730 hectares in 2014/15. Areas controlled each season depend on environmental factors, including tide height and rainfall. The average number of mosquitoes trapped per week in the 11 continuous carbon dioxide traps in Darwin was 314 (Table 3). This was higher compared to the last 3 financial years, but slightly lower compared to 2010/11 (353). The increase was due to very high numbers of Cx. sitiens collected in May and June. The high numbers were most likely due to the poor wet season, with very high tides in April and May keeping water saline enough for Cx. sitiens to breed.

6.1.5 Mosquito Engineering Control Program The Darwin Mosquito Engineering Control Program is a cooperative effort between ME and CoD to maintain and upgrade Darwin storm water drains, which are actual or potential mosquito breeding sites, as well as to rectify actual and potential mosquito breeding depressions. The program is funded on a 1:2 dollar basis between CoD: DoH, with a $328,163 program in 2015/16. It is a major program for ME, involving inspections and maintenance work on existing drains and concrete upgrading of sections of drains where there are demonstrated mosquito breeding problems, as well as documenting wet season areas of ponding and actual or potential mosquito breeding for dry season rectification. In 2015/16, much of the engineering budget was spent on desilting stormwater drains that require annual maintenance, including drains along the tidal fringes of Leanyer Swamp, Coconut Grove, Kulaluk Reserve, Nightcliff, Vestey’s Lake, Mindil Beach, Gardens Golf Course and East Point. Herbiciding in Leanyer Swamp, Stuart Park, Winnellie and Bayview Haven was also carried out to minimise the potential for vegetation growth to block the



drains. Other areas of Darwin, in which drains were desilted or herbicided, included Marrara and Winnellie/Stuart Park. Filling of depressions was carried out at Vestey’s Lake and East Point, and concrete drains were upgraded near the City.

The key to the successful mosquito engineering control program is the continued cooperation between ME and CoD, as well as assistance from the Power and Water Corporation (PWC) and Department of Lands Planning & the Environment (DLPE) in regards to drain maintenance and rectification in their areas. The ME database is a valuable tool in identifying frequent mosquito breeding sites, with GIS used for planning and monitoring of work programs.

6.1.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control Mosquito engineering control measures are still required at Ludmilla Creek, George Brown Darwin Botanical Gardens, Casuarina Coastal Reserve (including Lee Point and Buffalo Creek), Lake Alexander, Vestey’s Lake, East Point, Mindil Beach, Coconut Grove and Leanyer Swamp. These areas contain productive salt marsh and common banded mosquito breeding sites, many of which can be engineered to prevent or significantly reduce mosquito breeding. Therefore, these mosquito breeding sites should be targeted for rectification.

Lake Alexander requires minor fill operations in numerous grassy depressions, while Vestey’s Lake also requires further minor shallow fill operations in several low lying areas to enable surface water runoff, particularly those areas disturbed by vehicles. Overall, during the past few years, mosquito breeding sites have been significantly reduced in these two areas.

Leanyer Swamp requires annual maintenance of the numerous existing open earth storm water drains established under the engineering program. The main problem drains are those from urban areas, with dry season low flows promoting the growth of tidal couch grass, Eleocharis reeds and weeds. Annual herbiciding reduces the potential for the weeds to obstruct the drains. However, desilting works are still required in some drains to minimise water ponding after high tides and rainfall events. Other smaller drains in the swamp are subject to mangrove growth closing over the drain and allowing shallow ponding. In addition, unauthorised vehicle access in the swamp impacts on the mosquito control in drains and adjacent tidal flats, requiring costly remediation works on an annual basis. All drains in the Leanyer Swamp are re-excavated as necessary using a laser guided swamp excavator. The upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek opposite Richardson Park and Ludmilla School contain extensive Ae. vigilax and Cx. sitiens breeding areas, which are becoming progressively larger each year. Water ponding in this area is a result of a silted outlet channel from the Bagot Rd subsoil drainage system outfall at the rear of the school. The outlet channel requires desilting, and will need to be placed on a periodic maintenance program by the relevant authority to ensure the drain remains free draining. Desilting works have commenced by DLPE in this outlet channel, with further work to occur in the future. The smaller drainage channels in the upper tidal reaches of Ludmilla Creek from Nemarluk Dve and Richardson Dve would also require desilting once the main outlet channel has been rectified.



The George Brown Darwin Botanical Gardens require extensive mosquito breeding site rectification works, which include extensive fill operations in low lying areas. Some works have already been carried out by PWCNT in grassy areas to the south of Salonika Street. Open concrete invert drains could also improve drainage of many low lying areas.

Casuarina Coastal Reserve requires large scale rectification works to rectify numerous interdune depressions that have become highly productive mosquito breeding sites, particularly in the Lee Point area. The sand accumulating process from longshore drift of sand just east of Lee Point is gradually creating new interdune mosquito breeding sites, which become more extensive and productive each year. These sites need to be filled with sand from the lower beach line, and graded. If carried out correctly, this would permanently rectify some of the most productive breeding sites in this area similar to what has previously been achieved in the Casuarina Coastal Reserve and by ME and CoD in interdune areas in Coconut Grove (Kulaluk area).

One of the largest and most productive mosquito breeding site in Casuarina Coastal Reserve, the Lee Point Pillbox depression (approximately 500m west of Lee Point), requires an engineering solution by sand filling and grading to prevent appreciable water ponding and mosquito breeding. A new large interdunal mosquito breeding site that recently formed on the beach between Lee Point and Buffalo Creek would also require rectification works to minimise ponding and mosquito breeding.

The other major mosquito breeding site requiring rectification works is the upper tidal reaches of Sandy Creek near the hospital residential houses. Maintenance works need to be carried out on the upper Sandy Creek low flow pipe system, which has a section of damaged pipe that requires replacing, as well as the removal of sediment accumulation in the pipe near the weir inlet. Appreciable mosquito engineering works are also required in the Buffalo Creek boat ramp area, to rectify drainage problems caused by the previous construction of the road leading to the boat ramp.

In Palmerston, preliminary investigations by ME have shown that many Ae. vigilax breeding sites occur in the upper tidal reaches of Mitchell Creek and Brooking Creek, including disturbed tidal areas and a tidally affected sediment basin, and at stormwater discharge points at the mangrove fringe on the west side of Palmerston. These breeding sites require rectification where possible, routine larval control with insecticides, or a combination of both.

Ad hoc adult mosquito monitoring in the past has indicated that there are Cx. annulirostris breeding sites affecting the Palmerston suburbs of Darla and Fairway Waters. The breeding sites require locating for future rectification.



6.2 Groote Eylandt

6.2.1 Mosquito species recorded on Groote Eylandt In 2015/16, 25 mosquito species were recorded on Groote Eylandt (Table 15). A complete list of all mosquito species collected on Groote Eylandt is shown in Table 15.


In February 2016 the Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) recommenced its adult mosquito and ovitrap surveillance program. Since April 2014, no routine adult trapping or ovitrap setting had taken place due to staff reductions in the GEMCO environmental unit. The three routine adult mosquito monitoring sites on Groote Eylandt are located at the mine site near Angurugu, the wharf area in Alyangula Township and the Golf Club (Figs 4 and 5).

6.2.2.2 Adult Mosquito Numbers

Adult mosquito trapping was carried out at the three routine trap sites on 9 nights between February and June 2016. The most common species collected in all traps was Ae. vigilax. The second most common species captured was Cx. annulirostris (Table 16). No exotic mosquitoes were detected in Alyangula in 2015/16.

6.2.2.3 Seasonal Occurrence and Trapping sites The rainfall recorded in Alyangula in 2015/16 (1018mm) was higher compared to 2014/15 (718mm). Appreciable rainfall occurred in December (320mm), January (109mm), February (140mm), March (112mm) and June (202mm) (Bureau of Meteorology). The major breeding sites of Ae. vigilax near Alyangula are the coastal areas near the golf club, the small tidal creeks south of the town, the upper reaches of the mangrove creeks east of the road to Deception Bay near the Ngadumiyerrka community (‘Little Paradise’), and on Connexion Island. A large number of rock pools to the north of Alyangula, near the North West Bluff, may also be capable of producing moderate numbers of Ae. vigilax after the first wet season rains. The pools hold water and become saline from wind borne sea spray. However, it is probable that a considerable proportion of the Ae. vigilax adult population usually detected at Alyangula originated from the extensive breeding sites on Connexion Island. Connexion Island is situated approximately 6 km west of Alyangula, which is within the flight range of Ae. vigilax. During the monsoon months of January and February, Groote Eylandt experiences prevailing north-westerly winds. Past records show that Ae. vigilax numbers in Alyangula usually increase during this period. This was also the case in 2016, with highest Ae. vigilax numbers recorded at all 3 monitoring sites in February.



This indicates that the adult mosquitoes detected in Alyangula are probably dispersing with the aid of the wind from Connexion Island into the township. Connexion Island has a number of large Ae. vigilax breeding sites that have previously been identified by ME and GEMCO. These include some small tidally influenced areas on the southern and eastern shores of the island, and a large salt lake at the northern end of the island. The salt lake is not subject to regular tides, but become extensively flooded after the monsoon rains.

There is minor Cx. annulirostris breeding in ground depressions on the golf course. However, the major Cx. annulirostris breeding sites near Alyangula are located to the north of the town. There are extensive freshwater swamps and sub-coastal areas of grassland behind Deception Bay, directly north of Alyangula that provides suitable breeding sites for this species. In 2015/16, highest Cx. annulirostris numbers were recorded in February and March.

The Alyangula township trap site is close to the port, industrial and commercial areas. These areas often have items such as large tyres, drums, bins and plant machinery that can hold water during the wet season. Past detections of Ae. notoscriptus in ovitraps placed in the port area indicates that there are water filled receptacles in the vicinity of the wharf that would provide suitable breeding sites for exotic Aedes mosquitoes should they be reintroduced. There is a need to periodically conduct larval surveys and clean-up operations near the port area at the beginning of the wet season to reduce the risk of an exotic mosquito establishment.

6.2.2.4 Larval survey

Larval surveys were conducted by ME officers from 7/03/16 to 10/03/16 in Alyangula and at the mine site. The main focus of the surveys was to check for the presence of exotic receptacle breeding mosquitoes. In Alyangula, 29 properties were surveyed, with receptacles positive for mosquito breeding found on 13 premises. The surveys were timed to coincide with the late wet season in East Arnhem Land when receptacles would be holding water. No exotic mosquitoes were found during the surveys.

6.2.3 Vector & Disease case data 6.2.3.1 Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus disease

RRV disease cases occur mostly during or towards the end of the wet season. RRV and BFV disease cases on Groote Eylandt have been relatively low since 1992/93. One to five cases per year of both diseases seem to reflect the normal status. In 2015/16, there were 11 reported cases of RRV disease (Table 7) and 2 cases of BFV disease in the East Arnhem region (Table 8). Three RRV disease cases were recorded on Groote Eylandt. Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the main vectors for these diseases, and occurred in relatively low numbers in the Alyangula town area (Table 16).



6.2.3.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The Alyangula sentinel chicken flock was discontinued after July 2011, as part of a program revision. The main reason to discontinue the flock was the lack of seroconversions to MVE or KUN, with only one seroconversion to KUN recorded in 2008/09, indicating that the ecology on Groote Eylandt is not optimal for MVE or KUN virus, and may be due to the lack of large populations or breeding sites for the water bird hosts including herons and egrets.

6.2.4 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • It is important to regularly maintain all storm water drains in urban areas to

discourage mosquito breeding. Drains that are not regularly cleared of vegetation, and do not have the drain floor graded to eliminate depressions, can pool water from wet season rainfall or dry season low flows. Pools that form along drain lines that have dry season low flows often have a high organic content from vegetation and debris that collects in the drain. These pools are often associated with the presence of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. annulirostris larvae. The adults of these species have been detected in relatively high numbers at the mine and the golf course site on Groote Eylandt. It is recommended that a storm water drain maintenance program be implemented in Alyangula and at the mine site, and that any drains that require maintenance are cleared and graded before each wet season.

• In light of the importation and establishment of Ae. aegypti in 2006, it is

recommended that an exotic Aedes receptacle breeding survey be conducted by ME at least annually in Alyangula. This is in addition to fortnightly collected ovitraps around Alyangula and the mine site. In addition, receptacle surveys should be conducted on a periodic (1-3 years) basis in Umbakumba and Milyakburra and other small outstations in the area that are considered to be at risk to an exotic vector incursion through overseas importations (illegal foreign fishing vessel landings). The surveys should include premise-by-premise surveys for receptacle breeding mosquitoes in residential areas, as well as person landing and adult trapping targeting exotic vector species. The surveys should be undertaken in liaison with DAWR officers, indigenous ranger groups and GEMCO Environmental staff.

• It is important that adult mosquito surveillance and the ovitrap surveillance programs are maintained on Groote Eylandt, which has a port receiving vessels from South East Asia, residents that regularly travel overseas to countries where diseases like dengue and malaria are prevalent, and has a proven record of being receptive to the establishment of exotic Aedes mosquitoes.

6.3 Nhulunbuy

6.3.1 Mosquito species recorded in Nhulunbuy Thirty one mosquito species were collected in Nhulunbuy in 2015/16 (Table 13). The most important mosquito species collected in Nhulunbuy in 2015/16, in terms of pest and diseases are shown in Table 14.



6.3.2 Adult Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 6.3.2.1 Monitoring program

There are six routine adult mosquito monitoring sites in Nhulunbuy (Fig. 6). Traps are currently located at Wallaby Beach, Buffalo Creek, Rear Jasper, Contractors Village, the Industrial Estate and Nhulunbuy South. Five traps have been in continuous operation since 1990/91 and a sixth (Industrial Estate) was started in 2004/05.

Since November 2015, the East Arnhem Shire Council has operated the program under a DoH funding agreement, with traps set and collected on a fortnightly basis and BG trap set during the wet season. Mosquitoes are sent to ME for identification, and the results, comments and control advice are forwarded to the Nhulunbuy Corporation Limited (NCL), Nhulunbuy EHO, Centre for Disease Control Nhulunbuy and Arnhem Land Pest Control (ALPC). The NCL then organises mosquito control as required.

6.3.2.2 Adult Mosquito Control ‘Fogging’ or adulticiding by Ultra Low Volume applications (ULV) conducted by ALPC under direction from NCL is based on adult mosquito monitoring results, with public complaints also influencing fogging frequencies. Fogging thresholds have been previously set for the mosquito species Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris (Montgomery & Love 1995). Fogging is recommended once a week for two weeks, or until numbers go below the thresholds of Ae. vigilax, when numbers exceed 50/trap night, and when Cx. annulirostris numbers exceed 100/trap night at any of the relevant trap locations. The fogging frequency can increase to three times a week for two weeks on occasions when there are over 100/trap night for Ae. vigilax and over 200/trap night for Cx. annulirostris.

6.3.2.3 Adult mosquito numbers

Culex annulirostris and Ae. vigilax were still the two most commonly collected species in all of the routine Nhulunbuy monitoring traps in 2015/16 (Table 14).

The routine trap sites that usually record high numbers of Ae. vigilax in Nhulunbuy are Buffalo Creek, Wallaby Beach, Contractors Village, Rear Jasper and Nhulunbuy South. These sites are in close proximity to six of the major salt marsh mosquito breeding areas on the Gove Peninsula; namely the upper tidal areas of No Name Creek, the Special Purpose Lease area 270 at the reclaimed red mud ponds (SPL270), Crocodile Creek, the western mudflats, Buffalo Creek and Rainbow Beach.

The major breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris on the Gove Peninsula are in the depressions on the SPL270 at Wallaby Beach, followed by the upper reaches of Freshwater Creek, and Nhulunbuy Lagoon.

In 2015/16, the Nhulunbuy South trap site was the most productive site, with 19% of all mosquitoes collected, followed by the Rear Jasper trap (36%) (Table 14).



6.3.2.4 Seasonal occurrence Aedes vigilax and Cx. annulirostris are the two major vector species found on the Gove Peninsula, and their numbers are often closely related to rainfall patterns. During 2015/16, a total of 987mm of rain was recorded at Gove airport compared to last year (1858mm). The highest rainfall occurred in December (360mm), with other major rainfall events occurring in February (162mm), March (131mm) and May (173mm) (Bureau of Meteorology).

Aedes vigilax breeds in salt marsh or upper mangrove areas affected by high tides or rain. This species is usually detected in relatively high numbers after spring tides at most routine traps around Gove. However, historically, the largest population peak occurs after the first monsoonal rains when depressions on the SPL270 become filled, causing a hatch of eggs deposited on the surface of the mud during the previous season. In 2015/16 adult mosquito monitoring did not occur every fortnight. Nevertheless, very high Ae. vigilax numbers were recorded in February, with highest numbers recorded in the Nhulunbuy South trap (4018).

The peak Cx. annulirostris breeding period on the Gove Peninsula is usually between January and April. This species can breed in high numbers in shallow vegetated sections in the reclaimed red mud ponds, and in vegetation that becomes lodged around the margins of the Nhulunbuy Lagoon in the late wet season or in shallow vegetation areas as water levels retreat. In 2015/16, high numbers of this species were recorded in early October the Rear Jasper trap located close to the Nhulunbuy Lagoon.

6.3.3 Trapping sites There are a number of major mosquito breeding sites around the Gove Peninsular. Adult mosquito dispersal from some of these breeding sites can directly impact on Nhulunbuy residents. The degree of impact can vary depending on the species flight range. The important Ae. vigilax breeding sites are on the SPL270 at Wallaby Beach, Macassar Creek, Crocodile Creek, the western mudflats, No-Name Creek, Buffalo Creek and Rainbow Creek. The main Cx. annulirostris breeding sites are the reclaimed red mud ponds, the top of Freshwater Creek behind Contractors Village and the Nhulunbuy Lagoon.

The major malaria vector in the NT, An. farauti s.l., was most commonly detected in the Buffalo Creek and Rear Jasper trap sites. These trap sites are in close proximity to residential areas in Nhulunbuy with subsequent risks of local malaria transmission if imported malaria cases occur in the town, especially during this species’ peak abundance period from March to June.

6.3.4 Larval survey and control program ALPC carries out larval surveys in liaison with ME. High tides (>2.9-3.0 m) or appreciable rainfall (in excess of 25 mm in 24 hrs) determine the need for larval surveys. Breeding sites are inspected about 2-3 days after rain or high tide events. Larval surveys are limited to areas accessible during the wet season. Some parts of the Western mudflats become



inaccessible during the wet season and the Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the SPL270 are only accessible from the edges. Larval control with B.t.i is therefore limited to the areas that can be controlled by all - terrain vehicle spray equipment.

6.3.4.1 Larval control Larval control is carried out by ALPC usually using B.t.i liquid with spray equipment. All - terrain vehicles are used to enable more effective larval control operations, particularly at large sites where control is difficult. S-methoprene briquettes are periodically used for larval control at Crocodile Creek, Buffalo Creek, SPL270, the Western Mudflats and around the margins of Nhulunbuy Lagoon and the top of Freshwater Creek. Although larval survey and control operations target known Ae. vigilax breeding sites, it is possible that some breeding sites remain undetected. Some areas around the Gove Peninsular can be inaccessible during the wet season, thus hindering larval surveys and control operations at these sites.

The Nhulunbuy Corporation also organises herbicide of Typha reeds in the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, which contributes to the reduction of mosquito breeding habitats for Cx. annulirostris, Ma. uniformis and Cq. xanthogaster.


In 2015/16, 11 cases of RRV disease (Table 7) and 2 cases of BFV disease were recorded in the East Arnhem region (Table 8). There were 6 RRV disease cases and 1 BFV case recorded in Nhulunbuy.

6.3.5.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance

The NT sentinel chicken program is designed to detect flavivirus activity, such as MVEV and KUNV, as well as exotic flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus.

In the 2015/16 season, the sentinel chickens in Nhulunbuy were bled on six occasions between December 2015 and July 2016, with a total of 48 chickens bled. Two chickens seroconverted to KUN in May (Table 10). Generally, MVEV and KUNV activity in Nhulunbuy is relatively low, with most seroconversions occurring in the period February – June (Table 11). There has only been one recorded case of MVEV disease in the East Arnhem region over the last 30 years, which was in 1981 on Groote Eylandt (Table 9).



6.3.6 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • An ongoing dry season drain maintenance program is required to ensure the free

flow of water in the Nhulunbuy drains, to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce the risk of mosquito borne disease. In particular, the drains around the Nhulunbuy Lagoon, Nhulunbuy Golf Course and Contractors Village need ongoing maintenance. This should include weediciding to remove vegetation, filling of depressions to prevent pooling, re-engineering where the inverts are at the incorrect level, lining certain areas with rock baskets or concrete, and maintaining the batter to improve water flow and reduce erosion. It is recommended that this program be carried out by Nhulunbuy Corporation in liaison with ME and ALPC, with guidance on the most effective methods of preventing mosquito breeding in town drains.

• ME recommends ongoing maintenance of all fogging tracks during the dry season. These tracks are subject to damage and erosion during the wet season, and if not regularly maintained, can restrict vehicular access, and therefore the overall effectiveness of adult control operations.

• ME recommends regular exotic vector surveys in Nhulunbuy town, due to Nhulunbuy being an international port, increasing the risk of exotic mosquito importation.

• Regular reviews and assessments of larval control operations are needed to ensure that all Ae. vigilax control operations are being carried out in all areas within the three to four days after tides or rain events. The strategy of s-methoprene pellets or briquettes use offers greater flexibility and greater certainty in controlling unpredicted hatches of Ae. vigilax.

6.4 Katherine

6.4.1 Mosquito species recorded in Katherine Twenty five mosquito species were collected in Katherine in 2015/16 (Table 17). The most important species collected are shown in Table 18.


In 2015/16, mosquito trapping was undertaken by the Katherine Town Council under a new funding agreement with Department of Health, with four CO2 baited EVS traps set fortnightly throughout the year. Three of these sites, the Brigalow Farm (Dairy Dam), Meatworks and the Sewage Ponds are routine trap sites, while the trap at O’Keefe House is set to monitor receptacle breeding mosquitoes (Fig. 7). Adult mosquitoes are sent to ME in Darwin for identification. The results are forwarded to the EHOs in Katherine, who then coordinate mosquito control with the local Katherine Council or other landholders if required.



6.4.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers The traps indicated that mosquito numbers in Katherine were generally low throughout the year, with an average of 49 mosquitoes collected per trap site (Table 18). A significant peak in Culex annulirostris occurred at the end of December, with 1274 mosquitoes collected at the Katherine sewerage ponds.

6.4.2.3 Seasonal occurrence and trapping sites In 2015/16, only a total of 260.9mm of rain was recorded in Katherine, with most of the rain occurring in December (79.8mm) and January (92mm) (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology). This was a very poor wet season for Katherine. In 2015/16 the Sewerage Pond trap was the most prolific with 48% of the total catch, followed by the Meatworks with 24% (Table 18).

6.4.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring and Control Program 6.4.3.1 Larval monitoring program

ME visited Katherine in January 2016 to inspect known mosquito breeding sites. Although no larvae were found, some recommendations were made regarding improved drain maintenance, see section 6.4.6.


Ross River virus disease cases in Katherine coincide with high rainfall and the start of the increase in Cx. annulirostris numbers. November through to March is the highest risk period for RRV disease. There were 16 RRV disease cases reported in the Katherine region in 2015/16, which is below the long term average (Table 7). The highest numbers of cases were reported in February and March (Table 5).

A single case of BFV disease cases was reported in the Katherine region in 2015/16 (Table 8).

6.4.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjun virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system for the potential risk of MVEV and KUNV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2015/16 are summarized in Tables 10 - 12. In 2015/16, the Katherine sentinel chickens were bled five times between December 2015 and June 2016, with a total of 48 chickens bled. Single seroconversions to MVEV and KUNV were recorded in March 2016 (Table 10).

No human cases of MVEV or KUNV disease were recorded in the region in 2015/16 (Table 9).



6.4.5 Visits and surveys by ME Medical Entomology visited Katherine in January 2016 to examine potential Culex annulirostris breeding sites and survey for exotic mosquitoes.

6.4.6 Engineering measures There are a number of poorly draining areas in Katherine, which require ongoing maintenance to ensure mosquito breeding is minimised. This includes some of the storm water drains with plunge pools and low spots that collect water and can breed mosquitoes, especially when fringing vegetation becomes established. To permanently eliminate mosquito breeding, some drains would require engineering measures.

The vacant Lot 3139 on Riverbank Drive has been identified as a mosquito breeding site during the wet season. The site requires engineering measures to prevent water pooling or regular mosquito larval control by the landowner.

Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control

• Drain maintenance needs to be ongoing to ensure the free flow of water in the drains to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce the risk of mosquito borne disease.

• Areas of residual pooling in drains which are not able to be re-contoured should be treated with a residual larvicide to prevent mosquito emergence. Long acting 150 day (s)-methoprene briquettes will inhibit mosquito emergence.

• The vacant Lot 3139 on Riverbank Drive, which is located adjacent to the Primary School and residential area, requires rectification to prevent water accumulating or regular treatment with a residual larvicide during the wet season.

6.5 Tennant Creek

6.5.1 Mosquito species recorded in Tennant Creek In 2015/16, 13 mosquito species were recorded in Tennant Creek (Table 19).The most important species are shown in Table 20.

An adult female Ae. notoscriptus was collected again for the first time in Tennant Creek since 2005. This species has not been collected since the first Ae. aegypti elimination project in Tennant Creek which ran from 2004 to 2006.


Historically, routine adult mosquito monitoring in Tennant Creek was conducted during the wet season, with CO2 baited EVS traps set at three routine sites. However, following the second Ae. aegypti elimination program in Tennant Creek from 2012 to 2014, the trapping regime was changed to year round trapping to increase exotic mosquito surveillance. To



further enhance exotic mosquito surveillance, the previous two urban CO2 baited EVS traps were replaced with fortnightly roving BG traps. The CO2 baited EVS trap set at the sewage ponds remained in place to allow for mosquito abundance comparison with previous years.

At the conclusion of the Ae. aegypti elimination program in 2014, the responsibility for conducting regular routine monitoring returned to the local EHO in Tennant Creek, with assistance from the Barkly Shire Council under a DoH agreement.

During 2015/16, a total of 36 BG traps were set, including 8 traps during an exotic mosquito survey carried out by ME staff between 8 and 12 February. No exotic species were collected in any surveillance traps. Results for the trapping at the sewage ponds are shown in Table 20.

Rainfall during 2015/16 (588) was higher than the long term average of 466.1mm. The highest monthly rainfall occurred in December (256mm) (Bureau of Meteorology).

6.5.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program The storm water drain system of Tennant Creek was surveyed by the local EHO and the Barkly Shire Council Environmental Health worker in July 2015. The findings of the survey relating to dry season pooling of water and potential mosquito breeding sites was delivered in a report to the Department of Infrastructure Planning and Logistics in September 2015. A larval survey of Tennant Creek residential and commercial areas was conducted in February 2016 by ME officers and the Barkly Regional Council Environmental Health Worker. During that survey the towns storm water drain system was inspected and was found to be in good condition with few areas of pooled water, none with mosquito larvae.


RRV disease cases in Tennant Creek are usually associated with high summer rainfall (November to March) due to the higher number of Cx. annulirostris. In 2015/16 there were three RRV cases and no BFV cases recorded in the Barkly region (Tables 7 and 8). Two RRV disease cases were recorded in Tennant Creek.

6.5.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance Sentinel chicken flocks are used as an early warning system for the potential risk of MVEV disease. The sentinel chicken data for 2015/16 are summarised in Tables 10 to 12. The risk period for MVEV disease in Tennant Creek is from February to May, with a correlation with the highest rainfall and the highest Cx. annulirostris numbers.

This season, the chickens were bled on seven occasions between January and July 2016, with a total of 73 chickens bled. One chicken seroconverted to MVEV in April and one chicken tested positive to KUNV in July (Table 10). The last MVEV disease case in Tennant Creek occurred in February 2015 (Table 9).



6.5.5 Visits or surveys by ME An exotic larval survey was conducted by ME officers in Tennant Creek from 8/02/16 to 12/02/16. The main focus of the survey was to confirm the absence of exotic receptacle breeding mosquitoes. Twenty-five residential and commercial properties were surveyed. Receptacle breeding mosquitoes were found at 23 properties and of these properties 19 had multiple breeding sites. The most common mosquito species sampled was Cx. quinquefasciatus (21 properties) while Ae. tremulus was sampled at six properties. These findings indicate that if Ae. aegypti was again reintroduced to Tennant Creek that there are abundant potential breeding sites throughout the residential area of the town for it to establish and spread. No exotic mosquitoes were found during the survey.

6.5.6 Engineering measures In 2015/16, the Department of Infrastructure carried out drain maintenance works in the main Tennant Creek storm water drains (east drain and south drain).

6.5.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • An ongoing storm water drain maintenance program is required in Tennant Creek

(by DLP and the Barkly Regional Council) to reduce mosquito breeding and mosquito borne disease. Drain maintenance should be carried out before each wet season to ensure adequate water flow.

• Ongoing sewage ponds maintenance, including weediciding, is required at the

Tennant Creek Sewage Treatment Plant to prevent mosquito breeding. Weediciding should be carried out on an annual basis before each wet season. If mosquito breeding occurs in the evaporation ponds, the ponds should be treated with s-methoprene pellets or briquettes.

6.6 Alice Springs

6.6.1 Mosquito species recorded in Alice Springs A total of 14 mosquito species were recorded in Alice Springs in 2015/16 (Table 21). The most important species are shown in Tables 22 and 23.

In the past, Cx. globocoxitus was collected in relatively high numbers in Ilparpa Swamp. This species is endemic to Central Australia and known to breed in open swamps, tolerating water high in organic matter. However, this species was last collected in Ilparpa Swamp in 2010, most likely due to the drainage of the swamp in 2001.

Anopheles (Cel) hilli was collected for the first time in the Ilparpa Swamp A trap in January and February 2016. This is the first record for the Alice Springs region. However, An. hilli



has previously been collected on three occasions in the Barkly region, at the Tennant Creek sewage ponds in 2007, 2014 and 2015.


There are six regular weekly adult mosquito monitoring sites located in Alice Springs, with CO2 baited EVS traps operated by Alice Springs Environmental Health staff (Fig. 9). Medical Entomology carries out the identifications and forwards the results and advice to EH who then coordinates mosquito control, if required.

6.6.2.2 Adult mosquito numbers

The average number of female adult mosquitoes per trap night (7.59) collected in all routine adult mosquito monitoring traps in 2015/16 remained low (Table 22). This was also the case for the average number (8.43) of adult female mosquitoes caught in the four continuous monitoring traps (Table 23). The most commonly caught species during 2015/16 in all monitoring traps was Cx. annulirostris comprising 50.52 % of the total mosquitoes trapped, followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus (33.52%) (Table 22).

6.6.2.3 Seasonal occurrence

The total rainfall (309mm) for Alice Springs in 2015/16 was near the mean annual rainfall (282mm), (data obtained from Bureau of Meteorology) (Fig. 15). Rainfall in Alice Springs varies between years, with heavy rain usually occurring when tropical depressions bring heavy summer rain from the north-west. This occurred in December 2015, when 120mm of rain was recorded. However, Cx. annulirostris numbers remained relatively low following the December rainfall (Figs 17 and 18).

6.6.2.4 Trapping sites In 2015/16, Ilparpa Swamp B was the most prolific collection site, with 25.51% of the total catch, followed by Greatorex Road (22.37%) and Ilparpa Swamp A (19.65%) (Table 22). While Cx. annulirostris was the dominant species around Ilparpa Swamp, elevated numbers of Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected in the Bloomfield Street trap (Table 22), where a collapsed section of a stormwater drain pipe pools water and continuously breeds mosquitoes.



6.6.3 Larval Mosquito Monitoring Program 6.6.3.1 Monitoring program

Environmental Health staff undertook opportunistic larval surveys of potential breeding sites in the Alice Springs town area. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were found in depressions and vegetated sections of many open storm water drains. This included the drains in Barrett Drive, Smith Street, Brown Street, Bloomfield Street, Bradshaw Street, Patterson Street, the railway station and Frank McEllister Park. Anopheles annulipes was also found breeding in several of these sites.

6.6.3.2 Breeding sites No regular mosquito larval control is carried out in the Ilparpa Swamp due to the size (approximately 130 ha) and inaccessibility of the swamp, and the lack of local aerial control equipment. When adult vector mosquito numbers exceed indicator thresholds in the routine adult mosquito monitoring traps, adult fogging operations are conducted around the swamp margins using ULV equipment mounted on a vehicle. It is recognised that this method of control is not very effective, due to the wide extent of the swamp and the dense vegetation. However, it can have an effect on average longevity of vectors, which may tip the balance to reduce vector borne disease transmission. Mosquito breeding in Ilparpa Swamp can also be reduced through controlled effluent release from the sewage ponds into the swamp. The timing and location of effluent release is crucial to reduce the availability of potential breeding habitat. ME recommends effluent release into the swamp A area (eastern end) through the EP10 scour outlet (outfall 2), as this greatly reduces the swamp area available for mosquito breeding. In an emergency, effluent might also be released into the swamp B area (western end).

To allow summer rain and related effluent flows to be retained in the ponds, effluent discharge should occur during autumn and winter (between May and August) and early to mid-spring. Effluent should not be released after the end of October, to allow the swamp to dry up before summer rain and higher temperatures occur, promoting Cx. annulirostris breeding. If effluent is released in summer, it should be pulse released, with a few days release followed by a spell of enough days to let all or most of the released water evaporate, infiltrate or drain via the Ilparpa outlet drain. A drainage system installed in 2002, together with improved treated effluent discharge management at the adjacent sewerage ponds, has led to reduced Cx. annulirostris breeding in the swamp. However, very large rainfall and subsequent treated effluent releases can still cause extensive flooding.


High summer rainfall (Dec – Feb) is likely to result in localised flooding and pooling that creates breeding sites for Cx. annulirostris, the main vector for RRV disease. In 2015/16,



Alice Springs received only moderate rainfall in this period, and RRV disease cases remained relatively low, with only 12 cases reported (Tables 5 and 7).

No BFV disease cases were reported in the Alice Springs region (Table 6).

6.6.4.2 Murray Valley encephalitis virus surveillance The highest risk period for mosquito borne disease in the Alice Springs region is between January and May when Cx. annulirostris numbers are highest due to high summer rainfall (Figs 17 and 18). MVEV seroconversions of sentinel chicken flocks occur in Alice Springs primarily between February and June (Table 11). However, since the Ilparpa Swamp was drained in 2001 there has been very little MVEV activity detected in Alice Springs. In 2015/16, the sentinel chickens were bled seven times between December and June (Table 10). A total of 82 chickens were tested, with no seroconversions to MVEV or KUNV (Table 10). No MVEV or KUNV disease cases were reported in the Alice Springs region in 2015/16 (Table 9).

6.6.5 Visits or surveys by ME Medical Entomology did not visit Alice Springs in 2015/16.

6.6.6 Engineering measures No engineering measures were carried out in Alice Springs in 2015/16.

6.6.7 Suggestions for improved vector surveillance and control • Many Alice Springs storm water drains are in poor condition. To prevent mosquito

breeding in those drains, an ongoing drain maintenance program as outlined in the draft Alice Springs mosquito management plan is required, with silt or vegetation removal or rectification to be carried out before each summer.

• Drains which are breeding mosquitoes should be treated with (s)-methoprene briquettes until maintenance can be implemented.

• The Ilparpa Swamp outlet drain maintenance responsibility issue needs to be resolved as part of the Alice Springs mosquito management plan in liaison with DLP and PWC in order to keep the drain functional to reduce mosquito breeding in Ilparpa Swamp. The main outlet drain to St. Mary’s Creek needs to be cleared of vegetation and silt regularly to ensure it flows freely when major flooding occurs.



7 MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CASE DATA IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

7.1 Ross River virus disease Ross River virus (RRV) disease is the most common arbovirus (arthropod borne) disease in the Northern Territory (NT). The virus belongs to the alphavirus family. The major vectors for RRV in the coastal areas of the Top End are Aedes vigilax and Culex annulirostris, with Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis the probable main vectors in sub-coastal and inland areas. Aedes normanensis commonly occurs sub-coastally south of Darwin to around the Tennant Creek area. It has been collected in Alice Springs but is relatively uncommon south of Tennant Creek.

The isolation of RRV from the domestic receptacle breeding mosquito Ae. notoscriptus was first documented in the NT and later in Queensland and New South Wales (Russell 2002). Information on its vector competence indicates that this species may play a minor part as an urban vector of RRV, with this occurring in situations where Ae. notoscriptus numbers are relatively high and RRV disease cases are present.

In 2015/16, there were 258 laboratory confirmed RRV cases in the NT (Table 7). This is lower compared to the last two financial years and close to the long-term average (Table 7). Most (216) cases were recorded in the Darwin region, with the highest case numbers recorded in February (40) and March (30) (Table 5). The high number of cases in February was most likely due to the relatively high number of Cx. annulirostris (Fig. 15).

Case numbers reported in the East Arnhem region (11), Barkly region (3) and Alice Springs region (12) were similar to previous years, while case numbers reported in the Katherine region (16) were slightly lower (Table 7).

In the Darwin region there were 90 cases reported in urban Darwin, 43 in Palmerston and 68 in rural Darwin (Litchfield Shire). This represents an attack rate (cases per 100,000 population) of 108 in Darwin urban (population: 83,020), 51 in Palmerston (population: 34,043) and 307 in rural Darwin (population: 22,123). Population figures from Australian Bureau of Statistics.

The high attack rate in the Darwin rural area is due to the large number of lagoons, swamps and wetlands near residences, producing high numbers of vector mosquitoes during the high risk period for RRV.

7.2 Barmah Forest virus disease Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease is the second most common arbovirus disease in the NT. The symptoms of this disease are similar to RRV disease but are milder and of shorter duration. The isolation of BFV from Ae. vigilax, Cx. annulirostris and Ae. normanensis in the NT indicates that these species are the probable vectors in the NT. The isolation of BFV



from Ae. vigilax in Gove in the NT during the first recorded outbreak of BFV disease indicates that this species is probably the principal vector in coastal areas of the NT. Vector competence work on Ae. notoscriptus indicates that this species may also be involved as an urban vector of BFV disease under certain circumstances. Verrallina funerea has also been implicated as a possible vector interstate, and this species is common in some coastal areas in the NT during the wet season.

In 2015/16, 17 cases of BFV disease cases were reported in the NT. Most cases (14) were recorded in the Darwin region, with two cases reported in the East Arnhem and one case in the Katherine region (Table 8). No cases were reported from the Barkly or Alice Springs regions. Reported BFV disease case numbers have declined significantly since the removal of a commercial lab test kit in 2013, which was responsible for a large number of false positives.

7.3 Murray Valley encephalitis virus disease Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) disease is a potentially fatal disease caused by infection with the flavivirus MVEV. The vector of MVEV in the NT is thought to be primarily Cx. annulirostris, with Cx. palpalis possibly involved near large coastal swamp areas associated with the larger rivers.

Four MVE media warnings were issued in 2015/16, with no MVE cases recorded in the NT in 2015/16.

7.4 Kunjin virus disease Kunjin virus (KUNV) is another member of the flavivirus family. Human cases and seroconversions in sentinel chickens occur periodically throughout mainland Australia and are commonly recorded in the NT and the north west of Western Australia. KUNV causes an illness characterised by fever and severe headache and usually has much less severe symptoms than MVEV disease, with encephalitis a rare occurrence. The vector for KUNV in the NT is thought to be primarily Cx. annulirostris. A media warning was issued in April in response to the detections of MVEV and KUNV virus activity in sentinel chicken flocks. No KUNV disease cases were recorded in the NT in 2015/16.

8 ARBOVIRUS SURVEILLANCE AND RESEARCH

8.1 Sentinel Chicken Program The sentinel chicken program in the Northern Territory (NT) is part of a national program involving the NT, Western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria and is designed to detect flavivirus activity (including the endemic arboviruses Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and Kunjin virus (KUNV), as well as exotic arboviruses such as Japanese



encephalitis (Broome et al. 2001)). The current NT program commenced in January 1992 and replaced an earlier program run by Commonwealth Quarantine. Sentinel chicken flocks in the NT are maintained, bled and analysed for flavivirus in a combined program between the NT Department of Health, the virology laboratories of the Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries (DPIF) and volunteers. Sentinel chicken flocks are located at Leanyer (Darwin), Howard Springs, Beatrice Hill Research Farm, Batchelor, Katherine, Nhulunbuy, Tennant Creek and Alice Springs (Fig. 21). DPIF officers or volunteers usually bleed flocks once a month and the samples are tested for MVEV and KUNV. When chickens from a flock show new antibodies to MVEV or KUNV during a prime risk period, a media warning is issued. These warnings advise residents of the need to take added precautions to avoid mosquito bites.

Chickens are replaced if birds die or a large proportion of a flock seroconverts. They are positioned to detect flavivirus activity near the principal towns of the NT and hence provide an indication of risk to people in those towns. Since February 2012, the NT sentinel chickens have been bled only during the highest MVE risk period between December and June inclusive, with limited testing in July and August, in years of possible extended virus activity.

In 2015/16 season, NT sentinel chickens seroconverted to MVEV at Beatrice Hill Research Farm (east of Darwin) in February, in Katherine in March and Tennant Creek in April. Chickens seroconverted to Kunjin virus (KUNV) in Katherine in March, Howard Springs (rural Darwin) and Nhulunbuy in May and Beatrice Hill Research Farm and Tennant Creek in July 2016 (Table 10). No MVEV or KUNV disease cases were reported in the NT in 2015/16 (Table 9).

9 MALARIA SURVEILLANCE

9.1 Case data People affected by malaria in the Northern Territory (NT) are likely to report to medical practitioners, thereby facilitating rapid detection, treatment and reporting of the case, and allowing for timely entomological investigations. A delay in the detection of a case can delay the epidemiological and entomological investigations which are used to determine if further action is required. If action is delayed, the likelihood of the parasite developing sexual stages in the blood of the patient, which can then be transmitted to local vector Anopheles mosquitoes, is increased.

The number of malaria cases imported into the NT each year is variable and is related to the volume, travel destinations, time of year and the malaria situation in the various countries visited by travellers. The area north of the 19° parallel (just north of Tennant Creek) is regarded as the area receptive to malaria reintroduction in the NT, but transmission can occur throughout the whole of the Territory during summer.



There were 17 cases of imported malaria in the NT in 2015/16 reported to CDC, which was more compared to last year (10). Fourteen of the cases were recorded in the Darwin region, one in the East Arnhem and one in the Katherine region. One case was transported directly to Royal Darwin Hospital as a medical transfer from Indonesia. Seven malaria cases originated from Africa, four from PNG, four from West Papua, one from Cambodia and one from Indonesia. Entomological investigations were carried out in relation to 4 of the cases (Table 26).

The main parasite detected in imported malaria cases in the NT was Plasmodium falciparum, accounting for 13 cases and P. vivax accounting for four cases (Table 26).

10 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTIGATIONS AND COMMENTS

10.1 Development comments Routine planning and development responses have been devolved from the central Environmental Health Directorate to regional Environmental Health Offices. Each region is responsible for a coordinated NT Department of Health (DoH) response to the Department of Lands, Planning and Environment (DLPE) for planning developments in that region. Each region submits planning proposals to Medical Entomology (ME) for comment when there are potential biting insect problems, or for the larger urban and rural residential developments. The urban and rural residential development planning process in Darwin usually requires a ME officer to evaluate or approve certain aspects such as drainage construction before title to the land is issued. For larger projects such as Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) and Preliminary Environmental Reports, where specific advice on biting insects is sought at an early planning stage (Notice of Intent), ME continues to liaise with the Environmental Protection Agency or the proponent.

Routine planning applications for the Darwin region in 2015/16 generally covered the Darwin urban, Palmerston and Darwin rural districts. Major projects requiring ME input included the ongoing development of the new suburb of Zuccoli in Palmerston.

10.2 Development investigations

10.2.1 Legune Station Aquaculture (Project Sea Dragon) Medical Entomology carried out a 12 month baseline biting insect assessment for the Project Sea Dragon aquaculture facility at Legune Station near the WA border. Adult biting insect traps were set at various locations around the very large project site by staff from the environmental consultant CO2 Australia. A report was prepared for CO2 Australia on behalf of the proponent Seafarms Group Limited.



10.2.2 Litchfield Shire Rural Activity Centres A 12 month baseline biting insect assessment commenced at three sites in Litchfield Shire chosen to potentially have rural activity centres, which includes urban density living. Thirteen adult mosquito trap sites were established around the proposed centres of Coolalinga, Humpty Doo and Howard Springs. Baseline trapping commenced in April 2016, and will conclude in April/May 2017, but could possibly be extended.

10.2.3 Howard Springs Pine Forest The 12 month baseline trapping program at the Howard Springs Pine Forest continued, with traps set at three locations in the pine forest area. Trapping commenced in January 2016 and will cease in January 2017.

11 MOSQUITO AWARENESS AND TRAINING

11.1 Mosquito awareness campaign A mosquito awareness campaign was conducted this year, included self-protection and mosquito borne disease awareness through newspapers, TV and radio interviews.

Various interviews were given during periods of high mosquito numbers or potential disease risks across the Northern Territory. In 2015/16, the NT Department of Health (DoH) issued a total of 15 biting insect related press releases, including warnings for Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and Ross River virus, high numbers of pest mosquitoes and biting midges, dengue mosquito related activities in Tennant Creek, high numbers of flies and research into new flavivirus surveillance traps. In addition, DoH launched a MVE public awareness campaign in February to increase risk awareness in remote communities, with messages delivered in language on radio and via facebook across the NT. The RRV public awareness radio campaign also ran again over the Christmas holiday period, with the same messages aired as in 2014/15, warning the public of the RRV risk and backyard mosquito breeding.

11.2 Medical Entomology training In 2015/16, ME staff attended a number of DoH mandatory courses, including First Aid, ChemCert and all-terrain vehicle training. Staff also attended the Australian Mangrove and Saltmarsh Network conference to learn about issues relating to management of intertidal wetlands, a workshop on identifying screw worm flies and the Centre for Disease Control annual conference in Darwin.



11.3 Public enquiries A total of 124 public enquiries were recorded in 2015/16, with the majority of enquiries coming from the general public (52) followed by the media (46), business (14) and government (12). The majority of enquiries were regarding mosquitoes (74) of which 44 were complaints about high mosquito numbers. Ten enquires seeking information on biting midges were received.

12 COMMITTEES AND ADVISORY GROUPS

12.1 National Arbovirus And Malaria Advisory Committee The National Arbovirus Advisory Committee (NAAC) was formed in September 2000 after the National Public Health Partnership (NPHP) formally agreed to form a technical advisory group to report to the NPHP through the Communicable Disease Network of Australia (CDNA). This decision was in part a result of pressure from the Chief Health Officer (CHO) of the NT. In 2003, the NAAC was renamed the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee (NAMAC) to reflect and include aspects of malaria surveillance in Australia.

A number of NAMAC telephone conferences were held in 2015/16, and a face to face meeting in May 2016. The main topics discussed were exotic mosquito incursions at first ports of entry in Australia, appropriate use of insecticides for exotic vector incursions and aircraft disinsection, Zika virus, the Ae. albopictus project in the Torres Strait, case definitions for RRV and BFV, the Wolbachia trial in Qld, the use of honey baited FTA cards for mosquito borne virus detection and Lyme disease. The NAMAC working group for the development of national guidelines for exotic mosquitoes continued its work to establish a framework and guidelines for exotic mosquito incursions at Australian first ports of entry, with discussions focusing on the new Biosecurity Act and its implications for exotic mosquito incursion responses. The NAMAC makes recommendations to CDNA on surveillance models for arboviruses. It will also make recommendations on a Memorandum of Understanding between States, Territories and the Commonwealth, detailing co-operation in relation to arbovirus matters, including surveillance and control of exotic vectors, information dissemination and arbovirus disease response plans, as well as recommendations towards strategic approaches for arbovirus disease management and control. The NAMAC website is:

http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-arboanrep.htm

12.2 The Northern Territory Zoonosis Committee The Northern Territory (NT) Zoonosis Committee was formed in 1996 to establish the lines of communication between NT Department of Health (DoH) and relevant sections of other departments for the efficient management of zoonosis in the NT.

http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-arboanrep.htm



The role of the NT Zoonosis Committee is to maintain a forum for discussion and exchange of information about zoonotic diseases, and to help inform biosecurity policy development with respect to zoonotic diseases by maintaining a network of stakeholders and opinion leaders. In addition, it is the committee’s role to provide expert technical advice to the NT Government on public health risks caused by diseases of animals and environmental pathogens. In 2015/16, the NT Zoonosis Committee discussed several topics, including bat lyssavirus, Ebola, MERS, Hendra virus, Salmonellosis in urban households and the risk of Brucellosis and Leptospirosis for hunters in the NT.

13 PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS

In 2015/16, Medical Entomology produced six scientific publications on determining meteorological drivers of salt marsh mosquito numbers, aerial mosquito control in Alice Springs, mosquito breeding sites in a coastal reserve in Darwin, a mosquito investigation at Wagait Beach, an investigation into high Barmah Forest virus disease cases and an MVE media campaign to increase risk awareness in remote NT communities (Table 29).

ME also produced four scientific reports, including two biting insect baseline assessments (Table 29).

Two presentations on aerial mosquito control in Alice Springs and mosquito surveillance and control in response to cyclone Lam were given at the Centre for Disease Control conference in Darwin in September 2015, with ME involvement in a conference poster on MVE cases in northern Australia, presented at the Asia Pacific Health Conference in 2016.

14 REFERENCE COLLECTIONS

Cataloguing and improving the medically important arthropods reference collections has continued this year. The reference collection is continually added to from each locality visited or as relevant specimens become available from the monitoring programs. The majority of the collection consists of mosquitoes and biting midges, but also includes other insects and arthropods of medical importance. This reference collection is a valuable resource and is the definitive collection of mosquitoes from the Northern Territory.

15 DATA MANAGEMENT

15.1 Medical Entomology Data Collection System A major overhaul of the Medical Entomology (ME) database commenced in March 2015 and was completed in September 2015. The backend of the database was migrated from an Access file server to a Department of Health managed SQL Server environment. This new



platform is more secure and better supported than the previous arrangement. Many long standing issues were resolved and some minor enhancements implemented as part of this process. This database stores all insect specimen records and allows data to be retrieved and collated for trend analysis and report writing. ME also utilises an Access database for data management such as public enquiries, and for publication and report management, as well as to manage its electronic alpha and handout filing systems.

15.2 Geographic Information Systems Medical Entomology (ME) has a Geographical Information System (GIS) for ME mosquito monitoring, survey and control programs. This system has been developed to aid recording, reporting and performing spatial analysis of mosquito breeding issues in the Northern Territory. It has continuously been applied to the Leanyer, Holmes Jungle, Micket Creek and Shoal Bay Swamp mosquito helicopter surveys and baseline biting insect investigations. It has also been used to record all known major potential mosquito breeding sites in urban Darwin for the ground survey and control program. The system allows outputs in the form of maps of areas and the results of larval surveys. In 2015/16 a work experience student from Charles Darwin University enhanced the GIS and Access database component of the aerial mosquito control program, leading to improved data recording.

16 STAFF MATTERS

Two long-serving and valued staff members left ME in early 2016, one permanently and one temporarily. Jaana Wenham resigned from her technical position in February 2016 to take up a position with the Eliminate Dengue program at Monash University in Melbourne. In March 2016, Jane Carter took leave from her technical position to undertake a twelve month position as an entomology technician with the Northern Australian Quarantine Services.

To accommodate staff changes, Nadine Copley was temporarily appointed to the Senior technical Officer position, and two new technical officers, Megan Hoskins and Tomoko Okazaki, were recruited in March 2016.

Three Charles Darwin University students completed volunteer work placements with ME over a short term period in 2015/16. Harry Owens commenced in November, and Hoerlina Pahabol in December 2015, making an invaluable contribution to the mosquito surveillance and control program during the busy wet season. Dave Carroll commenced in December 2015 and implemented automating the geo-processing required to store and manipulate aerial spray data in GIS, as well as teaching staff advanced GIS skills.

Medical Entomology is a small but highly productive team, making a large and measurable contribution to the health and well-being of the people of the Northern Territory. The unit,



together with other members of the NT Department of Health, individuals, government and local government departments, and other organisations who have assisted in the mosquito monitoring and control program, have once again made a significant contribution in preventing mosquito pest and disease problems in the NT. Nina Kurucz

Director - Medical Entomology February 2017

17 REFERENCES

Broom A, Whelan PI, Smith D, Lindsay M, Melville L, Bolisetty S, Wheaton G and Brown Alex (2001). An outbreak of Australian encephalitis in western Australia and central Australia (Northern Territory and South Australia) during the 2000 wet season. Arbovirus Research in Australia, Vol 8. Kurucz N, Markey P, Draper A, Melville L, weir R. Davis S, Warchot A, Boyd R and Stockeld D (2016). ‘Investigation into High Barmah Forest Virus Disease Case Numbers Reported in the Northern Territory, Australia in 2012–2013.’ Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 16:2:110-116. Meeraus WH, Armistead JS and Aria JR (2008). Field comparison of novel and gold standard traps for collecting Aedes albopictus in northern Virginia. J. AM Mos Control Assoc 24(2): 344-348. Montgomery B and Love B (1995). Nhulunbuy and Wallaby Beach mosquito investigation 20 - 23 March 1995. Department of Health and Community Services, Branch Report.

Alice Springs Stormwater Drain Assessment Report 2009. Medical Entomology, NT Department of Health. Russell RC (2002). Ross River virus: Ecology and distribution. Annual Review of Entomology 47, 1-31.

Van den Hurk A, Hall-Mendelin S, Townsend M, Kurucz N, Edwards J, Ehlers G, Rodwell C, Moore F, McMahon J, Northill J, Simmons R, Cortis G, Melville L, Whelan PI and Ritchie S (in prep). Applications of a sugar – base surveillance system to track arboviruses in wild mosquito populations. Vector – Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.



18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable contributions and ready assistance over the last year: DoH Centre for Disease Control;

The Executive Director – Territory Wide Services; Medical Entomology staff; Menzies School of Health Research;

DoH Environmental Health; DoH Transport; DoH Library;

Nhulunbuy Corporation; Arnhem Land Pest Control; Department of Lands Planning and Environment;

City of Darwin; City of Palmerston; Litchfield Council

Environmental Protection Agency; Parks & Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory; Land Development Corporation; Darwin Port Corporation;

Territoria Civil - Shoal Bay Dump; EcOz Australia Pty Ltd; Pacific Biologics;

Australian Defence Force; Power and Water Authority; Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Water Resources;

GEMCO - Groote Eylandt; Jayrow Helicopters; University of Western Australia;

University of Queensland; Queensland Health; Department of Health WA;

Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries; Sentinel chicken volunteers;



Garrards – Darwin;

Darwin Waterfront Corporation Byrne Consultants Northern Planning Consultants

Investa Urbex Pty Ltd BMD

Jacobs Land Development Corporation Gwalwa Daraniki Association

Cardno NS Projects Costojic Flanagan Consulting Group

Defence Housing Australia ESS Larrakia Pty Ltd JKC Australia LNG Pty Ltd

Our apologies to anyone inadvertently omitted. If you have been inadvertently omitted could you please advise Nina Kurucz on (08) 89228333.

TABLES


TABLE 1:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Darwin\species_list_Darwin_Palmerston_1516\species list_Dwn_Palmo_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

Mosquito species collected in 2015/16

Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ho. ( ) species 157 Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ho. spoliata ? # Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Lu. (Met) halifaxii Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) britteni Mi. (Eto) elegans Ae. (Lor) dasyorrhusAe. (Fin) kochi Mi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallica Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ml. ( ) genurostris Ae. (Mac) species 121Ae. (Fin) quasirubithorax s.l. Tp. (Pol) punctolateralis Ae. (Mac) species 76Ae. (Lor) dasyorrhus Tp. (Trp) magnesianus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Tx. (Tox) speciosus Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Mac) species 121 Ur. (Pfc) diagonalis Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Mac) species 70 Ur. (Pfc) hirsutifemora Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) species 76 Ur. (Ura) albescens Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Mac) species nr 147? Ur. (Ura) argyrotarsis Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) stoneorum Ur. (Ura) lateralis Ae. (Rhi) longirostrisAe. (Mac) tremulus Ur. (Ura) moresbyensis Ae. (Stg) aegypti ##

Ae. (Mol) pecuniosus Ur. (Ura) nivipes Ae. (Stg) albopictus ##

Ae. (Muc) alternans Ur. (Ura) novaguinensis Ae. daliensisAe. (Neo) lineatopennis Ur. (Ura) paralateralis? An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Och) normanensis Ur. (Ura) species 156 An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Och) phaecasiatus Ur. (Ura) species 49 An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Och) vigilax Ur. (Ura) species 82 An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Och) vittiger Ur. (Ura) tibialis An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Rhi) longirostris Ve. (Ver) funerea An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Stg) aegypti * Ve. (Ver) reesi An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Stg) albopictus * Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Stg) scutellaris grp Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. daliensis Cx. (Cux) gelidusAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Cux) palpalisAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAn. (Cel) amictus Cx. (Cux) sitiensAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) vicinusAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupAn. (Cel) hilli Cx. (Lop) cubiculiAn. (Cel) meraukensis Cx. (Lop) hilliAn. (Cel) novaguinensis Cx. (Lop) species 155Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Cui) fragilis* Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Cui) spathifurca* Lu. (Met) halifaxiiCx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformisCx. (Cux) crinicauda Mi. (Eto) elegansCx. (Cux) gelidus Mi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaCx. (Cux) palpalis Tp. (Pol) punctolateralisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Tp. (Trp) magnesianusCx. (Cux) sitiens Ur. (Ura) albescensCx. (Cux) species 32 Ur. (Ura) lateralisCx. (Cux) species 92 Ur. (Ura) nivipesCx. (Cux) vicinus Ur. (Ura) novaguinensisCx. (Cux) Vishnui group Ve. (Ver) funereaCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 154Cx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) near bitaeniorhynchus**Cx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Ocu) starckeae

## Two Ae. aegypti larvae were collected 5&7/10/15 at DIA in a DAWR sentinel tyre trap. Fourty eight Ae. aegypti larvae were collected 2/12/15 at DIA in a DAWR ovitrap. One adult female Ae. aegypti was collected in a routine DAWR trap 17/1/16 at DIA. Nine Ae. albopictus larvae were collected 13/8/15 at East Arm Wharf during a DAWR cargo survey. These species are not currently established in the NT.

Note: Ae. (Och) pseudonormanensis has been collected in the Darwin region (Jabiru & Rustlers Roost Mine). Note: Mi. (Ing)species 172 and Mi. (Mim) species 166 were collected in the Darwin region (Wadeye) on one occasion. Identifications require confirmation.

Mosquito species collected in Darwin and Palmerston by ME - all collection methodsMosquito species

collected from 1974 to 2014/15

* Ae. (Stg) aegypti , Ae. (Stg) albopictus , Cx (Cui) fragilis, Cx. (Cui) spathifurca were previously detected by DAWR during quarantine inspections. These species are currently not established in Darwin or anywhere else in the NT.

** An exotic mosquito detected at Marrara in May 2011 - Cx. (Ocu) cornutus had been tentatively identified from 2 specimens only and was verified by R. Russell of Westmead Hospital in NSW, but requires additional specimens to confirm its identification. It was detected through the weekly Darwin adult mosquito monitoring program. Further DNA analysis indicates that this species is closer to the endemic NT species Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchus and is now being identified as Cx. (Ocu) near bitaeniorhynchus .

# An exotic mosquito, tentatively identified as Ho. spoliata was collected in a routine DAWR trap 16/1/13 at the East Arm Wharf in Darwin. This damaged specimen was the only specimen collected, with the importation most likely associated with the arrival of an international vessel.

TABLE 2: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN JULY 2015 TO JUNE 2016.TOTAL NUMBERS OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE 13 WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\Dm1516an\dmss_ALLsites_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

SITE TRAP SITE TOTAL AVERAGE %NO. PER

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Ano) bancroftii An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) hilli An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other TRAP

1 Leanyer Gate 10 3546 7 8 22 1 259 2733 402 1210 8198 52 157.65 5.96

2 Longwood Ave 11 3819 59 86 26 3 196 5346 41 1422 11009 52 211.71 8.01

3 Leanyer Dump 35 3941 45 43 50 3 533 4369 120 643 9782 52 188.12 7.12

4 Karama 90 17514 1192 819 27 33 2062 8791 82 1174 31784 52 611.23 23.12

5 Palm Creek 17 5158 1807 516 10 148 7237 9643 129 1728 26393 52 507.56 19.20

6 Brandt Rd *2 29 17193 521 20 9 5 1134 5674 4 406 24995 26 961.35 18.18

7 Marrara Round Swamp 120 740 45 8 1 65 487 754 13 574 2807 52 53.98 2.04

8 Aviation Museum 192 596 30 5 2 6 759 1536 8 871 4005 52 77.02 2.91

9 Marrara Rifle Range 313 464 22 12 0 9 708 1797 37 2060 5422 52 104.27 3.94

12 Richardson Park*1 10 1288 2 1 1 0 168 510 2 746 2728 33 82.67 1.98

13 Totem Road 25 531 0 6 4 0 31 274 17 248 1136 52 21.85 0.83

15 Coconut Grove 207 994 0 6 0 0 64 207 12 1482 2972 52 57.15 2.16

16 Casuarina 50 2020 25 8 0 0 378 1502 18 2235 6236 52 119.92 4.54

TOTALS 1109 57804 3755 1538 152 273 14016 43136 885 14799 137467 631 217.86 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 1.76 91.61 5.95 2.44 0.24 0.43 22.21 68.36 1.40 23.45 217.86

PERCENTAGE % 0.81 42.05 2.73 1.12 0.11 0.20 10.20 31.38 0.64 10.77 100.00

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES

Note: *1 - 'Richardson Park' trap moved due to construction works. No traps were set at this site January to April 2016 due to access issues. *2 - 'Brandt Rd' ceased January 2016

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTS

TABLE 3: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWINAVERAGE NUMBER OF NINE SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALES IN ELEVEN

CONTINUOUS WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR FINANCIAL YEARS 2010/11 TO 2015/16.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\Dm1516an\DMaver9sp(11)10_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

SPECIES2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus 2.6 2.4 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.7

Ae. (Och) vigilax 154.6 53.9 60.0 41.4 40.9 64.5

An. (Ano) bancroftii 25.0 11.4 9.3 6.3 11.5 5.1

An. (Cel) farauti s.l. 12.6 8.6 6.2 3.0 3.3 2.4

An. (Cel) hilli 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.2

An. (Cel) meraukensis 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.8 0.4

Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster 37.1 41.9 36.5 36.2 29.6 20.4

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* 67.1 59.8 110.1 92.6 117.9 60.5

Ma. (Mnd) uniformis 5.4 14.5 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.4

Other species 45.3 17.8 26.5 10.2 15.3 156.8

TOTALS 352.7 214.3 254.8 194.6 223.1 313.5

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp. * includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis

Table 4: Darwin - Routine larval survey and control program 2015/16.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\table Darwin routine larval Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

Suburb No.

of s

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No.

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imes

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Ae.

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Alawa 9 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 2 0 9Bayview 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1Casuarina Coastal Reserve^ 38 16 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 16 6 0 0 2 0 2 19 3 14 0 38Charles Darwin National Park* 9 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 3 0 9Coconut Grove 14 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 8 0 14Cullen Bay 6 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 6Darwin Botanical Gardens* 94 29 0 0 2 11 0 0 0 0 10 0 5 0 0 42 23 0 0 1 0 0 48 0 37 9 94Darwin Port 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3East Point 35 13 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 13 9 0 0 1 0 4 11 2 18 0 35Fannie Bay 22 5 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 12 0 22Frances Bay 23 11 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 16 0 23Kulaluk 38 12 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 9 17 1 0 1 0 0 12 6 20 0 38Lee Point 89 33 0 0 0 25 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 41 12 3 3 1 0 8 45 0 36 0 89Ludmilla 55 45 0 0 0 23 1 0 0 1 3 2 7 0 1 5 5 5 0 2 5 5 19 0 26 0 55Mindil Beach 17 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 9 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 8 0 17Nightcliff 19 13 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 8 4 0 7 0 19Rapid Creek 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 7Stuart Park 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1The Gardens 8 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 8Vestey's Lake 30 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 19 5 0 0 0 0 2 8 3 17 0 30Total 518 204 1 2 2 114 3 1 1 2 30 5 19 3 1 180 131 11 3 9 5 33 205 28 238 9 518

Larval survey details Larval mosquito species Treatment

Note: * Surveys and control carried out by Parks and Wildlife Commission NT. ^ Surveys and control carried out by Medical Entomology, but funded by PWCNT. +N/A mosquito = Site was dry.

TABLE 5:ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION PER MONTH)

JUL 2015 TO JUN 2016

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\9_Rrv1516\rrvmonthreg1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

MONTH REGION TOTALS

Alice Springs Barkly Darwin East Arnhem Katherine

JULY 1 0 20 0 2 23

AUGUST 3 0 15 0 1 19

SEPTEMBER 0 0 21 3 0 24

OCTOBER 2 0 19 0 0 21

NOVEMBER 0 1 15 1 0 17

DECEMBER 1 1 17 0 0 19

JANUARY 0 0 23 1 1 25

FEBRUARY 1 0 31 2 6 40

MARCH 2 1 21 2 4 30

APRIL 2 0 11 0 0 13

MAY 0 0 11 2 1 14

JUNE 0 0 12 0 1 13

TOTALS 12 3 216 11 16 258

TABLE 6:

BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC

(BY REGION PER MONTH)JUL 2015 TO JUN 2016

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\10_bf_cases_1516\bf1516month Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

MONTH REGION TOTALS


JULY 0 0 1 0 0 1

AUGUST 0 0 2 0 0 2

SEPTEMBER 0 0 1 0 1 2

OCTOBER 0 0 2 0 0 2

NOVEMBER 0 0 0 0 0 0

DECEMBER 0 0 2 0 0 2

JANUARY 0 0 2 0 0 2

FEBRUARY 0 0 2 0 0 2

MARCH 0 0 1 2 0 3

APRIL 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAY 0 0 1 0 0 1

JUNE 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 0 0 14 2 1 17

TABLE 7:ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGION)

1990/91 TO 2015/16

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\9_Rrv1516\casereg90_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

FINANCIAL YEAR REGION TOTALS


1990/91 32 51 288 22 48 441

1991/92 3 6 115 53 15 192

1992/93 12 32 178 29 37 288

1993/94 1 0 259 23 19 302

1994/95 36 5 275 19 38 373

1995/96 0 5 66 17 23 111

1996/97 51 24 115 5 28 223

1997/98 5 1 85 11 21 123

1998/99 2 6 106 11 16 141

1999/00 16 7 98 9 26 156

2000/01 7 68 104 4 51 234

2001/02 1 4 40 7 18 70

2002/03 0 5 97 10 19 131

2003/04 5 1 161 7 21 195

2004/05 4 0 136 12 21 173

2005/06 8 5 216 16 19 264

2006/07 13 2 182 25 37 259

2007/08 15 5 187 11 28 246

2008/09 54 27 266 28 31 406

2009/10 34 6 234 17 30 321

2010/11 23 6 191 12 30 262

2011/12 8 1 173 14 23 219

2012/13 2 0 190 11 7 210

2013/14 16 6 345 23 43 433

2014/15 16 3 314 16 28 377

2015/16 12 3 216 11 16 258TOTALS 376 279 4637 423 693 6408

TABLE 8: BARMAH FOREST VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT

LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES NOTIFIED FROM CDC (BY REGIONS)1991/92 TO 2015/16

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\10_bf_cases_1516\BFcases1992_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

FINANCIAL YEAR REGION TOTALS


1991/92 0 1 0 41 0 42

1992/93 1 0 8 8 2 19

1993/94 0 1 20 6 2 29

1994/95 0 0 8 1 2 11

1995/96 1 0 16 5 3 25

1996/97 4 5 21 4 6 40

1997/98 2 0 11 2 5 20

1998/99 0 0 17 5 2 24

1999/00 1 1 8 2 1 13

2000/01 1 5 14 6 7 33

2001/02 0 1 18 5 1 25

2002/03 2 0 13 2 1 18

2003/04 3 1 5 3 3 14

2004/05 8 0 31 2 3 43

2005/06 15 2 65 12 6 100

2006/07 17 2 67 12 9 107

2007/08 5 2 51 2 3 63

2008/09 16 5 83 7 8 119

2009/10 9 1 70 9 5 94

2010/11 4 1 46 5 6 62

2011/12 4 0 45 1 2 52

2012/13 33 1 279 15 24 352

2013/14 14 0 99 7 9 129

2014/15 0 1 27 0 0 28

2015/16 0 0 14 2 1 17

TOTALS 140 30 1036 164 111 1479

Note: The majority of cases between Oct 2012 and Oct 2013 are suspected false positive cases due to issues with the commericial test kit in use at the time.

TABLE 9:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\11_MVE and Kunjin cases table 1415 Medical Entomology DoH22/02/2017

Year Month of onset

Ethnicity Sex Age Virus Location of infection(Region)

No's. Comment

1974 February MVE Barkly 1March MVE Alice Springs 1March MVE Alice Springs 1March MVE Katherine 1April MVE Barkly 1

1981 March MVE East Arnhem 1

1987 July A M <1 MVE Darwin 1

1988 March A M <1 MVE Darwin 1April O M <1 MVE Darwin 1

May A M 4 MVE Darwin 1

1991 April O F 74 MVE Darwin 1 Died

May A M <1 MVE Alice Springs 1

1992 Aug O F 40 KUN Darwin 1

1993 April A F <1 MVE Katherine 1April A F 1 MVE Katherine 1 Died

April O M 22 MVE Barkly 1May U F 33 MVE Katherine 1May O M 61 MVE Katherine 1April O M 32 MVE Katherine 1

1995 Nov O F 61 KUN Unknown 1

1997 March O M 59 MVE* Alice Springs 1 Died

May M 21 KUN Barkly 1May KUN Barkly 1June F 26 KUN Barkly 1

1999 May M 66 KUN Darwin 1

2000 March A F <1 MVE Alice Springs 1 Severe impairmentMarch A M 69 MVE Alice Springs 1 Severe impairmentApril A M <1 MVE Alice Springs 1 RecoveredMay O M 15 MVE Katherine 1April A M 4 KUN Alice Springs 1 Recovered

March M 32 KUN Darwin 1

2001 February O F 49 MVE Alice Springs 1 Severe impairmentFebruary O M 59 MVE Alice Springs 1 RecoveredMarch O M 11 KUN Alice Springs 1

May A F 23 KUN Alice Springs 1

July A F 2 MVE Darwin 1 Recovered

2004 March A F <1 MVE Alice Springs 1 Died

2005 March A M 3 MVE Darwin 1 Recovered

2009 March O M 58 MVE Darwin 1 Died

May O M 83 MVE Darwin 1 Died

2010 June O M 80 KUN Darwin 1 Recovered

2011 March O M 33 MVE Barkly 1 Recovered

March A M 1 MVE Barkly 1 Recovered

April O M 60 KUN Barkly 1 Recovered

May O F 19 MVE Darwin/Katherine 1 Died

May O F 63 MVE Katherine 1 Recovered

2015 February A F <1 MVE Barkly 1 Severe impairment

May A M 8 MVE Katherine 1 Severe impairment

Total MVE 36

Total KUN 12

LOCATION AND MONTH OF ONSET OF CASES OF MVE OR KUNJIN 1974-2016ACQUIRED IN THE NT

A Aboriginal, O Other,U Unknown . Note Kunjin recorded only from 1992

TABLE 10: COMBINED DOH AND DPIF NT SENTINEL CHICKEN FLAVIVIRUS SURVEILLANCE

PROGRESSIVE RESULTS OF NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING 2015/16

F:\ento\ento_files\meb_programs\sentinel_flocks\chickens\2015/16ch progressive NT 2015-16_4_Aug_Final

Medical Entomology DoH22/02/2017

REGION LOCATION Total +ve Total bledLeanyer Date bled 7/7 1/12 7/1 3/2 1/3 12/4 12/5 7/6 5/7(urban) Nos bled 9 6 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 95

Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 1 1 2KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Howard Springs Date bled 7/7 1/12 7/1 3/2 1/3 12/4 12/5 7/6 7/7(rural) Nos bled 9 7 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 92

Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 1 1KUNV 1 1MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Adelaide River Date bled 9/7 3/15 7/1 4/2 3/3 7/4 12/5 9/6 7/7Coastal Plains Nos bled 12 9 10 9 9 10 9 8 10 86Res. Stn. Flock changeBeatrice Hill Unidentified Flavi 2 3 5Adelaide River KUNV 1 1

MVEV 1 1MVEV/KUNV 0

Batchelor Date bled 13/1 9/2 2/3 6/4 13/5 3/6(rural) Nos bled 11 10 11 10 10 10 62

Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Berrimah Farm Date bled 3/12(urban) Nos bled 37 37

Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Nhulunbuy Date bled 24/12 22/2 17/4 29/5 19/6 18/7Nos bled 7 10 9 8 7 7 48Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 0KUNV 2 2MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0

Katherine Date bled 18/12 3/2 31/3 19/5 29/6Res. Stn. Nos bled 8 11 11 9 9 48

Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 0KUNV 1 1MVEV 1 1MVEV/KUNV 0

DA

RW

IN

JulyMay JuneMarchJuly January FebruaryNovember DecemberAugust

EA

ST A

RN

HE

M

October

KA

TH

ER

INE

AprilSeptember


PROGRESSIVE RESULTS OF NUMBER OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING 2015/16

F:\ento\ento_files\meb_programs\sentinel_flocks\chickens\2015/16ch progressive NT 2015-16_4_Aug_Final

Medical Entomology DoH22/02/2017

REGION LOCATION Total +ve Total bledJulyMay JuneMarchJuly January FebruaryNovember DecemberAugust October AprilSeptemberTennant Creek Date bled 4/1 8/2 1/3 12/4 19/5 15/6 19/7

Nos bled 7 13 12 11 11 9 10 73Flock changeUnidentified Flavi 1 1KUNV 1 1MVEV 1 1MVEV/KUNV 0

Arid Zone Date bled 7/7 1/12 5/1 9/2 7/3 6/4 4/5 7/6Research Nos bled 12 11 11 10 9 10 10 9 82Institute Flock change

Unidentified Flavi 0KUNV 0MVEV 0MVEV/KUNV 0Unidentified Flavi 9KUNV 6MVEV 3MVEV/KUNV 0Number bled 623

.

5600210

000

000 0

0 00

86

000

BA

RK

LY

AL

ICE

SPR

ING

S

Note: MVEV/KUNV can either be MVE or KUN or both and can not be differentiated. The program was continued into July 2016 due to ongoing seroconversions.

000

042

00 7261

000

0

Monthly Summary01

00

085

0

00 0

00 1

00

075

1

101

100074

4

79

2300


SUMMARY OF NEW SEROCONVERSIONS BY MONTH JUL 1992 - JUL 2016

F:\ENTO\ento_files\meb_programs\sentinel_flocks\chickens\summary_tables\conversions by month\seroconv by month 1991_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

LOCATION Flock established July August September October November December January February March April May June + ve Totals Totals bledDarwin Rural January 1992 Nos bled 216 204 199 202 171 240 223 193 203 252 283 235 2621Howard Springs KUNV 4 1 3 0 0 3 2 0 3 1 12 4 33

MVEV 2 3 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 7 6 23Darwin urban September 1992 Nos bled 202 195 206 215 192 221 232 216 239 256 278 230 2682Leanyer KUNV 4 2 2 0 1 0 1 7 3 7 13 4 44

MVEV 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 7 4 24Coastal Plains July 1993 Nos bled 220 212 194 169 231 174 248 253 321 276 279 257 2834Research Station KUNV 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 9 7 32Adelaide River MVEV 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 21 5 10 7 54Kakadu November 2004 Nos bled 25 20 18 12 28 16 28 7 64 36 41 45 340Jabiru KUNV 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 11 2 19

MVEV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 8Batchelor September 2016 Nos bled 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 11 10 10 10 62

KUNV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0MVEV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nhulunbuy January 1992 Nos bled 118 93 112 110 91 96 98 144 149 137 155 131 1434KUNV 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 7 9 2 26MVEV 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 3 4 4 15

Alyangula Nos bled 57 49 30 39 36 48 38 48 52 54 55 32 538KUNV 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1MVEV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Katherine June 1993 Nos bled 155 151 200 189 127 191 204 238 261 212 176 193 2297KUNV 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 9 7 5 34MVEV 2 0 0 1 0 2 3 8 11 9 11 3 50

Nathan River April 2006 Nos bled 17 63 63 24 48 56 55 63 59 82 48 75 653KUNV 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 6 2 1 2 17MVEV 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 6 3 3 3 26

Tennant Creek February 1995 Nos bled 59 74 46 48 66 117 119 161 228 177 161 99 1355KUNV 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 10 10 6 1 33MVEV 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 28 25 11 12 1 84

Alice Springs November 1996 Nos bled 172 178 143 134 155 190 164 200 235 201 188 209 2169Arid Zone KUNV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 3Research Institution MVEV 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 10 2 2 24Alice Springs January 2002 Nos bled 91 112 90 93 91 87 80 92 89 106 93 105 1129Ilparpa KUNV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MVEV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4Totals KUNV 13 12 7 1 1 5 10 24 33 40 68 28 242

MVEV 9 6 1 5 1 7 13 53 78 49 58 32 312Number bled 1332 1351 1301 1235 1236 1436 1489 1615 1900 1789 1757 1611 18114

Note: The Jabiru, Alyangula and Alice Springs Ilparpa Swamp flocks were discontinued in 2012.Note: The program was revised in 2012, with sentinel chickens only bled between December and June.


NEW SEROCONVERSIONS IN MONTH OF BLEEDING BY YEAR JUL 1992-JUN 2016

F:\ENTO\ento_files\meb_programs\sentinel_flocks\chickens\summary_tables\conversions by year\serocon by years 92-16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH22/02/2017

LOCATION Flock established 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 + ve TotalsDarwin rural January 1992 MVEV 7 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 23Howard Springs KUNV 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 34

Nos bled 69 75 160 92 84 120 127 137 118 166 166 95 127 125 103 75 48 162 112 135 70 87 84 92 2629Darwin urban September 1992 MVEV 1 10 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 24Leanyer KUNV 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 5 1 6 5 5 6 2 1 0 44

Nos bled 81 92 137 89 81 101 128 163 133 132 161 103 102 134 140 140 104 142 132 144 84 76 83 95 2777Adelaide River July 1993 MVEV 13 4 4 5 3 3 1 2 4 1 1 10 2 1 54Beatrice Hill KUNV 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 3 3 1 7 2 1 32

Nos bled 121 139 132 138 129 135 158 130 147 160 113 113 122 102 120 120 105 118 140 71 78 83 86 2760Kakadu November 2004 MVEV 3 2 2 1 8Gagadju KUNV 5 4 1 9 19

Nos bled 44 25 72 49 27 40 74 9 340Batchelor September 2016 MVEV 0

KUNV 0Nos bled 62 62

Nhulunbuy January 1992 MVEV 3 1 4 1 1 2 3 15KUNV 2 2 3 2 1 4 1 2 2 5 24Nos bled 30 15 10 85 93 97 85 75 73 72 72 72 68 86 53 61 109 71 63 53 50 48 1441

Alyangula April 2006 MVEV 0KUNV 1 1Nos bled 31 27 32 66 155 142 85 538

Katherine June 1993 MVEV 12 3 1 2 3 2 4 1 4 2 3 2 8 2 1 50KUNV 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 6 6 2 2 4 1 1 34Nos bled 69 67 50 43 127 85 128 109 136 164 99 97 126 129 128 111 144 132 117 68 66 54 48 2297

Nathan River April 2006 MVEV 3 3 2 10 6 2 26KUNV 1 3 3 7 3 17Nos bled 34 110 78 73 79 96 100 16 44 23 653

Tennant Creek February 1995 MVEV 7 7 10 8 12 6 1 1 1 17 4 6 3 1 84KUNV 3 3 5 1 4 1 1 6 3 2 4 1 34Nos bled 20 65 60 73 55 73 60 55 96 96 59 69 67 41 91 72 62 32 56 45 45 73 1365

Alice Springs November 1996 MVEV 7 5 8 2 2 24AZRI KUNV 1 2 3

Nos bled 21 75 126 109 144 114 99 75 131 122 118 112 115 90 159 118 112 56 95 108 82 2181Alice Springs January 2002 MVEV 4 4Ilparpa KUNV 0

Nos bled 71 118 115 86 120 116 110 85 146 126 36 1129Totals MVEV 8 44 8 4 21 2 20 27 26 17 2 2 12 15 11 5 52 5 15 8 0 2 3 3 312

KUNV 3 4 2 7 4 8 6 10 9 10 8 9 11 13 24 18 27 2 41 8 0 7 7 4 242Nos bled 180 372 544 428 491 761 732 900 749 881 1013 824 822 976 1046 974 868 1265 1221 981 484 544 530 586 18172

Note: The Jabiru, Alyangula and Alice Springs Ilparpa flocks were discontinued in 2012.Note: The program was revised in 2012, with sentinel chickens only bled between December and June

TABLE 13:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Nhulunbuy\Species list_Nhulunbuy_Yirrkala town_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

Mosquito species collected from 1975 to 2014/15


Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mol) pecuniosusAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. daliensisAe. (Mac) species 125 An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mac) species 76 An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Neo) lineatopennis An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis * Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Och) phaecasiatus Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) pseudonormanensis Cx. (Cux) gelidusAe. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Psk) bancroftianus Cx. (Cux) sitiensAe. (Rhi) longirostris Cx. (Cux) vicinusAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupAe. daliensis Cx. (Lop) cubiculiAn. (Ano) bancroftii Cx. (Lop) hilliAn. (Ano) powelli Cx. (Ocu) squamosusAn. (Cel) amictus Lu. (Met) halifaxiiAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Ma. (Mnd) uniformisAn. (Cel) farauti s.l. Tp. (Trp) magnesianusAn. (Cel) hilli Ve. (Ver) funereaAn. (Cel) meraukensis Ve. (Ver) reesiAn. (Cel) novaguinensisCq. (Coq) near crassipesCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeHo. ( ) species 157Lu. (Met) halifaxiiMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaMl. ( ) genurostrisTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusTx. (Tox) speciosusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) argyrotarsisUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) novaguinensisUr. (Ura) species 82Ur. (Ura) tibialisVe. (Ver) carmentiVe. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

* Requires confirmation

Note: Other species collected in the East Arnhem region include:Ae. ( )species 161 (Bartalumba Bay), Ae. (Fin) quasirubithorax (Numbulwar), Ae. (Mac) stoneorum (Nabarlek) and Ur. (Ura) species 156 (Alyangula)

Note: Aedes aegypti was detected on Groote Eylandt in 2006 and declared eliminated in 2008.

Mosquito species collected in Nhulunbuy and Yirrkala by ME - all collection methods

TABLE 14: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM NHULUNBUY.1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE SIX CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Nhulunbuy\rain_disease_species_Nhul_1516\gmss1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTALS AVERAGE %

Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. An. (Cel) farauti s.l. An. (Cel) meraukensis Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* Ma. (Mnd) uniformis Other PER TRAP

NIGHT

1 Contractors Village 2159 73 5 0 962 2444 5 399 6047 16 377.94 23.49

2 Rear Jasper 1449 487 563 9 650 5474 258 353 9243 14 660.21 35.90

3 Buffalo Creek 2411 30 334 0 48 201 0 433 3457 15 230.47 13.43

4 Wallaby Beach 1017 72 30 7 42 349 0 219 1736 15 115.73 6.74

5 Nhulunbuy South 4304 19 6 1 33 367 0 122 4852 14 346.57 18.85

6 Industrial Estate 40 0 1 0 27 92 1 249 410 13 31.54 1.59

TOTALS 11380 681 939 17 1762 8927 264 1775 25745 87 295.92 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 130.80 7.83 10.79 0.20 20.25 102.61 3.03 20.40 295.92

PERCENTAGE % 44.20 2.65 3.65 0.07 6.84 34.67 1.03 6.89 100.00

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHTS


TABLE 15:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Alyangula\Alyangula_species_2015_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH [Date]



Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ) species 161 Ae. (Fin) kochiAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Stg) katherinensisAe. (Mac) species 121 An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Mac) species 76 An. (Cel) farauti s.l.Ae. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) hilliAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) meraukensisAe. (Muc) alternans An. (Cel) novaguinensisAe. (Neo) lineatopennis Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Och) phaecasiatus Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Cux) gelidusAe. (Rhi) longirostris Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Stg) aegypti* Cx. (Cux) sitiensAe. (Stg) katherinensis Cx. (Lop) hilliAe. daliensis Cx. (Lop) species 155An. (Ano) bancroftii Lu. (Met) halifaxiiAn. (Ano) powelli Tp. (Pol) punctolateralisAn. (Cel) amictus Ve. (Ver) funereaAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Ve. (Ver) reesiAn. (Cel) farauti s.l.An. (Cel) hilliAn. (Cel) meraukensisAn. (Cel) novaguinensisCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) cubiculiCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) squamosusHo. ( ) species 157Lu. (Met) halifaxiiMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMl. ( ) genurostrisTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusTx. (Tox) speciosusUr. (Pfc) diagonalisUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) lateralisUr. (Ura) moresbyensisUr. (Ura) nivipesUr. (Ura) species 156Ve. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

* Note: Ae. (Stg) aegypti was detected in Alyangula in October 2006, and declared eliminated in May 2008.

Note: For other mosquito species collected in the East Arnhem region see the Nhulunbuy and Yirrkala species list.

Mosquito species collected on Groote Eylandt (Alyangula, Angurugu and Umbakumba) by ME - all collection methods.

TABLE 16: MOSQUITO MONITORNING PROGRAM ALYANGULA1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE THREE CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Alyangula\rain_disease_species_Alyangula_1516\grootess1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOESTOTALS

Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) farauti s.l. Cq. (Coq) xanthogaster Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other

1 Mine Site 1 0 159 0 0 13 0 51 223 9 0.00 21.88

2 Township Site 2 4 200 0 4 52 23 29 312 9 34.67 30.62

3 Alyangula Golf Course Site 3 18 282 2 2 128 0 52 484 9 53.78 47.50

TOTALS 22 641 2 6 193 23 132 1019 27 37.74 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.81 23.74 0.07 0.22 7.15 0.85 4.89 37.74

PERCENTAGE % 2.16 62.90 0.20 0.59 18.94 2.26 12.95 100.00

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.* includes Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

NIGHT %SITE NO. TRAP SITE

TABLE 17:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Katherine\Katherine_species_2015_16\species list_Kath_town_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017



Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ad. (Ady) catastictaAe. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Adm) alboscutellatusAe. (Adm) alboscutellatus Ae. (Cha) elchoensisAe. (Cha) elchoensis Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Cha) wattensis Ae. (Mac) nr species 121Ae. (Fin) britteni Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) kochi Ae. (Muc) alternansAe. (Fin) mallochi Ae. (Neo) lineatopennisAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Och) phaecasiatusAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Mac) species 76 Ae. (Stg) katherinensisAe. (Mac) stoneorum An. (Ano) bancroftiiAe. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mol) pecuniosus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Muc) alternans Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterAe. (Neo) lineatopennis Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cux) crinicaudaAe. (Och) phaecasiatus Cx. (Cux) gelidusAe. (Och) pseudonormanensis Cx. (Cux) palpalisAe. (Och) sapiens Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Och) species 159 Cx. (Cux) Vishnui groupAe. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusAe. (Och) vittiger Tp. (Pol) punctolateralisAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Stg) katherinensisAn. (Ano) bancroftiiAn. (Ano) powelliAn. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.An. (Cel) farauti s.l.An. (Cel) hilliAn. (Cel) meraukensisAn. (Cel) novaguinensisCq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicus *

Cx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) sitiensCx. (Cux) species 32Cx. (Cux) vicinusCx. (Cux) Vishnui groupCx. (Lop) hilliCx. (Lop) species 155Cx. (Lop) species 167Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) squamosusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeLu. (Met) halifaxiiMa. (Mnd) uniformisMi. (Eto) elegansMi. (Mim) chamberlaini metallicaTp. (Pol) punctolateralisTp. (Trp) magnesianusUr. (Ura) albescensUr. (Ura) nivipesVe. (Ver) funereaVe. (Ver) reesi

* Requires confirmation Note: Other species collected in the Katherine region include: Ae. (Fin) quasirubithorax s.l., Ae. (Mac) species 125, Ae. (Mac) species 126, Ae. (Mac) species 70, Ae. (Mac) species 71, Ae. daliensis, Cq. (Coq) near crassipes, Cx. (Cux) species 92, Ho. ( ) species 157 and Ur. (Ura) argyrotarsis . Note: Ae. aegypti was collected in Larrimah in Feb 1980 and subsequently eliminated.

Mosquito species collected in Katherine town by ME - all collection methods

TABLE 18: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM KATHERINE.1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE FOUR CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Katherine\rain_disease_species_Kath_1516\kmss1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES TOTALS NO. OF AVERAGE %

Ae. (Och) normanensis Ae. (Och) vigilax An. (Cel) amictus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cui) pullus Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other SUCCESSFUL PER TRAP

TRAP NIGHTS NIGHT

1 Dairy Dam 35 5 6 4 88 505 6 27 676 18 37.56 17.82

2 Meatworks 82 14 17 18 87 528 92 67 905 22 41.14 23.85

3 Katherine Sewage Ponds 39 53 11 29 159 1422 102 15 1830 20 91.50 48.23

4 O'Keefe Residence 29 9 1 67 56 160 10 51 383 17 22.53 10.09

TOTALS 185 81 35 118 390 2615 210 160 3794 77 49.27 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 2.40 1.05 0.45 1.53 5.06 33.96 2.73 2.08 49.27

PERCENTAGE % 4.88 2.13 0.92 3.11 10.28 68.92 5.54 4.22 100.00

Table 19:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Tennant Creek\Species list_Tennant_town_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017



Ae. ( ? ) species 160 Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus ×

Ae. (Fin) mallochi Ae. (Mac) species nr 147?Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Och) normanensisAe. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Mac) species 76 An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mac) species nr 147? An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Mac) tremulus Cx. (Cui) pullusAe. (Muc) alternans Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Neo) lineatopennis Cx. (Cux) gelidusAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cux) Vishnui group ##

Ae. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Stg) aegypti **

Ae. (Stg) katherinensisAn. (Ano) bancroftiiAn. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.An. (Cel) hilliAn. (Cel) novaguinensis #

Cx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicusCx. (Cux) crinicaudaCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) Vishnui group ##

Cx. (Lop) sp. ?cubiculi ###

Cx. (Lop) cylindricusCx. (Lop) kuhnsi ? ***Cx. (Lop) species 155 ^

Cx. (Ocu) bitaeniorhynchusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeLu. (Met) halifaxiiTp. (Pol) punctolateralisVe. (Ver) reesi

** Established in Tennant Creek in 2004 - 2006 and 2011 - 2014 - now eliminated. # Known from a single damaged specimen - confirmation required.## Features rubbed - confirmation required.### Tentatively identified as Cx. (Lop) cubiculi - collected 7/2/2014 - confirmation required.ᶺ Collected for the first time in the Barkly region on 21/3/14 - confirmation required. ***Cx (lop) kuhnsi collected for the first time 06/03/15 -confirmation required.

× Ae. (Fin) notoscriptus has not been collected in Tennant Creek since 2005 due to the dengue mosquito elimination program. It was collected again for the first time in Feb 2016.

Ae. (Mol) pecuniosus, An. (Cel) meraukensis, An. (Cel) farauti, Cx. (Cux) species 92 and Cx. (Cux) vicinus .

Mosquito species collected from Tennant Creek town by ME - all collection methods

Note: Other mosquito species recorded in the Barkly region include: Ad. (Ady) catasticta, Ae. (Cha) wattensis, Ae. (Mac) species 126,

TABLE 20: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM TENNANT CREEK1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN THE CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAP AT THE SEWAGE PONDS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Tennant Creek\rain_disease_species_Tennant_1516 Medical Entomology DoH 22/02/2017

SITE NO. TRAP SITE TOTALS NO. OF AVERAGE %

Ae. notoscriptus Ae. normanensis An. amictus Cx. annulirostris Cx. quinquefasciatus Other SUCCESSFUL PER

TRAP NIGHTS TRAP NIGHT

1 Tennant Creek Sewage Ponds 0 4 39 527 1 264 835 22 37.95 100.00

TOTALS 0 4 39 527 1 264 835 22 37.95 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.00 0.18 1.77 24.0 0.05 12.00 37.95

PERCENTAGE % 0.00 0.48 4.67 63.11 0.12 31.62 100.00

Note: The sewerage ponds site is the only remaining routine CO2 bited EVS trap site. Roving BG traps in town have replaced other EVS traps sites to enhance exotic mosquito surveillance. The trapping regime at the sewage ponds is weekly.


TABLE 21:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_information\annual_reports\anrp_2009_10\reg anrp 0910\Darwin\Alice Springs_species_2015_16\species list_Alice town_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

Mosquito species collected from 1973 until 2014/15


Ad. (Ady) catasticta Ae. (Fin) notoscriptusAe. (Fin) alboannulatus Ae. (Mac) species nr 147?Ae. (Fin) mallochi Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Och) pseudonormanensisAe. (Mac) nr species 121 Ae. (Och) sapiens Ae. (Mac) species 121 Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Mac) species 125 Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Mac) species 126 An. (Cel) amictusAe. (Mac) species nr 147? An. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Ae. (Mac) tremulus An. (Cel) hilli***Ae. (Muc) alternans Cx. (Cux) annulirostrisAe. (Och) eidsvoldensis Cx. (Cux) australicusAe. (Och) normanensis Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Och) pseudonormanensis Tp. (Pol) punctolateralisAe. (Och) sagax***Ae. (Och) sapiens Ae. (Och) species 159Ae. (Och) species 71Ae. (Och) species 85Ae. (Och) vigilaxAe. (Och) vittigerAe. (Psk) bancroftianusAe. (Stg) katherinensisAn. (Ano) bancroftiiAn. (Cel) amictusAn. (Cel) annulipes s.l.Cq. (Coq) linealis *

Cq. (Coq) xanthogasterCx. (Cui) pullusCx. (Cux) annulirostrisCx. (Cux) australicusCx. (Cux) gelidusCx. (Cux) globocoxitusCx. (Cux) palpalisCx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusCx. (Cux) species 92Cx. (Lop) cubiculi **

Cx. (Lop) cylindricusCx. (Ocu) starckeaeTp. (Pol) punctolateralis* Cq. (Coq) linealis was collected for the first time in Alice Springs on 8th December 2011 in the Swamp B trap.** Cx. (Lop) cubiculi is not an arid species - r equires confirmation. *** Ae. (Och) sagax is possibly Ae. (Och) species 85 , the northern counterpart of Ae. (Och) sagax (E. Marks).

***New record - collectd on 28th January 2016 & 17 February 2016 in Ilparpa Swamp.

Note: Cx. (Cux) species 32 has been collected on one occasion in the Alice Springs region - Confirmation is required to ensure it is not Cx. (Cux) species 92 .

Mosquito species collected in Alice Springs town by ME - all collection methods.

TABLE 22: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGS.1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTED SPECIES OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1516\amss1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

TOTAL NUMBER OF MOSQUITOESAn. (Cel) amictus An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. Cx. (Cux) annulirostris Cx. (Cux) australicus Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus Other

1 Ilparpa Swamp A 0 10 181 2 0 79 10 282 31 9.10 19.65

2 Ilparpa Swamp B 5 13 245 27 0 74 2 366 28 13.07 25.51

3 Bloomfield Street 0 43 6 1 0 160 5 215 32 6.72 14.98

4 Old Timers 2 0 61 2 0 115 11 191 34 5.62 13.31

5 Lilliecrapp Road 8 5 5 0 0 17 25 60 30 2.00 4.18 `

6 Greatorex Road 9 12 227 3 0 36 34 321 34 9.44 22.37

TOTALS 24 83 725 35 0 481 87 1435 189 7.59 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.13 0.44 3.84 0.19 0.00 2.54 0.46 7.59

PERCENTAGE % 1.67 5.78 50.52 2.44 0.00 33.52 6.06 100.00

Note: No Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus were collected since December 2010

AVERAGE PER TRAP

NIGHT %SITE NO. TRAP SITE

NO. OF SUCCESSFUL

TRAP NIGHTSTOTALS

TABLE 23: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM ALICE SPRINGSAVERAGE NUMBERS OF SELECTED SPECIES CAUGHT IN THE CONTINUOUS CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS FOR

FINANCIAL YEARS 2010/11 TO 2015/16.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1516\AMaver6sp90_15_(contin_sites) Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

SPECIES2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

An. (Cel) amictus 2.31 0.52 0.03 0.06 1.23 0.06

An. (Cel) annulipes s.l. 3.54 0.63 0.03 0.15 0.22 0.53

Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp* 35.67 11.99 0.40 0.61 4.81 3.94

Cx. (Cux) australicus 4.83 1.98 0.62 1.54 0.53 0.26

Cx. (Cux) globocoxitus 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatus 3.28 1.33 0.81 4.73 2.52 3.42

Other species 3.32 1.38 0.11 0.08 0.18 0.22

TOTALS 52.98 17.84 1.99 7.17 9.49 8.43

Note: Mosquitoes included in the table are female mosquitoes only

*Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp includes: Cx. annulirostris and Cx. palpalis.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED PER TRAP NIGHT

TABLE 24: DAWR EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN 1 JULY 2015 to 30 JUNE 2016

TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL WEEKLY CO2 BAITED EVS MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\25_quarantine adults 1516\QM darwin_CO2 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

Ad. (

Ady)

cat

astic

ta

Ae. (

Mac

) tre

mul

us

Ae. (

Och

) vig

ilax

Ae. d

alie

nsis

An. (

Ano)

ban

crof

tii

An. (

Cel

) hill

i

Cq.

(Coq

) xan

thog

aste

r

Cx.

(Cux

) ann

ulir

ostr

is

Cx.

(Cux

) pal

palis

Cx.

(Cux

) qui

nque

fasc

iatu

s

Cx.

(Cux

) siti

ens

Cx.

(Cux

) Vis

hnui

gro

up

Ma.

(Mnd

) uni

form

is

mos

quito

es u

nide

ntifi

able

(d

amag

ed)

QM FRA (RAAF) - Fighter Replenishment Apron 1 115 76 0 2 2 20 90 7 5 3 2 1 2 326 36 9.06 92.35

QM FHW (Fort Hill Wharf) 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 23 0.74 4.82

QM APL7 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 10 34 0.29 2.83

TOTALS 1 115 97 1 3 2 20 91 7 6 3 2 1 4 353 93 3.80 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.01 1.24 1.04 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.22 0.98 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.04 3.80

PERCENTAGE % 0.28 32.58 27.48 0.28 0.85 0.57 5.67 25.78 1.98 1.70 0.85 0.57 0.28 1.13 100.00

%


TOTALNO. OF

SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP

SITE NO. TRAP SITE

TABLE 25: DAWR EXOTIC MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN 1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016.TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES CAUGHT IN ALL CO2 BAITED BIOGENTS SENTINEL MOSQUITO TRAPS.

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\25_quarantine adults 1516\QM darwin_BG Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

Ad. (

Ady)

cat

astic

ta

Ae. (

Fin)

koc

hi

Ae. (

Fin)

not

oscr

iptu

s

Ae. (

Lor)

das

yorr

hus

Ae. (

Mac

) nr s

peci

es 1

21

Ae. (

Mac

) spe

cies

Ae. (

Mac

) spe

cies

121

Ae. (

Mac

) spe

cies

76

Ae. (

Mac

) tre

mul

us

Ae. (

Och

) vig

ilax

Ae. (

Rhi)

long

iros

tris

Ae. (

Stg)

aeg

ypti

Ae. d

alie

nsis

An. (

Ano)

ban

crof

tii

An. (

Cel

) am

ictu

s

An. (

Cel

) ann

ulip

es s.

l.

An. (

Cel

) hill

i

An. (

Cel

) mer

auke

nsis

An. (

Cel

) spe

cies

An. S

peci

es

Cq.

(Coq

) xan

thog

aste

r

Cx.

(Cux

) ann

ulir

ostr

is

Cx.

(Cux

) gel

idus

Cx.

(Cux

) pal

palis

Cx.

(Cux

) qui

nque

fasc

iatu

s

Cx.

(Cux

) siti

ens

Cx.

(Cux

) spe

cies

Cx.

(Cux

) vic

inus

Cx.

(Cux

) Vis

hnui

gro

up

Cx.

(Lop

) cub

icul

i

Cx.

(Lop

) hill

i

Cx.

(Lop

) spe

cies

Cx.

(Lop

) spe

cies

167

Ma.

(Mnd

) uni

form

is

Mi.

(Eto

) ele

gans

Mi.

(Mim

) cha

mbe

rlai

ni

Mi.

(Mim

) cha

mbe

rlai

ni m

etal

lica

mos

quito

es u

nide

ntifi

able

(dam

aged

)

Tp. (

Pol)

punc

tola

tera

lis

Ur.

(Ura

) alb

esce

ns

Ur.

(Ura

) lat

eral

is

Ur.

(Ura

) niv

ipes

Ur.

(Ura

) spe

cies

Ve. (

Ver)

fune

rea

EL09 IM_Blaydin Point_ EL09 2 0 1 5 2 1 1 2 249 556 0 0 150 1 0 0 36 1 0 0 187 48 0 0 14 948 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 23 1 0 1 23 0 1 10 42 0 0 2318 71 32.65 6.45

MOF IM_Blaydin Point_ MOF 4 0 0 15 0 8 0 14 4 121 1 0 73 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 15 26 0 0 2 139 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 0 0 447 70 6.39 1.24

1888 IM_Blaydin Point_1888 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 28 1 0 28 0 0 1 8 0 1 0 49 2 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 1 1 1 2 0 0 7 10 1 0 194 71 2.73 0.54

BG10 QM BG10, FHW 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 82 0 0 40 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 128 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 282 24 11.75 0.78

BG3 QM BG3 Baker Hughes, East Arm Wharf (discontinued) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 595 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 33 0 0 199 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 842 18 46.78 2.34

BG4 QM BG4, East Arm Wharf 26 0 21 0 5 3 0 1 39 1014 0 0 2 4 0 0 83 0 1 0 82 84 0 0 13684 91 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 15164 52 291.62 42.17

BG5 QM BG5, Airport SRA Baggage tunnel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 14 46 0.30 0.04

BG6 QM BG6 MHS (RAAF), building 127. 0 0 515 0 1 2 0 0 312 1093 0 0 1 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 165 684 0 8 12940 155 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 0 0 1 0 0 1 15907 54 294.57 44.23

BG8 QM BG8, East Arm Wharf 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 126 0 0 4 0 0 0 53 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 147 27 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 10 0 2 396 52 7.62 1.10

QM Camp (Accomodation Village) - Melville Port 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 7 3 0 1 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 165 5 33.00 0.46

QM Mid Yard (Laydown Area) - Melville Port 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 169 5 33.80 0.47

QM Near Wharf (Culvert with pipes) - Melville Port 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 5 12.80 0.18

TOTALS 34 11 546 22 8 14 1 17 655 3698 2 1 299 9 1 4 209 1 3 1 500 898 6 8 27119 1638 10 0 14 1 3 3 4 57 5 1 4 50 3 1 24 70 1 6 35962 473 76.03 100.00

AVERAGE PER TRAP NIGHT 0.07 0.02 1.15 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.04 1.38 7.82 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.44 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.06 1.90 0.01 0.02 57.33 3.46 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.00 0.01 76.03

PERCENTAGE % 0.09 0.03 1.52 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.05 1.82 10.28 0.01 0.00 0.83 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.58 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.39 2.50 0.02 0.02 75.41 4.55 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.19 0.00 0.02 100.00

Note: Trapping at EAW, DIA, RAAF and FHW was carried out weekly.Trapping at Blaydin Point was increased from weekly to twice a week in Feb 2016Trapping at Melville Port ocurrs after international vessel arrivals only.

* Following the detection of Ae. aegypti at the DIA on 17/1/2016, enhanced surveillance and control was carried out. No further Ae. aegypti were detected following the response.

SITE NO.

TRAP SITE %TOTALNO. OF

SUCCESSFUL TRAP NIGHTS

AVERAGE PER TRAP


TABLE 26:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\26_Malcas1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

LOCATION OF NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBERFIRST FEVER OF CASES ENTOMOLOGICAL REQUIRING

P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae INVESTIGATIONS MOSQUITO CONTROLAnula 1 1Humpty Doo 1 1Jabiru 2 1 1 1Karama 3 3 1Katherine 1 1Leanyer 1 1Malak 1 1 1Nhulunbuy 1 1RDH (medivac) 1 1The Gardens 4 2 2 1Wagaman 1 1TOTAL 17 13 4 0 0 4 0

LOCATION OF FIRST FEVER IN NT

MALARIA NOTIFICATIONS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

1 JULY 2015 TO 30 JUNE 2016

PARASITE SPECIES

TABLE 27: INTERCEPTION OF EXOTIC MOSQUITOES IN NORTHERN TERRITORY SEA- AND AIRPORTS JULY 2000 - JUNE 2016

Medical Entomology CDC DoH F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\interception_summary_tables 1516

1: PORT OF ORIGIN

PORT OF ORIGIN 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16 TOTAL

Indonesia 17 8 27 9 24 8 1 5 2 1BG 0 0 0 0 0 1,3*^BG 106

East Timor 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 14

Singapore 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 7

Singapore/East Timor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2BG 2BG 1BG 1BG 1, 2BG 0 0 9

Other 2* 2 4 0 2 0 1* 0 0 0 0 0 1BG 0 3 0 15

TOTAL INTERCEPTIONS 29 10 34 10 26 9 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 151Other = China, Japan, Malaysia, Philipines, USA, Vietnam or unkown.

2: VESSEL TYPES IMPLICATED IN IMPORTATION

09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16

Foreign Fishing Vessel 15 9 31 6 24 8 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100

Cargo Vessel 8 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 1, 3 BG 1, 2BG 2, 1BG 2BG 1, 2BG 2BG 1 33

Airplane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1^ 2^*,1BG 4

Other 6 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14

TOTAL INTERCEPTIONS 29 10 34 10 26 9 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 151

Note: multiple receptacles may be positive within a shipment.Other = barge, motor launch, passenger vessel, data not collected or unknown.

09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16

Tyres 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

Water Receptacle (<than 200L) 4 6 6 0 6 2 1 2 2 1BG 0 0 0 0 0 0 30

200L Water Receptacle 13 3 16 1 18 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57

On-shore Ovitraps 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4

Adult Traps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2BG 2BG 1BG 2BG 2BG 2BG 1BG 12

Sentinel tyre 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

Other 10 1 11 6 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 39


09/10 10/11 12/13 13/14 14/15 15/16

Aedes aegypti 16 6 31 6 25 8 1* 5 3 1, 2BG 1BG 1BG 2BG 0 1^, 2BG 1^,1*,1BG 114

Aedes albopictus 1, 1* 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1BG 1, 1BG 0 0 1, 2BG 0 1 16

Culex spathifurca 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Other 9, 1* 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 19


2. Larval Collections = Numerals without superscript symbols.

4. *Ovitrap Collection.5. ^Sentinel tyre collection

01/02

6. Data on exotic mosquito interceptions in receptacles provided by DAWR.

01/02

1. Note: this is not a species count, since a species may be detected more than once i.e, in different receptacles within a shipment.

02/03 03/04 04/05 08/0900/01 07/08

3. Adult Collection Type: EVS (Encephalitis Virus trap - established 1999), BG (Biogents Sentinel trap - established 2010).

06/07 TOTAL 11/12

Note: multiple species may be present in one receptacle.

SPECIES DETECTED

04/05 05/06

01/02

Other = machinery, equipment, vehicles, luggage, data not collected.

4: MOSQUITO SPECIES DETECTED AS EGGS, LARVAE OR ADULTS†

3: POSITIVE RECEPTACLES

TOTAL

05/06

VESSEL TYPE

RECEPTACLE TYPE 05/06

06/07

03/04 04/05

02/03 03/0400/01

00/01 06/07 07/08 08/09 TOTAL 02/03

08/0907/08

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\28_survey_travel_1516.doc Medical Entomology CDC DoH 21/10/2014

TABLE 28: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY MOSQUITO SURVEYS AND TRAVEL JULY 2015 TO JUNE 2016

DATE LOCATION PERSON PURPOSE

20-26 Sep 2015 Mandurah Operations Manager Mosquito Management course 23-25 Nov 2015 Canberra Director Tropical disease research

stakeholder workshop 7-11 Dec 2015 Tennant Creek Vector Surveillance Officer Aedes aegypti elimination

program 5-6 Jan 2016 Katherine Director, Operations Manager Endemic and exotic mosquito

survey 11 Jan 2016 Nauiyu Advice and Control Officer Post-flood mosquito survey 27-29 Jan2016 Nhulunbuy Vector Surveillance Officer,

Technical Officer Exotic mosquito survey

8-12 Feb 2016 Tennant Creek Vector Surveillance Officer, Technical Officer

Aedes aegypti elimination program

7-10 Mar 2016 Groote Eylandt Vector Surveillance Officer,

Administration Officer Exotic mosquito survey

8-9 Mar 2016 Lake Bennett Director CDC section heads meeting 13-14 Apr 2016 Jabiru Advice and Control Officer,

Technical Officer Exotic mosquito survey

3-5 May 2016 Canberra Director NAMAC meeting

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\29 Public 1516.doc

TABLE 29: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 2015/16

BRANCH REPORTS Medical Entomology Annual Report 2014/15 Legune Station Aquaculture Development. Baseline Biting Insect Assessment August 2015 to July 2016 (progress report) Mosquito Investigation Wagait Beach 14-15 January 2015 Biting Insect Assessment Litchfield Shire Rural Activity Centre, October 2015 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Jacups SP, Carter J, Kurucz N, McDonnell J and Whelan PI (2015). ‘ Determining meteorological environmental drivers of salt marsh mosquito peaks in tropical northern Australia’ J Vec Ecol. 40:2:277-281. Kurucz N and Roberts A (2015). ‘Aerial mosquito control of Ilparpa Swamp, Alice Springs 23 January 2015’ Mosquito Bites in the Asia Pacific Region 10:1:4-7. Warchot A, Copley N and Kurucz N (2015). ‘Wagait Beach mosquito investigation 14-15 January 2015’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin 22:3:8-11. Warchot A, Kurucz N and Copley N (2015). ‘Environmental changes – a challenge for mosquito control in the Lee Point area, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin 22:4:21-24. Kurucz N, Markey P, Draper A, Melville L, Weir R, Davis S, Warchot A, Boyd R and Stokeld D (2016). ‘Investigation into high Barmah Forest virus disease cases reported in the Northern Territory, Australia in 2012-13’ Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 16:2:110-116. Kurucz N (2016). ‘Campaign to increase awareness of MVE in remote communities across the NT, Australia’ Northern Territory Disease Control Bulletin 23:1:39.

FIGURES


F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Darwin\Fig1_dwnurban_adult1516.doc

FIGURE 1: DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES AND

SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Darwin\Fig2_dwnurban_ovi1516.doc

FIGURE 2: DARWIN URBAN EXOTIC AEDES OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

LOCATION OF OVITRAP AND SENTINEL CHICKEN SITES

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Darwin\Fig3_dwnrural_ovi1516.doc

FIGURE 3: DARWIN RURAL EXOTIC AEDES OVITRAP SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM LOCATION OF OVITRAP AND SENTINEL CHICKEN SITES

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Alyangula\Fig4_aly_allsites_1516.doc

FIGURE 4: ALYANGULA ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES AND

OVITRAP LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Alyangula\Fig5_ang_allsites_1516.doc

FIGURE 5: ANGURUGU ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITE AND

OVITRAP LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\nhulun\Fig6_nhul_allsites_1516.doc

FIGURE 6: NHULUNBUY ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES,

OVITRAP AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATIONS

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Katherine\Fig7_kath_allsites_1516.doc

FIGURE 7: KATHERINE ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES,


F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Tennant\Fig8_tc_allsites_1516.doc

FIGURE 8: TENNANT CREEK ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITE

AND SENTINEL CHICKEN LOCATION

F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Alice\Fig9_alice_allsites_1516.doc

FIGURE 9: ALICE SPRINGS ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 TRAP SITES,


F:\ENTO\ento_files\maps\Darwin\Fig10_DAWR_dwnadult_1516.doc

FIGURE 10: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES DARWIN ADULT MOSQUITO MONITORING CO2 AND BG TRAP SITES

FIGURE 11:

F:\ento\ento-files\meb_programs\ovitraps\Darwin\Darwin_urban_data\dwn_urban_OVNO_1516\dwn_urban_sp_rain_CHT_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2-Ju

l-15

16-J

ul-1

5

30-J

ul-1

5

13-A

ug-1

5

27-A

ug-1

5

10-S

ep-1

5

24-S

ep-1

5

8-O

ct-1

5

22-O

ct-1

5

5-N

ov-1

5

19-N

ov-1

5

3-D

ec-1

5

17-D

ec-1

5

31-D

ec-1

5

14-J

an-1

6

28-J

an-1

6

11-F

eb-1

6

25-F

eb-1

6

10-M

ar-1

6

24-M

ar-1

6

7-A

pr-1

6

21-A

pr-1

6

5-M

ay-1

6

19-M

ay-1

6

2-Ju

n-16

16-J

un-1

6

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Num

ber

of la

rvae

in a

ll tr

aps

Collection date

Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin City and Outer Darwin 2015/16 Total number of larvae in all twenty nine trap sites; rainfall at Darwin airport

Total rainfall (mm) between date set and collected Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) kochi

FIGURE 12:

F:\ento\ento-files\meb_programs\ovitraps\Darwin\Darwin_routine_data\dwn_rural_palmerston_OVNO_1516\dwn_rural_palm_sp_rain_CHT_1516 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

15-J

ul-1

5

28-J

ul-1

5

11-A

ug-1

5

24-A

ug-1

5

9-Se

p-15

21-S

ep-1

5

6-O

ct-1

5

21-O

ct-1

5

4-N

ov-1

5

16-N

ov-1

5

2-D

ec-1

5

17-D

ec-1

5

29-D

ec-1

5

12-J

an-1

6

27-J

an-1

6

8-Fe

b-16

23-F

eb-1

6

7-M

ar-1

6

21-M

ar-1

6

4-A

pr-1

6

18-A

pr-1

6

3-M

ay-1

6

17-M

ay-1

6

30-M

ay-1

6

14-J

un-1

6

27-J

un-1

6

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Num

ber

of la

rvae

in a

ll tr

aps

Collection date

Exotic Aedes ovitrap surveillance program - Darwin Rural and Palmerston 2015/16 Total number of larvae in all nine trap sites; rainfall at Darwin airport

Total rainfall (mm) between date set and collected Cx. (Cux) quinquefasciatusAe. (Fin) notoscriptus Ae. (Mac) tremulusAe. (Fin) kochi

FIGURE 13: MOSQUITO MONITORING PROGRAM DARWIN

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\\Dm1516an\AVE0809_1516_CHT_5yr Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Lea

nyer

Gat

e

Lon

gwoo

d

Lea

nyer

Dum

p

Kar

ama

Palm

Cre

ek

Mar

rara

Rou

nd S

wam

p

Avi

atio

n M

useu

m

Mar

rara

Rifl

e R

ange

Cas

uari

na

Coc

onut

Gro

ve

Tot

em R

oad

AVE

RA

GE

NU

MB

ER

OF

FEM

AL

E M

OSQ

UIT

OE

S PE

R T

RA

P N

IGH

T

TRAP LOCATION

AVERAGE NUMBER OF ALL FEMALE MOSQUITOES PER TRAP NIGHT CAUGHT USING WEEKLY CO2 BAITED MOSQUITO TRAPS AT THE ELEVEN CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES, 2011/12 TO 2015/16.

2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

FIGURE 14:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Darwin\rain_disease_species_Darwin_1516/DM_month_Cxgrp_rainCHT_2010_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

2013

/14,

Jan

2014

/15,

Jan

2015

/16,

Jan

No.

of A

e. v

igila

x &

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is g

rp. p

er tr

ap n

ight

Mon

thly

rai

nfal

l (m

m)

DARWIN. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016

Total monthly rainfall (mm), Darwin Airport

Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)

Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)

953 1110

FIGURE 15:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Darwin\rain_disease_species_Darwin_1516/DM_month_CXgrp_RRVCHT_2010_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

2013

/14,

Jan

2014

/15,

Jan

2015

/16,

Jan

No.

of A

e. v

igila

x &

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is g

rp. p

er tr

ap n

ight

Mon

thly

RR

V d

isea

se c

ases

DARWIN. Monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Ae. vigilax and Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016

No. of laboratory confirmed Ross River virus disease cases in Darwin Suburbs (includes Berrimah)

Average monthly no. of female Ae. vigilax per trap night (for the 11 monitoring sites collected weekly in the CO2 baited traps)

Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 11 monitoring trap sites collected weekly in CO2 baited traps)

953 645

FIGURE 16:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\meb_programs\mosquito control and monitoring\NT\Darwin_reg\Darwin\chartab\longterm_averages\LTA_darwin_1990_1516_rain Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Aver

age

num

ber

of fe

mal

e m

osqu

itoes

per

trap

DARWIN. Financial year & long term average number of Cx. annulirostris and Ae. vigilax per trap caught in the eleven

continuous weekly CO2 baited mosquito traps. Financial year - 2015/16

Rainfall (mm), Darwin Airport Ae. (Och) vigilax Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp.

Ae. (Och) vigilax LTA Cx. (Cux) annulirostris grp. LTA

Long term average data (LTA) 1990/91 - 2014/15

FIGURE 17:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1516\AS_month_Cxgrp_rainCHT_2010_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

50

100

150

200

250

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

2013

/14,

Jan

2014

/15,

Jan

2015

/16,

Jan

No.

of C

x. a

nnul

irost

ris g

rp. p

er tr

ap n

ight

Mon

thly

rai

nfal

l (m

m)

ALICE SPRINGS. Total monthly rainfall in relation to Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016

Total monthly rainfall (mm), Alice Springs Airport

Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 4 continuous monitoring CO2 baited trap sites)

* The 4 continuous CO2 trap sites are Ilparpa Swamp A & B, Bloomfield and Old Timers

FIGURE 18:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\reg anrp 2015-16\Alice Springs\rain_disease_species_AliceSprings_1516\AS_month_CXgrp_RRVCHT_2010_16 Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010

/11,

Jan

2011

/12,

Jan

2012

/13,

Jan

2013

/14,

Jan

2014

/15,

Jan

2015

/16,

Jan

No.

of

Cx.

ann

ulir

ostr

is g

rp. p

er tr

ap n

ight

Mon

thly

RR

V d

isea

se c

ases

ALICE SPRINGS. Monthly RRV disease cases in relation to Cx. annulirostris grp. July 2010 to June 2016

No. of laboratory confirmed Ross River virus disease cases in Alice Springs town

Average monthly no. of female Cx. annulirostris grp. per trap night (for the 4 continuous monitoring CO2 baited trap sites)

* The 4 continuous CO2 trap sites are Ilparpa Swamp A & B, Bloomfield and Old Timers

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\Fig19_leanyer_helicopter_1516.doc

FIGURE 19: AERIAL APPLIED MOSQUITO LARVAL CONTROL PROGRAM MAJOR MOSQUITO BREEDING AREAS - DARWIN.

FIGURE 20:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\9_Rrv1516\rrv9900_1516ch Medical Entomology CDC DoH 22/02/2017

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jul

Oct

1999

Jan Apr Ju

lO

ct20

00 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

01 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

02 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

03 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

04 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

05 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

06 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

07 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

08 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

09 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

10 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

11 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

12 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

13 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

14 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

15 J

an Apr Ju

lO

ct20

16 J

an Apr

NU

MB

ER

OF

CA

SES

MONTH AND YEAR OF ONSET

ROSS RIVER VIRUS DISEASE CASES IN THE NT LABORATORY CONFIRMED CASES FROM CDC (BY MONTH OF ONSET)

1999/00 TO 2015/16

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\Fig21_sent chick_location1516.doc F:\ento\ento_files\gis\gis_data\northern_territory\final_maps/sentch_stations_1516.mxd

FIGURE 21: LOCATION OF SENTINEL CHICKEN FLOCKS IN THE NT

FIGURE 22:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\Fig22_Wet deciles1516.docx

FIGURE 23:

F:\ENTO\ento_files\public_info\annual_reports\anrp_2015_16\ME anrp_2015_16\Fig23_wet totals1516.docx

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