Medical Microbiology 2 Presentation Visa

8/13/2019 Medical Microbiology 2 Presentation Visa

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SIME DARBY NURSING AND HEALTH

SCIENCES COLLEGE

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORYTECHNOLOGY

JULY 2012 INTAKE


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MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2

MLTC 1222

Salmonella typhi(Serogroup D)

PRESENTED BY VISANATHANDML/0542/12


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HISTORY


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Genus- Salmonella

Was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, an American

veterinary pathologist (1850-1914)

Theobald Smith was the actual discover of the type

Bacterium (Salmonella enterica var. cholerasuis) in

1985


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Daniel Elmer Salmon


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Theobald Smith


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Species- Salmonella typhi

Typhi got its name from Typhoid fever that caused bythe typhoid bacillus

Typhoid bacillus was 1st

observed by Eberth (1880)and was isolated by Gaffky (1884)

Known as the Eberth Gafky bacillus or Eberthella

typhi


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INTRODUCTION


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Salmonella typhi is only can be found in

human beings

It is a type of bacterium that can cause

typhoid fever in human beings


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CLASSIFICATION


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Kingdom: Eubacteria

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gammaproteobacteria

Order: Enterobacteriales

Family: Enterobacteriaceae

Genus: Salmonella

Species: S. typhi


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MORPHOLOGY


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Salmonella typhi


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Salmonella typhi


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Salmonella typhi under microscopic view


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SOURCES OF INFECTION


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Drinking contaminated water

Consuming milk and other types of dairy

products

Meats and meat based products

Household pets


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PATHOGENESIS


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Salmonella typhi infections are a zoonotic disease

meaning that the infection can spread between

animals and people.

Salmonellatyphiis transmitted from animals to

humans and humans to humans by the fecal oral

route.

Salmonellatyphican be passed from one person to

another through poor hygiene. Example,Salmonellatyphican be passed from one person to

another by not properly washing hands after using

the bathroom or after changing a diaper.


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In humans, Salmonella typhi are the cause of

two diseases called Salmonellosis:

Enteric fever (typhoid), resulting from

bacterial invasion of the bloodstream.

Acute gastroenteritis, resulting from a

foodborne infection/intoxication.


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GENETIC VARIATION


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May lose the H antigen and become non motile

Loss of O antigen is associated with the change

from smooth to rough colony

Vi antigens may be lost as partially or completelly

Antigens may be acquired or lost during thetransduction process.


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SPECIMEN COLLECTION


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Main specimens:

Whole blood/Clotted blood

Stool

Urine


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Other specimens:

Bone marrow

Cerebrospinal fluid

Culture of bile obtained by duodenalaspiration


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CULTURE MEDIA


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Salmonella typhi in Macconkey Agar


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Salmonella typhi in Wilson Blair Medium


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Xylose Lysine Deoxychocolate (XDL) Agar


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SEROLOGICAL TESTING


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Widal test

An old serologic assay used to detect IgM and IgG

antibodies to the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhi.

Bacteria causing the typhoid fever are mixed withserum containing specific antibodies obtained from aninfected individual.

The test in unrealiable but widely used in developingcountries due to the low costs.

There are other newer serological methods whichmore sensitive and accurate than Widal test butinfrequently available.


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CONFORMATION ANALYSIS :

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

SLIDE AGGLUTINATION METHOD


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Indole Test =

Purpose = Biochemical test performed on bacterial species todetermine the ability of the organism to convert

tryptophan into the indole

Results = Negative

Methyl Red Test =

Purpose = Determines whether the microbe performs mixed

acids fermentation when with supplied glucose.

Results = Positive


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Voges Proskaeur Test =

Purpose = Determine whether an organism can produce

acetylmethylcarbinol (acetoin) from

fermentation of glucose.

Results = Negative

Citrate Test =

Purpose = Determine the abilities to ferment certain sugars,

decarboxylate amino acids and utilize citrate.

Results = Positive


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Indole Test


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Methyl Red Test


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Voges-Proskaeur Test


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Simmons Citrate Test


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Slide Agglutination Method =

A small amount of serum is obtained from the

patient's blood sample

Mixed with Salmonella antigens on a slide and

rotated.

Formation of clumps indicates a positive test.


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Prolonged fever

Headache

Muscle pain

Constipation

Nausea


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Vomiting

Diarrhea

Abdominal discomfort


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TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Treatment :


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Treatment :

Penicillin

Erythromycin

Oxycycline

Etracycline

Intravenous antibiotics


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Preventive antibiotics

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

Oral antibiotic


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Prevention :

Frequent hand washing is essential

Eat more fruit and vegetables

Be cautious when consuming foods and drinks

especially from outside (stalls)


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OUTBREAK :

FOOD POISONING IN TANJONG

DAWAI , ALOR SETAR , KEDAH (2013)


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This happened on 28 September 2013 during awedding reception feast.

More than 2000 guests were served withchickens which is contaminated with Salmonellabacteria.

State Health Department director Dr Ismail AbuTaat said Salmonellabacteria was commonlyfound in livestock and the department concluded

that those who prepared the dish failed to cleanthe chicken properly.


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Dr Ismail said earlier investigations revealed that thechicken used for the ayam masak merah dish had been

sent to the host in Kampung Huma a day before thewedding reception.The chicken was sent to the houseon Friday evening but it was only cooked at 4pm thenext day.

This had allowed the bacteria to breed in the chicken.Investigation also revealed that the chicken wascontaminated and gave off a foul smell.

However, those who prepared the dish only removedthe spoiled portion and cook the meat.


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More than 280 guests, including the bride'sfamily, suffered acute food poisoning

symptoms, such as diarrhoea and vomiting,

after the feast.

Four guests died.


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VIDEO :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJdJ4wDF

o7E


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THANK YOU

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