Medical Terminologies - Roque

8/3/2019 Medical Terminologies - Roque

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LIS 141

Ma. Criselda Roque


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Neuroscience

NeurologyPharmacology

DermatologyEndocrinology

Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the study of thehuman nervous system, the brain, andthe biological basis of consciousness,

perception, memory, and learning.


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Etymology[from Greek neuron nerve;

related to Latin nervus]


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TriviaThe study of the nervous system dates back toancient Egypt. Evidence oftrepanation, the surgical

practice of either drilling or scraping a hole into theskull with the purpose of curing headaches or mentaldisorders or relieving cranial pressure, beingperformed on patients dates back to Neolithic times

and has been found in various cultures throughoutthe world. Manuscripts dating back to 1700 BCindicated that the Egyptians had some knowledgeabout symptoms of brain damage.


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The nervous system and the brain are the

physical foundation of the human learningprocess.

Neuroscience links our observations aboutcognitive behavior with the actual physicalprocesses that support such behavior. This

theory is still young and is undergoingrapid, controversial development.


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The scope of neuroscience has broadened

to include different approaches used tostudy the molecular, cellular,developmental, structural, functional,

evolutionary, computational, and medicalaspects of the nervous system.


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Related Terms1. NEUROBIOLOGY- usually used

interchangeably with the termneuroscience, although the former refersspecifically to the biology of the nervous

system, whereas the latter refers to theentire science of the nervous system.


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Related Terms2. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY- branch of biology

that deals with the molecular basis ofbiological activity. Molecular biology chieflyconcerns itself with understanding theinteractions between the various systems of a

cell, including the interactions between thedifferent types of DNA, RNA and proteinbiosynthesis as well as learning how these

interactions are regulated.


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Related Terms3. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY- study of theelectrical properties of biological cells andtissues. It involves measurements of voltagechange or electric current on a wide variety ofscales from single ion channel proteins to

whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience,it includes measurements of the electricalactivity of neurons, and particularly action

potential activity.


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Major BranchesAffective neuroscienceBehavioral neuroscienceCellular neuroscience

Clinical neuroscienceCognitive neuroscienceComputational neuroscienceCultural neuroscienceDevelopmental neuroscience
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience


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Major BranchesMolecular neuroscienceNeuroengineeringNeuroimaging

NeuroinformaticsNeurolinguisticsNeurophysiologySocial neuroscienceSystems neuroscience
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_neurosciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience


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Reference sources:Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical

Applications: With STUDENT CONSULT OnlinePublisher: Churchill Livingstone; 3 edition (December 15,2005)

Author: Duane E. Haines (Author)

- illustrated, clinically oriented textbook with well-balanced coverage of both neurophysiology and

neuroanatomy- Features information based primarily on data obtainedfrom human studies, rather than animal ones, to keepcoverage relevant to clinical practice. Offers meticulousupdates throughout to reflect all of the latestdevelopments in neuroscience.


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Reference sources:Neuroscience, Fourth EditionPublisher: Sinauer Associates, Inc.; 4th edition (July 31,2007)Edited by Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, DavidFitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia,

James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White

- for medical students and in undergraduate neurosciencecourses. Being both comprehensive and authoritative, thebook is also appropriate for graduate and professional use.


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Reference sources:


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Neuroscience



Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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NeurologyA medical specialty dealing with disorders

of the nervous system. Specifically, it dealswith the diagnosis and treatment of all

categories of disease involving the central,

peripheral, and autonomic nervoussystems, including their coverings, bloodvessels, and all effector tissue, such as

muscle.


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Etymology(from Greek, neuron, "nerve"+ the suffix -, '-logia', "studyof")


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Trivia There are approximately 100 billion neurons in thehuman brain. The average human brain weighs about 3 pounds(1.4 kilograms). The average length of the adult spinal cord is 45 cmfor men and 43 cm for women.

The sponge is the only multicellular animal withouta nervous system. Schizophrenia affects about 1 out of every 100people.


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Trivia Information travels in the nerves at speeds up to268 miles per hour (429 kilometers/hour). The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that theheart, not the brain, was the seat of mentalprocesses. Most people dream about 5 times during each 8-

hour period of sleep. Based on this number, peoplehave about 1,825 dreams every year. The distance separating two neurons at a synapse is20-40 nanometers. (1 nanometer is equal to one-

billionth of a meter.)


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Neurologic DiseasesNeurologic diseases are disorders of the brain,spinal cord and nerves throughout your body.

Together they control all the workings of thebody. When something goes wrong with a partof your nervous system, you can have trouble

moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing orlearning. You can also have problems withyour memory, senses or mood.


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There are more than 600 neurologic

diseases. Major types include:Diseases caused by faulty genes, such as Huntington's diseaseand muscular dystrophyProblems with the way the nervous system develops, such as

spina bifidaDegenerative diseases, where nerve cells are damaged or die,such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's diseaseDiseases of the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as

strokeInjuries to the spinal cord and brainSeizure disorders, such as epilepsyCancer, such as brain tumorsinfections, such as meningitis


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Huntingtons diseaseHuntington's disease (HD) is an inherited diseasethat causes certain nerve cells in the brain to waste

away. People are born with the defective gene, butsymptoms usually don't appear until middle age.Early symptoms of HD may include uncontrolledmovements, clumsiness or balance problems. Later,

HD can take away the ability to walk, talk or swallow.Some people stop recognizing family members.Others are aware of their environment and are ableto express emotions.


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Parkinson's DiseaseParkinson's disease is a disorder that affects nervecells, or neurons, in a part of the brain that controls

muscle movement. In Parkinson's, neurons thatmake a chemical called dopamine die or do not workproperly. Dopamine normally sends signals that helpcoordinate your movements. No one knows what

damages these cells.


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Alzheimer's DiseaseAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common formof dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain

disorder that seriously affects a person's ability tocarry out daily activities.

AD begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the

brain that control thought, memory and language.People with AD may have trouble rememberingthings that happened recently or names of peoplethey know.


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Reference sources:Textbook of Clinical Neurology (Book with CD-ROM)Publisher: Saunders (January 15, 1999)

Authors: Christopher G. Goetz MD & Eric J. Pappert MD)

- excellent clinical reference that provides information on thecorrelation of the anatomic diagnosis with the etiologic diagnosis.Coverage includes the functional anatomy of the neurologicexamination in detail and offers tests that neurologists may usebeyond the bedside exam. Also describes etiologic diagnosis and the

treatment of all of the major neurologic diseases. Extensively cross-referenced with tables which correlate findings and disease states.Features over 730 illustrations and includes a CD-ROM of the entiretext with video segments demonstrating movement disorders,neurologic tests, etc.


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Reference sources:Textbook of Clinical NeurologyPublisher: Saunders (January 15, 1999)

Author: Christopher Goetz, MD,)

- excellent clinical reference that provides information on thecorrelation of the anatomic diagnosis with the etiologic diagnosis.Coverage includes the functional anatomy of the neurologicexamination in detail and offers tests that neurologists may usebeyond the bedside exam. Also describes etiologic diagnosis and the

treatment of all of the major neurologic diseases. Extensively cross-referenced with tables which correlate findings and disease states.Features over 730 illustrations and includes a CD-ROM of the entiretext with video segments demonstrating movement disorders,neurologic tests, etc.


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Reference sources:


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Neuroscience



Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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Pharmacologybranch of medicine and biology

concerned with the study of drugaction. More specifically, it is the

study of the interactions that occur

between a living organism andchemicals that affect normal or

abnormal biochemical function.


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PharmacologyThe field encompasses drug composition

and properties, interactions, toxicology,therapy, and medical applications and

antipathogenic capabilities.

If substances have medicinal properties,they are considered pharmaceuticals.


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Two main areas of

pharmacology

1. Pharmacodynamics - studies the effects of

the drugs on biological systems. In broadterms, pharmacodynamics discusses theinteractions of chemicals with biologicalreceptors.

2. Pharmacokinetics studies the effects ofbiological systems on the drugs. Alsodiscusses the absorption, distribution,metabolism, and excretion of chemicals from

the biological systems.


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Etymology[from Greek , pharmakon,

"poison in classic Greek; drug in modernGreek"; and -, "Study of" -logia)]


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Trivia Dioscorides' De Materia Medica is often said to bethe oldest and most valuable work in the history ofpharmacology. The origins of clinical pharmacology date back tothe Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon ofMedicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and

John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotaryof Nicholas.Clinical pharmacology owes much of its foundationto the work of William Withering.


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TriviaPharmacology as a scientific discipline did notfurther advance until the mid-19th century amid thegreat biomedical resurgence of that period.

The first pharmacology department was set up byRudolf Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need

to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisonsproduced their effects.


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Related Terms1. PHARMACY- a biomedical scienceconcerned with preparation, dispensing,

dosage, and the safe and effective use ofmedicines. In contrast, Pharmacology dealswith how drugs interact within biological

systems to affect function. It is the study ofdrugs, of the reactions of the body and drugon each other, the sources of drugs, theirnature, and their properties.


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DivisionsClinical pharmacologyThe medical field of medication effects onhumans and animals.NeuropharmacologyEffects of medication on nervous systemfunctioning..

PsychopharmacologyEffects of medication on the brain; observingchanged behaviors of the body and read the

effect of drugs on the brain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pharmacology


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DivisionsPharmacogeneticsClinical testing of genetic variation that givesrise to differing response to drugs.PharmacogenomicsApplication of genomic technologies to newdrug discovery and further characterization of

older drugs.PharmacoepidemiologyStudy of effects of drugs in large numbers of

people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogeneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenetics


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DivisionsToxicologyStudy of harmful or toxic effects of drugs.Theoretical PharmacologyStudy of metrics in Pharmacology.PosologyHow medicines are dosed. It also depends

upon various factors like age, climate, weight,sex, and so on.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology


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DivisionsPharmacognosyA branch of pharmacology dealing especiallywith the composition, use, and developmentof medicinal substances of biological originand especially medicinal substances obtainedfrom plants also known as deriving medicines

from plants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacognosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacognosy


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DivisionsBehavioral PharmacologyBehavioral pharmacology, also referred to aspsychopharmacology, is an interdisciplinary field

which studies behavioral effects of psychoactivedrugsEnvironmental PharmacologyEnvironmental pharmacology is a new

discipline.Focus is being given to understand Geneenvironment interaction, drug-environmentinteraction and toxin-environment interaction.


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Neuroscience



Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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DermatologyA branch of medicine dealing with

the skin and its diseases, a uniquespecialty with both medical and

surgical aspects.[A dermatologist takes

care of diseases, and some cosmeticproblems of the skin, scalp, hair, and

nails.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology


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EtymologyCoined in English 1819, the

word dermatology originated

in the form of the words dermologie(in French, 1764) and, a little later, dermatologia(inLatin, 1777).The term derives fromthe Greek "" (dermatos), genitive of ""

(derma), "skin"(from "" dero, "to flay" + "-logy,"the study of", a suffix derived from "" (logos),amongst others meaning study.


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SubspecialtiesCosmetic dermatology- involves the performance of cosmetic procedures

including liposuction, blepharoplasty, and face lifts.

Dermatopathology- specializes in the pathology of the skin. This field

is shared by dermatologists and pathologists.

Immunodermatology- specializes in the treatment of immune-mediated

skin diseases such as lupus, bullouspemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and other

immune-mediated skin disorders


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Subspecialties Mohs surgery- focuses on the excision of skin cancers using a

tissue-sparing technique that allows intraoperativeassessment of 100% of the peripheral and deeptumor margins developed in the 1930s by Dr. FredericE. Mohs.

Pediatric dermatologyencompasses the complex diseases of the neonates,hereditary skin diseases orgenodermatoses, and themany difficulties of working with

the pediatric population


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Subspecialties Teledermatologya form of dermatology where telecommunication

technologies are used to exchange medicalinformation via all kinds of media (audio, visual andalso data communication, but typically photos ofdermatologic conditions) usually made by non-

dermatologists for evaluation off-site bydermatologists).


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Trivia In 1572, Geronimo Mercuriali of Forl, Italy,completed De morbis cutaneis (translated "On the

diseases of the skin"). It is considered the firstscientific work dedicated to dermatology.

In 1801 the first great school of dermatology became

a reality at the famous Hpital Saint-Louis in Paris,while the first textbooks (Willan's, 1798-1808) andatlases (Alibert's, 1806-1814) appeared in print duringthe same period of time


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Skin Layers


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Skin Layers

Epidermis layer-the outermost layer of the skin . There are noblood vessels in the epidermis but its deepest layer

is supplied with lymph fluid. It is thickest in thepalms and on the bottom of the feet.

Dermis or corium layer-a tough and elastic layer containing white fibroustissue interlaced with yellow elastic fibers.


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Skin Layers

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer- The deepest of the layers of skin. It connects orbinds the dermis above it to the underlying organs.

This layer is mainly composed of loose fibrousconnective tissue and fat (adipose) cells interlaced

with blood vessels. In females, the hypodermis isgenerally about 8% thicker than in males. Themain functions of the hypodermis includeinsulation, storing of lipids, cushioning of thebody and temperature regulation.


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Skin Diseases

List of cutaneous conditions

Impetigo

Rubella (German

measles)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions


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Neuroscience



Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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EndocrinologyA branch of biology and medicine

concerned with the study of thebiosynthesis, storage, chemistry, andphysiological function of hormones

and with the cells of the endocrineglands and tissues that secrete them.


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Etymology(from Greek , endo,

"within"; , krn, "toseparate"; and -,

-logia)


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Endocrine System


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Endocrine System

Hormones

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that

secrete chemical messages we call hormones. Thesechemical released by a cell or a gland in one part ofthe body sends out messages that affect cells in otherparts of the organism Exocrine glands (not part ofthe endocrine system) secrete products that arepassed outside the body. Sweat glands, salivaryglands, and digestive glands are examples of

exocrine glands.


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Endocrine System

Hormones

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that

secrete chemical messages we call hormones. Thesechemical released by a cell or a gland in one part ofthe body sends out messages that affect cells in otherparts of the organism Exocrine glands (not part ofthe endocrine system) secrete products that arepassed outside the body. Sweat glands, salivaryglands, and digestive glands are examples of

exocrine glands.


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Endocrine System

A. Hypothalamus-controls body temperature,blood pressure, sleep & emotion; producessecretions that stimulates the pituitary.

B. Pituitary Gland-"master gland" (hypophysis)1. secretes hormones that control the activity ofother endocrine glands and regulate

various biological processes. The pituitary gland isinfluenced both neurallyand hormonally by the hypothalamus.


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Endocrine System

C. Thyroid Gland- produces thyroxin whichis made of iodine1. located in the neck

2. thyroxin regulates the rate of metabolism

D. Parathyroid Glands- produces parathormone,located within the thyroid1. parathormone controls metabolism of calcium

which is necessary for growth, health of bones &teeth, *BLOOD CLOTTING*, nerve functions +

muscle contraction


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Endocrine System

E.Adrenal Glands- secrete adrenalinecauses "Flight or Fight" action1. located on top of each kidney

2. adrenaline causes blood vessels to constrict,heartbeat, blood pressure, clotting3. adrenaline also increases rate of metabolism andrelease ofglucose by liver [example: slows flow ofdigestive juices]


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Endocrine System

F. Pancreas- secrete hormones suchas glucagon & insulin

Insulin- causes absorption of sugar into body cellswhich results in lowering blood sugar levels..Glucagon- cause discharge of sugar from liver intoblood which results in raising blood sugarlevels glycogen into glucose


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Endocrine Diseases

Endocrine disorders may be subdivided into threegroups:1. Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to

hormone deficiency)2. Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to

hormone excess)3. Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine

glands


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Trivia

- The study of endocrinology began in China. TheChinese were isolating sex and pituitary hormonesfrom human urine and using them for medicinal

purposes by 200 BCE.


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Neuroscience



Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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Anesthesiology

A branch of medicine concerned withanesthesia and anesthetics and their

application.


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EtymologyThe word "anesthesia", coined by OliverWendell Holmes, Sr. (18091894) in 1846 from

the Greek -, an-, "without"; and ,aisthsis, "sensation"),refers to the inhibitionof sensation.


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Anesthesia (or Anaesthesia)- the condition of having sensation (including thefeeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away. It

is a pharmacologically induced and reversible stateof amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, lossof skeletal muscle reflexes or decreased stressresponse, or all simultaneously. This allows patients

to undergo surgery and other procedures without thedistress and pain they would otherwise experience.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation


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Trivia Nitrous oxide - At the beginning of the 19thcentury, as Humphry Davy described this gas as

"capable of destroying physical pain", people haddiscovered that inhaling small amounts of it createdpleasant sensations.

Acupuncture is also a method of anesthesia wherevery fine needles are inserted underneath the skinand twirled around rapidly.


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General and local anesthetic

General anesthetic affects whole body causingunconsciousness; local affects only the part of the body to beoperated on. During general anesthetic, the anesthetic firstenters the bloodstream, and travels in the blood to the CNS(central nervous system). There it acts on the brain's nervecells, causing them to lose the ability to send and receivemessages. The patient falls unconscious, and can feel no

sensation. A local anesthetic blocks nerves at the area to beoperated on. It can either be applied to the surface of thebody, which affects the nerve endings in the skin, or injected

with a needle, which blocks nerve impulses from the brain.


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Neuroscience



Anesthesiology

Toxicology


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ToxicologyA branch of biology, chemistry, and

medicine concerned with the study ofthe adverse effects of chemicals onliving organisms. It is the study of

symptoms, mechanisms, treatmentsand detection of poisoning, especially

the poisoning of people.


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Etymology"Toxic" and similar words camefrom Greek = "bow (weapon)" via

"poisoned arrow", which came to be used for"poison" in scientific language, as theusual Classical Greek word (') for

"poison" would transcribe as"io-", which is not distinctiveenough.


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Trivia Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of theRoman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to

classify plants according to their toxic andtherapeutic effect.Mathieu Orfila is considered to be the modernfather of toxicology, having given the subject its first

formal treatment in 1813 in his Trait des poisons,also called Toxicologie gnrale.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Orfilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Orfilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Orfilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides


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Chemical (pharmaceutical) toxicology- a scientific discipline involving the study ofstructure and mechanism related to the toxic

effects of chemical agents, andencompasses technology advances in researchrelated to chemical aspects of toxicology.


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Toxicity- the degree to which a substance can damage a livingor non-living organisms. Toxicity can refer to the

effect on a whole organism, such as an animal,bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on asubstructure of the organism, such asa cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity),

such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)


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Reference sources:Medical Toxicology

Richard C. Dart (Editor)

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third edition(December, 2003)- definitive reference on the management of poisonedpatients. More than 300 well-organized chapters written by

eminent authorities guide clinicians through the diagnosisand treatment of every poisoning or drug overdose.- includes comparative commentary on toxicology practicein the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia.


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Reference sources:Principles Of Clinical ToxicologyPublisher: CRC; 3 edition (June 30, 1994)

Authors: Thomas A Gossel & J Douglas Bricker

- Focus on the fundamentals; helps the reader understandwhy events occur and why a particular treatment isselected. Each chapter presents pertinent information onclasses of toxic agents, their common sources and usual

methods of intoxication, incidence and frequency ofpoisoning, mechanisms of action, clinical signs andsymptoms of poisoning and management guidance. Thetext includes illustrative case studies, carefully selected to

reinforce the information covered.


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Reference sources:A Textbook of Modern Toxicology(Hodgson, A Textbook of ModernToxicology)Editor: Ernest Hodgson

Publisher: Wiley-Interscience; 3edition (February 27, 2004)-a good, easy-to-read, andcomprehensive reference work forstudents and professionals involvedin toxicology-the book features chapter-endingsuggestions for further reading, ahelpful glossary, and a special

summary section.


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