Medicinal Plants Used in Liver Protection - A Review

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol. 2(1), 23-33, 2014 REVIEW ARTICLE

Medicinal Plants Used in Liver Protection - A Review

Amit Roy1, Dayananda Bhoumik

2*, Ram Kumar Sahu

1, Jaya Dwivedi

3

1Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur (C.G.), India 2Oriental College of Pharmacy, Raisen Road, Bhopal (M.P.), India 3Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India

Article Information

Received 10 January 2014

Received in revised form 18 Feb 2014

Accepted 20 Feb 2014

Abstract

Liver is the very important part of our body responsible for the maximum metabolic and secretory

activities and therefore appears to be a sensitive target site for substances modulating

biotransformation. Liver is also associated in detoxification from the exogenous and endogenous

challenges like xenobiotics, drugs, viral infections and chronic alcoholism. The period and

intensity of the pharmacological response to drugs is influenced by their metabolic rate and

hence substances capable to modify drug metabolism would be able to change the result of drug

therapy. During all such exposures to the above mentioned challenges, if the usual defensive

mechanisms of the liver are overpowered, the effect is liver damage. Liver injury or liver

dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only medical professionals but also the

pharmaceutical company and drug regulatory authorities. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic

chemicals like certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide,

excessive alcohol consumption and microbes. Herbal medicines have been applied for the

treatment of liver disorder for a lengthy period. Many herbal preparations are available in the

market and therefore present review is aimed to compile the data on promising phytochemicals

from medicinal plants that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models using modern scientific

system.

Keywords:

Herbal drugs

Hepatoprotective

Liver Injury

Hepatotoxicity

*Corresponding Author:

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel.: +919893571085

1 Introduction

Vast ethnobotanical knowledge exists in India from ancient time. The

dictionary of Indian folk-medicine and ethno botany includes 2532

plants. India has about 45,000 plant species and many of them have

been studied for their medicinal properties. About 2000 figures are

available in the literature and commonly 500 species are used by

indigenous systems. Even though early (4500-1500 BC) origins and

a long history of usage in the last two centuries, the Ayurveda had

received very little official support and hence less attentions were

noticed from good medical practitioners and researchers. A large

extent of work is now being done on the Botany, Pharmacognosy,

Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacology of herbal medicines.

The importance of ethnomedicine has been realized and work is

being done on psycho energetic plants, domestic remedies and

plants sold by street drug vendors. The statistical methods are being

used to assess the credibility of claims. A few recent works in drug

development relates to species of Commiphora (used as a

hypolipidaemic agent), Picrorhiza (which is hepatoprotective),

Bacopa (used as a brain tonic), Curcuma (anti-inflammatory) and

Asclepias (cardiotonic). An analysis of folk claims found 203 plants

for evaluation. Fewer well known ethnomedicines have been

identified that are used to treat intestinal, joint, liver and skin

diseases1. Routine random efforts are not likely to increase the

desired success rate of discovery. Experience indicates that a

modified collection policy offers the best chances for the discovery

and development of agents for the treatment of AIDS (acquired

immune deficiency syndrome) and cancer2.

It has been calculated that approximate 75,000 types of higher plants

species exist on the world. A reasonable estimate of about 10% has

been used in traditional remedy. However, perhaps only about 1% of

these are recognized through scientific studies to have therapeutic

value when used in extract form by human3.

Hepatic disease is a united term for an entire group of trouble that

afflict the tissues, structures and cells of the human liver. Large

number of important functions is performed by liver, so there are lots

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Available at www.ukjpb.com

Roy et al. Liver Protection

UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2014: 2(1); 24

of opening for somewhat to go incorrect. One of the most common

causes of liver disease is inflammation, which often results from

abuse of alcohol, poor diet or even malnutrition4. Drug induced liver

damage or liver dysfunction is the most important health crisis that

challenges not only medical personnel but also the pharmaceutical

field and drug control board. According to the United States Acute

Liver Failure Study Group, drug induced liver injury accounts for

more than 50% of acute liver failure, including hepatotoxicity caused

by over dose of acetaminophen (39%) and idiosyncratic liver injury

triggered by other drugs5. Hepatic-cell injury caused by various toxic

chemicals (certain antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon

tetrachloride (CCl4), thioacetamide (TAA) etc.), excessive alcohol

consumption and microbes6.

Ethnopharmacology can be an important element for developing

nation's medical and economic system. Third World governments are

being encouraged to seek a synthesis between modern and

traditional medicine. Even though developing countries are providing

many of the raw materials needed in drug manufacturing and the

final products are often returned as high-priced medicines. In spite of

tremendous strides in modern medicine, there are hardly any drugs

that stimulate liver function, offer protection to the liver from damage

or help regeneration of hepatic cell. Several formulations containing

herbal extracts are sold in the market for treating liver disorders. But

management of liver disorders by a simple and precise herbal drug is

still an intriguing problem. Several medicinal plants have been

extensively used in the traditional system of medicine for the

management of liver disorder. Here, a list of hepatoprotective plants

with their reported active chemical components and their possible

underlying mechanism are tabulated in table1.

2 Discussions

From this review study, it is clear that the medicinal plants play a

significant role against on various diseases. Different medicinal

herbs and plants extracts have potent hepatoprotective activity in

various animal models. The hepatoprotective activity is probably due

to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, polyphenols etc

in all few herbal plants. The results of this study indicate that extracts

of leaves and plants extracts of some medicinal plant have good

potentials for use in hepatic disease. The present review study give

evidential explore mechanism of action of medicinal plants against

experimentally induced hepatotoxicity.

The predicted mechanism of action of various plant extracts may be

attributed to antioxidant properties and the presence of flavonoids, to

increase the reduced level of blood glutathione in experimental

animal models, to increase total proteins, to inhibit lipid peroxidation

and increase in the antioxidant enzymatic activity, to decrease the

hepatic marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and arginase) and total

bilirubin in plasma, to enhance antioxidative enzymes, including

SOD, GPx, CAT and GST, to decrease MDA level, SGOT, SGPT

etc. Hence the review study is concluded that the herbal drug

possesses hepatoprotective activity and it has been proved by

different animal models give many links to develop the future trials.

3 References

1. Jain SK, Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in

India, Ciba Found. Symp. 1994; 185:153-164.

2. Cragg GM, Boyd MR, Cardellina JH, N Newman DJ, Snader

KM, McCloud. Ethnobotany and drug discovery: the

experience of the US National Cancer Institute

developmental therapeutics Program, National Cancer

Institute, Bethesda. Ciba Found. Symp., 1994; 185: 178-190.

3. Farnworth NR, A computerized data base for medicinal

plants. The Eastern Pharmacist 1985; XXVIII (326): 53-55.

4. Arias PS, Bessey AA, Lowery DM and Brock M. Lipid

peroxidation Biochemistry measurement and significance in

liver cell injury. Indian. J. Exp. Biol., 45; 1989: 87-89.

5. Micheale P, Cynthiya Ju. Mechanism of Drug induced liver

injury. The AAPS Journal., 1; 2006: 48-54.

6. Cpherson, G. E. 1921. Comparison of development in dodder

& morning glorry. Botanical glazette, 71, 392-398.

7. Mamat SS, Kamarolzaman MF, Yahya F, Mahmood ND,

Shahril MS, Jakius KF, Mohta rrudin N, Ching SM, Susanti D,

Taher M, Zakaria ZA. Methanol extract of Melastoma

malabathricum leaves exerted antioxidant and liver protective

activity in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;

13(1):326.

8. Hazra B, Sarkar R, Ghate NB, Chaudhuri D, Mandal N. Study

of the Protective Effects of Katha (Heartwood Extract of

Acacia catechu) in Liver Damage Induced by Iron Overload.

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2013; 32(3): 229-240.

9. Karami M, Saeidnia S, Nosrati A. Study of the

Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Feijoa

sellowiana Fruits Against MDMA using the Isolated Rat Liver

Perfusion System. Iran J Pharm Res. 2013; 12(1):85-91.

10. Parameswari SA, Chetty CM, Chandrasekhar KB.

Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus religiosa leaves against

isoniazid+rifampicin and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.

Pharmacognosy Res. 2013; 5(4):271-276.

11. Pareek A, Godavarthi A, Issarani R, Nagori BP. Antioxidant

and hepatoprotective activity of Fagonia schweinfurthii

(Hadidi) Hadidi extract in carbon tetrachloride induced

hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line and rats. J Ethnopharmacol.

2013; 150(3):973-981.

12. Abdel-Azeem AS, Hegazy AM, Ibrahim KS, Farrag AR, El-

Sayed EM. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and ameliorative



effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and vitamin E in

acetaminophen treated rats. J Diet Suppl. 2013; 10(3):195-

209.

13. Kannan N, Sakthivel KM, Guruvayoorappan C. Protective

Effect of Acacia nilotica (L.) against Acetaminophen-Induced

Hepatocellular Damage in Wistar Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci.

2013; 2013:987692.

14. Allam RM, Selim DA, Ghoneim AI, Radwan MM, Nofal SM,

Khalifa AE, Sharaf OA, Toaima SM, Asaad AM, El-Sebakhy

NA. Hepatoprotective effects of Astragalus kahiricus root

extract against ethanol-induced liver apoptosis in rats. Chin J

Nat Med. 2013; 11(4):354-361.

15. Ganie SA, Zargar BA, Masood A, Zargar MA.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of rhizome of

Podophyllum hexandrum against carbon tetra chloride

induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;

26(3):209-221.

16. Ai G, Liu Q, Hua W, Huang Z, Wang D. Hepatoprotective

evaluation of the total flavonoids extracted from flowers of

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic: In vitro and in vivo studies.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 146(3):794-802.

17. Sikander M, Malik S, Parveen K, Ahmad M, Yadav D, Hafeez

ZB, Bansal M. Hepatoprotective effect of Origanum vulgare

in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride-induced

hepatotoxicity. Protoplasma. 2013; 250(2):483-493.

18. Nasiri Bezenjani S, Iran Pouraboli, Reza Malekpour Afshar,

Gholamabbas Mohammadi. Hepatoprotective Effect of

Otostegia persica Boiss. Shoot Extract on Carbon

Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Damage in Rats Iran J

Pharm Res. 2012; 11(4): 12351241.

19. Singh K, Chandy A, Manigauha A. In vivo antioxidant and

hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Daucus

carota seeds in experimental animals. Asian Pac J Trop

Biomed. 2012; 2(5): 385-388.

20. Anbarasu C, Rajkapoor B, Bhat K, Giridharan J, Amuthan

AA, Satish K. Protective effect of Pisonia aculeata on

thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Asian Pac J

Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(7):511-515.

21. Kiran PM, Raju AV, Rao BG. Investigation

of hepatoprotective activity of Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex.

Hook.) leaves against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in

rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(5):352-356.

22. Panda V, Ashar H, Srinath S. Antioxidant

and hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia indica fruit rind in

ethanol-induced hepatic damage in rodents. Interdiscip

Toxicol. 2012; 5(4):207-213.

23. Mahmud Z, Bachar S, Qais N. Antioxidant

and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of

Leaves of Premna esculenta Roxb. against Carbon

Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. J Young

Pharm. 2012; 4(4):228-234.

24. Swamy AH, Kulkarni RV, Koti BC, Gadad PC, Thippeswamy

AH, Gore A. Hepatoprotective effect of Cissus

quadrangularis Stem Extract Against Rifampicin-induced

Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2012; 74(2):183-

187.

25. Acharya SR, Acharya NS, Bhangale JO, Shah SK, Pandya

SS. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective action of Asparagus

racemosus Willd. root extracts. Indian J Exp Biol. 2012;

50(11):795-801.

26. Jain M, Kapadia R, Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC, Devkar

RV, Mishra SH. Protective role of standardized Feronia

limonia stem bark methanolic extract against carbon

tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. Ann Hepatol. 2012;

11(6):935-943.

27. Sharma SK, Suman, Vasudeva N. Hepatoprotective activity

of Vitis vinifera root extract against carbon tetrachloride-

induced liver damage in rats. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;

69(5):933-937.

28. Singhal KG, Gupta GD. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant

activity of methanolic extract of flowers of Nerium oleander

against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. Asian Pac J Trop

Med. 2012; 5(9):677-685.

29. Al-Said MS, Mothana RA, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Blowi AS, Al-

Sohaibani M, Ahmed AF, Rafatullah S. Edible oils for liver

protection: hepatoprotective potentiality of Moringa oleifera

seed oil against chemical-induced hepatitis in rats. J Food

Sci. 2012;77(7):124-130.

30. Osadebe PO, Okoye FB, Uzor PF, Nnamani NR, Adiele

IE, Obiano NC. Phytochemical

analysis, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of

Alchornea cordifolia methanol leaf extract on carbon

tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. Asian Pac J

Trop Med. 2012; 5(4):289-293.

31. Samuel AJ, Mohan S, Chellappan DK, Kalusalingam

A, Ariamuthu S. Hibiscus vitifolius (Linn.) root extracts shows

potent protective action against anti-tubercular drug induced

hepatotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 141(1):396-402.

32. Desai SN, Patel DK, Devkar RV, Patel PV, Ramachandran

AV. Hepatoprotective potential of polyphenol rich extract of

Murraya koenigii L.: an in vivo study. Food Chem

Toxicol. 2012; 50(2):310-314.

33. Sridevi VK, Chouhan HS, Singh NK, Singh SK. Antioxidant

and hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of Vitex

glabrata on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in

rats. Nat Prod Res. 2012; 26(12):1135-1140.



34. Kalyani GA, Ramesh CK, Krishna V. Hepatoprotective and

Antioxidant Activities of Desmodium Triquetrum DC. Indian J

Pharm Sci. 2011; 73(4):463-466.

35. Nithianantham K, Shyamala M, Chen Y, Latha LY, Jothy SL,

Sasidharan S. Hepatoprotective potential of Clitoria ternatea

leaf extract against paracetamol induced damage in mice.

Molecules. 2011; 16(12):10134-10145.

36. Gupta RK, Hussain T, Panigrahi G, Das A, Singh GN,

Sweety K, Faiyazuddin M, Rao CV. Hepatoprotective effect

of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against CCl4 induced

acute liver toxicity in experimental animals. Asian Pac J Trop

Med. 2011; 4(12):964-968.

37. Surendran S, Eswaran MB, Vijayakumar M, Rao CV. In vitro

and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of Cissampelos pareira

against carbon-tetrachloride induced hepatic damage. Indian

J Exp Biol. 2011; 49(12):939-945.

38. Nagalekshmi R, Menon A, Chandrasekharan DK, Nair CK.

Hepatoprotective activity of Andrographis paniculata and

Swertia chirayita. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011; 49(12):3367-

3373.

39. Pandey A, Bigoniya P, Raj V, Patel KK. Pharmacological

screening of Coriandrum sativum Linn. for hepatoprotective

activity. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011; 3(3):435-441.

40. Nwozo SO, Oyinloye BE. Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous

extract of Aframomum melegueta on ethanol-induced toxicity

in rats. Acta Biochim Pol. 2011; 58(3):355-358.

41. Eesha BR, Mohanbabu Amberkar V, Meena Kumari

K, Sarath B, Vijay M, Lalit M, Rajput R. Hepatoprotective

activity of Terminalia paniculata against paracetamol induced

hepatocellular damage in Wistar albino rats. Asian Pac J

Trop Med. 2011; 4(6):466-469.

42. Gnanadesigan M, Ravikumar S, Inbaneson SJ.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of marine

halophyte Luminetzera racemosa bark extract in CCL(4)

induced hepatotoxicity. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;

4(6):462-465.

43. Babu PS, Krishna V, Maruthi KR, Shankarmurthy K, Babu

RK. Evaluation of acute toxicity

and hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of

Dichrostachys cinerea (Wight and Arn.) leaves.

Pharmacognosy Res. 2011; 3(1):40-43.

44. Lahon K, Das S. Hepatoprotective activity of Ocimum

sanctum alcoholic leaf extract against paracetamol-induced

liver damage in Albino rats. Pharmacognosy Res. 2011;

3(1):13-18.

45. Nema AK, Agarwal A, Kashaw V. Hepatoprotective activity of

Leptadenia reticulata stems against carbon tetrachloride-

induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011; 43

(3):254-257.

46. Sahreen S, Khan MR, Khan RA. Hepatoprotective effects of

methanol extract of Carissa opaca leaves on CCl4-induced

damage in rat. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011; 11:48-

54.

47. Dikshit P, Tyagi MK, Shukla K, Sharma S, Gambhir

JK, Shukla R. Hepatoprotective effect of stem of Musa

sapientum Linn in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride.

Ann Hepatol. 2011; 10(3):333-339.

48. Adaramoye OA, Odunewu AO, Farombi EO.

Hepatoprotective effect of Curcuma longa L. in D-

galactosamine induced liver injury in mice: evidence of

antioxidant activity. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2010; 39 Suppl:27-

34.

49. Menon BR, Rathi MA, Thirumoorthi L, Gopalakrishnan VK.

Potential Effect of Bacopa monnieri on Nitrobenzene Induced

Liver Damage in Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2010;

25(4):401-404.



Table1: List of hepatoprotective plants with their active constituents and underlying mechanism

Botanical name, family,

common English name

Parts

used Solvent used

Reported active

constituents

Screening method

(model) applied

Underlying

mechanism References

Melastoma

malabathricum L.

(Family;Melastomacea)

English: Indian

Rhododendron

Leaves Methanol

Flavonoids,

phenolic

components

Paracetamol-induced

liver toxicity in rats.

Due to

antioxidant

properties &

presence of

flavonoids

Mamat SS et

al7 (2013)

Acacia catechu (Family;

Fabaceae) English:

Mimosa catechu, catechu,

cachou, cutchtree, black

cutch

Heart

wood

70%

methanol

Saponins,

tannins,

flavonoids,

phenols, alkaloida

Liver Damage Induced

by Iron overload in mice

By ameliorating

the antioxidant

defense activity

& reductively

releasing ferritin

iron

Hazra B et al8

(2013)

Feijoa sellowiana (Family;

Myrtaceae) English:

Pineapple guava,

guavasteen.

Fruits

peel Methanol

Polyphenols,

carbohydrates,

vitamin A

3, 4-methylene

dioxymethamphetamine

(MDMA or ecstasy)

induced liver damage

By increasing the

reduced level of

blood

Glutathione

(GSH)

Karami M et

al9 (2013)

Ficus religiosa (Family;

Moraceae) English:

sacred fig, Bo-Tree,

Peepal or Pippal

Leaves Methanol Flavonoids

Isoniazid+rifampicin &

paracetamol induced

hepato toxicity

Significant

increase of total

protein &

reduced

glutathione levels

Parameswari

SA et al10

(2013)

Fagonia schweinfurthii

(Hadidi) (Fam:

Zygophyllaceae)

English: dhamasa and

dhamasia

Whole

plant Ethanol

Total phenol and

flavonoid

Carbon tetra chloride

(CCl4) induced hepato

toxicity

By inhibiting lipid

peroxidation &

increase in the

antioxidant

enzymatic

activity

Pareek A et

al11

(2013)

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

(Family; Zingiberaceae)

English: Zinger

Rhizome Water Flavonoids,

polyphenols

Liver toxicity induced by

acetaminophen

By decreasing

the liver enzymes

and bilirubin in

plasma

concentration

Abdel-Azeem

AS et al12

(2013)

Acacia nilotica Linn

(Family; Fabaceae)

English: Gum arabic tree,

Babul, Kikar, Egyptian

thorn

Aerial

parts Methanol

Carbohydrate,

cardiac glyco

side, saponin,

tannins

Acetaminophen-induced

hepatic damage in

Wistar rats

By reducing the

oxidative stress

& elevating the

total protein and

GSH level

Kannan N et

al13

(2013)



Astragalus kahiricus

(Family; Fabaceae)

English: Milkvetch, goats

thorn, locoweed

Roots Ethanol

Triterpenes,

flavonoids,

phenolic

compounds

Ethanol-induced liver

apoptosis in rats

Anti-apoptotic

effects against

caspase-3

activation

Allam RM et

al14

(2013)

Podophyllum hexandrum

(Family;Berberidaceae)

English: Himalayan

mayapple. Indian may

apple

Rhizome n-hexane

Tannins, terpe

noids, alkaloids,

flavonoids, phe

nols, steroids,

glycosoids, and

volatil oils

CCl4-induced

hepatotoxicity in rats

By increasing the

level of GSH,

GPx, GR. SOD &

GST

Ganie SA et

al15

(2013)

Abelmoschus manihot (L.)

Medic (Family;

Malvaceae) English:

Sunset muskmallow,

sunset hibiscus or

hibiscus manihot

Flowers Isolated Total Flavonoids

Carbon tetrachloride

(CCl4) induced hepato-

cyte damage

By enhancing

antioxidative

enzymes, inclu

ding SOD, GPx,

CAT and GST

Ai G et al16

(2013)

Origanum vulgare

(Family; Lamiaceae)

English: Wild marjoram

Leaves Aqueous

Terpenoids,

tannin, pheno lic

compounds

flavanoids,

saponins

Carbon tetra chloride-

induced hepatotoxicity in

rats

By lowering the

serum ALT, ALP,

and AST levels

Sikander M et

al17

(2013)

Otostegia persica Boiss

(Family; Lamiaceae)

English: Golder

Aerial

parts

(shoot)

Methanol Essential oil,

flavonoids

CCl4-induced

hepatotoxicity model

By decreasing

MDA level &

increasing

content of GSH

Nasiri

Bezenjani S et

al18

(2012)

Daucus carota (Family;

Apiaceae) English: wild

carrot, bird's nest,

bishop's lace, Queen

Anne's lace

Seeds Methanol

Monoterpenoids,

flavonoids,

quercetin,

limonene

Thioacetamide induced

Oxidative stress in rat

liver

By decreasing in

SGPT, SGOT

and ALP levels

Singh K et al19

(2012)

Pisonia aculeate (Fam.;

Nyctaginaceae) English:

Four o'clock flower Plant

Leaves Methanol

Alkaloids, phen

olic compounds

tannins, saponin

& flavonoids

Thioacetamide induced

hepato toxicity in rats

By reducing AST

, ALT, ALP,

GGTP, LPO

levels

Anbarasu C et

al20

(2012)

Cyathea gigantean

(Family; Cyatheaceae)

English: Cup shaped sori,

little cup, cyathea

Leaves Methanol

Phenolic

compounds,

tannins &

flavonoids

Paracetamol-induced

hepatotoxicity in rats

By reducing the

elevated SGOT,

SGPT, ALP, TB

level

Kiran PM et

al21

(2012)

Garcinia indica (Family;

Clusiaceae) English:

Kokum

Fruit rind Aqueous

Xanthones,

flavonoids,

benzophenones,

lactones &

phenolic acids

Ethanol-induced


By inhibiting lipid

peroxidation &

increase in the

antioxidant

enzymatic

activity

Panda V et

al22

(2012)



Premna esculenta Roxb.

(Family; Verbenaceae)

English: Lelom leaves,

Lelom pata

leaves Ethanol Polyphenols,

flavonoids

CCl4-induced liver

toxicity in rats.

By restoring the

hepatic SOD,

catalase &

peroxidase level

Mahmud Z et

al23

(2012)

Cissus quadrangularis

(Family;Vitaceae ) English:

Veldt Grape or Devil's

Backbone

Stem Methanol -carotene. Rifampicin-induced

hepato toxicity in rats.

By decreasing

the elevated

SGOT, SGPT,

ALP, TB level

Swamy AH et

al24

(2012)

Asparagus racemosus

Willd (Family;

Asparagaceae)

English:Satavar,

Shatavari or Shatamull

Root Hydro-alcohol

Alkaloids,

phenolic cpds,

tannins, saponi -

ns, steroids, and

flavonoids

Carbon tetrachloride

(CCl4) induced hepato-

toxicity in rats

By preventing the

raised serum

enzymes &

elevating the

antioxidant

enzymes

Acharya SR et

al25

(2012)

Feronia limonia (Family;

Rutaceae) English:

wood-apple, elephant-

apple, monkey fruit

Stem

bark Methanol

Flavanoid, tannin,

phenols

CCl4 induced

hepatotoxicity in rats &

CCl4 treated HepG2

cells

By preventing

hepatic damage

and depletion of

cellular

antioxidants

Jain M et al26

(2012)

Vitis vinifera L. (Family;

Vitaceae ) English:

Common grape vine, wild

grape

Root Ethanol

Flavonoids,

tannins, poly

phenols, sapo

nins, cardiac

glyco sides,

terpenoids,

phytosterols


induced liver damage in

rats

By lowering the

serum levels of

SGPT, SGOT,

alkaline

phosphatase &

total bilirubin

Sharma SK et

al27

(2012)

Nerium oleander (Family;

Apocynaceae)

English: Oleander

Flower Methanol

Terpenoids,

cardiac glyco

sides, tannin ,

flavanoids,

saponins,

phenolic

compounds

CCl(4)-induced


By elevating level

of SOD and

decreasing level

of MDA

Singhal KG et

al28

(2012)

Moringa oleifera Lam.

(Family; Moringaceae )

English: Moringa,

drumstick tree, ben

oil tree, benzoil tree

Seed oil Oil isolatad

Flavonoids, ter

penoids,anthra

quinine, tanni n,

steroids,

saponins,

alkaloids


induced lipid peroxide

tion and hepatic damage

in rats

By lowering level

of MDA & elevat

-ing NP-SH and

TP in liver tissue

Al- Said MS et

al29

(2012)

Alchornea cordifolia

(Family;Euphorbiaceae)

English: Christmas tree

Leaf Methanol

Alkaloids,

flavonoids,

saponins and

tannins


induced hepatic damage

in rats

By decreasing

the activities of

the serum

enzymes and

bilirubin

Osadebe PO

et al30

(2012)



Hibiscus vitifolius Linn.

(Family; Malvaceae)

English: Rose mallow,

bharadwaji, bankapas

Roots

Pet Et,

chloroform,

met hanol &

aqueous

Flavonoids,

phenolic

compounds

Anti-tubercular drug


rats

By lowering the

concentration of

AST, ALT and

ALP

Samuel AJ et

al31

(2012)

Murraya koenigii L.

(Family; Rutaceae)

English: Sweet neem

leaves, curry lleaves

Leaf Hydroethanol Polyphenol CCl(4) treated


By showing

decrement in

activity levels of

alanine amino

transferase,

aspartate

aminotrans

ferase, alkaline

phosphatase

Desai SN et

al32

(2012)

Vitex glabrata (Family;

Verbenaceae) English:

Smooth chaste-tree

Whole

plant Ethanol

Pentamethoxy

flavonoid

artemetin


induced liver damage in

rats

By inhibiting LPO

& reducing the

elevated serum

levels of AST,

ALT, ALP and

bilirubin

Sridevi VK et

al33

(2012)

Desmodium triquetrum

DC (Family;

Fabaceae) English: Tick-

trefoil, tick clover, hitch

hikers or beggar lice

Leaf Ethanol Flavonoids

Carbon tetrachloride


in rats

By reducing the

elevated levels of

serum

transaminases,

alkaline

phosphatase,

bilirubin

Kalyani GA et

al34

(2011)

Clitoria ternatea (Family;

Fabaceae)

English: Butterfly-pea,

blue-pea

Leaves Methanol

Flavonoids,

phenolic

components

Paracetamol-induced

liver toxicity in mice

By decreasing

ALT, AST, and

bilirubin levels

Nithianantham

K et al35

(2011)

Solanum xanthocarpum

(Family; Solanaceae)

English: Yellow Berried

Nightshade

Fruits Ethanol

Steroidal alkaloid,

Solasonine, fatty

& resinous

substances

CCl4-induced liver injury

in rats.

By reducing lipid

peroxidation

(LPO) in the liver

tissue

Gupta RK et

al36

(2011)

Cissampelos pareira

(Family:

Menispermaceae)

English: Abuta, velvet leaf

Roots Hydroalcohol

Alkaloids,

essential oil,

sterol, leno

Carbon-tetra chloride


By reducing

elevated serum

marker enzymes

of AST, ALT,

ALP and serum

bilirubin

Surendran S

et al37

(2011)



Andrographis paniculata

(Family; Acanthaceae)

English: Green chirayta

Whole

plant Aqueous

Tannins, steroids,

triterpenoids,

saponins

Paracetamol induced

hepato toxicity in Swiss

albino mice

By reducing the

elevated SGOT,

SGPT, ALP, TB

level

Nagalekshmi

R et al38

(2011)

Swertia chirayita (Family;

Gentianaceae) English:

Chiretta

Whole

plant Aqueous

Tannins,

glycosides

Paracetamol induced

hepato toxicity in Swiss

albino mice

By decreasing

ALT, AST, and

bilirubin levels

Nagalekshmi

R et al39

(2011)

Coriandrum sativum

(Linn.) (Family;

Apiaceae) English:

Cilantro, Chinese

parsley or dhania

Whole

plant Ethanol

Alkaloids,

phenolic

compound,

flavonoids,

isoquercetin,

quercetin

carbon tetra -chloride

(CCl4) induced hepato

toxicity

By reducing the

activities of

SGOT, SGPT,

ALP & direct

bilirubin

Pandey A et

al40

(2011)

Aframomum melegueta


English: Grains of

Paradise, Melegueta

pepper

Whole

plant Aqueous

Alkaloids, tan

nins, saponin,

steroids, cardi

acglycoside,

flavonoid,

terpenoids and

phenol

Ethanol-induced Liver

toxicity in male Wistar

rats

By suppressing

the elevation of

lipid peroxidation

Nwozo SO et

al41

(2011)

Terminalia paniculata

(Family; Combretaceae)

English: Flowering Murdah

Bark Ethanol

Phenolic

compound and

flavanoids

Paracetamol induced

hepato cellular damage

in rats

By reducing the

level of ALT,

AST, ALP

Eesha BR et

al42

(2011)

Luminetzera racemosa

(Family;Combretaceae)

English: Tonga mangrove

Bark Methanol

Flavonoids,

alkaloids and

polyphenols

CCL(4) induced

hepatotoxicity

By reducing

SGOT, SGPT,

ALP, bilirubin,

cholesterol level

Gnanadesigan

M et al43

(2011)

Dichrostachys cinerea

(Family; Fabaceae)

English: Sicklebush, Bell

mimosa, Chinese lantern

tree

Leaves Methanol

Flavonoids,

polyphenols,

tannins

CCL4 induced

hepatotoxicity

By reducing

elevated serum

marker enzymes

of AST, ALT,

ALP and serum

bilirubin

Babu PS et

al44

(2011)

Ocimum sanctum

(Family; Lamiaceae)

English: Sacred/Holy

Basil, Green Tulsi

Leaves Ethanol

Volatile oil,

eugenol, gallic

acid, flavonoids,

vitamin C

Paracetamol- induced

liver damage in Albino

rats

By normalizing

serum proteins,

albumin globulin

ratio, alkaline

phosphatase,

transaminases

level

Lahon K et al44

(2011)



Flavanol

Flavan-3,4-diol

Leptadenia reticulata

(Retz.) (Family;

Asclepiadaceae) English:

Jiwanti

Stems Ethanol and

aqueous

Glycosides,

flavonoids,

tannins,

phytosterols,

phenolic

compounds



rats

By restoration

levels of serum

bilirubin and

protein

Nema AK et

al45

(2011)

Carissa opaca (Family;

Apocynaceae)

English:Conkerberry

or Bush Plum, Currant

Bush

Leaves Methanol

Flavonoids,

tannins, terpen

oids, alkaloids,

anthraquinones &

cardiac glycosides

CCl4-induced damage in

rat

By increasing the

activities of anti

oxidant enzymes;

CAT, POD, SOD,

GSH-Px, GSR,

GST and QR

Sahreen S et

al46

(2011)

Musa sapientum Linn

(Family; Musaceae)

English: Banana,

Central

stem Aqueous

Alkaloids, tannins,

polyph enols,

saponins,

flavonoids,

glycosides



rats

By preventing

rise in MDA &

increasing GSH,

SOD

Dikshit P et

al47

(2011)

Curcuma longa L.


English: Turmeric

Rhizome Aqueous

Alkaloids, tannins,

saponins,

flavonoids,

terpenoids

D-galactosamine

(GNH2) induced liver

injury in mice

Enhance hepatic

GSH

Adaramoye

OA et al48

(2010)

Bacopa monnieri

(Family; Plantaginaceae)

English: water hyssop,

brahmi, thyme-leafed

gratiola

Whole

plant Ethanol

Alkaloids,

saponins,

flavonoids

Nitrobenzene Induced

Liver Damage in Rats

By increasing in

SOD, CAT and

GPx

Menon BR et

al49

(2010)



Quercetin

Gallic acid

Flavonoid (Flavone)

Ellagic acid

Pyrocatechol

Phloroglucinol

Resorcinol

Pyrogallol

Figure 1 Chemical structure of some important flavonoids and phenolic compounds exhibit hepatoprotective effect

Date post:	04-Nov-2015
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ram-sahu
View:	12 times
Download:	0 times

Medicinal Plants Used in Liver Protection - A Review

Documents