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MEDICINE AND THE LAW

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361 at JE1900 are other examples of the most expensive class. The largest engine on the market is that of the Renault 45 6-cylinder, the capacity of which is 9 litres. The long chassis costs 21050. On Gloves. Not many doctors clean their own cars except in an emergency, but if this should arise a pair of water- proof gloves are invaluable. The " Cozee " washing- glove (H. Baily and Co., Ltd., Glastonbury, Somerset) is made of best English sheep-skin, chrome-tanned by a special process, and is impervious to water. The thick soft fleece will hold water but no grit, is very soft on paint-work but effectually loosens the dirt. Inside the glove is a convenient grip-bar, with slots for the fingers, and a cow-hide cuff protects the user’s wrist, around which it tightens with a strap and a rustless buckle. The dimensions of the glove are about 11 in. and 9 in., and its price is 8s. 6d. Dry, it makes an excellent polisher. If such gloves are not available, rubber gloves of which the wrists can be tied over a mackintosh, can be obtained at 6d. each at Woolworth’s. Before starting operations involving the use of grease or oil, without gloves, both hands should be rubbed over with nearly dry soap and the nails filled up. Should this precaution have been omitted, Gresolvent is useful for cleaning hands. On the subject of gloves, every motorist who drives at night, especially in suburbs where traffic is thick, lives in fear that overtaking cars may not see his signalling hand. A loose white gauntlet without fingers, such as any needlewoman can make in 20 minutes, slipped over a driving-glove is con- spicuous even in a dim light. Pictorial Road Plans. The third of the series of pictorial road plans, published at 6d. each for the Dunlop Rubber Co. by E. J. Burrows and Co., 43, Kingsway, London, has reached us. It describes the Bath-road and the alternative roads from London to Milford Haven, via Brecon and via Cardiff and Swansea. The little pictures of places and things to be seen on the road will enhance the pleasure of the run. Milestones are clearly marked and the height of the road above sea-level indicated at various points. Clear large scale maps of every important town crossed are given. The only suggestions we would offer concern these. Experienced motorists passing through Reading towards Bath do not follow the road outlined, but take the more direct route through Berkeley-avenue, avoiding much traffic and rejoining the main road just before it crosses the Great Western Railway. The town of Bristol presents exceptional difficulties to the stranger, who will welcome the help here given ; the indication of the position of the " tramway centre," to which he is sure to be referred by friendly townsmen or the local police, would put him in a position to make intelligent use of their advice, MEDICINE AND THE LAW. POINTS FROM RECENT INQUESTS. THOUGH the Home Office has not made conspicuous progress of late with legislative proposals in which it is interested, there is hope that Parliament may shortly pass the Government Bill for amending the law relating to coroners. If so, the whole subject will doubtless be dealt with thereafter by a con- solidating statute. Meanwhile inquests continue to disclose points worth considering when the amend- ment of the existing law is undertaken. At the Wiltshire Assizes a fortnight ago John Lincoln was charged with the murder of Edward Charles Richards. An inquest had been opened on the death of Richards, but the coroner (Mr. A. L. Forrester) had exercised a wise discretion in confining the inquiry to evidence as to the nature of the dead man’s wounds, the question of criminal responsibility having been taken up by the magistrates. While the inquest stood adjourned, the trial at the assizes proceeded and resulted in the conviction of Lincoln as the murderer. There was thus no further need for the coroner to investigate the cause of Richards’s death, and the jury were brought together again to record a formal verdict. As the evidence at the inquest had been confined to the wounds only, the coroner suggested that the verdict should be that the deceased was shot by a person not identified and against whom no evidence had been offered in that court. The coroner’s jury evidently stood upon its dignity. One juryman is reported by the Times to have objected strongly to a jury being asked to agree against its own con- victions. Eventually, after a long absence, the suggested verdict was returned, but the foreman announced that the jury decided to add a rider, and, when the coroner refused to accept any rider, said : " We are of opinion that there has been a grave miscarriage of justice." Provision is made in the Coroners Bill for avoiding the simultaneous conduct of proceedings before magistrates and coroner in such a case, but it is interesting to note that coroners’ juries may resent the usurpation of their time- honoured functions. Where the cause of death is conclusively established by a conviction for murder, it might be better to let that fact operate as the termination of an adjourned inquest. Another matter for consideration in any amendment of the law is the question of the place where inquests are to be held when death is the result of a motor accident. At present an inquest is held at the place where the body lies. The proper place, suggests Mr. C. W. W. Surridge, the Manchester city coroner, is the place where the accident occurs, where the coroner and jury (if a jury is required) can contribute and employ the knowledge they possess of the locality. " The barrier," said Mr. Surridge, " which prevents this common-sense procedure is that the law enforces the viewing of the body by the coroner ; I deeply regret that the draft of the new Coroners Bill perpetuates this useless anachronism." Here, as in the Trowbridge inquest, one detects the survival of the ancient function of the jury, which was to declare the facts they knew rather than to listen to evidence of which they may be supposed ignorant. Nothing seems to be attempted by the Bill in the direction of another quite different matter-the holding of inquests by coroners into outbreaks of fire. There has been some official backing for this proposal, and it has been strongly advocated by Dr. F. J. Waldo, who, as coroner for the City of London, has unique jurisdiction of this nature. There are frequently occasions where arson is suspected and where judicial investigation would be valuable, though it may be that the coroner is not necessarily the best tribunal for the purpose. Yet another question of the coroner’s functions is raised by a recent incident at Leigh. There was something of a scene at an inquest, one herbalist after another being removed protesting from the coroner’s court. A correspondent of the Manchester Guardian asks under which section of the Coroners Acts a coroner can consider himself authorised to hold an inquest where people are attended by an unregistered medical practitioner. He suggests that, if a coroner acts for any other purpose than to inquire into the death of a person within the provisions of Section 3 of the Act of 1887, he exceeds his powers and justifies a protest. Each case depends, of course, upon its own set of facts, and there is the high authority of Mr. Justice Stephen for the principle that the coroner cannot hold inquests as a mere matter of caprice. " It would be intoler- able," observed that judge, " if he had power to intrude without adequate cause upon the privacy of a family in distress, and to interfere with their arrangements for a funeral. Nothing can justify such interference except a reasonable suspicion that there may have been something peculiar in the death- that it may have been due to other causes than common illness." Without denying the truth of these dicta, it may be added that the coroner’s dis- cretion is not likely to be interfered with lightly.
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Page 1: MEDICINE AND THE LAW

361

at JE1900 are other examples of the most expensiveclass. The largest engine on the market is that ofthe Renault 45 6-cylinder, the capacity of which is9 litres. The long chassis costs 21050.

On Gloves.Not many doctors clean their own cars except in

an emergency, but if this should arise a pair of water-proof gloves are invaluable. The " Cozee " washing-glove (H. Baily and Co., Ltd., Glastonbury, Somerset)is made of best English sheep-skin, chrome-tannedby a special process, and is impervious to water.The thick soft fleece will hold water but no grit, isvery soft on paint-work but effectually loosens thedirt. Inside the glove is a convenient grip-bar, withslots for the fingers, and a cow-hide cuff protectsthe user’s wrist, around which it tightens witha strap and a rustless buckle. The dimensions of theglove are about 11 in. and 9 in., and its price is 8s. 6d.Dry, it makes an excellent polisher. If such glovesare not available, rubber gloves of which the wristscan be tied over a mackintosh, can be obtainedat 6d. each at Woolworth’s. Before starting operationsinvolving the use of grease or oil, without gloves,both hands should be rubbed over with nearly drysoap and the nails filled up. Should this precautionhave been omitted, Gresolvent is useful for cleaninghands. On the subject of gloves, every motorist whodrives at night, especially in suburbs where trafficis thick, lives in fear that overtaking cars maynot see his signalling hand. A loose white gauntletwithout fingers, such as any needlewoman can makein 20 minutes, slipped over a driving-glove is con-spicuous even in a dim light.

Pictorial Road Plans.The third of the series of pictorial road plans,

published at 6d. each for the Dunlop Rubber Co. byE. J. Burrows and Co., 43, Kingsway, London, hasreached us. It describes the Bath-road and thealternative roads from London to Milford Haven,via Brecon and via Cardiff and Swansea. The littlepictures of places and things to be seen on the roadwill enhance the pleasure of the run. Milestonesare clearly marked and the height of the road abovesea-level indicated at various points. Clear largescale maps of every important town crossed are given.The only suggestions we would offer concern these.Experienced motorists passing through Readingtowards Bath do not follow the road outlined, buttake the more direct route through Berkeley-avenue,avoiding much traffic and rejoining the main roadjust before it crosses the Great Western Railway.The town of Bristol presents exceptional difficultiesto the stranger, who will welcome the help heregiven ; the indication of the position of the " tramwaycentre," to which he is sure to be referred by friendlytownsmen or the local police, would put him in aposition to make intelligent use of their advice,

MEDICINE AND THE LAW.

POINTS FROM RECENT INQUESTS.THOUGH the Home Office has not made conspicuous

progress of late with legislative proposals in whichit is interested, there is hope that Parliament mayshortly pass the Government Bill for amending thelaw relating to coroners. If so, the whole subjectwill doubtless be dealt with thereafter by a con-

solidating statute. Meanwhile inquests continue todisclose points worth considering when the amend-ment of the existing law is undertaken. At theWiltshire Assizes a fortnight ago John Lincoln wascharged with the murder of Edward Charles Richards.An inquest had been opened on the death of Richards,but the coroner (Mr. A. L. Forrester) had exerciseda wise discretion in confining the inquiry to evidenceas to the nature of the dead man’s wounds, thequestion of criminal responsibility having been takenup by the magistrates. While the inquest stoodadjourned, the trial at the assizes proceeded and

resulted in the conviction of Lincoln as the murderer.There was thus no further need for the coroner toinvestigate the cause of Richards’s death, and the jurywere brought together again to record a formalverdict. As the evidence at the inquest had beenconfined to the wounds only, the coroner suggestedthat the verdict should be that the deceased wasshot by a person not identified and against whom noevidence had been offered in that court. The coroner’sjury evidently stood upon its dignity. One jurymanis reported by the Times to have objected stronglyto a jury being asked to agree against its own con-victions. Eventually, after a long absence, thesuggested verdict was returned, but the foremanannounced that the jury decided to add a rider, and,when the coroner refused to accept any rider, said :" We are of opinion that there has been a gravemiscarriage of justice."

Provision is made in the Coroners Bill foravoiding the simultaneous conduct of proceedingsbefore magistrates and coroner in such a case,but it is interesting to note that coroners’juries may resent the usurpation of their time-honoured functions. Where the cause of death is

conclusively established by a conviction for murder,it might be better to let that fact operate as thetermination of an adjourned inquest.Another matter for consideration in any amendment

of the law is the question of the place where inquestsare to be held when death is the result of a motoraccident. At present an inquest is held at theplace where the body lies. The proper place, suggestsMr. C. W. W. Surridge, the Manchester city coroner,is the place where the accident occurs, where thecoroner and jury (if a jury is required) can contributeand employ the knowledge they possess of thelocality. " The barrier," said Mr. Surridge, " whichprevents this common-sense procedure is that thelaw enforces the viewing of the body by the coroner ;I deeply regret that the draft of the new Coroners Billperpetuates this useless anachronism." Here, as inthe Trowbridge inquest, one detects the survival ofthe ancient function of the jury, which was to declarethe facts they knew rather than to listen to evidenceof which they may be supposed ignorant.Nothing seems to be attempted by the Bill in the

direction of another quite different matter-theholding of inquests by coroners into outbreaks offire. There has been some official backing for thisproposal, and it has been strongly advocated byDr. F. J. Waldo, who, as coroner for the City ofLondon, has unique jurisdiction of this nature.There are frequently occasions where arson is suspectedand where judicial investigation would be valuable,though it may be that the coroner is not necessarily thebest tribunal for the purpose. Yet another questionof the coroner’s functions is raised by a recent incidentat Leigh. There was something of a scene at aninquest, one herbalist after another being removedprotesting from the coroner’s court. A correspondentof the Manchester Guardian asks under which sectionof the Coroners Acts a coroner can consider himselfauthorised to hold an inquest where people are

attended by an unregistered medical practitioner.He suggests that, if a coroner acts for any otherpurpose than to inquire into the death of a personwithin the provisions of Section 3 of the Act of 1887,he exceeds his powers and justifies a protest. Eachcase depends, of course, upon its own set of facts, andthere is the high authority of Mr. Justice Stephenfor the principle that the coroner cannot hold inquestsas a mere matter of caprice. " It would be intoler-able," observed that judge, " if he had power tointrude without adequate cause upon the privacy ofa family in distress, and to interfere with theirarrangements for a funeral. Nothing can justify suchinterference except a reasonable suspicion that theremay have been something peculiar in the death-that it may have been due to other causes thancommon illness." Without denying the truth ofthese dicta, it may be added that the coroner’s dis-cretion is not likely to be interfered with lightly.

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If he does not hold an inquest when he should, thecourts will direct him to investigate. If he holds aninquest when he need not, there is only the indirectremedy of addressing the Lord Chancellor for hisremoval. As to the particular case under discussion,it is perhaps sufficient to say that if coroners areexpected and entitled to investigate allegations ofnegligent treatment by practitioners, the qualifica-tions and methods of the person administeringtreatment are circumstances of material significance.

REGISTRATION OF OPTICAL PRACTITIONERS :A NEW BILL.

The draft of a Bill to secure " the registration ofoptical practitioners and to regulate the practice ofsight-testing and optical dispensing and for purposesincidental thereto," has been issued by the J’ointCouncil of Qualified Opticians. The Bill is largelymodelled upon the Acts which govern the professionof dentistry and is an ambitious proposal to standardisetwo new professional types, optometrists and dis-pensing opticians, and to set up a central opticalboard, a register, and a monopoly of practice. Wefind in the Bill no defined or assured standards ofteaching, training, examination, or conduct. Thiswould seem inevitable, since the standards and thesystem of education for the new profession, to whichthe Bill proposes to grant privilege and protection,do not yet exist ; nor is there any college or otherinstitution which can suitably furnish them. It isunlikely that Parliament would consent to granta vocational monopoly in these circumstances, andophthalmologists who feel strongly that such innova-tions would be against the public interest neednot, we think, be disturbed by the introductionof this Bill.

VIENNA.

(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

S1lÍcides in Vienna.

IN the year 1925 the number of persons whocommitted suicide was 2259, of whom 53 per cent.were males. In 1914 the figure was 1286. It fellduring the war to reach 700 in 1917, but since thenthere has been a fairly steady rise. For the first fouryears after the war the number stood at about 1200(though it fell to 923 in 1922), but in 1923 it rose to1458, in 1924 it was 1870, and last year it jumpedup again to the huge total mentioned. During thesame period the population has been steadily falling-in 1914 it was 2,120,000, in 1920 1,806,000, and in1924 1,801,000—and the inference is that economicand psychical conditions in this city are far fromsatisfactory. The most usual means of suicide is bypoison.

Lawyers and Abortion.At a mass meeting of the practitioners of the

ninth Vienna district at which the problem ofthe interruption of pregnancy was discussed, an

important statement was made by Dr. Altmann,President of the Court of Justice, who pointed outthat the attitude of the courts at the time of passingthe law (1759, 1802, 1841) was that of strict condemna-tion of abortion except when the life of the motherwas in actual danger. Even then it was not veryeasily accepted. Up till quite recently the standpointof the courts hardly changed at all, and except duringthe few years of the war, when vigilance relaxedsomewhat, the same conditions prevailed. Two yearsago, in fact, a renewed warning to the profession wasissued by the Supreme Court. This met withindignant repudiation from many quarters, especiallyfrom eugenists. The new Act dealing with thissubject, which is in preparation, recognises thenecessity of taking into consideration not only dangerto life, but also danger to health as being possibleindications for abortion. Prof. Tandler, head of the

Municipal Board of Health and Charities, stronglyadvocated in the discussion the necessity of recognisingthe social or economic factor as an indication formedical abortion. He is in favour of handing over thedecision in each case to a committee of three, consistingof a physician, a public officer of law or administration,and a mother. This body would have to consider thecase individually, and if it agreed on the advisabilitythe operation would be allowed. The increase ofpopulation by the offspring of the mentally defective,the syphilitic, and the morally insane ought, heconsiders, to be prevented if possible.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

(FROM AN OCCASIONAL CORRESPONDENT.)

The Prevalence of Cancer.AT,THOUGH it is generally believed that cancer is

rapidly increasing, a statistical study just publishedin New York does not support this view. Thestatistical bureau of the New York Metropolitan LifeInsurance Company has issued a report on an analysisof deaths from cancer amongst its industrial policy-holders covering a period of some 14 years whichdeals with 90,175 cases. Dr. Louis L. Dublin andhis assistants, who are the authors of the report,are distinctly reassuring about the situation, andconclude that the increase in cancer has been small-much smaller than might be inferred from an analysisof the published crude death-rate. Such as it is, theincrease has been confined almost entirely to males,though the death-rate from cancer has always beenhigher amongst females. The increase has beenlargely in the later age-groups in each sex, perhapsbecause the average span of life has increased duringthe past 30 or 40 years. The white race is more proneto cancer than the coloured, and some nationalitiesof the white race are more susceptible than others.According to the annual report of Dr. A. Lessard,Director of the Bureau of Hygiene of the Province ofQuebec, the citizens of English nationality appear tobe more susceptible to cancer than their FrenchCanadian neighbours, and the report of the Metro-politan Life Insurance Company states that theRussian immigrants seem most susceptible, that theIrish come next, and that the English, Scotch, andWelsh are affected in that order. The Italians areremarkably free from malignant disease, and thequestion naturally arises what light this throws onthe influence of diet.

Pan-American Red Cr08E1 Conference.Seventeen nations have been invited by President

Coolidge to attend the second Pan-American RedCross Conference to be held in Washington fromMay 25th to June 5th next, under the auspices of theLeague of Red Cross Societies. It is expected thatarrangements will be made for concerted relief forthe victims of earthquakes and other major disasters,and for the participation of the societies representedin schemes designed to raise the standard of health ofthe entire Western Hemisphere. The agenda of theconference includes such subjects as child welfare,prevention of infantile tuberculosis, school hygiene,organisation of summer colonies and school dis-pensaries, popular health instruction, and the com-bating of malaria, hookworm, and other diseases.Besides Canada and all the nations of South Americawhich have been invited to the conference, theOriental Leagues of Red Cross Societies are expectedto send delegates, and each Society has been invitedto bring representatives of the public health organisa-tions of its Government. An announcement maderecently indicates that the International Red CrossCommittee in Geneva, the League of Nations, theRockefeller Foundation, the International Council ofNurses, and many other organisations are likely toparticipate.


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