water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Marco Schmidt
Technische Universität Berlin Working Group Applied Hydrology Section Building Technology and Design
Wastewater, rainwater and pre-selected grey water
as a water source for greenhouse irrigation,
Concepts and unsolved questions
MEDITERRANEAN WORKSHOP ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF RECYCLING
NON CONVENTIONAL WATER IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION
29. April 2008 Agadir/ Maroc
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Best practise of treatment: Evaporation and condensation
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Watergy PT1 PT2
2 l/m² per day is required for irrigation of a “closed greenhouse”
75% (1,5 l) can be reclaimed by condensation processes
This amount can be used to "mix" the irrigation or return to the city for freshwater supply after a minor post-treatment process
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Combined Approach
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Seperation of wastewaterGreywater Pretreatment Greenhouse irrigationRainwater (Pretreatment) Greenhouse irrigationUrine Fertilizer Plant nutritionFaecals Biomass production
Pretreatment options• Aerated pond• Gravel filter• Membrane ultra filtration
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Aerated Pondoperation costs: aeration of the water through pumps at least 4 kWh/m³ wastewater [after: DWA- A 203] wastewater retention time: > 5 daysregulations: ATV-A 200, DWA-A 201, DIN EN 12255-5
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Performance of treatment ponds differ
reduction of the biological oxygen demand (BOD5): 95 until 99%
nitrogen removal: 10 % until 90 %
phosphorous removal: 0 until 80% (after Barjenbruch, Teschner 2006)
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Gravel filters instead of sand filters - to avoid clogging
Rainwater treatment and use Potsdamer Platz, Berlin Catchment area 40.000 m²Cistern – tank size 3500 m³ (15%)Artificial pond 13.000 m²
PP rr oo
jj eecc tt
ddaa tt
aa
Gravel filter for rainwater treatment 1900 m²
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität BerlinBiological Cleansing
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
-Greenroofs-Storm water reuse-Retention
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin-Lankwitz • mainly treatment of the “first flush” runoff• Treatment: gravel filter
inside of a “greenhouse”• Visualisation• UV- Radiation
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Main difference between greywater and rainwater pretreatment: storage capacity
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Gravel filter
Field c
apac
ityFilte
r surfa
ceWate
r rete
ntion
Wastew
ater lo
adWas
tewate
r load
Retentio
n time
Retentio
n time
[Vol %] [m²] [Liter] [m³/d] [l/(m²*d)] [min] [h]
Expanded clay 8/16 14,32 2,50 214,85 9,90 3960,00 31,25 0,52 Lankwitz 1
Gravel 4/8 5,22 2,50 78,35 9,90 3960,00 11,40 0,19 Lankwitz 2
Expanded slate 1/3 24,74 25,00 4823,33 4,80 192,00 1447,00 24,12 UFA
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Constructed gravel bed for pre-treatment of wastewater in open/ closed greenhouses
evaporation loss in an open greenhouse: 5 l/m² per day (20% of the wastewater input)
evaporation loss in a closed greenhouse: 2,3 l/m² per day (2,5 % of the wastewater input)
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Constructed gravel bed for pre-treatment of greywater in open/ closed greenhouse
evaporation loss in an open greenhouse: 5 l/m² per day (2% of the greywater input)
evaporation loss in a closed greenhouse: 2,3 l/m² per day (0,25 % of the greywater input)
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Membrane Systems: Ultrafiltration
www.techneau.eu
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Membrane filtration
Example: Ultrasource by Aquasource www.techneau.eu
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Water - Energy
Global change - Global warming
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Palaeogeography: we dry out the planet
We dry We dry out out the the planet !planet !
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
DevelopmentDevelopment: : dramatic reductiondramatic reduction in in evapotranspiration evapotranspiration !!
Daily Daily loss loss of of forestsforests worldwideworldwide:: 350 km²350 km²
Daily Daily deforestationdeforestation in in the amazon regionthe amazon region: : 40 km²40 km²
Daily Daily loss loss in in the mediterranean areathe mediterranean area: : 45 km²45 km²
Daily Daily urbanization urbanization in Germany:in Germany: 1 km²1 km²
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Dry Climate•
reduced
evapotranspiration
•
increased thermal radiation•
increased sensible heat
Naturalistic Landscape:•
80%
evapotranspiration,
20% groundwater recharge and runoff
•
86% of „consumed“ net radiation
(Prec. Berlin: 680 mm, PET 760 mm)
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Evaporation reduces thermal radiation and sensible heat fluxEvaporation reduces thermal radiation and sensible heat flux
Evaporation(Latent Heat)1888 Wh
Sensible Heat575 Wh
Main Influencing Factors:
VegetaitionPrecipitationSoil fertility
Reflection328 Wh
Sustainable land use
Stopping deforestation
Reduction of urbanization
Global Radiation BalanceEnergy balance, daily mean Condition
Global Radiation4514 Wh
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU-B
erlin
.de
Increased Thermal Radiation 1724 Wh
Net Radiation2462 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation7776 Wh
Ø Daily Global Mean in Wh/m²source: www.physicalgeography.net
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro
Evaporation(Latent Heat)1888 Wh
Sensible Heat575 Wh
Main Influencing Factors:
VegetaitionPrecipitationSoil fertility
Reflection328 Wh
Sustainable land use
Stopping deforestation
Reduction of urbanization
Global Radiation BalanceEnergy balance, daily mean Condition
Global Radiation4514 Wh
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU-B
erlin
.de
Increased Thermal Radiation 1724 Wh
Net Radiation2462 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation7776 Wh
Ø Daily Global Mean in Wh/m²source: www.physicalgeography.net
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
ReducedReduced evapotranspirationevapotranspiration in urban areas increases thermal in urban areas increases thermal radiation and changes up to 95% of the radiation and changes up to 95% of the netnet radiation to heatradiation to heat
Niederschlag
Evaporation(Latent Heat)
123 Wh
Sensible Heat1827 Wh
Main Influencing Factors:Surface colour (Albedo)Heat capacity of the surfaceExposition
Reflection482 Wh
Uncomfortable microclimateLow durability of thesealing of the roofHigh surface runoff, low evapotranspirationPollution of the surface waters
Asphalt roofEnergy balance, daily mean Disadvantages
Global Radiation5354 Wh
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU-B
erlin
.de
Increased Thermal Radiation 2923 Wh
Net Radiation1949 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation 7555 Wh
Ø Daily Mean in Wh/m² June-August 2000UFA-Fabrik Berlin-Tempelhof
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
On a green roof,On a green roof, evapotranspirationevapotranspiration reduces thermal radiation reduces thermal radiation and changes up to 65% of the and changes up to 65% of the net net radiation to evaporative coolingradiation to evaporative cooling
Niederschlag
Evaporation(Latent Heat)1185 Wh
Sensible Heat872 Wh
Main Influencing Factors:Field capacity of the soilExpositionPercentage of coverof the vegetation
Reflection803 Wh
Improvement of the microclimateHigh durability of thesealing of the roofReduction of the runoffby evapotranspiration
Extensive Greened RoofEnergy balance, daily mean Advantages
Global Radiation5354 Wh
Mar
co.S
chm
idt@
TU-B
erlin
.de
Increased Thermal Radiation 2494 Wh
Net Radiation2057 Wh
Net Longwave (Thermal) Radiation7555 Wh
Ø Daily Mean in Wh/m² June-August 2000UFA-Fabrik Berlin-Tempelhof
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
BAM Citadella BAM Citadella –– IRAN (Persia) IRAN (Persia) -- 3500 years3500 years
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Global Global radiationradiation balancebalance
afterafter Greenpeace / S. Greenpeace / S. Krauter Krauter 20062006
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Global Global radiationradiation balancebalance
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
COCO22 and global and global warmingwarming
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
Road to Road to Kalat NaderiKalat Naderi, Iran. , Iran. Foto: Foto: ShahirehShahireh Sharif Sharif wwwwww..iranianiranian..comcom
water sources for greenhouse irrigation Technische Universität Berlin
http://www.watergy.dehttp://www.waterparadigm.orghttp://www.evapotranspiration.net
Thank you for your attention ! Merci beaucoup !
Vielen
Dank !