MEDU-REVISION

MEDU-222- TOPICS

1. Introduction to the course (MEDU-222) “Concepts & principles of learning”

2. Introduction to College Curriculum & Regulation

3. Graduation & School Studies

4. Self-Directed Learning5. Integrated teaching & learning

6. Time management

7. Professionalism in medical education

8. Rationale of Problem-Based Learning

9. Process of PBL 10. PBL Application

11. Important strategies & instructional methods in medical education

12. Students Assessment

WHAT IS SDL? Is the process for which the individual learner

takes the initiative and the responsibility (with or without help) to: assess educational needs, set goals and objectives, plan and identify appropriate educational

activities, implement those activities, and evaluate the outcomes.

TWELVE TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE SDL

1. Identify your learning needs2. Translate learning needs into

learning objectives3. Identify educational

resources4. Organize learning activities5. Set a doable & practical plan6. Set a learning contract

TWELVE TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE SDL

7- Make use of electronic resources

8- Maintain high motivation9- Be skillful time-manager10- Be skillful critical reader11- Self-assessment &12- Evaluate educational process.

ADVANTAGES OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING Convenience for students in term of

place & time (‘just-in-time’ learning), Relevance to the needs of the

practicing doctor, Individualization to the needs of each

learner (‘just-for-you’ learning), Self assessment by the learner of his

own competence, Interest of the program & motivation of

learner, Systemic coverage of the topic for the

program.

STRATEGIES & INSTRUCTIONAL

METHODS IN MEDICAL

EDUCATION

EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES SPICES Model. Each strategy can be represented as a

spectrum or continuum:Student-centered………..teacher-centered

Problem-based……………information-gathering

Integrated…………………discipline-basedCommunity-based…………..hospital-based

Elective…………………………….uniformSystematic………………..apprenticeship-based

WHAT IS A CURRICULUM? The curriculum is the content or

objectives for which school hold students accountable.

The curriculum is the set of instructional strategies teachers plan to use.

WHAT IS A CURRICULUM? A curriculum is about what should

happen in a teaching program – about the intension of the teachers and about the way they make this happen.

The curriculum in fact isWhat the student learnsHow the student learns (strategy/s & Learning/teaching tools)

How the student assessed The learning environmentLearning outcomes

TYPES OF CURRICULATHE CONCURRENT CURRICULA

The official curriculum: (The written curriculum),

The Operational Curriculum,Hidden Curriculum

BASIC CURRICULAR STRUCTURES

The discrete curriculum,The linear curriculum,The pyramidal structure, ANDThe spiral curriculum.

WHAT IS PBL?

“ A learning method based on the principle of using problems as a starting point for the acquisition and integration of new knowledge.”

H.S. Barrows 1982

WHAT IS PBL?

Is an instructional method characterized by the use of patient problems as a context for students to learn problem-solving skills and acquire knowledge about the basic and clinical sciences.”

RATIONALE FOR PBL

Learning via the use of situations is an efficient way to learn

Scenarios facilitate the integration of knowledge from many fields

The practice of PBL encourages the thinking processes and helps set a pattern for life long learning.

Intellectually stimulating.

ADVANTAGES OF PBL

A problem at the beginning provides a concrete application

Links and experience help recall of information

PBL helps to learn and understand new material easier

In PBL each student takes in small pieces of information and synthesises it for the larger picture – like a jigsaw!

PBL enhances active learning; It is multidisciplinary;

ADVANTAGES OF PBL Learning is problem driven; Learning occurs in small tutorial groups; Student-Centered learning; Integrative thinking Self directed learning Motivation for learning; Learning environment is realistic; and Assessment matches educational objectives

DISADVANTAGES OF PBL Some will be uncomfortable with PBL

because they prefer the anonymity of lectures and a subject-base

It may appear as though not much learning is taking place

Good problem-solving is not automatic – it takes practice

DISADVANTAGES OF PBL

It is costly; Large and well trained staff is needed; More time is needed; Large physical structure is required; and It needs more resources.

PBL PROCESS - SEVEN JUMPS

1) Clarify terms

2) Define the problem

3) Analyze the problem

4) Summarize

5) Formulate learning objectives

6) Self study based on step 5

7) Report back in the group

TIME MANAGEMENT

COMMON TIME WASTERS Interruption

Meetings

Tasks to delegate

Procrastination

Acting with incomplete information

Dealing with classmates

Crisis management

COMMON TIME WASTERS Unclear communication

Inadequate technical knowledge Unclear objectives and priorities

Lack of planning

Stress and fatigue

Inability to say "No"

Personal disorganization

PROCRASTINATION

Postponing planning or implementation of a task which produces unnecessary delay

Or “Constituting those attitudes and behaviors

that serve to maintain others interest above physician self-interest”.

PROCRASTINATION SIGNS (THIEF OF TIME) Paralysis by planning where

implementation is delayed unnecessarily

Perfectionism which often serves to delay tackling other

problems and not cost-effective to achieve

Boredom

Hostility to tasks

The Deadline High

HOW TO TACKLE PROCRASTINATION?

Set deadlines by which goals

should be achieved

PROFESSIONALISM IN MEDICAL EDUCATION

WHAT IS PROFESSIONALISM?• It is not easy to define a profession, but it

is likely to have all or Some of the following characteristics:– It is a vocation that implies service to

others.– It has a distinctive knowledge base

which is kept up to date.– It determines its own standards.– It has a special relationship with those

whom it serves e.g. patients.– It has particular ethical principles

WHAT IS PROFESSIONALISM?

Is a term which embodies numerous qualities of physicians as public servants.

“Constituting those attitudes and behaviors that serve to maintain others interest above physician Self-interest”

“EXCELLENCE”

It entails a conscientious effort to exceed normal expectations and make a commitment to life-long learning.

SIX KEY ELEMENTS OF PROFESSIONALISM:

1- Altruism2- Accountability3- Excellence4- Duty5- Honor and integrity6- Respect for other

ALTRUISM

Is the essence of professionalism. The best interest of the patients, not self-interest, is the rule.

UNPROFESSIONAL BEHAVIORS FOR STUDENTS IN CLASSROOM SETTING

1- Arriving for class late and/or leaving early

2- Being unprepared for group sessions

3- Not completing assigned tasks4- Disrupting class sessions5- Failing to attend scheduled class

sessions6- Cheating on an exam7- Cheating attendance

INTEGRATION IN MEDICAL EDUCATION

PRINCIPLES OF ADULT LEARNING The need to know — adult learners need to know

why they need to learn something before undertaking to learn it

Learner self-concept — need to be responsible for their own decisions

Role of learners' experience — have a variety of experiences of life - the richest resource for learning

Readiness to learn — are ready to learn those things they need to know in order to cope effectively with life situations

Orientation to learning — are motivated to learn to the extent that they perceive that it will help them perform tasks they confront in their life situations.

INTEGRATION: A DEFINITION

“ The teaching of different subject areas in a thematic manner, so that the different disciplines are not emphasized”

INTEGRATION: A DEFINITION

“ The organization of teaching of teaching matter to interrelate or unify subjects frequently taught in separate academic courses or departments”

Harden

ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATION

1. Matching curriculum aims2. Achieving higher level of

objectives.3. Avoiding information overload.4. Making learning interesting &

effectives5. Motivating students.6. Benefiting staff.

Assessment

Tools

ASSESSMENT

Formativev/s

Summative

Formative Summative

1. It is a continuous assessment

1. It is a end of course or program assessment

2. Feedback is an essential part

2. May not be a feedback session

3. Usually grades are not given to students

3. Grading is essential

4. There is no pass-fail decision

4. There should be a pass-fail decision

ASSESSMENT

Knows

Shows how

Knows how

Does Skills &Behaviour

Cognition/Knowledge

Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance.

Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ASSESSMENT

Knows

Shows how

Knows how

DoesAction

Performance

Competence

KnowledgeMiller GE. The assessment of clinical

skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.

CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENT ASSESSMENT METHODS

1. Validity:2. Reliability3. Educational

impact4. Cost effectiveness5. Acceptability/

Practicability

CRITERIA / REQUIREMENTS 1. Validity: measure what it is

supposed to measure?

2. Reliability: produce consistent results.

3. Practicability: practical in term of times & resources.