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400 fT1.0 s
-6pt-6pt MEG
-2pt-2pt Bernhard Ross
1.1
MEG introductionBrain Signals
MEG seminarOct 06 2011
Bernhard Ross
Rotman Research Institute
Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto
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1.2
Brain signals recorded with EEG and MEG
Understanding the neural mechanism underlying the EEG/MEGsignal and knowing about the possibilities and limitations of themethods has a large impact on design and performance of asuccessful study.
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1.3
The origin of the neuroelectric / neuromagnetic signal
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1.3
The origin of the neuroelectric / neuromagnetic signal
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1.3
The origin of the neuroelectric / neuromagnetic signal
Ramon y Cajal
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1.3
The origin of the neuroelectric / neuromagnetic signal
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1.4
Intra-cellular current flow
Transmembrane current flowIntracellular current flowExtracellular current flow
The intracellular currentflow generates anexternalelectromagnetic field
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1.5
Source activity: The dipole moment
6
?
dlAA��
I
Dipolemoment:q = I · dl
(Am, nAm)
-6pt-6pt MEG
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1.5
Source activity: The dipole moment
6
?
dlAA��
I
Dipolemoment:q = I · dl
(Am, nAm)
Dipole moment of asingle neuron:0.2 . . . 0.5 pAme.g.:I=0.5nA, dl=1mm
-6pt-6pt MEG
-2pt-2pt Bernhard Ross
1.5
Source activity: The dipole moment
6
?
dlAA��
I
Dipolemoment:q = I · dl
(Am, nAm)
AA��
n · I
Dipolemoment:q = n · I · dl
Dipole moment of asingle neuron:0.2 . . . 0.5 pAme.g.:I=0.5nA, dl=1mm
-6pt-6pt MEG
-2pt-2pt Bernhard Ross
1.5
Source activity: The dipole moment
6
?
dlAA��
I
Dipolemoment:q = I · dl
(Am, nAm)
AA��
n · I
Dipolemoment:q = n · I · dl
Dipole moment of asingle neuron:0.2 . . . 0.5 pAme.g.:I=0.5nA, dl=1mmMEG/EEG evokedresponse:1 . . . 100 nAmn=2000 . . . 500,000synchronously activeneurons
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1.6
Source of the MEG: – Anatomical organization in columnar structures
FROM: Hutsler and Galuske Trends in Neuroscience, 2003, 26:429-435
Neurons in the neocortex are organized in a hierarchy of micro-and macro-columns.
-6pt-6pt MEG
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1.7
The neural columns are aligned perpendicular to the cortical surface
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1.8
Coil configuration: first order gradiometer
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1.9
Whole head MEG system
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1.10
Not all sources appear equally in the MEG
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1.10
Not all sources appear equally in the MEG
A dipole tangential to the skull produces astrong magnetic field outside the head.
A radial source may be missed in the MEG
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1.11
The human magnetoencephalogram
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
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single trial data
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
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single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=1
averaged data
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
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single trial data
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n=2
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
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single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=4
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
1
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single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=8
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
1
2
3
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single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=16
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
1
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3
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7
single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=32
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=64
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1.12
The averaged auditory evoked response
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
single trial data
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time (ms)
n=128
P1
N1
P2
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1.13
Magnetic field waveforms of auditory evoked responses
600 fT
700 ms
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1.13
Magnetic field waveforms of auditory evoked responses
600 fT
700 ms−200
−100
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fT
−200
−100
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
sec
fT
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1.14
Auditory evoked responses
-cortical responses
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1.15
Why do we have positive and negative response components?
FROM: Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva
Two factors decide about the polarity of the response:1. The nature of synaptic connection: excitatory or inhibitory.2. The location of synaptic contact: apical or basal.
Generally, subsequent waves are generated in different micro circuits.
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1.16
Event related responses
Early responses are strictly time-locked to the stimulus (exogenouscomponents)
Later responses are time-locked to internal processing (endogenouscomponents)
trade off around 250 ms (?)
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1.17
The first human MEG recording
David Cohen, Jim Zimmerman, MIT, 1971single channel SQUID sensor
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1.17
The first human MEG recording
David Cohen, Jim Zimmerman, MIT, 1971single channel SQUID sensor
-6pt-6pt MEG
-2pt-2pt Bernhard Ross
1.17
The first human MEG recording
David Cohen, Jim Zimmerman, MIT, 1971single channel SQUID sensor
-6pt-6pt MEG
-2pt-2pt Bernhard Ross
1.17
The first human MEG recording
David Cohen, Jim Zimmerman, MIT, 1971single channel SQUID sensor
-6pt-6pt MEG
-2pt-2pt Bernhard Ross
1.17
The first human MEG recording
David Cohen, Jim Zimmerman, MIT, 1971single channel SQUID sensor
Hans Berger, 1929
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1.17
The first human MEG recording
David Cohen, Jim Zimmerman, MIT, 1971single channel SQUID sensor
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1.18
Beta oscillations 15-30 Hz
Beta oscillations have been first observed in the motor system.
Beta increased during preparation for a movement.
Beta decreased at initiation of the movement.
and beta increased again at the end of the movement
Beta oscillations are involved in sensorimotor integration
Modulation of beta oscillation have been found in the auditory andvisual system.
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1.19
Gamma oscillations 30-80 Hz
Gamma oscillation have been first observed as a short burst afterstimulus onset in the visual modality - also with auditory andsomatosensory stimulation.
There is a large interest in gamma oscillation because of a strongtheoretical framework related to feature binding, attention,consciousness ...
Gamma oscillations always increase in the active state
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1.20
The micro circuit underlying gamma oscillations
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1.21
early gamma oscillation aretime (phase) locked to thestimulus and can be detectedin the averaged sgnal
Endogenous gammaoscillations are less strictlytime (phase) locked to thestimulus. The signal iscanceled out in the average.
Instead we can analyze theevent related changes in themagnitude of oscillation.
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1.22
Event related changes in oscillatory activity
-12-6 0 6 12
Time (s)
θ
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (s)
3 4 5 6 7 8
-3
0
3α
8
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-2
0
2
Sig
nal P
ow
er
Change (
dB
)
Fre
quency (
Hz)
β
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28
Fre
quency (
Hz) -2
0
2γ1
30
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50
-2
0
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γ2 80
100
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Time-frequencyanalysis of the MEGsignal
Change in signalstrength relative to aninactive pre-stimulusinterval
The signal changesare often termed’Event relatedsynchronisation (ERS)’and ’Event relateddesynchronisation(ERD)’
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
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-50
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Sour
ce S
treng
th (n
Am)
Time (s)
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
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Sour
ce S
treng
th (n
Am)
Time (s)
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
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-10
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ce S
treng
th (n
Am)
Time (s)
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
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-20
-10
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-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sour
ce S
treng
th (n
Am)
Time (s)
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
-20
-10
0
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-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sour
ce S
treng
th (n
Am)
Time (s)
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
-10
0
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-10
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Sou
rce
Stre
ngth
(nA
m)
-10
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-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sou
rce
Stre
ngth
(nA
m)
-10
0
10
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Sou
rce
Stre
ngth
(nA
m)
Time (s)
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1.23
Synchrony between gamma oscillations
-10
0
10
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-10
0
10
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sou
rce
Stre
ngth
(nA
m)
-10
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10
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sou
rce
Stre
ngth
(nA
m)
-10
0
10
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
Sou
rce
Stre
ngth
(nA
m)
Time (s)
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1.24
Analysis of oscillatory activity
Phase locked responses (averaging, phase statistics)Event related changes in signal magnitude (ERS, ERD)Coherence between sensor signals and between source signalsEvent related changes in coherenceAnalysis of coupling between frequency bands (gamma - theta)Steady-state approaches