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Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Date post: 27-Jun-2015
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Megan gave a fascinating talk showcasing her work on network analysis of virtual water trade. We discussed water and food security in the context of population growth, economic development and climate change.
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Civil & Environmental Engineering Princeton University Network Analysis of Virtual Water Trade Megan Konar
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Page 1: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

 

Civil  &  Environmental  Engineering  Princeton  University  

 

 

Network  Analysis  of  Virtual  Water  Trade  Megan  Konar  

 

Page 2: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

From  space,  Earth  is  a  “Blue  Planet”  

Global  DistribuKon  of  Water  on  Earth  

Page 3: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Water  available  for  plant  use  is  less  than  0.34%  of  all  fresh  water  

Global  DistribuKon  of  Water  on  Earth  

FROZEN  70%  

UNDERGROUND  30%  

SURFACE  WATER  0.34%  

FRESH  WATER  3%  

OCEANS  97%  

Page 4: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Water  for  Food  Water  and  food  security  are  inextricably  linked.    Water  and  food  systems  face  increasing  pressures  from  global  populaKon  growth,  economic  development,  and  climate  change.    How  are  water  and   food  systems   linked   through  internaKonal  trade?  

Page 5: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Sources  of  Water  

Blue  Water  

Green  Water  

The  vast  majority  (80%)  of  irrigaKon  (i.e.  “blue”)  water  resources  goes  to  agriculture.    Most  food  (60-­‐70%)  is  actually  rainfed,  or  produced  using  “green”  water  resources.  

Page 6: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

HarvestingCotton plant Seed-cotton

Cotton seed

Cotton lint

Cotton seedcake

Cotton seed oil

Grey fabric

Fabric

Final textile

Cotton linters

Cotton, notcarded or combed

Cotton, carded orcombed (yarn)

Hulling/extraction

Garnetted stock

Carding/Spinning

Yarn waste

Knitting/weaving

Wet processing

Finishing

Cotton seed oil,refined

Ginning

18.063.0

82.035.0

47.016.0

33.051.0

20.010.0

00.107.1

00.100.1

99.095.0

10.005.0

00.100.1

00.100.1

99.095.0

10.005.0

82.035.0

Legend

Value fraction

Product fraction

ProducKon  Chain  Co`on  

Hoekstra,  2009  

Page 7: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Hoekstra,  2009  

Page 8: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Crop  Water  Use  Varies  In  Both  Space  and  Time  

H08  Global  Hydrologic  Model    ½₀  x  ½₀  SpaKal  ResoluKon    

Hanasaki,  2010  

Virtual  W

ater  Con

tent  [-­‐]            

Page 9: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Water,  Food,  and  Trade  The   water   embodied   in   the   internaKonal   food   trade   is  referred  to  as  “virtual  water  trade”.      Virtual   water   trade   is   driven   by   underlying   economic  system  and  climaKc  factors.  

Page 10: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Water,  Food,  and  Trade  The   water   embodied   in   the   internaKonal   food   trade   is  referred  to  as  “virtual  water  trade”.      Virtual   water   trade   is   driven   by   underlying   economic  system  and  climaKc  factors.    This  complex  system  can  be  represented  as  a  network.  

NODES:   Countries   parKcipaKng  in  internaKonal  food  trade.    LINKS:   Weighted   by   water                          volumes,  directed  by  trade.    

Page 11: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

What  is  a  network?  

…Quick  Intro  

Page 12: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Unweighted  &  Undirected   Weighted  &  Undirected  

Unweighted  &  Directed        Weighted  &  Directed  

Node  

Link  

4  

2  

1   8  

4  

6  

1  

2  

3  

Page 13: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Network  ProperKes   Undirected Directed

Degree Strength

k = 2

k out = 0 k in = 1

s = 7

2

1 4

6

s out = 3 s in = 10

Page 14: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Network  ProperKes   Unweighted Weighted

Nearest Neighbor Clustering

Page 15: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Virtual  Water  Trade  Network  

Page 16: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Regional  Networks  

   Crops  and  Livestock                          Crops                                                Livestock                                                                All  Water            Green  Water                                                          Blue    Water        

                                                 

Page 17: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Regional  Networks  

   Crops  and  Livestock                          Crops                                                Livestock                                                                All  Water            Green  Water                                                          Blue    Water        

                                                 

Page 18: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Regional  Networks  

   Crops  and  Livestock                          Crops                                                Livestock                                                                All  Water            Green  Water                                                          Blue    Water        

                                                 

EnKre  network  is    driven  by  the  trade    of  rain-­‐fed  crops  

Page 19: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Network  ProperKes  Node  Degree                            

Node  Strength                      

k out = 0 k in = 1

2

1 4

6

s out = 3 s in = 10

ExponenKal  export  degree  distribuKon  

Stretched-­‐exponenKal  strength  distribuKon  

Data  Fit  

Page 20: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Power  Law  RelaKonship  Volume  of  virtual  water  traded  vs.  number  of  trade  partners  follows  a  power  law  relaKonship  

This  relaKonship  is  parKcularly  strong  for  food  import,  indicaKng  that  the  more  import  trade  partners  a  country  has,  the  much  more  virtual  water  it  imports.  

Data  Fit  

Page 21: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Evidence  of  Rich  Club  Nearest-­‐Neighbor  Degree          Clustering  Coefficient    

Weights  break  down  disassortaKve  structure  

Unweighted  Weighted  

Unweighted  Weighted  

Page 22: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Network  Dynamics  Over  Time  

%  Change  from

 1986  

1986   2007  

Volume  of  virtual  water  embodied  in  trade  has  more  than  doubled  from  1986-­‐2007,  parKcularly  for  green  water.  

Green  Water  

Blue  Water  

Dalin  et  al,  2012;  Konar  et  al,  In  Review  

Page 23: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Global  Water  Savings  from  Trade  

Savings  =  238  km3  yr-­‐1  Equivalent  to  9%  of  global    agricultural  water  use  

Dalin  et  al,  2012  

Page 24: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

Blue  and  Green  Networks  Save  Water  Glob

al  W

ater  Savings  [m

3]  

   <VW

C  Ga

p>  

Pos.    Links  [%

]  Crop

 Trade

 [%]  

What  is  driving  this  increased  water  saving  over  Kme?  

.  Blue  Water  Green  Water  .  

Page 25: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

IntensificaKon  of  Trade  on    Water-­‐Efficient  Links  

.  Blue  Water  Green  Water  .  

Page 26: Megan Konar's Talk on Water and Food

 

QuesKons?    

 

Thank  You    


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