Meiosis
Cellular Reproduction Part II
Ploidy• Ploidy (N) describes the number of copies of
chromosomes a cell contains. Haploid (1N), Diploid (2N), Triploid (3N), Tetraploid (4N).
• Humans are diploid organisms, each cell has 2 sets of chromosomes.
• In order to conserve the diploid requirement for humans, sex cells must be haploid (1N). That way when two sex cells join they create a diploid organism.
• Meiosis is the process of creating the haploid sex cells called gametes.
• If meiosis didn’t occur, when our sex cell combine they would create a tetraploid zygote, which would be incompatible for human life and not survive.
Human Spermatogenesis
Humans Oogenesis
Meiosis
Meiosis I• Prophase I• Metaphase I• Anaphase I• Telophase I• Interkinesis• Results in one
diploid primary oocytes and a polar body in females.
• Results in two diploid primary spermatocytes in males.
Crossing Over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Occurs during Prophase I. Responsible for genetic diversity.
Meiosis II• Prophase II• Metaphase II• Anaphase II• Telophase II• Cytokinesis
• Results in 4 haploid secondary spermatocyes in males. • Results in 1 haploid secondary oocyte and 3 polar bodies in
females.
Non-disjunction• Occurs in anaphase II, when the sister chromatids are not separated correctly. This results in one n+1 gamete, one n-1 gamete, and two normal haploid gametes.
• If the n+1 gamete gets fertilized it will result in trisomy, If the n-1 gamete gets fertilized it will result in monosomy.
Chromosomal Diseases
• Trisomy’s:– 21: Down’s syndrome
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome– XXY: Kleinfelter’s syndrome
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/klinefelter-syndrome– XYY syndrome
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome
• Monosomy– Most monosomy zygotes are incompatible with life and
spontaneously abort.– Turner’s Syndrome: XO
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/turner-syndrome
Overview• Meiosis occurs in sex cells to create gametes.• It is two events of cell division with only one even of DNA synthesis
which results in haploid gametes. • In human men it results in 4 sperm. Men constantly produce
sperm through meiosis once they reach puberty.• In human females it results in 1 oocyte and 3 polar bodies.
Females create all the oocytes they will ever have in while they are a fetus. The oocytes are rested in the primary oocyte phase until puberty, then each ovulation cycle they mature 1 oocyte to the secondary oocyte stage.
• The division events have the same stages as mitosis. (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase II, telophase I, interkinesis, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis)
• The gametes are all unique. • Nondisjunction is an error in separating chromosomes (anaphase),
it can happen during meiosis II, and results in monosomy or trisomy diseases.