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MeiosisMitosisHarvesting Energy
Energy and MetabolismMembranes
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What is the structure of the cell membrane
It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic portion inward, hydrophilic
portion outward
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
What is osmosis?
Movement of water from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
What is active transport? Give examples
Movement of molecules or substances from low concentration to high
concentration; requires energy.
Describe the types of bulk movement.
Endocytosis- movement of particles into a cell
(phagocytosis, pinocytosis & cell mediated)
Exocytosis-movement of particles out of the cell
Define potential and kinetic energy
Potential- stored energyKinetic-energy in motion
What do the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
state?1st- energy cannot be created or destroyed, simple changed form
2nd- disorder (entropy) is more likely than order
What are enzymes and how do they work?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower
activation energy. They bind to specific
substrates in order to make the reaction occur
faster
What is ATP and how does it work?
Adenosine triphosphate, it releases energy (7.3
kcal/mole) when a phosphate is broken off
the triphosphate tail
What is a feedback mechanism?
A mechanism or signal that tends to
accelerate(positive) or inhibit (negative) a
process
Define autotroph and heterotroph
Autotroph- organism that can produce its own foodHeterotroph- organism
that must obtain its food
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
What is ATP used for?1.Making sugars
2.Supplying activation energy3.Actively transporting
substances across membranes4.Moving cells through
environment5.Growth
Explain what occurs in each step of cellular respiration
1.glycolysis- glucose to pyruvate (2)2.Pyruvate is oxidized
3.Pyruvate enters Krebs where nine intermediates are formed to produce
2 ATP4.ETC where bulk of ATP is made
(36)
Discuss aerobic respiration and fermentation
Aerobic- produces 36 ATP for every glucose; requires O2;
very efficientFermentation- produces 2 ATP for every glucose; no oxygen
required
Define heterochormatin, euchromatin, diploid, haploid and
homologous chromosomesHeterochormatin- permanently
condensed DNAEuchromatin- DNA used to express genes
Diploid- two sets of chromosomesHaploid- one set of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes- chromosomes that are identical
What is the structure of a chromosome and how
many are there?Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein
Humans have 46
What are the steps to the cell cycle?
1.Interphase2.Mitosis
3.cytokinesis
What types of checkpoints does the cell
cycle have?
1.G1 checkpoint2.G2 checkpoint3.M checkpoint
What types of genes regulate the cell cycle?
1.Tumor suppressor genes
2.Proto-oncogenes
Define meiosis
Meiosis- the production of sex cells
What are somatic cells
Body cells (skin, liver, brain)
What are germ line cells?
Cells that become reproductive cells (sperm
and egg)
What are three unique characteristics of
meiosis?
1.Crossing over2.Independent
assortment3.Reduction division
Why are the cells created by meiosis unique?
The cells are genetically different from each other.