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MEIOSISMEIOSISModified with permission from Modified with permission from
Robert GoodmanRobert Goodman, , Biology Department,Citrus Community CollegeBiology Department,Citrus Community College
Meiosis• The form of cell divisioncell division by which
gametes, gametes, with halfhalf the number of chromosomes,chromosomes, are produced.
• Diploid (2n) Diploid (2n) haploid (n)haploid (n)
• MeiosisMeiosis is sexual reproduction.sexual reproduction.
• Two divisionsTwo divisions (meiosis I meiosis I & meiosis IImeiosis II)
MeiosisMeiosis• Sex cells Sex cells undergo meiosis to produce
gametesgametes – GametesGametes have halfhalf the # of chromosomeschromosomes.
• Male: spermMale: sperm • Female: eggFemale: egg
– Meiosis only occurs in Meiosis only occurs in gonadsgonads • Male Testes: spermatogenesisMale Testes: spermatogenesis• Female Ovaries: oogenesisFemale Ovaries: oogenesis
• MeiosisMeiosis is similar to mitosismitosis with some chromosomal differences.
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
2n=46
humansex cell
diploid (2n)
n=23
n=23
meiosis I
n=23
n=23
n=23
n=23
sperm
haploid (n)
meiosis II
Head
Mid piece
Tail
Interphase IInterphase I
• Similar to mitosismitosis interphase
– ChromosomesChromosomes replicate (S phase)(S phase)
– Each duplicated chromosomechromosome consists of two identical sister chromatidschromatids attached at their centromerescentromeres
– CentrioleCentriole pairs also replicate
Interphase IInterphase I
• NucleusNucleus and nucleolusnucleolus visible.
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
cell membrane
chromatin
Meiosis I (four phases)Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division Cell division reduces the chromosomechromosome number by one-half.one-half.
• Four phasesFour phases:a.a. prophase Iprophase Ib.b. metaphase Imetaphase Ic.c. anaphase Ianaphase Id.d. telophase Itelophase I
Prophase IProphase ILongest and most complex phase Longest and most complex phase
(90%)(90%)–ChromosomesChromosomes condense–SynapsisSynapsis occurs
• Homologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomes come together to form a TetradTetrad
–Two homologoushomologous chromosomeschromosomes which is four chromatidschromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids)
Prophase IProphase I - Synapsis - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids sister chromatidsTetrad
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes• Pair of chromosomeschromosomes (maternalmaternal and paternalpaternal)
that are similar in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits.
• Each locuslocus (position of a gene) (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous homologous chromosomes.chromosomes.– 22 pairs of autosomesautosomes– 1 pair of sex chromosomessex chromosomes
Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
Paternal Maternal
eye color locus
eye color locus
hair color locus
hair color locus
Crossing OverCrossing Over• Crossing over (variation) Crossing over (variation) may
occur between nonsister chromatidschromatids at the certain areas.–Segments of nonsister chromatidschromatids
break and reattach to the other chromatidchromatid.
Crossing Over - VariationCrossing Over - Variation
nonsister chromatids
chiasmata: site of crossing over
VARIATIONVARIATION
Tetrad
Metaphase IMetaphase I• Shortest phaseShortest phase• TetradsTetrads align on the metaphase platemetaphase plate• Independent assortment occurs:Independent assortment occurs:
1.Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random
2.Variation3.Formula: 2n
1.1. Example:Example: 2n = 42n = 42.2. Then Then n = 2 n = 23.3. ThusThus 2 22 2 = 4 combinations= 4 combinations
Question:Question:In terms of In terms of Independent Independent
AssortmentAssortment
How many different How many different combinations of sperm could a combinations of sperm could a
humanhuman malemale produce? produce?
AnswerAnswer
Formula: 2Formula: 2nn
Human chromosomes:Human chromosomes: 2n = 462n = 46
n = 23n = 23
222323
~8 million combinations~8 million combinations
Anaphase IAnaphase IHomologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomes
separate and move towards the poles
Sister chromatids Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromerescentromeres
Telophase ITelophase I• Each pole now has haploidhaploid set
of chromosomeschromosomes.
• CytokinesisCytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.
Meiosis IIMeiosis II• No interphase II No interphase II
(or very short - no more DNA DNA replicationreplication)
• Remember:Remember: Meiosis II Meiosis II is similar to mitosismitosis
Anaphase IIAnaphase II
• Same as anaphaseanaphase in mitosismitosis
• Sister chromatids separateSister chromatids separate
Telophase IITelophase II• Same as telophasetelophase in mitosismitosis.
• Nuclei form.
• CytokinesisCytokinesis occurs.
• Remember: four haploid daughter Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced.cells produced.
gametes = sperm or egggametes = sperm or egg
MeiosisMeiosis
2n=4
sex cell
diploid (2n)
n=2
n=2
meiosis I
n=2
n=2
n=2
n=2
sperm
haploid (n)
meiosis II
VariationVariation• Important to population as the raw Important to population as the raw
material for material for Natural SelectionNatural Selection..
• Question:Question:
What are the three sexual sources of What are the three sexual sources of genetic variation?genetic variation?
Answer:Answer:1. Crossing over (prophase I)1. Crossing over (prophase I)
2. Independent assortment (metaphase I)2. Independent assortment (metaphase I)
3. Random fertilization3. Random fertilization
Remember: variation is good!
Question:Question:• A cell containing 20 chromosomes20 chromosomes
(diploid)(diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomeschromosomes?
KaryotypeKaryotype• A method of organizing the A method of organizing the chromosomes chromosomes of a of a
cell in relation to number, size, and type.cell in relation to number, size, and type.
FertilizationFertilization• The fusion of a spermsperm and eggegg to form a
zygotezygote.
• A zygote is a fertilized egg
n=23egg
sperm n=23
2n=46zygote
Question:Question:A cell containing 40 chromatids40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at
its completion, produce cells containing how many
chromosomeschromosomes?