The country of Kenya is slightly smaller than the state of Texas, yet larger than France. It's 582,646 sq km.
Geography
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COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Kenya is a developing East African country known for its wildlife and national parks. The capital city is Nairobi. The second largest city is Mombasa, located on the southeast coast. Tourist facilities are widely available in Nairobi, the game parks, the reserves, and on the coast. The country shares common borders with Somalia (east), Ethiopia (north), Sudan (northwest), Uganda (west) and Tanzania (south). To the southeast lies the Indian Ocean, making the country the greatest marine gateway to East Africa..
Fast Facts
Population: 28,808,658
Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya
14%, Luo
13%,
Kalenjin
12%, Kamba
11%, Kisii
6%, Meru
6%, other African 15%, non‐African (Asian, European, and Arab)
1%
Languages: English (official), Swahili (official),
Both agricultural productivity and population density are influenced by rainfall. The majority of Kenya receives less than adequate rainfall needed to support crop cultivation. As a result, the coastal area and Lake Victoria boast the most intensive agriculture and greatest concentration of people. Pastoral farming dominates the remaining drier regions of Kenya. Camel are common in the arid desert areas while cattle, sheep, and goats dominate the rest of the country. �In a pastoral society, wealth is measured by the ownership of animals, not land. These pastoral animals serve a multitude of purposes for their owner: transportation, milk, blood, meat, and wool or hair. Because these animals are dependent upon land for grazing, they must be kept on the move. This has encouraged a nomadic lifestyle among many Kenyans which greatly influences social and family customs. The provision of supportive social services such as health care and education have been negatively impacted because of the prevalence of this nomadic way of life. In addition, there is little incentive to conserve grazing land. These traditional attitudes conflict with the more recent emphasis on conservation. This issue remains a volatile one and it is far from being resolved. �
Kenya’s Capitol: Nairobi
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Nairobi is the most populous city in East Africa, with a current estimated population of about 3 million.[1] According to the 1999 Census, in the administrative area of Nairobi, 2,143,254 inhabitants lived within 696 km2 (269 sq mi).[6] Nairobi is currently the 13th largest city in Africa, based on population and fourth largest in infrastructure development and its size.[citation needed] Nairobi is now one of the most prominent cities in Africa politically and financially.[7] Home to many companies and organizations, including the United Nations Environment Programme and the UN Office in Africa, Nairobi is established as a hub for business and culture. The Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) is one of the largest in Africa, ranked fourth in terms of trading volume and capable of making 10 million trades a day.[8]
KENYA NATIONAL ARCHIVES
GREAT RIFT VALLEY
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The Great Rift Valley runs north-south almost the entire length of Kenya. The valley varies in width from 48 to 128 km (30 - 80 miles) and is over 2,000 m (6,560 feet) deep near Lake Naivasha. Throughout the Rift Valley there are numerous freshwater and alkaline lakes as well as remnants of long extinct volcanoes. �The Aberdare Mountains and Mount Kenya border the Rift Valley to the east while to the west is the Mau Escarpment. Rich volcanic soil coupled with frequent rain (courtesy of easterly air masses meeting the Aberdares) makes this region of Kenya very fertile.
Climate and Landscape
CENTRAL: Highlands
Temperate plateaus
SOUTH: Savannahs
Most popular safari region
90‐100 F in the daytime
NORTH: Deserts
Arid, stony
Lake Turkana
Early humans
Hot, arid and windy; < 8 inches of rain a year and may not
rain for years at a time
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Kenya lies on the equator, so daytime temperatures in most parts of the country are always warm. It only really gets cool during the winter in the Central Highlands. Long rainy season March-May, short rainy season Novemeber-December. Safaris best from June-August (dry winter months) or September/October. The coast is hottest mid-December until Mid February.
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Kenya contains most of the world's major climatic conditions. Kenya's topography is a study of contrasts. Features range from deserts to snow capped mountains, sandy coastlines to freshwater lakes, savannah grasslands to fertile agricultural plantations, extinct volcanoes to coral reefs.
Climate and Landscape
CENTRAL: Highlands
Temperate plateaus
SOUTH: Savannahs
Most popular safari region
90‐100 F in the daytime
NORTH: Deserts
Arid, stony
Lake Turkana
Early humans
Hot, arid and windy; < 8 inches of rain a year and may not
rain for years at a time
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Eastern Highlands have long been intensively cultivated by Europeans and Kenyans alike. This region of south-central Kenya was popularized during the colonial days by Europeans who settled there and dubbed it the Highlands. The region is characterized by savannah grassland, deep green valleys, narrow canyons, and steep rugged mountains. Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, is located on the southern end of the Highlands. This region is the most fertile and, as a result, it remains the most densely populated. The Highlands are known for their temperate climate although there is major contrast between the floor of the valley and the summit of Mount Kenya. When travelling to higher altitudes, temperatures will drop, on average, 1 F per 328 ft., descending to below freezing on Mount Kenya and the Arberdare Mountains. Temperatures in the rest of the region are generally lower than in other parts of the county, ranging from between 50 - 58 F at night to 72 - 79 F during the day. There are two rainy seasons: the "long rains" between March and May, and the "short rains" which fall between October and December. �
Climate and Landscape
CENTRAL: Highlands
Temperate plateaus
SOUTH: Savannahs
Most popular safari region
90‐100 F in the daytime
NORTH: Deserts
Arid, stony
Lake Turkana
Early humans
Hot, arid and windy; < 8 inches of rain a year and may not
rain for years at a time
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Kenya lies on the equator, so daytime temperatures in most parts of the country are always warm. It only really gets cool during the winter in the Central Highlands. Long rainy season March-May, short rainy season Novemeber-December. Safaris best from June-August (dry winter months) or September/October. The coast is hottest mid-December until Mid February.
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This vast arid and semi-arid zone is agriculturally unproductive and therefore sparsely populated. This area is Kenya at its most remote with few roads, only a smattering of villages, and huge tracts of land that remain unmarked. Because ground water and rainfall are sparse in this region, only pastoral nomads inhabit the area. The nomads are always on the move, eternally searching for water for themselves and their subsistence cattle. �The landscape changes in the northwest where the Rift Valley and Lake Turkana cross the plateau. Vegetation is much the same but sparser, indicative of Kenya's growing desert region. This area is home to Lake Turkana, the largest of the lakes in the Rift Valley. Unfortunately, it is little use to man because of its alkaline water.
Climate and Landscape
CENTRAL: Highlands
Temperate plateaus
SOUTH: Savannahs
Most popular safari region
90‐100 F in the daytime
NORTH: Deserts
Arid, stony
Lake Turkana
Early humans
Hot, arid and windy; < 8 inches of rain a year and may not
rain for years at a time
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Kenya lies on the equator, so daytime temperatures in most parts of the country are always warm. It only really gets cool during the winter in the Central Highlands. Long rainy season March-May, short rainy season Novemeber-December. Safaris best from June-August (dry winter months) or September/October. The coast is hottest mid-December until Mid February.
Lake Nakuru
Masai
Mara
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The Savanna-bush-woodland National Parks contain some of the greatest plains game concentrations in the world. The big five: Elephant, Rhinoceros, Buffalo, Lion, and Leopard are plentiful in these parks. The mountain National Parks boast of some of the most superb mountain scenery in Africa, the snow capped peaks of Mt. Kenya with excellent climbing adventures, and beautiful moorlands for mountain walkers.
Climate and Landscape
EAST: Mangrove forests on the Indian Ocean coast
Hot and humid year‐round, but tempered by ocean breeze
WEST: Great Rift Valley
Mountains, Hills
Acacia trees
Lakes
Lake Victoria
Receives rain year‐round and is Kenya’s most productive
agricultural region
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Kenya lies on the equator, so daytime temperatures in most parts of the country are always warm. It only really gets cool during the winter in the Central Highlands. Long rainy season March-May, short rainy season Novemeber-December. Safaris best from June-August (dry winter months) or September/October. The coast is hottest mid-December until Mid February.
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Kenya's coastal region extends for 480 km (298 miles) along the Indian Ocean from the Somalian border in the north to the wilds of Tanzania in the south. This region is world famous for its mangrove swamps, rocky inlets, and palm trees. The beaches are protected from destructive ocean waves by extensive coral fringe and barrier reefs. Throughout the centuries these reefs supplied building material for coastal cities. The reefs also shelter hundreds of aquatic species and are home to three marine national parks, Kisite, Watumu, and Malindi. �Rainfall along the coast is abundant, but often occurs in short bursts except during the April to June monsoon season. This region averages 40 -50 inches of rain per year. The coastal climate is hot and humid with little variation in annual temperature (87 F during the day, rarely below 68 F in the evening). This narrow coastal region is low-lying and fertile making it ideal for sugar cane and sisal plantations
Climate and Landscape
EAST: Mangrove forests on the Indian Ocean coast
Hot and humid year‐round, but tempered by ocean breeze
WEST: Great Rift Valley
Mountains, Hills
Acacia trees
Lakes
Lake Victoria
Receives rain year‐round and is Kenya’s most productive
agricultural region
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Presentation Notes
Western: This region of the country is characterized as a gentle plateau running the length of the country. This area is generally hot and humid, with an abundance of rainfall throughout the year. The land is especially fertile as lava deposits and volcanic activity have fortified the soil over the years. �The world's second largest lake can be found in this region of Kenya on the western slope of the Rift Valley. Lake Victoria covers 26,830 square miles and its islands, creeks, bays and beaches have created a tropical micro-climate. The shores of Lake Victoria and the surrounding hills of Kakamega are home to abundant wildlife and dense tropical forests. To the north of Lake Victoria is Mount Elgon, the second highest mountain in Kenya. The land south of Mount Elgon gradually becomes less fertile as agriculture gives way to scrubland. This southern stretch of Kenya is home to a vast expanse of game preserves. An endless parade of animals roam about in the country's major wildlife sanctuaries including Maasai Mara, Amboseli, and Tsavo. �
KISUMU
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This region of the country is characterized as a gentle plateau running the length of the country. This area is generally hot and humid, with an abundance of rainfall throughout the year. The land is especially fertile as lava deposits and volcanic activity have fortified the soil over the years. �The world's second largest lake can be found in this region of Kenya on the western slope of the Rift Valley. Lake Victoria covers 26,830 square miles and its islands, creeks, bays and beaches have created a tropical micro-climate. The shores of Lake Victoria and the surrounding hills of Kakamega are home to abundant wildlife and dense tropical forests. To the north of Lake Victoria is Mount Elgon, the second highest mountain in Kenya. The land south of Mount Elgon gradually becomes less fertile as agriculture gives way to scrubland. This southern stretch of Kenya is home to a vast expanse of game preserves. An endless parade of animals roam about in the country's major wildlife sanctuaries including Maasai Mara, Amboseli, and Tsavo. �
Gwassi
Hills
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Presentation Notes
This region of the country is characterized as a gentle plateau running the length of the country. This area is generally hot and humid, with an abundance of rainfall throughout the year. The land is especially fertile as lava deposits and volcanic activity have fortified the soil over the years. �The world's second largest lake can be found in this region of Kenya on the western slope of the Rift Valley. Lake Victoria covers 26,830 square miles and its islands, creeks, bays and beaches have created a tropical micro-climate. The shores of Lake Victoria and the surrounding hills of Kakamega are home to abundant wildlife and dense tropical forests. To the north of Lake Victoria is Mount Elgon, the second highest mountain in Kenya. The land south of Mount Elgon gradually becomes less fertile as agriculture gives way to scrubland. This southern stretch of Kenya is home to a vast expanse of game preserves. An endless parade of animals roam about in the country's major wildlife sanctuaries including Maasai Mara, Amboseli, and Tsavo. �
WESTERN KENYA: RURAL KENYA
Kakamega Forest
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Isiukhu Falls in Kakamega Forest. "A living remnant of the Pleistocene era of 15,000 years ago, when the great rainforests of Africa stretched from the Atlantic to the western and eastern walls of the Great Rift Valley, the 45 sq km (l8 sq miles) of the Kakamega Forest National Reserve, in an area which enjoys the highest rainfall in the country, is the only tropical rainforest now left in Kenya." see website for more...
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Found just 30 miles north of Kisumu in the Lake Victoria region of western Kenya, the Kakamega Forest Reserve is fast becoming a popular Kenyan tourist attraction. This diverse rainforest is home to a range of animal and plant species, many of which are endemic just to this region. Unlike the renowned safari destinations in Kenya, the Kakamega Forest is not home to a big number of large animals, instead birds, insects, and reptiles are the most abundant. Nature photographers and birdwatchers will relish in a visit to the Kakamega Forest Reserve, and it's really an ideal destination for anyone who enjoys eco-tourism on the whole. The Kakamega Rainforest is Kenya's only surviving remnant of the Guineo-Congolian forest, which once stretched far across the African continent. Being a rainforest, you can expect quite a bit of rain here, with the rainy seasons being April-May, and August-September.
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Kakamega hosts an immense amount of biodiversity; small mammals, primates, bush babies, rare birds, insects (goliath beetle which can grow as large as a mans hand), reptiles (nile monitor lizard)…some not seen elsewhere in all of East Africa. In the forest itself are 380 different species of woody trees, ferns, vines and flowers. Some 360 different species of birds have been identified…36 endemic to Kakamega forest. Over 400 species of butterflies…
KAKAMEGA FOREST:
ISIUKHU FALLS
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The Black and White Colobus Colobus guereza also known as the Guereza is a very distinctive and beautiful monkey with its jet black coat and flowing white mantle. They live mostly high in the forest canopy and are difficult to get a close look at. We have mostly seen them only in fleeting glimpses as they moved through the tops of trees. However Mountain Lodge on Mount Kenya can be a good spot to get a closer look as the local troop occasionally comes through the lodge grounds at sunset, on route to their sleeping areas. The roof top look out area is excellent for a tree-top view of the troop. They are, however, shy and wary of humans.
History
Evidence of some of the earliest human settlements has been found in Kenya, suggesting that it was the cradle of humanity
from which descendents moved out to populate the world.
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chronology of key events: Evidence of some of the earliest human settlements has been found in Kenya, suggesting that it was the cradle of humanity from which descendents moved out to populate the world. Maasai women: Once-nomadic tribes are turning to crop farming �India. 16th century - Portuguese try to establish foothold on Kenyan coast but are driven off by Swahili states and Omani Arabs by late 17th century. 1895 - Formation of British East African Protectorate. Early 1900s - White settlers move into highlands, railway built from Mombasa to Lake Victoria. 1920 - East African Protectorate becomes crown colony of Kenya - administered by a British governor. Mau Mau 1944 - Kenyan African Union (KAU) formed to campaign for African independence. First African appointment to legislative council. 1947 - Jomo Kenyatta becomes KAU leader. 1952 - Secret Kikuyu guerrilla group known as Mau Mau begins violent campaign against white settlers. State of emergency declared. Kenyatta arrested. 1953 - Kenyatta charged with management of Mau Mau and jailed. KAU banned. 1956 - Mau Mau rebellion put down after thousands killed - mainly Africans. 1959 - Kenyatta released from jail but under house arrest. 1960 - State of emergency ends. Britain announces plans to prepare Kenya for majority African rule. Kenya African national Union (Kanu) formed by Tom Mboya and Oginga Odinga. Independence 1961 - Kenyatta freed and assumes presidency of Kanu. JOMO KENYATTA Independence activist, jailed by the British, became president On This Day 1953: Seven years hard labour for Kenyatta � Kenyatta talks about independence 1963 - Kenya gains independence, with Kenyatta as prime minister. 1964 - Republic of Kenya formed. Kenyatta becomes president and Odinga vice-president. 1966 - Odinga, a Luo, leaves Kanu after ideological split, forms rival Kenya People's Union (KPU). 1969 - Assassination of government minister Tom Mboya sparks ethnic unrest. KPU banned and Odinga arrested. Kanu only party to contest elections. 1974 - Kenyatta re-elected. Moi era begins 1978 - Kenyatta dies in office, succeeded by Vice-President Daniel arap Moi. 1982 June - Kenya officially declared a one-party state by National Assembly. 1982 August - Army suppresses air force coup attempt. Private Hezekiah Ochuka rules for about six hours. 1987 - Opposition groups suppressed. International criticism of political arrests and human rights abuses. 1989 - Political prisoners freed. 1990 - Death of the foreign minister, Robert Ouko, in suspicious circumstances leads to increased dissent against government. Multi-party elections 1991 August - Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (Ford) formed by six opposition leaders, including Oginga Odinga. Party outlawed and members arrested. Creditors suspend aid to Kenya amid fierce international condemnation. Daniel arap Moi, one of Africa's "Big Men" � Moi's legacy to Kenya 1991 December - Special conference of Kanu agrees to introduce a multi-party political system. 1992 - Approximately 2,000 people killed in tribal conflict in the west of the country. 1992 August - Ford splits into two factions - Ford-Asili (led by ex-government minister Kenneth Matiba) and Ford-Kenya (led by Odinga). 1992 December - Moi re-elected in multi-party elections. Kanu wins strong majority. 1994 - Odinga dies. Opposition groups form coalition - the United National Democratic Alliance - but it is plagued by disagreements. 1995 - New opposition party - Safina - launched by palaeontologist Richard Leakey. Party refused official registration until November 1997. 1997 - Demonstrations calling for democratic reform. World Bank withholds disbursement of $5bn in structural adjustment credit. 1997 December - Moi wins further term in widely-criticised elections. His main opponents are former vice-president Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga, son of Oginga Odinga. Embassy bomb 1998 attack on US embassy in Nairobi killed 224, injured 4,500 � Flashback: Terror in Nairobi 1998 August - Bomb explodes at US embassy in Nairobi, killing 224 people and injuring thousands. 1999 - Moi appoints Richard Leakey to head government drive against corruption. 2001 April - Leakey appears in court to face charges of abuse of power and perverting the course of justice. 2001 June - Parliament passes a law allowing the import and manufacture of cheap copies of anti-Aids drugs. 2001 - Ethnic tensions culminate in several violent clashes. In December thousands flee and several people are killed in rent battles involving Nubian and Luo communities in Nairobi's Kibera slum district. 2002 July - Some 200 Maasai and Samburu tribespeople accept more than $7m in compensation from the British Ministry of Defence. The tribespeople had been bereaved or maimed by British Army explosives left on their land over the last 50 years. 2002 November - Terror attack on Israeli-owned hotel near Mombasa kills 10 Kenyans and injures three Israelis. A simultaneous rocket attack on an Israeli airliner fails. A statement - purportedly from al-Qaeda - claims responsibility. Kibaki victory 2002 December - Elections. Mwai Kibaki wins a landslide victory, ending Daniel arap Moi's 24-year rule and Kanu's four decades in power. Moi's successor, Mwai Kibaki, promised to tackle corruption � Profile: Mwai Kibaki 2003 January - Government bill proposes anti-corruption commission. Moi critic John Githongo appointed anti-graft czar. 2003 November - International Monetary Fund (IMF) resumes lending after three-year gap, citing anti-corruption measures. 2003 December - Government decides to grant former president Daniel arap Moi immunity from prosecution on corruption charges. 2004 March-July - Long-awaited draft of new constitution completed. Document requires parliament's approval and proposes curbing president's powers and creating post of prime minister. But deadline for enactment is missed. 2004 July-August - Food crisis, caused by crop failures and drought, dubbed "national disaster" by President Kibaki. UN launches aid appeal for vulnerable rural Kenyans. 2004 October - Kenyan ecologist Wangari Maathai wins the Nobel Peace Prize. Controversy over jail conditions amid intense media coverage of inmate deaths at Meru jail in the east. WANGARI MAATHAI Ecologist was first African woman to win Nobel Peace Prize � 2004: Kenyan collects Nobel Peace Prize Profile: Wangari Maathai 2005 January - Clashes over land and water rights leave more than 40 people dead. 2005 February - Corruption takes centre stage when it is claimed that graft has cost Kenya $1bn under Kibaki. Leading anti-graft official John Githongo resigns. International donors voice unease. 2005 July - Parliament approves a draft constitution after days of violent protests in Nairobi over aspects of the draft which demonstrators say give too much power to in the president's hands. Constitution spurned 2005 November-December - Voters reject a proposed new constitution in what is seen as a protest against President Kibaki. The president replaces his cabinet; some nominees reject their appointments. 2006 January - Government says four million people in the north need food aid because of a drought which the president calls a "national disaster". 2006 January-February - Government ministers are linked to a corruption scandal involving contracts for a phantom company, Anglo Leasing. One of them, Finance Minister David Mwiraria, resigns and says allegations against him are false. 2006 March - Armed police, acting on government orders, raid the offices and presses of the Standard group, one of Kenya's leading media companies. 2006 April - Three days of national mourning are declared after an aircraft carrying several prominent politicians crashes in the north. 2006 April - Visiting Chinese President Hu Jintao signs a contract allowing China to prospect for oil off the Kenyan coast. His African tour has focused on trying to satisfy China's hunger for energy and raw materials. Somali refugees 2006 October - UN says some 35,000 Somalis escaping drought, Islamist rule and looming conflict have arrived in Kenyan camps since early 2006. ELECTION VIOLENCE Hundreds were killed in unrest that followed the disputed 2007 polls � Fear stalks Kenyans one year on Kenya's geographic and political rift Q&A: Kenya peace deal 2006 November - December - Regional flooding renders thousands homeless. Some 100,000 Somali refugees cut off by floodwaters in the north-east are supplied by air drops. 2007 May - A Kenya Airways plane crashes in Cameroon, killing all 114 on board. An official investigation finds pilot error was to blame. 2007 December - Disputed presidential elections lead to violence in which more than 1,500 die. The government and opposition come to a power-sharing agreement in February and a cabinet is agreed in April. 2008 October - Report into post-election clashes calls for international tribunal to try those implicated in violence. Many political leaders are reluctant to implement the commission of inquiry's recommendations, with some arguing that prosecutions could trigger further clashes between communities. 2008 December - Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) accuses seven current and former MPs of taking illegal allowances worth $250,000. 2009 August - Visiting US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton criticises Kenya for failing to investigate the deadly violence after the 2007 election. Kenya says that at least 10 million people, or one third of the population, are in need of food aid. The government mobilises the military to distribute food, water and medicines to areas hit hardest by drought. 2009 October - The government says it will co-operate with the International Criminal Court (ICC) to try key suspects in post-election violence. Constitution approved 2009 November - Kenya publishes a draft constitution ahead of a referendum planned for 2010. 2010 January - The US suspends $7m of funding for free primary schools in Kenya until fraud allegations are investigated. 2010 February - President Kibaki overturns a decision by Prime Minister Odinga to suspend the country's agriculture and education ministers over alleged corruption. The row threatens the coalition government. 2010 July - Kenya joins its neighbours in forming a new East African Common Market, intended to integrate the region's economy. 2010 August - Referendum on new constitution designed to limit the powers of the president and devolve power to the regions produces resounding "yes" vote.
History (1970’s and beyond)
Pre‐
Colonialism
Colonization (1900‐1964)
Mau Mau
Rebellion (1952‐1960)
Independence (1964)
Moi
era (1978)
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Presentation Notes
Lord Delamere led the white settlers in Kenya during the early 1900s, although his agricultural experiments proved to be expensive failures. Despite these early set-backs, the economy grew stronger over the years as mixed agricultural farms and extensive plantations developed. Early settlers paid two rupees an acre to the Crown for land to farm in addition to 180 rupees for a Crown survey. This worked out to about US $10 a year. After thirty-two annual payments the settler was given the freehold title. The bi-weekly rail service between Mombasa and Nairobi quickly began to show a profit as new settlers and goods arrived with every ship that docked at coastal ports.�Successful large-scale farming depended to a great degree upon an adequate labor force. Africans, however, were reluctant to work for someone else. British rulers remained confident in their belief in the supremacy of white domination and introduced hut taxes and other laws that forced the Africans into low-paying wage employment. This marked the introduction of a cash economy into a land dominated by the barter system. �World War I brought a temporary halt to white settlement as the British left to fight the Germans in Tanganyika (Tanzania). After the war, Britain gained possession of this region under the Treaty of Versailles. Inequitable land distribution after the war further fueled the growing African resentment toward Europeans. The British government offered land in the Kenyan highlands to war veterans at inexpensive prices. Only white veterans, not African veterans, could take advantage of this offer. White settlers streamed in and African resentment soon reached a fevered pitch. Increasing numbers of Kenyans, led by the bitter Kikuyu, formed political groups whose primary focus was the return of their land. In light of the growing tension, the Kikuyu formed secret societies united in their hatred of the white dominance. These societies encouraged oath taking ceremonies which bound the participants to kill Europeans and Africans who were thought to be collaborators. From this movement the Kikuyu dominated Mau Mau organization had been formed. Its goals were considered violent and the majority of the victims were Africans loyal to their Christian church or the authorities. Many Kikuyu, including Kenyatta, endorsed a peaceful, more conciliatory path to economic, social, and political equality. Early in 1952, the Kenya Citizens Association was formed in an effort to promote change based on persuasion and compromise rather than confrontation and violence Violence erupted on October 20, 1952 as the Mau Mau protested the midnight arrest of Jomo Kenyatta and five colleagues. Many innocent victims were slain during the revolt including 97 so-called loyalists who were brutally murdered at the "Lari Massacre." Sir Evelyn Baring accused Kenyatta of organizing the Mau Mau and subjected him to a rigged trial. The accused were all found guilty and sentenced to seven years of hard labor at a remote camp near Lake Turkana. �The Mau Mau rebellion continued until 1956. During the three years of civil war, over 30,000 men, women, and children were imprisoned in concentration camps, many losing their homes and their land as a result. Another 13,500 Africans and a little over 100 Europeans were killed. The colonial government finally conceded some political power to the Africans with limited representation in the Legislative Council. White settlers, not satisfied with anything short of complete partition of the country, began to leave. Kenyatta was sentenced to two more years of prison, but was elected president "in absentia" of the Kenya African National Union, or KANU.
History (1991‐2004)
Multi‐party elections
(1991)
U.S. Embassy bomb (1998)
Mombasa Terror attack (2002)
Presidential Elections (2002)
New Constitution Drafted (2004)
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On August 7, 1998, al-Qaida bombed the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, killing 225 people and injuring over 5,000 around the Embassy. The U.S. Embassy subsequently relocated outside of the city-center. On November 28, 2002, al-Qaida launched a bomb attack on a hotel in Kikambala, Kenya, (near Mombasa) in which 15 people were killed. A near simultaneous attempt to shoot down an Israeli charter plane departing Mombasa was unsuccessful. These incidents highlight the continuing threat posed by terrorism in East Africa and the capacity of terrorist groups to carry out attacks.
History (2006 to present)
Somali refugees (2006)
Presidential Elections (2007)
New Constitution approved (August 4, 2010)
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Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on December 27, 2007. In the wake of the announcement by the Electoral Commission of Kenya on December 30 declaring the incumbent candidate Mwai Kibaki as the presidential winner, violence erupted in strongholds of the opposition party. The violence, which appeared to be ethnically and politically based, was concentrated in Nyanza, Rift Valley, and Western provinces, as well as Nairobi and parts of Coast province. At least 1,500 people died as a result of the post-electoral civil unrest and more than 300,000 were internally displaced. Additionally, disruptions in public transportation services have occurred as a result of political violence, strikes, or work stoppages. There continues to be the potential for spontaneous violence due to simmering political grievances caused by the disputed election. Political demonstrations can occur sporadically throughout Kenya. Travelers should maintain security awareness at all times and avoid public gatherings and street demonstrations. Violence, including gunfire exchange, has occurred at demonstrations in the past. Demonstrations tend to occur near government buildings, university campuses, or gathering places such as public parks. Police are generally unable to properly manage large demonstrations and they often resort to excessive force to break up large crowds. Most major tourist attractions, particularly outside Nairobi, are not generally affected by protests. However, tribal conflict in rural areas has been known to erupt into violence.
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In July 2009, three NGO workers were kidnapped and taken into Somalia by suspected members of a terrorist group that operates out of Somalia. In November 2008, armed groups based in Somalia crossed into Kenya near the town of El Wak and kidnapped two Westerners. The U.S. Embassy in Nairobi has designated a portion of Kenya bordering Somalia and Ethiopia as “restricted without prior authorization” for purposes of travel by U.S. Government employees, contractors, grantees and their dependents. Recently, U.S. Embassy security personnel amended the restriction area for the Lamu district. This designation is based on reports of Somali-based armed groups that have on occasion crossed into Kenya to stage attacks or to commit crimes. This restriction does not apply to travelers not associated with the U.S. Government, but should be taken into account when planning travel. Some sparsely populated rural areas of Kenya, principally in the North, experience recurrent, localized incidents of violent cattle rustling, counter-raids, ethnic conflict, tribal or clan rivalry, and armed banditry.
Languages
English and Swahili are the two official languages
More than 40 major ethnic groups
Three linguitic
groups
Bantu
Nilotitc
Cushite
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Migrations into today's Kenya took place over many centuries, long before the arrival of the Europeans, and can be identified by three distinct waves: the agriculutrally oriented Bantus, the pastoral Cushitic speakers, and the pastoral-agricultural Nilotes. The Cushites began arriving from Ethiopia and Somalia around 2,000 BC and continue to migrate south in sporadic waves. The Nilotic tribes followed 1,000 years later from Egypt and the Sudan. The Bantu began their migration from West Africa around 500 BC. The original hunter-gatherers who lived in Kenya were either killed, forced out, or absorbed by intermarriage as the first waves of migration progressed. Among the tribes who share common roots, every type of lifestyle exists including hunter-gatherers, nomadic herders, settled farmers, and fishermen. �The tribes of Kenya represent a true cross-section of African life. Some ethnic groups have assimilated the conveniences of the west while other remote tribes remain untouched by the 20th century. Tribal culture is continually changing as refugees from neighboring countries and intermarriage blur both territorial boundaries and physiological features. Tribal conflicts over land and scarce resources add to the pressure for survival.�Kenyans speak a variety of languages although English is the dominant tongue in towns and throughout the tourist industry. Language remains the major feature that distinguishes tribal affiliation. For two thirds of all Kenyans, the common language is of Bantu origin. Only three percent of the population are Cushite-speaking Kenyans although they occupy the largest geographic area. The reminder of the population speak Nilotic languages. These three language structures successfully bind together a diverse country of more than 40 different ethnic groups.�
Primary Tribal Groups
Kikuyu
Kalenjin
Luo
Kisii
Meru
Luhya
Kamba
Massai
Samburu
Turkana
Culture
Is there a “Kenyan”
culture?
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A woman in a traditional Kenyan outfit Kenya has no one culture that identifies it. With such diverse regional peoples such as the Swahili along the coast, several pastoralist communities mainly in the North and the different communities in Central and Western regions, having a mutually acceptable cultural identification is difficult. There are about 42 different ethnic groupings in Kenya - each of these with its own unique culture, but majority of them with intertwining cultural practices brought about by the close resemblance in the languages, the similar environment and physical proximity of the ethnic groups. First and foremost, Kenyans are very hospitable and typically will share whatever they have with you. Offering refreshment is a sign of welcome so refusal can be offensive. But with regards to chai (tea), water or food, many Kenyans are sensitive to stomach issues and illness. Kenyans are relatively passive people and non-confrontational. While this makes for a generally peaceful country, it may be difficult to determine whether you have done something to cause offense or not. Punctuality to attend meetings, events (church, weddings, etc) is generally NOT important to Kenyans. Be prepared to wait and to have the limits of your flexibility stretched. If you are supposed to have a meeting with an individual, it may be wise to call just before leaving to confirm the existance, time and venue of that meeting. Kenyans are definitely relationship oriented as compared to being time oriented. Community and family are defining influences upon Kenyan life though the structure may be hard to understand initially. You will see few signs of affection between married couples displayed in public: i.e. holding hands, arm around shoulder, or a kiss on the cheek. It is accepted practice for two Kenyan men to walk together holding hands without it indicating anything more than a normal friendship.
Who are the Luo?
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Culture permeates the daily life of the Luo. From the name one receives at birth, to the placement of one's grave at death, culture and tradition dictate movements of the society. Because of countless deaths due to the AIDS virus, there are fewer and fewer elders to pass down customs, and the cultural fabric of the Luo society is unraveling. Luos name their children at the time of day that they are born, for example: Atieno is a girl born at night, Akinyi is morning, Achien'g when the sun is high. Akeyo is the name given during harvesting, and Apiyo and Adongo are twins, with Apiyo as the name of the first to be born. The first letter of a name also indicates gender: 'A' signifies a woman, and 'O' for a boy. For example, Otieno would be the name of a boy and Atieno for a girl, both of the same name. �One traditional practice of the Luo is fading, but has been the subject of controversial debates in recent years. Wife inheritance, a practice wherein a man's wife is inherited by one of his brothers after he dies, was a traditional way to insure that the family of the deceased would be cared for. Essentially meaning that the children legally belong to the homestead. �HIV/AIDS has had a significant impact on the Luo culture, particularly the sense of community responsibility for raising orphan children. In Luoland, the concept of adoption is unknown. Orphan children are simply and informally absorbed by extended family or neighbors. They are immediately considered part of their new family, giving reality to the phrase, "It takes a village to raise a child." The traditional familial structure of the Luo quite easily accommodated this practice, until the enormity of the AIDS crisis left villages with hundreds, even thousands, of orphans.
Who are the Luo?
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The Kenyan culture as a whole is a blend of many different tribal cultures, and therefore can present quite a challenge in the area of social niceties. Cultural common courtesies vary depending on the place, but following some general Kenyan etiquette will prove to be beneficial while visiting. �When greeting a Kenyan, it is expected to say "hello" and shake hands. This formality is extended to close family members as well as strangers. It is also typical for telephone conversations to start with a polite greeting and an inquiry into one's health. By supporting your right forearm with the left hand while shaking hands with an elder, one shows respect. To casually touch an elder, however, is considered improper. �Also considered improper is to point at some one with an index finger. When pointing to someone or something, it is polite to use all fingers of the hand. Using the left hand to pass something is rude in the Kenyan culture; one must use the right hand, or both hands. When seeing a guest out, it is considered polite to walk with him or her to the car or bus stop. To say goodbye at the door is thought of as a sign of inhospitality, unless one is clearly busy or cannot leave the house for one reason or another. �Public displays of affection between the opposite sexes are frowned upon. This includes holding hands. Pants are only worn by women in more urban areas, and conservative hemlines in skirts are appreciated. �Kenyans have a different concept of personal space than Americans do. Kenyans will stand much closer together while in conversation and you may find someone almost leaning right against you while waiting in a line. They are also uncomfortable with eye contact. Another major difference between the Kenyan and American cultures is the concept of time. Expect delays of up to one hour for social invitations, and at least half an hour for official meetings. �Respect is a very important aspect of Luo culture. The idea of respect for one's elders is limitless. Not only must a child respect those that are older than him or her, but also the elders respect those who existed before them and are now in the afterlife. There are many small customs that represent ways in which one can honor those older than him or herself. One is that a young person may not sit in a chair while another senior person is present. Also, a child is not permitted to call his parents, grandparents, or those holding any of those positions, by their names. When children do converse with their elders they are much more polite in their use of language. Respect is also taught in relation to cattle. The Luo slaughter their cattle on special occasions, such as the celebration of the death of an elder. Dholuo is taught in primary schools throughout Luoland. Most Luo young people are fluent in English, KiSwahili, and Dholuo. This is particularly impressive because these languages are from three very distinct language families with drastically different grammatical principles and vocabulary. ��Read more: Luo - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Japan-to-Mali/Luo.html#ixzz108eBPtHP�The hierarchy that includes age and social status influences many factors within the society: the arrangement of the houses, villages, position of seating at ritual ceremonies and sacrifices. The oldest member of the family almost always leads the group, unless it has been proven that this elder is unfit in the customary fashions. The purpose of the Luo education seems to revolve around raising and cultivating brave, educated and respectful individuals.
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Dholuo is taught in primary schools throughout Luoland. Most Luo young people are fluent in English, KiSwahili, and Dholuo. This is particularly impressive because these languages are from three very distinct language families with drastically different grammatical principles and vocabulary. ��Read more: Luo - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Japan-to-Mali/Luo.html#ixzz108eBPtHP
THE OBAMA FAMILY FARM
Art
Wood carving
Animals: Kamba
people
Stone and Clay
Soapstone: Kisii
Textiles and Weaving
Kikuyu
Kangas
Nyatiti
Luo
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This beautiful soapstone is found near the village of Kisii in the Tabaka Hills of Western Kenya.�Kanga- The kanga which comes from the old Bantu (Kiswahili) verb ku-kanga to wrap or close, is a colourful garment similar to kitenge, worn by women and occasionally by men throughout Eastern Africa. It is a piece of printed cotton fabric, about 1.5m by 1m, often with a border along all four sides (called pindo in Swahili), and a central part (mji) which differs in design from the borders. Khangas are usually very colorful. One of the longer edges of the mji features a strip which contains a message in Swahili, or less commonly in Arabic or Comorian. nyatiti
Urban Kenyans
Modern Kenya Tribes
Modern law has since forbidden customs
Old vs. new
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For especially those Kenyans living in the modern urban cities, have, for the most part, shed their tribal customs to adopt an almost western lifestyle. The effects of modern civilization, education and the influence of outside cultures has led to the gradual erosion and banning of some of the most deep-rooted customs and cultures of Kenya's various tribes. such as female circumcision, which was popular among the Maasai and Kisii tribes. Subsistence agriculture and the barter of goods formed the foundation of the Kenyan economy in the early days of independence. Agricultural exports, mainly tea and coffee, brought in substantial income from foreign exchange. With democracy newly established, the Kenyan government began to promote a mixed economy composed of both privately-owned and state-run businesses. These attempts to diversify the economy meant increased stability, employment, and overall economic growth during the first ten years of independence. The oil crisis in the mid-70s coupled with periodic droughts and an increasing population have combined to threaten Kenya's economic health. Today the economy is greatly influenced by the development of "parastatals" or enterprises that the government either fully or partly owns. A substantial amount of foreign investment further supplements economic growth. Despite these steps forward, poverty and unemployment persist and the balance of trade remains unbalanced. The ever-increasing population rate further exacerbates Kenya's economic challenges.
Urban KenyansJust about anyone
from each of the Kenya tribes lives
in the urban cities (Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
arethe most populated)
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As rural Kenyans migrate to urban centers in pursuit of employment, leisure and other economic development activities, most of Kenya's large cities have become densely populated with people from different ethnic tribes. They speak the Kenyan languages of English and Swahili while still retaining some of their native culture and ethnic languages. It is the diversity of Kenya's tribes and their individual cultures that have made Kenya such an adorable and unique country. http://www.kenya-information-guide.com/kenya-tribes.html It is these same reasons that Kenyans are drawn to Minnesota…good standard of living, good jobs, schools, etc.
Health Disparities
Development: Kenya’s Human Development
Index is 0.521, ranking the country 148th out of 177 countries.
Malaria deaths ~ 40,000 a year
HIV/AIDS deaths ~85,000‐130,000 a year
Kenya has the highest rate of road accidents in the
world
Health infrastructure
suffers from urban‐rural and
regional imbalances, lack of investment, and a personnel shortage, with, for example, one doctor
for
10,150 people (as of 2000).[1]
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In February 2004, in an attempt to improve Kenya’s appalling record, the government obliged the owners of the country’s 25,000 matatus (minibusesto install new safety equipment on their vehicles Government spending on road projects is also planned.[1] Kenya’s with 510 fatal accidents per 100,000 vehicles (2004 estimate), as compared to second-ranked South Africa, with 260 fatalities, and the United Kingdom, with 20. The 2006 report ranked Kenya 152nd out of 177 countries on the HDI and pointed out that Kenya is one of the world’s worst performers in infant mortality. Estimates of the infant mortality rate range from 57 to 74 deaths/1,000 live births. The maternal mortality ratio is also among the highest in the world, thanks in part to female genital cutting, illegal since 2001 for girls under 16.[1] Adequate medical services are available in Nairobi. Frequent outbreaks of cholera and malaria are endemic in Kenya outside Nairobi. In addition, diseases such as Ebola, Rift Valley Fever, and anthrax from handling sheep skins are concerns, have potential and do occur periodically. Travelers who become ill with a fever or flu-like illness while traveling in a malaria-risk area and up to one year after returning home should seek prompt medical attention and tell the physician their travel history and what anti-malarial drugs they have been taking. For additional information on malaria, protection from insect bites, and anti-malarial drugs, please visit the CDC Travelers' Health web site. Tuberculosis is an increasingly serious health concern in Kenya. For further information, please
One of the greatest threats to travelers in Kenya is
road safety
Excessive speed
Unpredictable local driving habits and manners
Poor vehicle maintenance,
Bumpy, potholed and unpaved roads
Lack of basic safety equipment on many vehicles
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One of the greatest threats to travelers in Kenya is road safety One drives on the left side of the road, which can be very disorienting to those not accustomed to it. Excessive speed, unpredictable local driving habits and manners, poor vehicle maintenance, bumpy, potholed and unpaved roads, and the lack of basic safety equipment on many vehicles are daily hazards on Kenyan roads. When there is a heavy traffic jam, either due to rush hour or because of an accident, drivers will drive across the median strip and drive directly toward oncoming traffic. There are often fatal accidents involving long-distance, inter-city buses, or local buses called “matatus.” Matatus are known to be the greatest danger to other vehicles or pedestrians on the road. Many American citizens have been killed or seriously injured in motor vehicle-related accidents. Inter-city night-time road travel should be avoided due to the poor road and street light conditions, and the threat of banditry throughout the country. During the rainy season, some unpaved roads are impassable even with four-wheel drive vehicles with high clearance. http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1151.html
Malaria
One of the world’s most serious and common tropical
diseases
Although preventable and treatable, it causes
significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource‐poor regions
Africa, with 44 malaria‐endemic countries, has been
hardest hit, accounting for 86% of malaria cases and 91% of deaths
http://www.kff.org/globalhealth/upload/7922.pdf
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Malaria, one of the world’s most serious and common tropical diseases, is endemic in more than 100 countries and although preventable and treatable, it causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-poor regions. Africa, with 44 malaria-endemic countries, has been hardest hit, accounting
Why? Male dominance…women aren’t’ usually accostomed to asking a male to wear a condom, wife inheritance; if husband dies, wife becomes married to a brother of the late spouse, to some extent prostitution. HIV is the leading cause of death in the region and studies have found declines in life expectancy due to HIV The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) claimed in 2006 that more than 16 percent of adults in Kenya are HIV-infected, whereas the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) cites the much lower figure of 6.7 percent. Despite politically charged disputes over the numbers, however, the Kenyan government recently declared HIV/AIDS a national disaster. In 2004 the Kenyan Ministry of Health announced that HIV/AIDS had surpassed malaria and tuberculosis as the leading disease killer in the country. Thanks largely to AIDS, life expectancy in Kenya has dropped by about a decade. Since 1984 more than 1.5 million Kenyans have died because of HIV/AIDS. More than 3 million Kenyans are HIV positive. More than 70 people a day die of HIV-related illnesses. The prevalence rate for women is nearly twice that for men. The rate of orphanhood stands at about 11 percent. AIDS has contributed significantly to Kenya’s dismal ranking in the latest UNDP Human Development Report, whose Human Development Index (HDI) score is an amalgam of gross domestic product per head, figures for life expectancy, adult literacy, and school enrollment. Almost all countries in sub-Saharan Africa have generalized epidemics; that is, their prevalence rates are greater than 1%, and, in 9 countries, rates exceed 10%.1,4 Women comprise the majority of those living with HIV/AIDS in the region,5 and young people are at particular risk.1 The epidemic has already posed serious development challenges for the region, where most countries are already considered to be low-income and heavily or moderately indebted, according to the World Bank,6 affecting communities, families, livelihoods, and numerous sectors of society.7 Some of these countries also face other challenges that may exacerbate or be exacerbated by HIV, including food insecurity, internal migration, and conflict.
See also: Pap (food) Ugali and cabbage. It is more typically eaten with kale (Sukuma wiki) Ugali is an East African dish (also sometimes called sima, sembe, or posho) of maize flour (cornmeal) cooked with water to a porridge- or dough-like consistency. It is the most common staple starch of much of Eastern and Southern Africa. When ugali is made from another starch, it is usually given a specific regional name. This food is considered of relatively low nutritional value. Ugali with beef and sauce The traditional method of eating ugali (and the most common in the rural areas) is to roll a lump into a ball with the right hand, and then dip it into a sauce or stew of vegetables and/or meat. Making a depression with the thumb allows the ugali to be used to scoop, and to wrap around pieces of meat to pick them up in the same way that flat bread is used in other cultures.
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Her husband had just succumbed to AIDS. She knew he had infected her. Now her in-laws clamored for her to allow one of her husband's brothers to make her his responsibility, as tradition here has long dictated. Auma, then 28, could scorn tradition, be driven from her community and face starvation with her three children. Or she could marry a brother-in-law, feed her offspring, protect her property — and pass on the virus. She chose the brother-in-law. He died of AIDS two years later, but not before infecting two other women. Then they both died. Another man has since inherited Auma, and when she was recently interviewed, she was nine months pregnant with his child. She says she knows the child may have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. And she knows that the disease will likely kill her inheritor. Just as it will soon kill her. "Because of the customs . . . I had to be inherited," Auma says through a translator. "They would have forced me. I would have been alone, homeless." Here in western Kenya, the custom known as wife inheritance once held an honorable promise: A community would take care of a widow and her children. She did not remarry. Her husband's family simply took responsibility for her. If a brother-in-law could not care for her, then a cousin or a respected outsider would. The inheritor made sure that the widow and her children were fed, clothed, sheltered, educated, protected, kept. He could only take on a widow if he had a family. His first wife would accept the arrangement because tradition frowned on his having sexual relations with his inherited one. The system worked until the inheritors began to shun that taboo. They had sex with the widows and that helped HIV explode throughout central and East Africa.
