Date post: | 11-Aug-2015 |
Category: |
Technology |
Upload: | meljun-cortes |
View: | 60 times |
Download: | 3 times |
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to
Identify and explain the basic functions and features of an operating system
Install and upgrade Windows 2000 and Windows XP
Troubleshoot installation problems
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Functions of an Operating System
Communicate with hardware
Provide a user interface
Provide a structure for access to applications
Enable users to manipulate programs and data
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Operating System TraitsAn OS works only with a particular type of
processor
An OS begins running as soon as the PC finishes its POST
Application programs cannot run on a PC without an OSPrograms use APIs (application programming
interfaces)
Flexible—allows use of new software and hardware
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Operating System TraitsDifferent OSs require different applications
Operating System Application
Mac OS X Microsoft Office 2004
Windows XP Microsoft Office 2006
Linux OpenOffice
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Communicating with Hardware
BIOS includes code that tells the computer how to talk to basic hardwareThe OS works with BIOS to talk to these devices
When BIOS does not know how to talk to a piece of hardware, the OS talks directly to the deviceMost OSs use device drivers provided by the
manufacturer (Bring Your Own BIOS) to interpret the language necessary to talk to a new device
When there’s a problem, the OS should provide error handling or at least error notification
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Creating a User InterfaceA user interface needs to
Show what applications are available
Provide an easy way to access applications
Provide a way to label and save the data
Disappear and allow the application to take over the screen
Pick a shoePick an application
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Organizing Programs and Data
The OS needs to be able to organize and manipulate programs and data
Provides name (or label) for each program and each piece of data
Provides naming system for drives
Allows users to store data and programs in organized fashion
Allows users to manipulate data and programs
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Operating System InterfacesCommand-line interface
Character-based or text-basedCovered in Chapter 14
Graphical user interface (GUI)Uses icons and picturesUser interacts with OS by pointing and clicking with
mouse
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Today’s Operating SystemsOverview
Microsoft Windows
Apple Macintosh
UNIX
Linux
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Microsoft WindowsCorporate Users
• Windows NT 3.1• Windows NT 4.0• Windows 2000• Windows XP Pro
• Home Users
• Windows 9x• Windows 95• Windows 98
• Windows Me • XP Home• XP Media
• Recently released—Windows Vista– Versions for corporate and home users
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
General Windows FeaturesFile systems
Corporate used NTFSHome used FAT and FAT32Today both supported, but NTFS used for
security
Plug and PlayAppeared with Windows 95Migrated to corporate side with Windows
2000
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Windows XPEnded the Windows 9x product line
Windows XP HomeBasic features for home users
Windows XP ProfessionalAdvanced features include security for corporate
users
Windows XP Media EditionAdvanced features for home users include ability
to watch TV and movies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Windows Server ProductsWindows NT 4.0 Server
Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2003 Server
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apple MacintoshUsed GUI long before WindowsProprietary computers Current OS is OS XMacs now run
on Intel CPUsUses BSD
variant of UNIX
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
UNIXOldest, most powerful OS
Many current OSs have concepts developed from UNIX
Open source—allows variants of OS
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
LinuxUNIX-like OS written by Linus Torvalds
Runs on Intel/AMD processors
Free OSSource code also freely availableUses the GNU general public license (GPL)Linux and applications bundled as Linux
distributions (distros)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
LinuxDistributions
Fedora Core
Debian
Slackware
Ubuntu
SuSE
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Preparing for Installation or Upgrade
1. Identify hardware requirements2. Verify hardware and software compatibility3. Decide: Clean install or upgrade? 4. Back up data5. Select an install method6. Identify partition and file systems to use7. Determine computer’s network role8. Decide on language and locale settings9. Plan for post-installation tasks
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Identify Hardware Requirements
Core ResourcesCPURAMFree hard disk space
MiscellaneousVideo adapterDisplayStorage devices
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Verify CompatibilityHardware and softwareUse Windows Marketplace (formally known
as Hardware Compatibility List)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Clean Install or UpgradeClean install
Usually done on empty hard diskAll applications must be installed
UpgradeNew OS installs on top of the old oneMany previous settings and capabilities retainedApplications don’t need to be reinstalled
MultibootDoing a clean install side by side with another OSEnables you to boot to more than one OS
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Other Installation MethodsWhen deploying many computers,
automated methods used
Image—complete copy of OS and applicationsNorton GhostPowerQuest’s Drive ImageAcronis’s True Image
Remote Installation Services (RIS)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Back Up DataIf data saved to central server, this step
can be skipped
If data exists on local drive, it needs to be backed up
Back up to network server, DVD, USB, hard drive, etc.Will need to restore data from this location
after upgrade or reinstall
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Select an Installation MethodTwo basic choices
CD-ROM (A+ focus)
Boot from CD and startinstallation
Over the network (Network+ focus)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Determine Partition & File System
PartitionCreate when drive first created (or use third-
party tools to repartition)If multiboot, use one partition for each OS
File systemUse NTFS whenever possible—security
features are valuableIf older OSs need FAT or FAT32, use FAT or
FAT32 for their partition
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
MiscellaneousNetwork role
Standalone, workgroup, or domainEnvironment determines choice
Language and locale settingsLanguages and displays can be configured for
different countries
Post-installation tasksInstall service packs, hotfixes, etc.Install updated driversInstall applications
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Install or UpgradeText mode
End user license agreement (EULA)Partition hard diskFiles copied to hard disk
Graphical modeEnter product keyRemaining installation completes
Upgrade disks are typically cheaper Require OS to be already installed or separate
disk used to verify upgrade disk can be used
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Post-Installation TasksSimilar as required for clean install
Identify installation problems
Install patches, service packs, and updates
Upgrade drivers
Restore user data
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Windows 2000 ProfessionalHardware Requirements
Component Minimum RecommendedCPU Pentium 133 MHZ Pentium II 350 MHZMemory 64 MB 128 MBHard Disk 2 GB with 650 MB
free6.4 GB with 2 GB free
Network None Modern NICDisplay VGA resolution SVGA resolution Optical Not required unless
installing from CDNot required unless installing from CD
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Install Upgrade XP ProUpgrade paths
Windows 98
Windows XP Pro
Windows Me
Windows NT 4.0SP5 or later
Windows 2000 Pro(including SPs)
Windows XP Home
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
XP ProfessionalHardware Requirements
Component Minimum RecommendedCPU Intel or AMD 233
MHZIntel or AMD 300 MHZ
Memory 64 MB 256 MBHard Disk 1.5 GB available
hard drive space4 GB available hard drive space
Network None Modern NIC
Display DirectX version 8800 X 600 resolution
DirectX version 8800 X 600 resolution
Optical Any CD or DVD drive
Any CD or DVD drive
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
XP Pro Compatibility Upgrade Advisor
First process that runs from setup.exe
Provides list of devices and software known to have issues with XP
Can be run by itself From Microsoft’s Web siteOr winnt32 /checkupgradeonly
On the installation CD or can be downloaded for free
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
XP InstallationBootable CD-ROM boots into setup
May need to set boot order in BIOS
Registration—optional
ActivationMandatory within 30 daysAnti-piracy mechanismSystem disabled after 30
days if not activatedVia Internet or phone
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2000 and XP Upgrade IssuesCan upgrade to 2000 Pro from 95 and 98 but
not Me
Some 9x applications won’t run on 2000 and XP
Third-party disk compression applications not supported on 2000/XP
Third-party power management applications can cause problems with 2000/XP installation
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Pre-Upgrade StepsCheck compatibilityBack up data and configuration filesPerform “spring cleaning”Perform disk scan and defragUncompress allPerform virus scan and disable or remove
virus-checking softwareDisable CMOS virus checkingBe prepared to do clean install
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2000/XP Clean InstallSteps same for both Start by booting to CD-ROMText mode
Can partition drive in this modeChoose file system (usually NTFS)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2000/XP Clean InstallGraphical mode
Enter product keyGood idea to write this on the CD
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
2000/XP Clean InstallConfigure computer name and
administrator password
Network settings
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Automating the InstallScripted installation
Setup Manager creates answer filesAvailable on CD or can be downloadedCreates answer files for multiple OSsFully automated or partially automated
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Automating the InstallDisk cloning problem
Unique security identifier (SID) is not unique if cloned
Solution
GhostWalker or NewSID can be used to create new SID
Sysprep sanitizes many unique settings on a computer such as SID
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Text Mode ErrorsNo boot device
Either startup disk is bad, or CMOS not set to boot off CD-ROM first
Windows Setup requires X amount of available drive spaceCheck formatting and/or space of C: drive
Not ready error on optical driveCheck the CD-ROM drive and disc
BSODProbably due to hardware incompatibilityCheck KB 165863
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Graphical Mode ErrorsHardware detection errors
Could be hardware incompatibilityIf non-critical hardware, find and install
correct drivers
Can’t read CAB filesCheck the CD-ROM for scratchesTry copying i386 files onto hard driveReplace the CD-ROM
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Lockups During InstallSmart recovery, repair install
Unplug system and restartWill automatically start where it left off
Optical drive, hard driveTry another disc or another CD-ROM drive
Log files—track progress of installSetuplog.txtSetupapi.log