MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter13

8/13/2019 MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter13

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Chapter 13

Understanding Windows


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2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Overview

In this chapter, you will learn to

Explain the Windows interface

Identify the features and characteristics of Windows

2000 and Windows XP

Describe the current versions of Windows


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Essentials

CompTIA A+

Essentials


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Windows Interface

All versions share common look and feel

Utilities same or similar

GUI works the same

Command-line interface has similar commands

Master one, and youre well on your way to mastering them all


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User Interface

Login Every version of Windows supports multiple users

Requiring a user login increases security

Desktop

Primary interface to the computer


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User Interface

Taskbarand Start menu Runs along the bottom of the desktop and includes

up to four sections Start menuallows access to the installed programs

System trayshows programs running in the background Quick Launchenables you to launch often-used programs with a

single click


7/65 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

User Interface

My Computer Provides access to drives, folders, and files

Customizable: Can display different views, show

hidden files, hide file extensions, and more



User Interface

Windows ExplorerAnother utility for accessing drives, folders,

and files

My Documents

My Pictures, My Music, My Videos



User Interface

Recycle Bin Deleted files sent to Recycle Bin

Can retrieve them if desired

Size can be adjusted

My Network Places

Shows the current network

connections available



Hot Keys

Working with textF1 Help

F2 Rename

F3 Search MenuF4 Open the Address

Bar

F5 Refresh current

window

F10 Activate menu baroptions

CTRL-C Copy

CTRL-X Cut

CTRL-V Paste

CTRL-Z Undo

CTRL-B BoldCTRL-U Underline

CTRL-I Italic

Function keys



Hot Keys

Popular hot keysCTRL-ESC Open Start menu

ALT-TAB Switch between open programs

ALT-F4 Quit program

CTRL-Z Undo the last commandCTRL-A Select all the items in the current window

SHIFT-DELETE Delete item permanently

SHIFT-F10 Open shortcut menu

SHIFT Bypass Autorun for CDs

ALT-SPACE Display system menu

ALT-ENTER Open properties

CTRL-SHIFT-

ESC

Launch Task Manager



Hot Keys

Windows key shortcuts

Open Start menu

-R Open Run command

-BREAK Open system properties-D Show desktop

-M Minimize all windows

-E Open My Computer

-L Lock computer

-F Search for file or menu



Tech Utilities: Right-Click

Also called:Alt menu

Context menu

Works almost everywhere

Properties selection very common



Tech Utilities: Control Panel

Handles maintenance, upgrade, andconfiguration aspects of Windows

Start|Settings|Control Panel Contains many mini-programs, called applets

Any icon in the Control Panel is a file with a

CPL extension If Control Panel wont start, one of these is probably corrupt

rename each one until you find the bad one



Tech Utilities: Control Panel

Category view

Classic view



Tech Utilities: Device Manager

Device Manager Used to configure hardware and drivers

Devices are organized in special groups

called types

Access through System applet in Control Panel

Properties of My Computer -Break

Computer Management




Device Manager Used to configure hardware and drivers

Access through System applet in Control Panel

Properties of My Computer

-Break

Computer Management




Device Manager Devices are organized in special

groups called types

Problems identified with red Xor a yellow exclamation point

Can also update drivers

here



Tech Utilities: System Tools

System Toolsis a collection of tech utilities foundon the Start menu

Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools



Tech Utilities: Command Line

Command line Start | Run | cmd

Not DOS

DOS is dead, but CLI thrives


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IT TechnicianCompTIA A+

Technician

IT Technician

Microsoft Management Console



Tech Utilities: MMC

Microsoft Management Console(MMC) Shell program - holds utilities called snap-ins

Start | Run | mmc

Starts with blank console Add snap-ins: File | Add/Remove Snap-ins | Add

Save the new customized console you created


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Tech Utilities: Administrative Tools

Administrative ToolsA folder that holds many predefined MMC consoles

built by Microsoft

Control Panel | Administrative Tools

The three most usedAdministrative Tools are Computer Management

Event Viewer

Performance


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Tech Utilities: Computer Management Computer Management

A predefined MMC that pulls together snap-ins related

to many computer management options


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Tech Utilities: Event Viewer Event Viewer

Keeps track of events that happen with

your computer


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Tech Utilities: Performance

Performance System Monitor shows real-time data

Performance Logs and Alertscaptured data


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Services

Services Separate programs that handle functions in Windows

Double-click any service to examine its properties and

settings

Services start Automatically

Manually

May be disabled


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OS Folders

System folder Folder where the OS files were installed

%systemroot%

Typically C:\Windows in XP, C:\Winnt in 2000


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Other Important Folders

C:\Program Files

C:\Documents and Settings

C:\WINNT

C:\WINNT\FONTS

C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32


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What Is the Registry?

RegistryA unified database

Stores all hardware and

software configuration info

for the local computer

Data stored in Registry files called hives

In %SystemRoot%\System32\Config folder

Rarely modify directly

Instead modify via Control Panel or other administrative tools


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Registry Editors

Regedit Older versionAllowed easy searches

Regedt32

Newer versionbetter for modifying Registry

Combined version in XP and Vista

When using the Registry Editors, be very careful!

Does not recognize syntax or semantic errors

May prevent your operating system from loading


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REGEDIT


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Registry Editors

REGEDIT inWindows 2000

Regedt32 inWindows 2000


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Combined in XP

Typing Regeditor Regedt32launches sameprogram in XP


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Registry Components

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT Defines standardclass objects

HKEY_CURRENT_USER Personalizedinformation for

current userHKEY_USERS Generalized

information for allusers

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE General hardware

configuration info

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG Hardware informationfor this boot


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Swap File or Page File

All versions of Windows use virtual memory

Also known as RAM cache

Windows swap filesare used to implement virtual

memory

Allows the system to work as though it has morememory than it does

Uses drive for extra memory


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Virtual Memory

More programsMore RAM

At some point

no more physicalRAM available


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Virtual Memory

Programs swapped outof RAM to hard drive

New programs can now

be run in physical RAM


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Features and Characteristics of

Windows NT/2000/XP


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OS Organization

Windows operating system separated intodifferent components

The subsystems

The NT Executive

The drivers


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Robust, scalable, cross-platform

Robust Separates processes and runs them in

different subsystems

One program bug doesnt affect others

Cross-platform Uses object-oriented approach

Designed to support multiple platforms by

using HAL

Abstracts (separates) differences in hardware

Scalable

Supports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

Allows support for up to 32 CPUs


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NT File System (NTFS)

Robust and powerful Long filenames containing up to 255 characters

Redundancy

Advanced FAT called the master file table(MFT)

Backward-compatible with DOS and Windows 9x

Recoverability Uses transaction logging to survive accidental shutdowns

Security Allows file and folder security


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NTFS Security Overview

Implemented with Users, groups, permissions

Files and folders can be restricted

Permissions granted to user or group

User can gain access based on own user account

User can gain access based on group membership


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NTFS Security

Accounts Every user has an account

Without an account, cant log on

Every Windows NT/2000 PC has anAdministrator

account that has full access to everything


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NTFS Security

GroupsA groupis a collection of user accounts that share

the same access capabilities

Assign access to a group and then put users intothe group

Users will inherit the access assigned to the group

Windows provides several built-in groups


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Built-in Groups Administrators

May perform all

administrative tasks on the

computer

Backup Operators

May use Windows Backup Guests

May perform only specific

tasks that

are granted

Guest account is a member

Power Users

May create and modify localuser accounts and shareresources on the localcomputer

Replicator

Supports file replication in adomain

Users

May perform only tasksspecifically assigned

Local user accounts that arecreated become members

Everyone


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NTFS Permissions

NTFS permissionsin 2000/XP Lists users and groups granted access to a file

or folder

Lists the specific level of access allowed

Available only on volumes

formatted as NTFS (Security tab)

NTFS security is effective

whether a user

Gains access at the computer

Gains access over the network


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NTFS Special Permissions

Ownership When you create a new file or folder you become

the owner

Owners have full control

Owners can change permissions

Take Ownership permission Enables a user to take ownership of a file or folder

Administrator account can take ownership of any

files

Change Permission Can give or take away permissions for other

accounts


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NTFS Folder Permissions

Full Control Enables you to do anything you want

To deny all access, deny Full Control

Modify

Cannot delete files or subfolders but may

modify them

Read & Execute

Enables read files and run programs


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List Folder Contents Enables you to see the contents of the folder

and subfolders

Read

Enables you to read any files in the folder

Write Enables you to write to files and create new files

and folders


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By default,permissions areinherited fromparent folders

This may beprevented byremoving the checkmark at the bottom


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NTFS File Permissions

Full Control Enables you to do anything

Modify

Enables you to do anything except take ownership

or change permissions

Read & Execute

If the file is a program, you can run it

Read

If the file is data, you can read it

Write

Enables you to write to the file


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Combining Permissions Users effective permissions are the cumulative permissions

resulting from a combination of user and group permissions.

Sally is in Administrator group

Sally has Read permission on a folder

Administrator has Full Control on the folder

Sallys effective permission is Full ControlCumulative from Full Control and Read

Denypermission overridesall other permissions. Deny alwaysbecomes the effective permission.


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The Boot Process

NT Loader manages the booting process Windows 2000/XP boot files that must be in the root

directory of the system partition are NTLDR (NT Loader)

BOOT.INI NTDETECT.COM

NTBOOTDD.SYS (only needed for SCSI controllers that dont

have their own ROM BIOS)

System Partition Active partition (typically C: drive)

Boot Partition Where OS files located (X:\Windows on XP)


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The Boot Process

After POST, BIOS looks for valid OS in theboot sector

MFT (on boot sector) points to system files

NTOSKRNL loads device drivers and loads

system files

System files (NTLODR, NTDETECT, BOOT.INI)

start the PC and point to boot files

GUI starts to load


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Boot Files: NTLDR

NTLDR(NT Loader) manages the boot-upprocess until control is handed over to NTOSKRL

(NT kernel)

To find available operating systems, NTLDR readsthe boot.ini file

If multiple OSs are available, a menu shows up

Boot Files: BOOT INI


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Boot Files: BOOT.INI

BOOT.INIis a text file that lists the available OSsand where to find the boot partition


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More Boot Files

BOOTSEC.DOSis read by NTLDR if it finds adifferent OS to load

NTDETECT.COMdetects the hardware if you

choose to boot to NT/2000/XP

NTBOOTDD.SYSis used if NTLDR detects that

the boot partition resides on a SCSI drive thatlacks a ROM chip for BIOS support


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Windows XP Family

XP Professional Fully functional version

Intended for corporate users

XP Home

Designed for home and small office use

Many unneeded features not available

XP Media Center

Same as XP Home with additional media features


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Windows 64-Bit Versions

Windows XP 64-bit Edition Runs only on Intel Itanium processors

Windows XP Professional x64 Edition

Runs on any AMD or Intel processor that supports

both 32 bits and 64 bits


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Windows Vista

Windows Vista Home Basic Similar to XP Home

Windows Vista Home Premium Similar to XP Media Center

Windows Business Basic Business version similar to XP Professional

Windows Vista EnterpriseAvailable only to large corporate buyers

Windows Vista Ultimate Includes all features of any version

Adds some features such as game performancetweaker and DVD ripping


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Other Windows

Windows Mobile PDAs and phones

Windows XP Tablet PC Laptop with a touch screen

Windows Embedded OS embedded into devices


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