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Chapter 10Implementing Hard Drives
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to
Explain the partitions available in Windows
Discuss the formatting options
Partition and format a hard drive
Maintain and troubleshoot a hard drive
Hard Drive Partitions
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Partitioning Process of electronically subdividing the
physical hard drives Windows assigns them names such as C: or D:
A hard drive must have at least one partition
Partitioning enables organization of a drive that suits your personal taste
• One physical drive– One or more logical
partitions
EssentialsCompTIA A+Essentials
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Basic DisksMaster boot record (MBR)
Small amount of code that takes control of boot process
Looks in partition table for partition holding valid operating system
MBR and partition table stored in boot sector
Only one MBR per disk
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Basic DisksSupport up to four partitions
Can have four primary partitions or three primary partitions and one extended partition
Primary partition—bootable
Extended partitions—non-bootableCan hold multiple logical drives lettered D: to
Z:
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Partitioning Primary partitions:
Store bootable operating system
Disk can have up to four primary partitions
Active partition is one currently booted to
Only one primary partition can be active at a time
Extended partitions:Extended partitions are
not bootable
Disk can have only one extended partition
They can be divided into many logical drives
Strength is number of drive letters that can be used, D: to Z:
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Primary PartitionsCan be used for dual-boot or multi-boot
configurations
More than one bootable partition
Third-party tools available to identify primary partitions and provide choices
Partition currently booted to is marked as active partition
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Dynamic DisksNew since Windows 2000 (Server and
Workstation)Not available in XP Home Edition
Partitions called simple volumesNo limitation on number of volumes
Added capabilitiesRAID 0, 1, 5 on Windows Server productsRAID 0 on Windows desktop productsExtended and spanned volumes
RAID covered in Chapter 9Other volumes covered in more depth later in chapter
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Other PartitionsHidden partition
Primary partition hidden from OSUsed to hide a backup copy of OS
Swap partitionOnly on Linux and BSD systemsEntire partition that works like page file in
Windows
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When to PartitionOlder OSs required partitioning before
installationCommand-line program called FDISK
Windows 2000 and above include partition tool in install program
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When to PartitionAfter installation
Windows 2000 and above use GUI called Disk Management
Third-party tools available: GParted (Linux tool
that works on Windows partitions)
Partition Magic
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Hard Drive FormattingFormatting configures a partition to hold
files and folders suitable to the OS
Two major functions of formatting Creates a file systemCreates a root directory
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File SystemsWindows supports three different file
systems:
FAT16 (often called just FAT)
FAT32
NTFS
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File Allocation Table (FAT)File allocation table (FAT) keeps track of the sectors that
store the various parts of a file
16-bit FAT (FAT16) uses 4 hexadecimal digits to number the sectors0000 thru FFFF
FAT is like a two-column spreadsheetColumn one numbers the sectorsColumn two contains the status of the sector
Bad sectors = FFF7 Good sectors = 0000
Format creates the FAT and then writes and reads from each sector to see if it is good
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FAT Limitations16 bits can address only 64 K (216) sectors
Sector sizes limited to 512 bytes
64K X 512 bytes = 32 MB max size
Solution was clustering, allowing partition sizes up to 2 GB
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Clustering Clustering combines a set of
contiguous sectors and treats them as a single unit
Called a cluster or file allocation unit Instead of numbering the sectors,
clusters were numberedAllowed partition sizes up to 2 GB
DOS, Windows 3.1, and the first version of Windows 95 all use FAT16 Newer OSs also support FAT16
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How FAT WorksWindows looks for the first cluster marked 0000
(good & available for use)
If the file fits in that cluster, FFFF is put in the status column
If the file is larger than the cluster, Windows finds the next open clusterThat open cluster’s number is put in the first status
field to know where to linkProcess continues until the file is fully storedLast cluster’s status field is marked FFFF (end-of-
file)
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Examples of FAT Storage1
2
3
4
0000 = Good FFF7 = Bad FFFF = End of File
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FragmentationFragmentation occurs when files are spread
across drives (not contiguous)Individual files are broken into pieces that fit into
a sector or clusterThe pieces are stored on the hard drive but may
not be stored in contiguous clusters
Fragmentation slows down the system during hard drive reads and writes
Programs such as Disk Defragmenter or Speed Disk can be used to defragment files, folders, or both
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Fragmented FileTakes longer for system to piece together
and can impact performance
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Disk Defragmenter• Can defragment disk
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FAT32 FAT32 was introduced with Windows 95
OSR2 (OEM Service Release 2)
Supports partitions up to 2 terabytes
Uses 32 bits to describe each cluster
Allows the use of small clusters
Can still become fragmented
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CompTIA A+Technician
NTFS
IT Technician
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NTFS File system of choice today
Six major improvementsand refinements1. Redundancy2. Security3. Compression4. Encryption5. Disk quotas6. Cluster sizing
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NTFS ImprovementsNTFS structure
Uses an enhanced file allocation table called the Master File Table (MFT)NTFS keeps a backup copy in the middle of disk
SecurityProvides file and folder access controlUses Access Control List with permissionsIf you’re on the list, you’re granted the
specific permission
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NTFS ImprovementsCompression
Allows files and folders to be compressed to save space
Encrypting file systemAllows files and folders to be encrypted and
unreadable to anyone without the key
Files and folders can beencrypted or compressed
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NTFS ImprovementsDisk quotas
Can control how userscan use space
Set on a per-drive basis
Cluster sizesCan adjust cluster sizesRare to do so
NTFS supports 2 TBpartitions
Partitioning and Formatting Process
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Bootable DisksAny removable media that has a bootable
OS installed
Floppy, CD-ROM, USB thumb drive
All Windows and Linux installation CDs are bootable
Common to create bootable media with tools added
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Partitioning and FormattingWith Windows installation CD
During text portion of installCan create single partition
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Partitioning and FormattingWith Windows installation CD
Allows you to set the size of the driveMinimum of 8 MB up to size of drive
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Partitioning and FormattingWith Windows installation CD
Can format the drive with a file systemNTFS Quick—not as thoroughNTFS Regular—checks the drive
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Partitioning and FormattingWith Windows installation CD
Can create multiple partitions
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PATA Drive Letter Assignments
Primary partition of the1. Primary master drive2. Primary slave drive3. Secondary master drive4. Secondary slave drive
Then all logical drives in the extended partition of the1. Primary master drive2. Primary slave drive3. Secondary master drive4. Secondary slave drive
C:D:E:F:
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SATA Drive Letter Assignments
Similar to PATA, but based on order set in CMOS1. Primary partition of the first drive2. Primary partition of the second drive3. Primary partition of the third drive4. Etc.
5. All logical drives in extended partition of first drive
6. All logical drives in extended partition of second drive
7. All logical drives in extended partition of third drive
8. Etc.
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Disk ManagementGUI in Windows 2000 and XP
Used to manage partitionsPart of Computer Management Can be launched directly with diskmgmt.msc
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Creating a New PartitionRight-click in unallocated space and choose New
Partition
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New Partition Wizard
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Disk ManagementCreating a partition in Windows
Pick partition type, size, and assign drive letter
< 4 GB can choose FAT, FAT32, or NTFS4 GB to 32 GB can choose FAT32 or NTFS> 32GB can choose only NTFS
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Creating a Logical DriveOnce an extended partition is created, you may
create logical drives in it
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Dynamic DisksDynamic disks are a new type of storage
available since Windows 2000 Not available in XP Home (available in XP Pro)Available in 2000 Server
and Server 2003Can convert basic to dynamicConverting dynamic to basic
causes all data to be lostRegular drives are known
as basic disksDynamic disks are divided into
volumes instead of partitions
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Dynamic DisksSpanning volumes (one hard drive)
D: drive is spanned to include unallocated space
Effect is more space on D: volume
C:\ Volume 10 GB D:\ Volume 10 GB 30 GB unallocated space
C:\ Volume 10 GB D:\ Volume 10 GB 30 GB unallocated space
C:\ Volume 10 GB D:\ Volume 40 GB
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Dynamic DisksExtended volumes (multiple hard drives)
Simple volume spanned across multiple disks
Effect is more space on D: volume
C:\ Volume 10 GB D:\ Volume 10 GB
New disk—80 GB
C:\ Volume 10 GB D:\ Volume 90 GB
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Dynamic DisksSimple volume like a primary partitionStriped volume (RAID-0)Mirrored volume (RAID-1)Striped with parity (RAID-5)Desktop products (2000 Pro, XP Pro)
Support RAID 0
Server products (2000 & Server 2003)Support RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5
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Mount PointsYour system partition drive (typically C:)
may be made dynamic Cannot be extended or spanned
Can create a mount point on C:Drive that functions like a folder mounted
into another drive
Provides additional storage on a hard drive by creating a folder that is another entire hard drive
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Creating Mount PointsRight-click an unallocated space on a dynamic disk
and select New VolumeThe second screen in the wizard lets you create a mount
point instead of another drive letterWorks like folder
but appears as disk icon
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Formatting a PartitionCan do in Windows Explorer
Can do in DiskManagement
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Hard Drives
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ScanDisk and CHKDSKScanDisk and CHKDSK check for bad
clusters on hard drivesAlso checks for invalid filenames and tries to
fix themLooks for lost clusters or chains that do not
have a filename associated with them and deletes them
Checks the links between parent and child folders
Launched via Error-checking tools from Windows Explorer
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Error-checkingCan check the drive
Can be set to fix errors automatically
Can scan for andrecover badsectors
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DefragmentationDisk Defragmenter
Consider using regularly (monthly or weekly)Will slow down system while runningIf not done, system may slow down due to
fragmentationCan be scheduled
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Disk CleanupAllows you to purge system
of unneeded files
Files in the Recycle Bin
Temporary Internet files
Downloaded program files
Temporary files
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Troubleshooting Three broad categories:
1. Installation errors
2. Data corruption
3. Dying hard drives
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Troubleshooting InstallationConnectivity
Hard drive errorNo fixed disks presentHDD controller failureNo boot device availableDrive not foundSolutions include
Checking the cables to make sure they connected properlyReseating the hard drive controller (if an expansion card)Use autodetection in CMOSCheck the jumper settingsSome EIDE drives are incompatible on the same controller
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Troubleshooting InstallationCMOS
CMOS configuration mismatchNo boot device availableDrive not foundMissing OSSolutions
Always run autodetect in CMOSAlways select LBA
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Troubleshooting InstallationPartitions
Failing to partition Invalid drive specification error
Making the wrong size or type of partition
FormatFailing to format
Drive is not accessible Invalid media type
“Trying to recover lost allocation unit” indicates the drive is dying
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Troubleshooting CorruptionData corruption
Caused by many things such as power surges, accidental shutdowns, viruses, and more
Show up as File is missing or corrupt Download location information is damaged Unable to load file Cannot find command.com Error loading operating system Invalid boot.ini
Try running Error-checking utility
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Troubleshooting CorruptionExtract/expand
Use to copy a specific file from an installation CD
Many files located inside a CAB (cabinet) file
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Troubleshooting Installation
Corrupted data on bad sectors
The built-in error correction code (ECC) checks the drive for bad sectors
Disk checkers can be used to fix problems pertaining to corrupted data
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Troubleshooting Dying HDDying hard drive
The following sounds indicate a drive about to dieContinuous high-pitched squealSeries of clacks, a short pause, and then more clacksContinuous grinding or rumbling
Boot drive issue would show up as “no boot device present”
Second drives simply do not show up
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Third-Party Partition Tools Third-party partition tools allow you to
create, change, and delete partitions without destroying the data
PartitionMagic
VCOM’s Partition Commander
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