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Chapter 7Motherboards
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to
Explain how motherboards work
Identify the types of motherboards
Explain chipset varieties
Upgrade and install motherboards
Troubleshoot motherboard problems
How Motherboards Work
Historical/Conceptual
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Motherboard CharacteristicsForm factor defines
Size of the motherboardGeneral location of components and parts
Chipset definesType of processor and RAM supported
Built-in componentsWith a built-in NIC, extra NIC not needed
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Layers of the PCBMotherboards are officially
printed circuit boards (PCBs)
PCBs come in multiple layers with highways of wires (bus systems) in the layers
These highways of wires are called traces
Boards are standardized so that they can fit in cases
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The AT Form Factor IBM invented the AT form factor in the early
’80sLasted through mid ’90sCurrently obsoleteLarge keyboard socket, split power socket
(P8/P9)Baby AT was smaller version
Alternatives wereLPXNLX
EssentialsCompTIA A+Essentials
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
ATX Motherboard Parts
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
ATX Form FactorCreated in 1995
About same size as Baby ATHad many ports accessible from rear of PC
including mini-DINRAM was closer to Northbridge and CPU for
better performanceUses the soft power feature to turn PC on and
off through software
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
ATX Spin OffsMicroATX and FlexATX two smaller versions
of ATXMany techs and Web sites use the term mini-
ATX to describe these boardsCases need to be matched to motherboardsCan’t put a larger motherboard into a smaller
caseCase manufacturers have made
accommodations for smaller motherboards in larger cases
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
ATX Spin-offsBTX (Balanced Technology Extended)
Due to heat, cooler form factors needed
Three subtypes of BTXBTX designed to replace ATXmicroBTX designed to replace microATXpicoBTX designed to replace FlexATX
Proprietary form factorsUnique to a specific companyDon’t follow standards and drive purchase to that
companyDifficult to support
Chipsets
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
ChipsetsA chipset defines
The processor typeType and capacity of RAMWhat internal and external devices the
motherboard will supportServes as an electronic interface among the
CPU, RAM, and I/O devices
Most modern chipsets have two primary chipsNorthbridgeSouthbridge
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Chipset ChipsNorthbridge
Helps the CPU work with RAM (on Intel-based systems)
Communicates with video on newer AMD systemsSouthbridge
Handles expansion devices and mass storage drives
Sits between expansion slots and EIDE and FDD controllers
Also called the I/O Controller Hub (ICH5) or peripheral bus controller
Super I/O chipProvides legacy support
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
NorthbridgeOlder
NorthbridgefunctionsWorked
similaron Intel
NewerNorthbridgefunctionsOnly AMD
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Chipset Schematic Schematic of
an olderchipset
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Chipset Schematic Schematic of
an modernchipset
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Chipset ChipsNot always called Northbridge and
Southbridge
Intel-based motherboards may refer to them as
Memory controller hub (MCH) for Northbridge
I/O controller hub (ICH) for Southbridge
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Many Makers of PC Chipsets
Intel
VIA
AMD
SiS
Ali
NVIDIA
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Intel Chipsets
Chipset North-bridge
South-bridge
CPU RAM
Intel 975XExpress
8295X MCH
82801GB ICH, 82801GR ICH, 82801GDH ICH
LGA 775 Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Due, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 with HT, Pentium D
Dual-channel DDR2 up to 8 GB
Intel P965 Express
82P965 GMCH
P965 ICH8
All LGA775 Dual-channel DDR2 up to 8 GB
Intel 9100GL Express
82910G GMCH
ICH6 or ICH6R
Pentium 4 with HT, Celeron D
DDR up to 2 GB
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
NVIDIA Chipsets
1. NVIDIA doesn’t make a Northbridge/Southbridge distinction
2. Athlon has MCC built into CPU so RAM capabilities are determined by CPU, not chipset
Chipset North-bridge
South-bridge
CPU RAM
NVIDIAnForce-4
nForce4 1 Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Sempron
2
NVIDIASL1 Intel
nForce 570 SL1
1 Intel LGA 775, Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Duo, Pentium D, Pentium 4, Celeron D
Dual-channel DDR2
NVIDIAnForce 590 SLI AMD
nForce 590 SLI
1 Atlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2
2
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
VIA Chipsets
Athlon has MCC built into CPU so RAM capabilities are determined by CPU, not chipset
Chipset North-bridge
South-bridge
CPU RAM
VIA K8 Series
K8T900 VT8251 Opteron, Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Sempron
VIA P4 Series
PT890 VT8237A Pentium 4, Celeron
SDRAM with ECC, DDR, DDR2 up to 4 GB
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Motherboard ComponentsNot all chipset features may be supported with
ports (for cost savings)
Some motherboards may add features
USB / FireWire
Sound
RAID
AMR/CNR
Upgrading and Installing Motherboards
CompTIA A+Technician
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Choosing a Motherboard and Case
Modern motherboards can fit into any type of case manufactured todayBut verify that the form factor is supported
Be sure you have access to the motherboard manual
Cases come in six basic sizes: slimline, desktop, mini-tower, mid-tower, tower, and cube
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Options to Look for in Case• Removable face • Front-mounted ports
• Detachable motherboard mount • Power supply
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Removing the Motherboard1. Remove all the cards
2. Remove obstructing drives
3. Remove the power supply (only if necessary)
4. Document the position for wires for the speaker, turbo switch, turbo light
5. Unscrew the old motherboard The motherboard mounts to the case with
small connectors called standouts
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Installing the New Motherboard1. Install the CPU and RAM on the new motherboard
before putting it in the case
2. Mount the new motherboard in the case
3. Reinstall the hard drive(s), power supply, and so forth that had to be removed to get the old motherboard out
4. Insert the power connections and other wires
5. Test!
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Wires, Wires, WiresLEDs have positive and negative
connections
They work one way; they don’t work the other way
It’s okay to experiment
Troubleshooting Motherboards
IT Technician
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Troubleshooting SymptomsCatastrophic failure
System will not boot
Although uncommon, most motherboards will fail (if they’re going to) within the first 30 days due to manufacturing defects, called burn-in failure
Electrostatic discharge is the other most common cause
To fix, replace the motherboard
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
More Troubleshooting SymptomsComponent failure
Intermittent problemsExamples include a hard drive that shows up in
CMOS but not in WindowsMost common causes are electrical surges and ESD
Sometimes a BIOS upgrade may solve this problem if the issue is lack of BIOS support for a newer technology
Fixes include replacing the component with an add-on card or flashing the BIOS
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
More Troubleshooting SymptomsEthereal symptoms
Things just don’t work all the timePC reboots itself for no apparent reasonBlue Screens of Death Causes include faulty components, buggy device
drivers or application software, slight corruption of the operating system, and power supply problems
Fixes include flashing the BIOS or replacing the motherboard
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Troubleshooting TechniquesIsolate the problem by eliminating potential
factors
If the hard drive doesn’t work, try a different hard drive or try the same hard drive with a different motherboard
If the new hard drive works, you know it wasn’t the motherboard
If the same hard drive with a different motherboard works, you can suspect the motherboard
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Beyond A+Relatively new in PC technology
Shuttle’s new form factor results in PCs the size of a toaster but as powerful as larger PCs
VIA’s two tiny form factors called ITX and Mini-ITX
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved