Date post: | 30-Nov-2014 |
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Technology |
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MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT
(IPO CHART)
MELJUN P. CORTESMELJUN P. CORTES
What is it?
The IPO diagram is a visual representation of a process or activity.
It lists input variables and output characteristics.
Why use it?
IPO diagram is useful in defining a process and recognizing the input variables and responses/ outputs.
When to use it?
Understand what inputs are needed to achieve each specific output.
Definition of terms
INPUT is the data flowing into the system from outside.
PROCESSING is the action of manipulating the input into a more useful form.
OUTPUT is the information flowing out of the system.
FEEDBACK occurs when the outcome has an influence on the input.
INPUT: The teacher takes register to see who is not in today.
PROCESSING: The data is loaded into the school database and processed to create attendance record of each pupil.
OUTPUT: Print out of a student who has been absent.
FEEDBACK: The teachers needs to find out why the student has been absent and the reason recorded in the input once more.It will also hopefully cause the pupil to have better attendance record.
Some Examples (Attendance system in school)
Some Examples [cont.]
Album titleArtist nameArtist ID
Query report
Display orprint lists ofalbumsproduced by particularartists
A persontypes datainto adatabase system by means of akeyboard
The keystrokes being entered by the typist is converted into ASCII format that the computer can understand.
The keystrokes being entered are immediately shown on the typist’s monitor so she can see what is being entered.
Some Examples [cont.]
Client
Design
Material
Adhesives
Tools
Workers
Finished product
Pay Workers
Happy customer
Making
Check qualitySet tools
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
Context DiagramIs the highest level view of a system, similar to Block
Diagram, showing a, possibly software-based, system as a whole and its inputs and outputs from/to external factors.
Shows the entire system as a single process. Interactions with users and other external entities are shown as dataflow.
They do not show the major functional processes but are particularly useful for agreeing the system boundary.
Documents the system’s boundaries by highlighting its sources and destinations. Documenting the system’s boundaries by drawing a context diagram helps the analyst, the user, and the responsible managers visualize alternative high-level logical system designs.
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
Purpose of Context Diagram
1. It clarifies to the user audience the analyst's understanding
of the scope of the proposed system, the kinds of users the
system will have, and the data coming out from and going
into the system. A surprising number of misunderstandings
are exposed at this early stage.
2. It motivates and establishes a framework for the more
complicated next level (below).
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
How are Context Diagram Drawn
Context diagrams are typically drawn using labeled boxes to represent each of the external entities and another labeled box to represent the system being developed. The relationship is drawn as a line between the entities and the system being developed. The relationships are labeled with a subject-verb-object format.
Context diagrams can also use many different drawing types to represent external entities. They can use oval, stick figures, pictures, clip art or any other representation to convey meaning. Decision trees and data storage are represented in system flow diagrams.
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
Symbols Used on Diagrams
•processes are shown as squares with rounded corners
Process Inquiries
•external entities (the people with whom the process interacts)
External Entities
•Relationship or what we call data flows- it shows the relationship between external entities and the process.
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
How are Context Diagram Drawn
When drawing a context diagram, you:
Firstly, draw and name a single process box that represents the entire
system.
Next, identify and add the external entities that communicate directly with
the process box. Do this by considering origin and destination of the
resource flows and data flows.
Finally, add the resource flows and data flows to the diagram.
Note: In drawing the context diagram you should only be concerned with the most important
information flows. These will be concerned with issues such as: how orders are received and checked,
with providing good customer service and with the paying of invoices. Remember that no business
process diagram is the definitive solution - there is no absolute right or wrong.
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
SUPPLIER CUSTOMER
0--------------------
---------SALES
PROCESS
Goods Ord
ers
Promotion, visits
,
deliveries
‘terminator’ for input/output flows
Process
flow of inputs and outputs to and
from processes O
rders
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
ACCOUNTING
WAREHOUSECUSTOMER
0
Order System
Order
Payment
In- StockRequest
StatusMessage
Invoice Shipping Confirmation
Shipping Order
Inventory Reports
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
Employee
Accounting Departmen
t
0
Payroll System
Payroll Check
Time Sheet
Tax FormPayroll Report
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram
Book Supplie
r
Library System
0
Borrower
Book
Book Details
Order
Book
Book Request
Availability & Advice
Reservation
Inquiry
Borrower Number
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Context Diagram & IPO Diagram