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Chapter 4
Graphics
MELJUN CORTES
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Chapter Objectives
Explain why graphic images are vital to multimediaapplications
List the items that should be logged in reference tographic imagesDescribe the role and responsibilities of the graphicdesigner
Describe the different technologies that can be usedto capture and acquire digital imagesDefine the different types of images
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Chapter Objectives
Explain how color resolution and image resolutionaffect image quality
Define compression and compare lossy and losslesscompressionExplain the difference between bitmapped andvector-based graphics
Describe several features of paint, draw, 3D, andimage editing programsList and describe the different Web graphic fileformats
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Introduction
Society is very visual
Picture really can be worth a thousand words
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Introduction
Choosing an ImagePrepare list and descriptionTrack vital information in an image log
DescriptionSourceRights negotiatedAmount paid
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The Graphic Designer
Create and optimize images for theWebPart of multimedia teamFreelance
Portfolio
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Digitizing Images
Converting them to 0s and 1s
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Scanners
Page/FlatbedPage-fed
OCR SoftwareSlide
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Scanning Hints
Set resolution to 72 ppiWork from an originalDo not increase resolution after ithas been lowered
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Digital Cameras
Require no film
Store images in memory (flash RAM)Connect directly to the computerRange in price, quality and features
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Snapping Photographs
Take lots of photosShoot from a variety of anglesShoot people in indirect lightShoot in the morning/evening when
light is filteredTry shooting objects both indoorsand outdoors
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Digital Video Cameras
Capture both still and moving imagesRange in price, quality, and features
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Photo CD
Service bureauHigh qualityInexpensiveConvenient
Near-permanent storage
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Stock Photography
Commercial Image providers/Stockphotography housesTips
File should be Web readyGraphic should be size and resolutionappropriate to Web page
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Clip Art
Available with software, on CD andWeb Must be appropriate and high qualityCan look amateurish
Public domain v.copyright Read licensing agreements carefully
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Original Artwork
Draw, paint, image editing software learning curveDont have to worry about copyright orlicensing agreementsDigitizing or Graphics tablet stylusSpreadsheet software charts/graphsMapping software vector-based
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Types of Images
Line art flat colorsContinuous tone photographsGrayscale 256 levels of grayTwo-dimensional
Three-dimensionalHypergraphicsImage Maps
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Image Quality
Many factors impact image qualitySome are dependent on equipment
No control over differences in gammasettings, dot pitch, and display settingssuch as monitor resolution and color
Web designers constantly weigh imagequality v. file size/download time
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Color Resolution
Also calledBit or pixel resolutionColor, bit, or pixel depth
Measures the number of bits ofstored information per pixel or howmany colors each pixel may containColor resolution chart
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Color Resolution
Greater color resolutionHigher quality imageLarger file size Different color palette
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Web-safe color palette
Also calledBrowser-safe color palette and 6 x 6 x 6palette
216 safe colors Dithering and Banding
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Image Resolution
Amount of information stored foreach imageMeasured in pixels per inch (ppi)Computer monitors display 72 ppiSetting Web graphics higher than 72ppi makes them larger in file size andon screen
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Optimizing Images
Crop to smallest areaApply image size for final Web pageReduce resolution to 72 ppiReduce colors to minimum withoutsacrificing quality
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Image Compression
Compression algorithm used tocreate smaller file sizesTwo types
LosslessLossy
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Graphics Software
Include drawing, painting and imageediting programsTool palette
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Paint Programs
Bitmapped images pixel-basedEditable pixel by pixelEnlarging may result in jaggiesMicrosoft Paint
Create and edit geometric figuresAdd color and patternsCut and pasteRotate and stretch
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Draw Programs
Vector graphics mathematical modelsResize without losing image qualitySmooth, precise, versatileGenerally require less memory
May take longer to refresh
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Draw Programs
Adobe Illustrator , Macromedia Freehand,CorelDraw
Fully editable shapesBzier curvesGradient fillsBlending/morphing
GroupingRasterizingConverting a vector-based graphic to pixelsImproves refresh rate
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3D Modeling Programs
Also called rendering programsTextures applied to wire-frame modelRendering
Converting a three-dimensional image toa two-dimensional image
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3D Modeling Programs
Bryce, Canoma, Carrara,Poser, LightWave,
SoftImageModelingArranging and deformingShading
Setting lights and cameras Rendering
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Image Editing Programs
Manipulate digitized imagesAdobe PhotoShop
CroppingBrightness, Contrast, Color CorrectionFiltersLayersFile Format Conversion
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Enhancement Programs
Plug-insAdd-on features
Programs specifically designed forworking with Web graphics andanimation
Macromedia FireworksAdobe Image Ready
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Web Graphic File Formats
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG)Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
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GIF
Developed by CompuServeSupports 256 colors (8-bits)Uses lossless compressionSupports interlacing (GIF 87a)
Supports transparency (GIF 89a)AnimationBest for solid color images/diagrams
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JPEG
Supports millions of colorsUses lossy compressionProgressive jpegs support interlacingRectangular do not supporttransparencyBest for photographs/continuous toneimages
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PNG
Supports various color depths (8-bit to 32-bit)
Uses lossless compressionGenerally creates smaller files than GIFSupports variable transparency
Supports interlacing fasterCapacity for gamma correctionNot supported by all browsers w/o plug-in
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