M‡elYv cwÎKv

M‡elYv cwÎKv

27Zg msL¨v Ryb 2019

A Research Journal

Faculty of Arts

Rajshahi University

A Research Journal

Faculty of Arts

Rajshahi University

Vol. 27

June 2019

Published by

Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Dean, Faculty of Arts

University of Rajshahi

Rajshahi-6205

Cover Design Rashed Sukhon

Printed by

Uttoran Offset Printing Press

Greater Road, Rajshahi - 6100

Price : Tk. 400.00 $ 6

Contact Address

Chief Editor, A Research Journal (Faculty of Arts)

Deans Complex

Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Editor

Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Dean, Faculty of Arts

Rajshahi University

Members

Professor Md. Asaduzzaman

Chairman Department of Philosophy

Professor Muhammad Rafiqul Islam Chairman Department of Islamic Studies

Professor Mortuza Khaled Chairman Department of History

Dr. Dino Bandhu Pal Chairman Department of Music

Professor Abdullah Al Mamun Chairman Department of English

Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman Chairman Department of Theater

Professor P.M. Shafiqul Islam Chairman Department of Bengali

Professor Md. Ataullah Chairman Department of Persian Language and Literature

Professor Md. Fazlul Haque Chairman Dept. of Islamic History & Culture

Professor Md. Nasir Uddin Chairman Department of Urdu

Professor Md. Nizam Uddin Chairman

Department of Arabic

Professor Bipul kumar Biswas Chairman

Department of Sanskrit

Message from the Chief Editor

The 27

th volume of the Research Journal of the Faculty of Arts is published with 29

research articles contributed by the faculty members of the Departments of

Philosophy, Bengali, Islamic History & Culture, Arabic, Islamic Studies, Theater,

Persian Language & Literature and Sanskrit. The articles are of diverse characters and will come to the use of the students and researchers of various disciplines, specially

of the Faculty of Arts.

The publication of the journal is the result of collective efforts of all the scholar

members of the editorial board. They have ungrudgingly helped me in its publication.

I am grateful to them for their cooperation. I thank the officers of the faculty for their

assistance and also the employees of the Uttoran Offset Printing Press for their support.

Professor Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Chief Editor and Dean

Faculty of Arts

University of Rajshahi Rajshahi-6205

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Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque Democratization in The Middle East : The case of Iraq 115

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Dr. Shah Mukhtar Ahmad Tasawuf in the light of the Holy Qur’an and Hadith : An Overview 209

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M‡elYv cwÎKv (Kjv Abyl`) ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

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W. †gv. Avwidzj Bmjvg

Abstract: According to Bertrand Russell since the day of antiquity state is a power

organization and its aim is to become totalitarian. The state as it is built even today is not

suitable for the enjoyment of freedom. Its essence is power which is the creation of

possessive impulse of human nature. Russell saw the present day state structure as the

most harmful institution for the best interest of humanity. The power that the so called

welfare states have been exercising is not only unnecessary but also harmful for its

subjects and therefore it should be greatly reduced. The purpose of the state should serve

its people and facilitate opportunities to exercise of their freedom and liberty. Apart from

this, as a power institution the sole function of a state is to preserve internal law and order

and provide security when it is attacked by the foreign forces. Besides, a state should

provide some other services to its citizens such as sanitation, public hygiene, prevention

of infectious diseases, compulsory education, development of human resources,

encouragement of scientific research and above all a state should make space for the

people to exercise their freedom at individual, institutional and social levels. If the state is

to serve the above purposes for the interest of individual liberty and progress, then a

reconstruction is drastically needed. In this cotext the aim of this article is to enquire

Russell’s theory of state critically.

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3

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4

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bvMwiK‡ì Rxeb mnR, ¯^”Q›`gq I wbivc` Ki‡Z GKwU ÿgZvkvjx cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ivóª A‡bK

KvRB K‡i _v‡K; G KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³i c‡ÿ m¤¢e nq bv; †hgb,

RbKj¨vYgyjK KvR, AvBb-k„•Ljvi wbqš¿Y, A_©‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZôv I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msiÿY

c Öf…wZ|13

GLv‡b Dc‡hvMev`x Rb ÷zqvU© wgj Gi wPšÍvi mv‡_ iv‡m‡ji A‡bK mv „k¨| KviY wgjI

GiKg A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ivóªxq KZ…©‡Z¡i mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|14

hvB‡nvK, iv‡mj G‡ÿÎ¸‡jv Qvov Aewkó

KvR¸‡jv e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M KivB evÂbxq e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR: RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv ¯v¯’¨‡mev Ges msµvgK e¨wa

cÖwZ‡iva| Gme Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ †Kej ¯^Zš¿ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Kj¨vY bq eis mgMÖ Rbmgv‡Ri g½j|

GKwU iv‡óª RbM‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨‡mev wbwðZ Kiv wKsev †Kv‡bv msµvgK e¨wa Qwo‡q co‡j Zv‡K wbqš¿‡Yi

Rb¨ me‡P‡q Dchy³ cÖwZôvb ivóª| †Kv‡bv GKK e¨w³ ev †QvU-Lv‡Uv †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ÿ G KvR

mdjfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| iv‡mj †cø‡Mi „óvšÍ w`‡q welqwU †evSv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| †cøM GKwU

msµvgK e¨wa| †Kv‡bv AÂ‡j †cøM †`Lv †Ìqvi ciI Gi cÖwZ‡iv‡a Ae‡njv Ki‡j †ivMwU me©Î

Qwo‡q c‡o| Gi Rb¨ mKj‡K wech©qKi cwiYwZ †fvM Ki‡Z nq| ZvB †iv‡Mi msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai

Rb¨ RbM‡Yi Dci ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb‡KI iv‡mj mg_©b K‡i‡Qb| mgv‡R gvby‡li ¯vaxbZv Av‡Q

e‡jB †cøM ev Gi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv msµvgK e¨wa Qwo‡q †èvi AwaKvi Kv‡iv _vKv DwPr bq| e¨w³i

¯^vaxbZvq n Í‡ÿc g›`, wKš‘ †hme †¶‡Î ¯^vaxbZvi Kvi‡Y †ivM Qwo‡q covi Avk¼v _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î

GK_v cÖ‡hvR¨ bq; ÒThe interference with liberty remains an evil, but in some

cases it is clearly a smaller evil than the spread of disease which liberty would

produce.”15

GQvov, g¨v‡jvwiqvmn wewfbœ †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi DwPZ

e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv bq eis me©Rbxb ¯^v‡_©i w`‡K jÿ ivLv| GLv‡b e¨w³i Zzjbvq Rbmgwó‡K ¸iæZ¡

†Ìqvq Rb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji Ôme©vwaK †jv‡Ki Rb¨ me©vwaK myLÕ G myLev`x `k©‡bi mv‡_ iv‡m‡j wPšÍvi

mv`„k¨ jÿYxq| eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶vI iv‡óªi GKwU RbKj¨vYgyLx KvR| Awkÿv I AÁZv †h †Kv‡bv

RvwZi Rb¨ Aïf| KviY RbMY hw` †`k, mgvR, wb‡R‡ì m¼U m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bv nq Ges hw`

kvmK Z_v ivRbxwZwe`‡ì Kvh©µg I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© RbMY mwVK Z_¨ bv iv‡L Z‡e GKwU ivóª eo


5

ai‡bi m¼‡Ui g‡a¨ wbcwZZ n‡Z cv‡i| RbMY m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e Ges A‡bK mgq Av‡eMZvwoZ

n‡q g›` e¨w³‡ì kvmK wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi H kvm‡Ki wbe©vwPZ n‡q MYwe‡ivax I

ivóªwe‡ivax Kh©µ‡g Rwo‡q covi Avk¼v _v‡K| ZvB GUv ejv hvq †h, AwaKvsk RbMY Am‡PZb I

Awkw¶Z n‡j iv‡óªi kvmbeë¯’vi Dci cÖfve c‡o| GKvi‡Y iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib GKwU iv‡óªi

RbmsL¨v †ewkifvM Awkw¶Z n‡j †mB iv‡óª MYZš¿ PP©v m¤ú~Y© Am¤¢e|16

•eÁvwbK M‡elYvq

Drmvn`vb I A_©vqbI iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg KvR| weÁv‡bi M‡elYv e¨qeûj, hvi Kvi‡Y e¨w³MZfv‡e

Kv‡iv c‡¶ •eÁvwbK M‡elYvq eo ai‡bi mvdj¨ jvf m¤¢e nq bv| ZvQvov weÁv‡bi Avwe®‥v‡ii dj

mevB Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB iv‡m‡ji g‡Z M‡elYvq Drmvn cÖ`vb I A_©vqb iv‡óªi Kiv DwPZ|

A_©‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZôv: iv‡m‡ji g‡Z Òm¤¢eZ A_©‣bwZK AwePviB eZ©gvb mgvR eë¯’vq me‡P‡q

eo Ab¨vq|Ó17

ZviciI A_©‣bwZK b¨vq cÖwZôvq ivóªB me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘

cuywRev`x mgvR m¤ú‡K© Zuvi g~j¨vqb n‡jv- G mgvR cuywRcwZ‡ì m¤ú` DcvR©‡bi B”Qv I ÿgZv‡K

e„w× K‡i Ges `wi`ª gvbyl‡K me mgqB A_©‣bwZK `ywðšÍvq _vK‡Z nq| GRb¨ m¤úwËi

e¨w³gvwjKvbv‡K `vqx K‡i Gi we‡jvc mvab †P‡q‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î iv‡mj mgvRZš¿x‡ì mv‡_ GKgZ|

Zuvi c Öavb Awf‡hvM n‡jv “… it stunts the lives of men and women, that it enshrines

a ruthless possessiveness.Ó18

m¤úwËi e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvi Kvi‡YB gvby‡li g‡a¨ AwaKvi

wjáv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× cvq| GUv b¨vqwePv‡ii cwicš’x, Kv‡RB Gai‡bi AwaKvi‡K iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`b

†Ìqv DwPZ bq| Z‡e GKB mv‡_ b¨vqwePvi (justice) cÖZ¨qwUi Ø¨v_©‡evaKZvi e¨vcv‡i iv‡mj

m‡PZb wQ‡jb KviY b¨vqwePvi GKwU Av‡cw¶K, fvimvg¨c~Y© I Ø¨v_©‡evaK cÖZ¨q; “... when we

wish to remedy an injustice, it is important to consider whether, in so doing,

we shall be destroying the incentive to some form of vigorous action which is

on the whole useful to the community.”19

iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib, m¤úwËi e¨w³gvwjKvbv I

mgvR †_‡K cuywRcwZ‡ì A_© Av`v‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv cš’vB g›`| ZvB ivóªB n‡e me ai‡bi K‡ii

cÖv_wgK cÖvcK|20

Z‡e G iv‡óªi PwiÎ n‡Z n‡e MYZvwš¿K| ïay ZvB bq iv‡óªi ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY

Ki‡Z n‡e Ges f~wg I cuywRi wbqš¿‡Yi `vwqZ¡¡ iv‡óªi AšÍf~©³ wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôvb I ¯’vbxq KZ©„c‡ÿi

wbKU _vK‡e| G cÖwZôvb¸‡jv c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb †fvM Ki‡e| G cÖwµqvq mvaviY RbMY DcK…Z n‡e|

iv‡mj m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi mg_©b K‡ibwb| Z‡e Kg©`ÿZvi wfwË‡Z Avq‣elg¨‡K b¨vqm½Z e‡j

¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|21

AvBb-k„•Ljv wbqš¿Y: Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv I AvBb-k„•Ljvi wbqš¿Y GKgvÎ ivóª ev miKviB Ki‡Z

cv‡i, e¨w³i c‡ÿ GKvR m¤¢e bq| RbMY memgq Pzwi-WvKvZx, Lyb-Lvivwe cÖf„wZ AvZ‡¼i g‡a¨

emevm Ki‡e GUv †KDB Pvq bv| ga¨hyMxq cš’vq jyÉb ev WvKvwZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ hw` iv‡óªi

Af¨šÍ‡iB †Kv‡bv †Mvôx mvgwiK ¶gZv AR©b K‡i Z‡e mf¨ Rxeb Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| Af¨šÍixY

AivRKZvi Kvi‡Y eëmv-evwYR¨ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o| ivR‣bwZK Z‡Ë¡i bv‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi m¨v‡evUvR

I ivR‣bwZK ¸ßnZ¨vi d‡j RbMY AvZw¼Z _v‡K| G cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ me †_‡K

Kvh©Ki I Dchy³ cÖwZôvb n‡jv AvBb k„•Ljv evwnbx Z_v ivóª| GQvov, GKwU iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY

wek„•Ljv †_‡KB A‡bK mgq •e‡`wkK AvMÖvm‡bi Avk¼v m„wó nq| cÖwZwU ivóª‡K me mgqB

ewntkÎæi Avµg‡Yi SzuwKi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq| G AvZ¼ †_‡K RbMY‡K gyw³ †`qvI iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg

`vwqZ¡|


6

Dch©y³ Kvh©vejxi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h, ivóª GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwZôvb| Avi GB iv‡óªi

Acwinvh© wfwË n‡jv ÿgZv| ZvB †Kv‡bvfv‡eB GKwU iv‡óªi AwaKvi †_‡K mKj ¶gZv †K‡o †bIqv

hvq bv| Zvn‡j †mB iv‡óª e¨w³¯vaxbZv Kxfv‡e myi¶v cv‡e? †mUvB n‡jv eo cÖkœ| KviY

cÖwZôvbmg~n Øviv ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ Pigfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡j e¨w³ ¶gZvnxb n‡q `ªæZ wec‡ì

m¤§yLxb nq| †hme cÖwZôvb gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q eo ûgwK Zvi g‡a¨ ivóª Ab¨Zg| eo

ivóª ‡jv‡Z kvm‡Kiv ivóªxq ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡qB Pigfv‡e Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM †Luv‡R, “The few

men who achieve power in such states are men of abnormal ambition and

thirst for domination, combined with skill in cajolery and subtlety in

negotiation. All the rest are dwarfed by knowledge of their own impotence.”22

ZviciI ivóª GKwU Acwinvh© cÖwZôvb| ivóª bv _vK‡j RbMY •bivR¨Ki Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ coZ, Avi

iv‡óªi Kvi‡YB Avevi RbMY‡K wech©qKi Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ co‡Z n‡”Q| A_©vr •bivR¨ I ivóªxq

†¯^”QvPvi mgvbfv‡e ¶wZKi| ÒGKwU mg„× I cÖMwZkxj mgv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv †K› ªxq wbqš¿Y

Ges e¨w³MZ I †MvóxMZ D‡`¨vM DfqB; wbqš¿Y e¨wZZ •bivR¨ Aek¨¤¢vex Ges D‡`¨M e¨wZZ

¯’weiZv Awbevh©|Ó23

mevi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ ZvB cÖ‡qvRb e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I cÖwZôv‡bi KZ„©‡Z¡i g‡a¨

mgšq| wKš‘ Kxfv‡e m¤¢e? GRb¨ iv‡mj me©cÖ_g MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi cÖwZ Av¯’v †i‡L‡Qb|

KviY ivóª I mgv‡Ri Pig gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ges ¶gZvi AccÖ‡qvM †iv‡a MYZš¿

Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk Kvh©Ki| Ges G eë¯’vq KZ©„c‡ÿi (authority) mv‡_ e¨w³¯vaxbZvi

(individual liberty) mgš‡qi my‡hvM _v‡K| ZviciI MYZ‡š¿ A‡bK mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b

msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ miKviI ¶gZv cvevi ci •¯îvPvix n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i; RvZxq,

ag©xq, ivR‣bwZK msL¨vjNyi Dci wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv n‡Z cv‡i| Gme AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq Kx?

G‡ÿ‡Î iv‡m‡ji wPšÍvq ¶gZv we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯vqËkvm‡bi aviYv cvIqv hvq|

ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôv

miKv‡ii ¶gZv `yÕiK‡gi; cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK| cÖv_wgK ¶gZvB P~ovšÍ ¶gZv (ultimate

power) ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv| Avi gva¨wgK ¶gZv n‡jv cÖv_wgK ÿgZv †_‡K DcRvZ

(derivative power) hv wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb Kivi ÿgZv|24

GKwU iv‡óª miKvi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i

Avi miKv‡ii Aaxb wewfbœ cÖwZôvb ev wefvM †m wm×všÍ ev Íevqb K‡i| ZvwË¡Kfv‡e, GKwU

MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª †fvUvi ev mvaviY RbMYB P~ovšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix †Kbbv ZvivB miKvi wbe©vwPZ

K‡i| Z‡e GUv AvswkKfv‡e mZ¨|25

KviY cÖPwjZ †K› ªvwfgyLx MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq RbMY †fv‡Ui

gva¨‡g cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ K‡i miKvi MVb Ki‡jI Gici Hme cÖwZwbwa ev miKv‡ii Dci RbM‡Yi

Avi †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| cÖwZwbwaivB P~ovšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡q hvq| ZvQvov ivóª AvqZ‡b eo

n‡j Ges ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv kw³kvjx bv n‡j †ewkifvM gvbylB e¨w³ ch©v‡q gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM

cvq bv| ivR‣bwZK cÖm‡½ gZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM bv cvIqvq gvbyl Zvi mvgvwRK kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j,

RbM‡Yi mgm¨vi wel‡q Zv‡ì AvMÖn K‡g hvq| Zviv yb©xwZcivqY ivRbxwZwe` Øviv cÖZvwiZ nq|

Dciš‘ GKwU e„nr iv‡óªi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji gvby‡li ¯^v_©, gvbwmK †PZbv, ms¯‥…wZ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|

†K›`ªxq miKvi hZB kw³kvjx †nvK bv †Kb me AÂ‡ji gvby‡li me mgm¨vi mgvavb Zvi c‡¶

†Ìqv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB iv‡mj ej‡Qb, “The essential merit of the state is that it

presents the internal use of force by private persons. Its essential demerits are,


7

that it promotes the external use of force, and that, by its great size, it makes

each individual feel impotent even in democracy.” 26

ivóª ev miKv‡ii GK‡K›`ªxKZvi Dch©y³ mgm¨vi mgvav‡b iv‡mj ÿgZv we‡K› ªxKi‡Yi mycvwik

K‡i‡Qb| AvÂwjK wfwË‡Z kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq kvmb (local government) cÖwZôv Ki‡j Hme

AÂ‡ji gvbyl ivóªxq Kvh©vejx‡Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cv‡e Ges wb‡R‡K g~jëvb fvevi AeKvk

cv‡e| iv‡mj GB aviYvwU wb‡q‡Qb g~jZ divmx msNev`x‡ì (syndicalists) wbKU †_‡K| Z‡e

msNev`x‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv msNev`xiv †hLv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î ivóª¸‡jvi ÿgZv wK K‡i

we‡K›`ªxKiY Kiv hv‡e †m wel‡q mywbw`©ó c_ †`Lv‡Z bv cvi‡jI wZwb wek¦ miKv‡ii aviYvi gva¨‡g

†m †Póv K‡i‡Qb| hvB‡nvK, iv‡mj g‡b Ki‡Zb ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q mvaviY gvbyl †ewk

cwigv‡Y ¶gZvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g ye©j †kªwYi Dci kw³kvjx †Mvôxi ¶gZvi

wbg©g cÖ‡qvM wbqš¿Y Kiv hv‡e|27

wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib,

I have no doubt whatever that, in the best system, groups will have a great deal of control

over all matters that primarily concern themselves. The modern state is so large and

impersonal that its decisions as to any particular group are likely to be harsh and ignorant.

...The due distribution of primary power is to be obtained through democracy tempered

by group autonomy. Autonomy for local groups having a separate local sentiment is a

recognized principle of federal government.28

Z‡e iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib †Kej †hme wel‡qi mv‡_ AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq Abyf~wZ RwoZ †mme †¶‡Î

P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ KZ©„cÿ‡Ki wbKU _vK‡e| wKš‘ hy×, ‣e‡`wkK bxwZ,

ïé cÖf„wZ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv Aek¨B †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e|

G ch©šÍ †`Lv †M‡jv †Kb Ges Kxfv‡e P~ovšÍ ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZvi we‡K› ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvmb

cÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gici Avkv hvK P~ovšÍ ¶gZv †_‡KB DcRvZ wKQz ÿgZv ev Kvh©vejxi

ev Íevqb cÖm‡½| †h KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ cÖwZôvb ev wefv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ †K› ªxq miKvi ev Íevqb K‡i|

GB cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv- AvgjvZš¿, cywjk, †UªW BDwbqb, †ijI‡q, wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb

cÖf„wZ| G¸‡jv Hw”QK cÖwZôvb (voluntary organization)| Gme cÖwZôvb ¯^vaxb I kw³kvjx

n‡j ivóª RbKj¨vYgyLx nq| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi ¶gZv mywbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii wm×všÍ

fv‡jvfv‡e ev Íevqb Kiv hvq, msMVb I e¨w³¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ mgšq mvwaZ nq| iv‡m‡ji g‡Z,

“All strong organizations which embody a sectional public opinion, such as

trade unions, co-operative societies, professions, and universities, are to be

welcomed as safeguards of liberty and opportunities for initiative.”29

ivóª GKwU

†f․‡MvwjK cÖwZôvb nIqvB Zvi c‡¶ cy‡ivcywi Hw”QK msMVb nIqv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e Hw”QK

cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z eva¨ Kivi e¨vcv‡i Rbg‡Zi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv Av‡Q|

iv‡mj ivóª cwiPvjbvq Ô†f․‡MvwjK cÖwZwbwaZ¡Õi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ôe„wËg~jK cÖwZwbwaZ¡Õi Dci ¸iæZ¡

Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|30

Ges ej‡Qb, ÒAll powers which are not in essence geographical

are likely to be better exercised by organizations of those interested.Ó31

G

e„wËg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ¯vqËkvwmZ wewfbœ MÖæc ev †Mvôxi wbqš¿‡Y cwiPvjbvi aviYvwU iv‡mj

wb‡q‡Qb g~jZ divmx wmwÐK¨vwjó ev msNev`x Ges wMì mgvRZš¿x‡ì wbKU †_‡K| iv‡mj †UªW


8

BDwbqb eë¯’v‡K kw³kvjx wmwÐK¨vwjó eë¯’v wn‡m‡e ‡`‡Lb| KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib mwZ¨Kvi

MYZš¿ Luy‡R cvIqv hvq †UªW BDwbq‡b| †UªW BDwbq‡bi cÖwZwU kvLvq Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ

MÖnY Kivq Gi m`mïv Abyfe K‡ib †h, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Zvi GKUv f~wgKv Av‡Q|32

iv‡m‡ji

gZvbymv‡i, MYZš¿‡K gb¯ÍvwË¡K I ivR‣bwZKfv‡e wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j wewfbœ ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi msMVb Ges

cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vK‡Z n‡e| Giv Ask MÖnY Ki‡e ivR‣bwZK ìKlvKwli cÖwµqvq|33

H GKwU †Mvôx wn‡m‡e AvgjvZ‡š¿i ÿwZKi cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© iv‡mj m‡PZb wQ‡jb| GKwU

mgMÖZvev`x ev cyuwRev`x iv‡óª AvgjvZš¿ LyeB kw³kvjx †Mvôx|34

cÖwZwU iv‡óª G ai‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv

cÖwZôvb wbe©vnx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi ÿwZKi cÖeYZv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv bv n‡j

AbvKvw•¶Zfv‡e ¶gZvi AccÖ‡qvM nq| †hgb iv‡óªi AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶vi Rb¨ me‡_‡K Dchy³

cÖwZôvb n‡jv cywjk| Zviv `¶Zvi mv‡_ KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| Acivax a‡i Ges ¯^v¶¨ cÖgvY †hvMvo

K‡i Zvi kvw¯Íi weavb Ki‡Z cviv cywj‡ki `¶Zv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| Gi Dci wfwË K‡i Zvi

c‡`vbœwZI nq| GwU BwZevPK I mg_©b‡hvM¨ KvR| Z‡e GB cywjk KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨w³i cÖwZ

AgvbweK AvPiY K‡i _v‡K hv gvby‡li e¨w³¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ LyeB ¶wZKi| †hgb cywjk wbR ¯^v‡_©

(cyi¯‥…Z nevi Avkvq ev Ab¨‡Kv‡bv ¯^v‡_©) KL‡bv KL‡bv Avmvgx‡K wbh©vZb K‡i ¯xKv‡ivw³g~jK

Revbew›` w`‡Z eva¨ K‡i| GB Ab¨vq cÖvq me †`‡kB j¶Yxq| ZvB iv‡mj †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB

Avmvgxi ¯^xKv‡ivw³‡K ¯^vÿ¨ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi †Nvi we‡ivax| Zvi g‡Z ÒFor the taming of the

power of the police, one essential is that a confession shall never, in any

circumstances, be accepted as evidence.”35

Avevi Acivaxi kvw¯Í †hgb mevB PvB,

†Zgwb wbivcivax gyw³ mevi wbKU AwZ AvKvw•ÿZ welq| GRb¨ iv‡mj wbivcivax‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨

weKí Av‡iKwU cywjk evwnbx MV‡bi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb hviv wbivciva e¨w³ hv‡Z Ab¨vqfv‡e kvw¯Í bv

cvq †mRb¨ KvR Ki‡e|36

Dch©y³fv‡e ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôv Kiv †M‡j mvaviY RbMY ÿgZvwqZ n‡Z cv‡i

Ges AvgjvZš¿mn Ab¨vb¨ Hw”QK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvM wbqgZvwš¿K Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvaviY

RbMY DcK…Z n‡e| ¯^vqËkvwmZ wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv I evK& ¯^vaxbZv iwÿZ

n‡Z cv‡i GUv wVK| Z‡e Ògvbyl hw` Dcjwä Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †h ¯^vaxbZv AwZ g~jëvb Ges ¯vaxbZv

Zv‡ì RxešÍ I m‡ZR ivL‡e Z‡e †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvbB ¯^vaxbZv msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvi‡e bvÓ37

e‡j

iv‡mj g‡b K‡ib| KviY †Kej cÖwZôvbMZ ms¯‥vi mgvR‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| e¨w³¯vaxbZv

Dc‡fv‡Mi Dc‡hvMx mgv‡R wewbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi gvbwmKZviI cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb| cÖvwZôvwbK

ms¯‥vi †hgb gvby‡li PwiÎ MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i †Zgwb gvby‡li PwiÎB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K GKwU we‡kl

iƒc `vb K‡i| GB Dfq †ÿ‡Î mgvšÍivjfv‡e ms¯‥vi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|38

AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ivóª : e¨w³¯vZš¿ ev` I AvšÍR©vwZKZvev‡ì mw¤§jb

GKzk kZK wek¦vq‡bi Kvj| GLb we‡k¦i ivóªmg~n A_©‣bwZK-ivR‣bwZK-wbivcËv-gvbem¤ú` bvbv

Kvi‡Y G‡K A‡bï Dci wbf©ikxj| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKwU iv‡óªi mv‡_ Aci GKwU iv‡óªi m¤ú‡K©i

cÖK…wZ ev g~jbxwZ Kx nIqv DwPr? G e¨vcv‡i iv‡mj ywU welq‡K me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wn‡m‡e

wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, cÖ_gZ; hy× Gov‡bv I wØZxqZ; kw³kvjx RvZxi AZ¨vPvi-AwePvi †_‡K `ye©j

RvwZ‡K iÿv Kiv|39

wZwb Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h G‡ÿ‡Î †ewkifvM iv‡óªi f~wgKv †bwZevPK Ges

gvbeZvi Rb¨ AwnZKi| ZvB wZwb AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i Rb¨ ÿwZKi g›` Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi

†Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib ÿgZvi cÖwZ Zxeª AvKv•Lv, mvgwiK kw³i AccÖ‡qvM, ¯v_©ciZv,


9

¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡ì cÖwZ wbg©g AvPiY, KUªi †`k‡cÖg, Pig RvZxqZvev` I Pig ivóªxq mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i

aviYv cÖf…wZ ÿwZKi •ewkó¨| cÖkœ n‡jv GB Dc`vb¸‡jv‡K ÿwZKi ejvi †cQ‡b iv‡m‡ji hyw³ Kx?

Avgiv Zuvi e³‡eï we‡kølY K‡iB Gi DËi †c‡Z cvwi|

iv‡mj ej‡Qb, ¶gZvi cÖwZ ivóªmg~‡ni Pig AvKv•ÿv n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î GKwU

Ab¨Zg cÖwZeÜKZv|40

KviY GKwU iv‡óªi wbKU h‡ZvB AwaK cwigv‡Y ¶gZv †K› ªxf~Z †nvK †mB

ivóª Av‡iv †ewk ¶gZvevb n‡Z Pvq| ¶gZvevb nevi GKUv Dcvq n‡jv wbR RbM‡Yi Dci e¨vcK

cÖfve Ges Aci iv‡óªi Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii mvg_©¨| Ges hy× Kivi mvg_©¨ †h iv‡óªi †ewk †m ivóª

Aci iv‡óªi Dci mn‡RB AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| dj¯iƒc, ÿgZvi cÖwZ Zxeª AvKv•ÿv

†_‡KB e„w× cvq hy‡×i Avk¼v| iv‡m‡ji e³e¨ n‡jv- cÖwZwU ivóª hw` mgvbfv‡e hy‡×i `¶Zv e„w×‡Z

m¶g nZ Z‡e ¶gZvi fvimv‡g¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nZ bv| wKš‘ †mUv nq bv|

GKwU iv‡óªi mvgwiK kw³ e„w× I Gi Aceënvi AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î Av‡iKwU cÖwZeÜKZv|

kw³ai ivóª ‡jv wbivcËvi bv‡g Av‡iv mvgwiK kw³ e„w× K‡i| G mvgwiK kw³i cÖeYZv n‡jv hy‡×i

cÖwZ AvMÖn e„w× Kiv| Avevi GKwU iv‡óªi mvgwiK evwnbx wbR †`‡ki RbM‡Yi mv‡_ fv‡jv AvPiY

Ki‡jI we‡`kx‡ì mv‡_ iƒp I wbg©g AvPiY K‡i| iv‡mj D‡jøL K‡ib †h, hy‡×i mgq †h e¨w³

¯^‡`kx‡K nZ¨v K‡i A_ev †h we‡`kx‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z A¯xKvi K‡i ivóª Dfq‡KB kvw¯Í †`q| we‡klZ

c‡iiwU ¸iæZi Aciva e‡j wPwýZ nq|41

Gmgq gvbyl hy‡×i fqvenZv Dcjwä Ki‡Z e¨_© nq,

hy×‡K ¯vfvweK e‡j g‡b K‡i| hy×wU †h Ab¨vq Zv Rvbvi ciI †ewkifvM gvbylB Gmgq miKv‡ii

wm×v‡šÍi wec‡¶ hvq bv| †M‡j kvw¯Í †c‡Z nq| PvP© Zvi we‡ivax wPšÍvi Rb¨ GKmgq gvbyl‡K

g„Zz¨`Ð w`Z, iv‡mj ivóª‡K GKB Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, “The power of the

state, which makes this impossible, is a wholly evil thing, quite as evil as the

power of the Church which in former days put men to death for unorthodox

thought.”42

me eo iv‡óªi cÖavb j¶¨B n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î hZ ~i m¤¢e e¨vcK ¶gZv AR©b|

GB j¶¨ AR©‡b e¨w³¯vaxbZv‡K `gb Kiv nq Ges huviv mvgwiK ¶gZvÕi wec‡¶ cÖPviYv Pvjvb

Zuv‡ì‡K wbg©gfv‡e kvw Í †c‡Z nq| AnsKvi‡eva I fq‡K G ai‡bi AvPi‡Yi †cQ‡bi KviY

wn‡m‡e iv‡mj D‡jøL K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, “This attitude is rooted in pride and fear :

pride, which refuses to be conciliatory, and fear, which dreads the results of

foreign pride conflicting with our own pride.”43

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î Av‡iKwU g›` Dcv`vb ¯^v_©ciZv| GKwU kw³kvjx ivóª Zvi Af¨šÍixY

k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ me©vZ¥K †Póv Ki‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ welqwU g›` n‡e hw` Aci iv‡óªi

Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii AvKv•ÿvq †mB iv‡óª Aw ’iZv m„wói †Póv K‡i _v‡K| “It is of the

essence of the state to suppress violence within and facilitate it without.”44

mvgvb¨ wKQz e¨wZµg e¨ZxZ me ivóªB Gme †¶‡Î ¯^v_©ciZvi cwiPq †`q|45

cvi¯úwiK †jb-

†`‡bi Kvi‡Y GB ¯v_©ciZv KL‡bv KL‡bv wKQzUv n«vm †c‡jI AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î ivóªmgy‡ni

g~j cÖeYZvB n‡jv Ab¨ ivóª‡K ewÂZ K‡i wbR ¯v_© PwiZv_© Kiv|

Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i Av`k©‡KI iv‡mj mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| KviY GKwU DËg wek¦ MV‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óªi

Pig mve©‡f․gZ¡ Kvw•ÿZ bq e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| Zuvi hyw³ n‡jv- cÖwZwU kw³kvjx ivóª Pig

mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i `vex K‡i| GB `vex Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK me †¶‡ÎB| G ai‡bi `vex weev`gvb


10

cÿ¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv D‡¯‥ †`q| d‡j cvi¯úvwiK Ø›Ø-msNv‡Zi m„wó nq| hvi cwiYwZ n‡jv fq¼i

hy×| ZvB iv‡mj e¨w³i †¶‡Î P~ovšÍ ¯^vZš¿ ‡K †hgb ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb †Zgwb iv‡óªi Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i

`vex‡KI A¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb, ÒThere is no more justification for the claim to absolute

sovereignty on the part of a state than there would be for a similar claim on the

part of an individual.”46

iv‡óªi Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i `vex †g‡b wb‡j AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨vq

weev`gvb cÿ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kw³kvjx c¶B ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Rqjvf K‡i| ZLb b¨vqwePv‡ii

†Kv‡bv cÖkœB we‡ePbvq _v‡K bv| G‡¶‡Î wb‡R‡ì Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i `vex wKQzUv Z¨v‡Mi mycvwik

K‡ib iv‡mj|

¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡ì cÖwZ iv‡óªi wbg©g AvPi‡Yi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb iv‡mj| GKwU iv‡óªi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv

GKwU GjvKvi RbMY hw` g~j ivóª †_‡K c„_K n‡q ¯^vaxb n‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zv‡ì cÖwZ cÖvPxb

ivRZ‡š¿i hy‡Mi gZ ee©i AvPiY Kiv nq| ¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡ì Pig wek¦vmNvZK (high treason)47

wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| yB GKwU e¨wZµg ev‡` me †¶‡ÎB GB AvPiY j¶Yxq| e„nr ivóªmg~‡ni

g~j j¶¨ Pig ¶gZv AR©b nIqvq Zviv ¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡ì wbg©gfv‡e `gb K‡i| RbM‡Yi fvjg›`

wba©vi‡Yi `vwqZ¡ RbM‡Yi nv‡ZB †Q‡o †Ìqv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib iv‡mj| Avi GB cÖwµqvq hy‡×i

GKwU g~j AvksKv `~i Kiv hvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ iv‡óªi GKwU •¯îvPvix ¶gZvi Dcv`v‡bi we‡jvc mvab

nq| Zuvi fvlvq,

If the well-being of the citizens were the end in view, the question whether a certain area

should be included, or should form a separate state, would be left freely to the decision of

that area. If this principle were adopted, one of the main reasons for war would be

obviated, and one of the most tyrannical elements in the state would be removed.48

KÆi †`k‡cÖgI iv‡m‡ji g‡Z AvšÍvR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î GKwU †bwZevPK Dcv`vb| wZwb

†`k‡cÖg‡K mg_©b Ki‡jI †h †`k‡cÖg me©Rbxb bq Ges Ab¨‡`k‡K N„Yv Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i Zvi

mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| mvaviYZ GKRb †`k‡cÖwg‡Ki wbKU Zvi †`‡ki g½jB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, mgMÖ we‡k¦i

Kj¨vY bq| wKšÍy †h AvKv•ÿv GKRb evsjv‡`kx‡K DwÏß Ki‡e †mB AvKv•ÿv GKRb fviZxq‡K

DwÏß bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| mevB hw` KÆi †`k‡cÖwgK n‡q hvq Z‡e GK †`‡ki gvby‡li mv‡_ Ab¨

†`‡ki gvby‡li kÎæZvI Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡e| GKwU RvwZ hZ KÆi †`k‡cÖgx I †Muvov n‡e ZZB

Zvi Øviv Abïv AvµvšÍ n‡e| ZvB iv‡mj ej‡Qb, “A world full of patriots may be a

world full of strife.”49

wZwb Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb a‡g©i g‡ZvB †`k‡cÖgI gvbyl‡K nxbgbœ K‡i

†Zv‡j e‡j GB †`k‡cÖ‡gi gva¨‡g gvbeZv‡K i¶v Kiv m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒWe cannot avoid

having more love for our own country than for other countries, and there is no

reason why we should wish to avoid it, any more than we should wish to love

all individual men and women equally.”50

GLb cÖkœ n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡kœ Dch©y³ cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv ~i Kivi e¨vcv‡i iv‡m‡ji cÖ¯Íve

Kx? Pig †`k‡cÖg I KÆi RvZxqZvev‡ì †eva‡K cwikxwjZ Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb iv‡mj| wZwb

g‡b K‡ib wkÿv-eë¯’vq ms¯‥v‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡ì gb †_‡K ÿwZKi Pig †`k‡cÖg I KÆi

RvZxqZvev‡ì Dcv`vb ~i Kiv hvq| KviY wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z †`k‡cÖg I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi †h wkÿv

†Ìqv nq Zvi †cQ‡bB _v‡K AnsKvi, N„Yv, cÖwZ‡kva-¯ú„nv cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb| G wkÿvi cÖfv‡e

wkÿv_©xi g‡b Ab¨ RvwZi gvby‡li cÖwZ N„Yvi D‡`ªM K‡i| iv‡mj iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxf~Z


11

ÿgZv‡K we‡K› ªxKiY K‡i †K› ªxq ÿgZv‡K mxwgZ Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb †hgb, †Zgwb AvšÍR©vwZK

m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI ivóªxq Pig mve©‡f․gZ¡‡K mxwgZ K‡i ivóªmg~‡ni ÿgZvi cÖ‡qvM‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi

j‡ÿ¨ mKj iv‡óªi mgš‡q GKwU wek¦ miKvi51

(world government) MV‡bi mycvwik K‡i Zvi

nv‡Z wKQz ÿgZv b¨v Í Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb (iv‡mj G cÖ¯Íve K‡ib 1916 mv‡j)| G miKv‡ii nv‡Z

_vK‡e iv‡óªi mxgvbv msµvšÍ RwUjZv wbim‡bi `vwqZ¡, cÖavb cÖavb hy×v ¿¸‡jvi Dci GK”Q¡Î

AwaKvi Ges ch©vß cwigv‡Y mvgwiK kw³, AvBb cÖYqb I wePvwiK ÿgZv| GgbwK †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi

wbR¯ †Kv‡bv evwnbx _vKzK GUvI wZwb Pvbwb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb weÁv‡bi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_

fwel¨‡Zi hy× Av‡iv fq¼i n‡q DV‡Z eva¨| Ges GB ai‡bi hy‡×i nvZ †_‡K wbivc` _vKvi

GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv cÖavb cÖavb hy×v ¿¸‡jv gvwjKvbv GKwU wek¦ miKv‡ii wbKU b¨¯Í Kiv|52

iv‡mj

g‡b Ki‡Zb ivóª¸‡jv‡K nq aŸsm bv nq mn‡hvwMZvi c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| wZwb wek¦ miKvi‡K

ga¨ ’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Ges G miKv‡ii D‡`¨v‡M wek¦Ry‡o Ab¨vq I •elg¨ wbqš¿Y

Kiv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒA world full of happiness is not

beyond human power to creat: the obstacles imposed by inanimate nature are

not insuperable. The real obstacles lie in the heart of man, and the cure for

these is a firm hope informed and fortified by thought.Ó53

iv‡mj Avkv K‡iwQ‡jb,

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î ivóª¸‡jvi jÿ¨ †h‡bv nq GKwU myLx wek¦ MVb|

D‡jøL¨ nem, iæ‡kv, †n‡M‡ji iv‡óªi Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i aviYvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i iv‡mj iv‡óªi

†K›`ªxf~Z ÿgZv‡K mxwgZKiY I eÈ‡bi mycvwik K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq ivR‣bwZK eûZ¡ev‡ì

(political pluralism)54

wPšÍvi mv‡_ Zuvi wPšÍvi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| g¨vKvBfvi, wMqvi‡K, †gUj¨vÐ,

evK©vi, jvmwK, wjÛ‡m cÖgyL eûZ¡ev`x wPšÍvwe`| eZ©gv‡b RvwZ iv‡óªi hyM e‡j wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e

AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î mKj ivóª‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb, cÖ_v, wek¦RbgZ I Ab¨ iv‡óªi AwaKvi

Gme wKQy gvb‡Z nq| d‡j iv‡óªi evwn¨K mve©‡f․gZ¡ mxwgZ n‡q hvq| Avgiv iv‡m‡ji Ae¯’v‡bi

cÖwZ mg_©b cvB jvw¯‥Õi gšÍ‡e¨, Ò†Kv‡bv iv‡óªi nv‡Z mve©‡f․g ÿgZv †Ìqv mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi

Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ AbyKzj bq|Ó55

GgbwK †bvqvg Pgw¯‥i e³eÏ GLv‡b cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ †hLv‡b wZwb

ej‡Qb cigvYy hy×, cwi‡ek wech©q I we‡k¦i e„nr kw³ai iv‡óªi miKvi¸‡jvi weaŸsmxgyLx cÖeYZvi

Rb¨ g~jZ miKviB `vqx, KviY Gme wel‡q RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ _v‡K bv| Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq RbgZ I

RbbxwZi (miKvwi) g‡a¨ e¨vcK cÖ‡f`| dj¯iƒc, Pgw¯‥ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, Av‡gwiKv Ggb

GK c‡_ Pj‡Q hvi cwiYv‡g Zvi HwZnvwmK g~j¨‡eva: mgZv, ¯^vaxbZv I A_©en MYZ‡š¿i cwimgvwß

NU‡Z cv‡i|56

Pgw¯‥ Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡ib †h, e¨_© iv‡óªi cÖv_wgK wKQz •ewkó¨ mn‡RB wPwýZ Kiv

hvq; GKwU n‡jv mwnsmZv I aŸsm †_‡K RbMY‡K iÿv Kivi AÿgZv ev Awb”Qv, Av‡iKwU •ewkó¨

n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK I Af¨šÍixY AvB‡bi D‡aŸ© wb‡R‡ì we‡ePbv Kiv Ges dj wnmv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv

AvMÖvmb Ges mwnsmZv NUv‡bvi AwaKvi †eva Kiv| †hgb mvaviYfv‡e BivK‡K hy³iv‡óªi wbivcËvi

Rb¨ ûgwK¯iƒc g‡b Kiv nq Ges nvBwZi RbMY‡K Zvi Af¨šÍixY fxwZ †_‡K D×vi Kiv hy³iv‡óªi

ivR‣bwZK eë¯’vi Ask n‡q wM‡q‡Q| hwÌ aviYvwU‡K •bivk¨RbKfv‡e AmZ¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

d‡j hy³iv‡óª MYZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv _vK‡jI †mLv‡b fqven MYZvwš¿K NvUwZ i‡q‡Q hv myôz I I

mwZ¨Kvi MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v‡K evavMÖ¯Í Ki‡Q|57

GKwU Kj¨vYKi I myLx wek¦ MV‡bi Rb¨ ivóªmgy‡ni

g‡a¨ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva I mnbkxjZv PP©vi Av`‡k©i cÖwZ

mg_©b jÿ Kiv hv‡”Q †bvqg Pgw¯‥i Dch©y³ e³‡e¨|


12

Pvi

GLb †`Lv hvK ivóª cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji wPšÍv I K‡g© mxgve×Zvi hvqMvwU Kxfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB Ôwek¦ miKviÕ cÖm½wU Av‡jvPbvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i hv GKB mv‡_ Zuvi wPšÍvi

kw³kvjx I ye©j w`K- DfqB| iv‡mj AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b wek¦ miKv‡ii aviYv w`‡q‡Qb

cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i mgqKv‡jB (1914-18)| G miKvi we‡k¦i wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ weev`gvb mgm¨v¸‡jvi

mgvav‡b ga¨ ’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b RvwZmsN GB KvRwU K‡i

Avm‡Q| cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i ci MwVZ RvwZcyÄ ev 1945 mv‡j RvwZmsN MwVZ nevi c~‡e©B iv‡mj GB

ai‡bi GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| GwU iv‡m‡ji wPšÍvi kw³kvjx

w`K| wKš‘ GB wek¦ miKv‡ii nv‡Z †h ÿgZv¸‡jv ivLvi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ZB Zuvi wPšÍvi cÖ‡qvM

n‡q c‡o RwUj I `y‡e©va¨| KviY, eZ©gv‡b cÖvq me ivóªB wbR wbR wbivcËvi Rb¨ kw³kvjx mvgwiK

evwnbx •Zix K‡i| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi wbR¯ mvgwiK evwnbx‡K iv‡mj mg_©b K‡ibwb| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi

cÖ¯Íve n‡jv ivóªMy‡jv wbR wbR mve©‡f․g `vex wKQzUv Z¨vM Ki‡e, GKwU mvgwiK evwnbx _vK‡e Ges H

mvgwiK evwnbxi wbqš¿K I cwiPvjK n‡e H wek¦ miKvi| †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi nv‡ZB cvigvYweK A ¿

_vK‡e bv, cvigvYweK A ¿ I BD‡ivwbqvg cÖf…wZi gvwjK-wbqš¿YKZ©v n‡e wek¦ miKvi| wKš‘,

eZ©gv‡bi ivóª eë¯’vq mKj iv‡óªi mvgwiK-cvigvYweK-A_©‣bwZK mÿgZv GK iKg bq| ivóªmg~‡ni

kw³gËvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we¯Íi eëavb| GiKg Ae¯’vq kw³kvjx ivóª ‡jvi wbKU †_‡K mvgwiK-

cvigvYweK ÿgZv wek¦ miKv‡ii wbKU n ÍvšÍi GKwU Av`k©ev`x I KvíwbK wPšÍv Qvov Avi wKQy e‡j

g‡b nq bv| Avi †hLv‡b GKwU RvwZ ivóª I Zvi kvmK wbR wbR mvgwiK I cvigvYweK ÿgZv‡K

wbqš¿Y I mwVKfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qbv, †mLv‡b wek¦ miKv‡ii g‡Zv GKwU eûivóªxq KZ„©c‡ÿi

nv‡Z G ai‡bi mvgwiK-cvigvYweK ÿgZvi wbqš¿Y I mwVK cÖ‡qvM Kxfv‡e m¤¢e Zv fveevi welq|

Dciš‘, wek¦ miKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ iv‡mj kw³ cÖ‡qvM‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g

wek¦ miKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡j hviv kw³kvjx Zv‡ì nv‡Z ye©‡jiv AwePv‡ii wkKvi n‡e bv GUv wZwb

wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| nq‡Zv gvby‡li Dci Av¯’v _vKvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Avkvev`x wQ‡jb|

¯^vaxbZvKvgx‡ì Av‡›`vjb cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji gZ gvb‡j wewQbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb e„w× cv‡e wK bv †mUv

fveevi welq| iv‡mj ivóª‡K e¨w³¯vaxbZvi aviYvi Dci cÖwZôv Ki‡Z PvB‡jI m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvi

wel‡q e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZvi Dci fimv K‡ibwb| Kj¨vYg~jK A_©‣bwZK eë¯’v cÖwZôvi AvKv•ÿvq wZwb

e¨w³gvwjKvbv‡K A¯xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zuvi A_©‣bwZK eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ cwiKíbv mn‡R

ev Íevqb‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b nq bv|

Z‡e Dch©y³ mgv‡jvPbvi ciI ivóª cÖm‡½ iv‡m‡ji wPšÍv G‡Kev‡iB AcÖvmw½K GK_v ejv mnR bq|

eis w`b w`b Av‡iv cÖvmw½K n‡q DV‡Q| we‡kl K‡i iv‡m‡ji ¶gZv we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvm‡bi

aviYv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cvi‡j KwZcq ¶gZvkvjx e¨w³i ¶gZv Kzw¶MZ K‡i Ab¨‡ì Dci AwePvi

Kivi my‡hvM iwnZ nZ| mvaviY gvbyl ¶gZvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| Dciš‘ Zuvi wPšÍvi

Abymi‡Y ivóªmg~n Pig mve©‡f․gZ¡, KÆi RvZxqZvev` I Pig †`k‡cÖg‡K cwikxwjZ K‡i ¯^v_©ciZv

cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cvi‡j eZ©gv‡bi RvwZms‡Ni †bZ…‡Z¡B AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i|

eZ©gv‡b cvigvYweK kw³ai iv‡óªi msL¨v A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q, gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn kw³kvjx ivóª¸‡jv

wbivcËvi bv‡g wb‡R‡ì cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx Ki‡Q| wKšÍy GB kw³ e„w× cv‡”Q we‡kl

K‡i abx ivóª¸‡jvi, `wi ª ivóª ‡jv Av‡iv wbivcËvnxb n‡q co‡Q| AwaKš‘ gaëZ©x Av‡qi †hme ivóª

cvigvYweK kw³ AR©b K‡i †d‡j‡Q, †mB kw³I KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì RbÏ ûgwK n‡q


13

†`Lv w`‡”Q| GB mg Í Aïf ûgwKi †cÖw¶‡Z †bvqvg Pgw¯‥ g‡b K‡ib iv‡m‡ji mvgvwRK I

ivR‣bwZK †jLv¸‡jv w`bw`b Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q|58

cuvP

Dch©y³ we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbv †k‡l ivóª m¤ú‡K© iv‡m‡ji gZ‡K ms‡ÿ‡c wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv

hvq:

1. ivóª GKwU mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK cÖwZôb;

2. G iv‡óªi Aax‡b gvby‡li †RvUe×Zvi KviY n‡jv KZ©„c‡ÿi cÖwZ eva¨Zv‡eva, DcRvwZMZ

Abyf~wZ, Af¨šÍixY AivRKZv I ewntkÎæi Avµg‡Yi fq Ges †`k‡cÖg cÖf„wZ|

3. dj¯iƒc, ivóª GKwU ÿgZvai cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq Ges e¨w³gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ n‡q

c‡o ûgwK¯îƒc| GUvB cÖPwjZ ivóªKvVv‡gvi eo msKU;

4. wKš‘ ivóªwenxb gvby‡li Rxeb AKíbxqI e‡U;

5. GRb¨ ivóªxq KZ©„Z¡ I e¨w³¯vaxbZvi g‡a¨ mgšq cÖ‡qvRb; mgš‡qi ¯^v‡_© RbKj¨v‡Yi

Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨w³i Dci iv‡óªi ejcÖ‡qvM b¨vqm½Z;

6. RbM‡Yi ÿgZvq AskMÖnY I e¨w³¯vaxbZv Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q ÿgZvi

we‡K›`ªxKiY I ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôv;

7. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î Pig †`kÖcÖg, Pig RvZxqZvev`, KÆi ivóªxq mve©‡f․gZ¡,

¯^v_©ciZv cwiZ¨M Kiv DwPZ| GRb¨ wkÿv-eë¯’vi ms¯‥vi cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z wkÿv_©x Z_v

bvMwi‡Ki g‡b Ab¨ RvwZi cÖwZ N„Yv‡eva m„wó bv nq| Ges AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b

KZ©„cÿ wnmv‡e cÖ‡qvRb wek¦ miKvi|

Z‡e iv‡mj †Kej cÖwZôvbMZfv‡e iv‡óªi ms¯‥vi‡K ch©vß e‡jbwb eis Kj¨vYKi ivóª •Zixi Rb¨

RbM‡Yi gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‥vi gvby‡li

PwiÎ MV‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡li PwiÎB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K GKwU we‡kl •ewkó¨ `vb Ki‡e|

GKwU Kj¨vYKi iv‡óªi Rb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‥vi I gvby‡li gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b mgvšÍivjfv‡e nIqv

DwPZ e‡jB iv‡m‡ji AwfgZ| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, iv‡m‡ji mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi wPšÍvi AbymiY

Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvgwóK Kj¨vY I e¨wóK Kj¨v‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU mymg mgšq m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov

Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi mve©‡f․gZ¡‡K mxwgZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Kj¨vY ivóª cÖwZôvi ga¨

w`‡q cÖMwZkxj I myLx wek¦ MV‡bi w`‡K nq‡Zv GwM‡q hvIqv m¤¢e n‡e|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 Harold J. Laski, A Grammer of Politics (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970), p.

2.

2 Bertrand Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction (London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1960

Reprint), p. 39.


14

3 `ªóe¨: mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK (XvKv: eY©wgwQj, 1974), c„. 179-184|

4 mvgvwRK Pzw³ev`x nem, jK, iæ‡kv g‡b K‡ib RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Pyw³i gva¨‡g mgvR-ivóª Ges miKvi MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

Ges RbMY Zv‡ì Rxeb, m¤úwË I ¯^vaxbZvÕi AwaKvi iÿvi k‡Z© miKv‡ii wbKU Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv Ac©b K‡i‡Q|

dj¯îƒc, mgv‡R kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿvi ¯^v‡_© iv‡óªi wbKU me©gq ÿgZv Zz‡j †Ìqvi cÿcvZx| ne‡mi (1588-

1679) g‡Z, mgv‡R kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡j RbMY‡K GKwU Pig ÿgZv m¤úbœ ivR‣bwZK mve©‡f․‡gi

Aax‡b _vK‡Z n‡e| KviY wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb GwU GKgvÎ kvmb eë¯’v hvi gva¨‡g mgv‡R kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iwÿZ n‡e

Ges M„nhy× cÖwZ‡iva m¤¢e n‡e|

(Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (London: np, 1691), http:// socserv2. socsci. mcmaster. ca/

econ/ugcm/3ll3/hobbes/Leviathan.pdf, date: 05.02.2017.)

iæ‡kv (1712-1778) g‡b K‡ib, cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi wbR e¨w³mËv‡K Ges Zvi me ai‡bi Kvh©ÿgZv mgv‡Ri mgwóMZ

†PZbvi ÔmvaviY B”QvÕ (General Will) Øviv cwiPvwjZ Ki‡j mgwóMZ kw³i gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B wb‡R‡K c~Y©

mgvR-ms¯’vi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e wd‡i cv‡e|

(Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, G.D.H. Cole (Trans.), Public Domain 1762

https://www.ucc.ie/archive/hdsp/Rousseau_contrat-social.pdf, date: 05.02.2017).

5 fveev`x `vk©wbK †n‡Mj (1770-1831) ivóª‡K GKwU gnvb I ¶gZvai cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e ùvo Kiv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e

mvgvwRK Pzw³ev`x‡ì gZ wZwb g‡b K‡ib bv †h ivóª †Kv‡bv Pzw³i d‡j m„ó cÖwZôvb| eis Zuvi g‡Z, ivóª n‡jv GKwU

Hk¦wiK aviYv Ges GB RM‡Z cig mËvi c~Y©v½ cÖKvk N‡U‡Q GB iv‡óªi g‡a¨| ZvB wZwb g‡b K‡ib iv‡óªi Aax‡b

e¨w³i Kj¨vY wbwnZ| Ges ivóªB n‡jv †mB ev¯Íe mËv hv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv cwic~Y©fv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ

nq| †n‡M‡ji `k©‡b ivóª n‡jv Ôcig gbÕ (Absolute Mind)|

(William Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, Plato to the Present (Calcutta, Bombay,

New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1972), pp. 591-592).

6 gvK©‡mi g‡Z, ivóª †h‡Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri cÖfvekvjx †Mvôxi nv‡Z Mov GKwU msMVb Ges Ab¨vb¨ †kªwYi Dci kvmb I

†kvlY‡K gReyZ KivB Gi j¶¨| cuywRev`x mgv‡R †h‡nZz abxiv me‡P‡q ¶gZvevb I cÖfvekvjx †kªwY Ges `ye©j

†kªwY¸‡jv‡K †kvlY KivB †h‡nZz GB †kªwYi g~j j¶¨, ZvB ivóª cuywRcwZ‡ì †kvlY Kivi nvwZqvi Qvov Avi wKQyB

bq| †jwb‡bi gZ n‡jv, Òwe‡ivac~Y© †kªwY mgv‡R ivóª GKwU ivR‣bwZK nvwZqvi| GKwU †kªwYi Dci Ab¨ GKwU

†kªwYi kvmb eRvq ivLvi hš¿|Ó (V. I. Lenin, The State, Collected Works, in: V.G. Afanasyev,

Marxist Philosophy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980), p. 282.) G †kvlYKvix ivóª eë¯’v‡K

e`wj‡q Z`¯’‡j •elg¨nxb ivóªeë¯’v gvK©‡mi jÿ¨| G jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wZwb gvwjK †kÖwYi wec‡ÿ †kvwlZ-

ewÂZ kÖwgK †kÖwYi wecø‡ei ga¨ w`‡q mgvRZš¿ Ges me‡k‡l mvgëv‡` †c․uQv‡bv hv‡e e‡j Avkvev`x wQ‡jb| Zuvi

g‡Z, mgvRZvwš¿K ch©v‡q ivóª _vK‡jI m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mvgëv` cÖwZwôZ n‡j iv‡óªi Avi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb _vK‡e bv|

ZLb †kªwYnxb I ivóªwenxb mvgëv`x mgvR cÖwZwôZ n‡e|

7 •bivRëv` (Anarchism) : •bivRëv` e¨w³¯^vZš¿ëv‡ì GKwU Pig iƒc| Guiv KL‡bvB •bivRëv`‡K ivR‣bwZK

wek„sLjvi mv‡_ GK K‡i †`‡Lbwb| Gu‡ì g‡Z, ivóª n‡jv GKwU ÔAvek¨Kxq Ag½jÕ| †kªwYnxb I ivóªwenxb mgvR

eë¯’v M‡o †ZvjvB n‡jv •bivRëv`x‡ì Av`k©| ‣bivRëv`xiv g‡b K‡ib, iv‡óªi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB Ges iv‡óªi

KvR †¯^”Qvq msMwVZ msNB Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv i¶v Kiv, ewnivµgY †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v Kiv,

m¤ú‡ì eÈb mywbwðZ Kiv, Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤úK© i¶v Kiv cÖf„wZ meB msN m¤úv`b Ki‡Z

cv‡i e‡j •bivRëv`xiv g‡b K‡ib| AvaywbK •bivRëv`x‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb MWDBb (1756-Õ36), cÖæ‡auv

(1809-Õ65), evKzwbb (1814-Õ76), wcUvi µcUwKb (1842-1921)|

8 D. R. Bhandari, History of European Political Philosophy (Lohor: Evernew Book Stall,

1969 9th

ed.), p. 463.

https://www.ucc.ie/archive/hdsp/Rousseau_contrat-social.pdf


15

9 `ªóe¨: cÖv¸³, c„. 38-42|

10 Bertrand Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization (London:

George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1923), pp. 34-35.

11 A.D. Lindsa, The Modern Democratic State (London: Oxford University Press, 1951 5

th

ed.), p. 90.

12 Bertrand Russell, Political Ideals (London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1963 Reprint), p. 9.

13 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, pp. 48-49. Ges Russell, Authority and the

Individual (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1964), p. 68.

14 `ªóe¨: Bhandari, History of European Political Philosophy, p. 463.

15 cÖv¸³, c„. 49|

16 cÖv¸³|

17 Russell, Political Ideals, p.31.

18 cÖv¸³, c„. 41|

19 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p. 50.

20 cÖv¸³, c„. 51|

21 †gv. Avwidzj Bmjvg, Ôm¤úwË cÖm‡½ Rb jK: GKwU ivóª`vk©wbK we‡kølYÕ, ivRkvnx BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m

GÐ jÕ, mL¨v 42 (2014), c„. 57-68|

22 cÖv¸³, c„. 44|

23 Russell, Authority and the Individual, p. 44.

24 Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, p.223.

25 cÖv¸³|


27 cÖv¸³, c„. 52|

Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, pp. 224-226.


30 cÖv¸³, c„. 292|

31 Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, p. 232.

32 Russell, Power- A new Social Analysis ((London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1957, 17

th

impression), p. 292.

33 cÖv¸³|

34 Russell (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, p. 225.


16

35 Russell, Power, p. 295.

36 cÖv¸³, c„. 296|


38 Bertrand Russell, Autobiography (London: Routledge, 2004 Reprint), pp.726-27.

39 Bertrand Russell, Roads to Freedom ((London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1970 Reprint), p. 98.

40 Russell, Principles of Social Reconstruction, p.45.

41 cÖv¸³, c„. 35|

42 cÖv¸³, c„. 36|

43 cÖv¸³, c„. 45|

44 cÖv¸³, c„. 43|

45 cÖv¸³, c„. 38|

46 Russell, Political Ideals, p. 81.


48 cÖv¸³, c„. 45|

49 cÖv¸³, c„. 42|

50 cÖv¸³|

51 G cÖ¯Íve wZwb cÖ_g K‡ib 1916 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Principles of Social Reconstruction I 1917 mv‡j

cÖKvwkZ Political Ideals G| cieZ©x‡Z 1945 mv‡j GB ai‡bi GKwU msMVb wn‡m‡e RvwZms‡Ni Avwef©ve

n‡q‡Q| we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_ï Rb¨ `ªóe¨: Russell, Political Ideals, p. 81-89., Russell, New Hopes for A

Changing World (London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1951), pp. 97-98.

52 Russell, Authority and the Individual, p. 44.

53 Russell, Roads to Freedom, p.111.

54 iv‡óªi GKK KZ©„Z¡ I Pig mve©‡f․g‡Z¡i ZË¡ cÖPvi K‡ib GKZ¡ev`x (Monist) `vk©wbKiv| nem&, iæ‡kv, †n‡Mj,

†euv`v, nj¨vÐ, Awób cÖgyL wPšÍvwe` n‡jb GKZ¡ev`x mve©‡f․wgKZvi aviYvi cÖPviK| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªxq Pig ¶gZv

Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e mxwgZ I wef³ Kivi Av‡›`vj‡b hy³ eûZ¡ev`xiv (Pluralist)| g¨vKvBfvi, evK©vi,

wjÛ‡m, Wz¸B, jvmwK I iv‡mj cÖgyL G avivi Ab¨Zg n‡jb wPšÍvwe`|

55 Laski, A Grammer of Politics, p. 65.

56 `ªóe¨: Noam Chomsky, Failed States (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006), preface.

57 cÖv¸³|

58 M„nxZ: Bertrand Russell, Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare (London: Allen & Unwin

Ltd, 1959, 2010 1st Indian Reprint), p. vii.

Av‡iv †`Lyb: Noam Chomsky, Failed States, chapter 1.


17

MÖš’cwÄ

1. Afanasyev, V.G. Marxist Philosophy, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980.

2. Bhandari, D. R. History of European Political Philosophy, Lohor: Evernew Book

Stall, 1969 9th

ed.

3. Chomsky, N. Failed States, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006.

4. Ebenstein, W. Great Political Thinkers, Plato to the Present, Calcutta, Bombay, New

Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1972.

5. Hobbes, T. Leviathan, London: np, 1691.

6. Laski, H. J. A Grammer of Politics, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1970.

7. Lenin, V. I. The State, Collected Works.

8. Lindsa, A.D. The Modern Democratic State, London: Oxford University Press, 1951

5th

ed.

9. Rousseau, J. J. The Social Contract, G.D.H. Cole (Trans.), Public Domain 1762.

10. Russell, B. Authority and the Individual, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.,

1964.

11. Russell, B. Roads to Freedom, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1970 Reprint.

12. Russell, B. (With Dora Russell), The Prospects of Industrial Civilization, London:

Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1923.

13. Russell, B. Autobiography, London: Routledge, 2004 Reprint.

14. Russell, B. Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd,

(1959), 2010 1st Indian Reprint.

15. Russell, B. New Hopes for A Changing World, London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.,

1951.

16. Russell, B. Political Ideals, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1963 Reprint.

17. Russell, B. Power- A New Social Analysis, London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1957,

17th

impression.

18. Russell, B. Principles of Social Reconstruction, London: Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1960

Reprint.

19. mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK, XvKv: eY©wgwQj, 1974.

20. Bmjvg, †gv. Av. Ôm¤úwË cÖm‡½ Rb jK: GKwU ivóª`vk©wbK we‡kølYÕ, ivRkvnx BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m

GÐ jÕ, mL¨v 42, 2014.


18


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

ey×‡è emyi KweZvi K…r‡KŠkj

•mq` †Z․wdK Rynix

Abstract: Buddhadeb Bosu, a Bengali poet and a versatile writer of the 20th century, also

wrote novels, short stories, plays, essays, and he was also an eminent editor and critic of

his time. With his poetry he always played a significant role in shaping the literary

movement of modern Bengali poetry, and established himself as one of five poets who

moved to introduce modernity into Bengali poetry. It is also significant that his most

widely well-known Bandir Bandana was published when he was only seventeen years

old. Although in his early works he showed the clear influence of Rabindranath Tagore,

but at last phase of his life he created a poetic style and constituted the modern era of

Bengali poetry. He wrote poetry by the influence of Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats

and T. S. Eliot, but he had a unique style of free verse, and was great in command of

rhyme and rhythm. Our object in this paper is not to deal with the entire canvas of his

poetic-self but to attempt, in a modest way, an identification of the principal qualities,

style and form of his works.

wesk kZvãxi Z…Zxq `kK †_‡K mßg `kK ch©šÍ m„wókxj Kwe ey×‡è emy (1908-1974) cÖZ¨ÿ

K‡i‡Qb AvaywbK we‡kî RwUj Rxeb cwiµgv I MwZkxj mf¨Zvi µgweKvk| Zuvi Kve¨-cÖZ¨qI

M‡o D‡V‡Q ywU wek^hy× †`‡L Ges †mB m‡½ hy‡×vËi Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖÿvcU, ivR‣bwZK Aw iZv,

goK-gššÍi-`ywf©ÿ BZ¨vwì AwfNv‡Z| GKw`‡K †hgb mgKvjxb NUbvejxi ch©v‡jvPbvq Ges

•ewkK †cÖÿvc‡U m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb Ø›Ø‣PZ‡b¨, Ab¨w`‡K †ZgbB wewea NvZ-cÖwZNv‡Z e¨w³K msKU-

msNvZ I Rohš¿bvq wm³ n‡q‡Qb| Avgiv Rvwb, Ôwkímvwn‡Z¨ hy× GKwU exÿYvMvi wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨,

†hLv‡b Rxeb I mgv‡R AvZ¥cixÿvi mgqmwÜ m„wó n‡q gvby‡li e¨w³Zv‡K Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AYycigvYy‡Z

wewkøó K‡i †d‡j|Õ1 myZivs Aw ÍZ¡-wewkøó AwfNvZ Zuv‡K AvaywbK mvwnZ¨-wkí-ms¯‥…wZi cÖwZ †hgb

AbymwÜrmy K‡i †Zv‡j, wVK †ZgbB Avcb mvwnZ¨PP©vq K‡i Ae¨vnZ cw_K| Gi d‡j mvwnZ¨c‡_

wbišÍi hvÎvq, wbR¯ Kve¨‡jvK m„R‡b, welq I cÖKiYKjvi AbymÜv‡b Zuvi `xN©Rxeb DrmM© n‡q‡Q|

cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš gg©evYx (1925) cÖKvwkZ nevi m‡½-m‡½ K‡jøvj cwÎKvq ZiæY Kwe wn‡m‡e mvayev`

jvf K‡ib| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© †jLv nq Gfv‡e,ÔkÖxey×‡è emyi wKQz wKQz †jLv †eva nq AvRKvj

cwÎKvq coQ| gg©evYxi KweZv msMÖ‡n GB wK‡kvi Kwei †ek cwiPq cvIqv hvq| eq‡mi ZviæY¨

g‡b bv †i‡L eBLvbv c‡o †`‡Lv|... fvj KweZv †h gvby‡li Ac~e© m„wó, a¨vb‡jv‡Ki wbweo cÖKvk,

Zv AvRKvjKvi A‡bK bexb Kwei iPbv c‡o Abyfe Kiv hvq|Õ2 A_©vr, ZLbI K‡jøvj-G

mvwnZ¨PP©vi m~Pbv bv NU‡jI Kve¨PP©vi gva¨‡g h‡_ó mycwiwPwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb, m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg

n‡qwQ‡jb ¸Ygy» cvV‡kÖwY| µ‡g wZwb iPbv Ki‡jb e›`xi e›`bv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1930), GKwU

K_v (1932), c„w_exi c‡_ (1933), K¼veZx I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1937), bZzb cvZv (1940), GK

cqmvq GKwU (1942), 22 †k kÖveY (1942), `qgšÍx (1943), iƒcvšÍi (1944), † ªŠc`xi kvwo

(1948), kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi (1955), †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK (1958), gi‡P-cov

†c‡i‡Ki Mvb (1966), Zc¯^x I Ziw½bx (1966), GKw`b : wPiw`b (1971), ¯^vMZwe`vq I Ab¨vb¨

KweZv (1971) BZ¨vw` Kve¨MÖš|

mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, ivRkvnx wekwe`¨vjq|

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot


20

Avevi ÔKwe‡K ïay evB‡ii RMr †_‡K gyL †div‡jB Pj‡e bv, Wze w`‡Z n‡e AšÍ©‡jv‡K †hLv‡b

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wbweó †_‡K‡Qb GKvMÖwP‡Ë| µ‡g †ev`‡jqvi, iüv‡ev, GwjqU cÖgyL mvwnZ¨-wkíxi iPbv-cvV Zvu‡K

`vb K‡i cÖej m„wó‡cÖiYv, hvi cÖfv‡e Avwe®‥vi K‡ib evsjv KweZvi Rxeb‡èZv-†cÖiYvi iƒcKvi

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Kve¨RM‡Z msMwVZ me©gq AvwacZ¨-we¯Ív‡ii MwZ Ges Aÿg iex›`ª-AbyKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv m‡PZbfv‡e

jÿ¨ K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †Zv Kve¨PP©vi m~PbvKv‡jB Ôey×‡è emy ¯úóZ Abyfe Ki‡jb bZzbfv‡e

KweZv‡K Mo‡Z n‡e Ges G e¨vcv‡i cvD‡Ûi B‡gwR÷ KweZvi Abymi‡Y divmx wm¤^wj÷ KweZvi

m‡½ Ges µ‡g µ‡g wek^KweZvi I wek^mvwn‡Zï m‡½ GK AvwZ¥K m¤^Ü M‡o Zzj‡jb|Õ4 Avm‡j

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†i‡L‡Qb| GK w`‡K wZwb byZb c‡_i w`kvixiƒ‡c Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K KweZv-msMVKiƒ‡c

KweZv (1935) cwÎKvi gva¨‡g AvaywbK KweZvPP©vi c_ Db¥y³ K‡i‡Qb| †Kej AvZ¥weKvk bq,

bZzb Kve¨cÖwZfvi Avwe®‥v‡i I bZzb Kve¨cÖZ¨‡qi cÖwZôv `v‡b mgq-kÖg-cÖwZfv e¨q K‡i‡Qb|

GgbwK Zuvi Kv‡ji Kwe‡ì KweZv m¤ú‡K© K‡i‡Qb Av‡jvPbv, Zuv‡ì Kwe-cwiwPwZ‡K K‡i‡Qb

cÖwZwôZ Ges cvVK-AšÍ‡i AvaywbK KweZv m¤ú‡K© m„wó K‡i‡Qb m‡PZb JrmyK¨| GKRb mgv‡jvPK

G-cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb, Ôey×‡è emyi Kve¨BwZnvm cvV Ki‡j GKwU mZ¨ †ewi‡q Av‡m †hÑ Kwei

mvivRxe‡bi A‡šl¨ wQj GK weï× wkíx-AvZ¥v; †h wkíx AvZ¥vi D‡b¥vP‡b weï× KweZvi Rb¥ nq|

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K‡i‡Qb AvRxeb| KweZv Zvui Kv‡Q Ôm‡e©kixÕ|Õ5

Kwe †Kej welqe ‧‡Z mxgve× _v‡Kb bv, welq‡K wZwb web¨ Í K‡ib fvlv-Q›`-AjsKvi I

cÖKiYKjvi ¯vc‡Z¨| MZvbyMwZK Kve¨fvlvi †eovRvj wQbœ K‡i beZi fvlvc×wZ wbg©vY I

Avwe®‥v‡i AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| KviY wn‡m‡e Avgiv Rvwb, ÔKv‡eï cÖavb jÿ¨ welqe ‧‡K AwZµg

K‡i cvV‡Ki g‡b Awbe©Pbxq Abyf~wZ RvMÖZ Kiv|Õ6 wÎ‡kvËi Kweiv AvaywbKZvi w`K †_‡K †hgb

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e›`bv †_‡K bZzb cvZv ch©šÍ Kve¨MÖ‡š ey×‡è emy cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Av‡eMZvwoZ †ivgvw›UK ms‡e`bv|

hwÌ AvaywbK Kwe Kve¨Kjvq eY©bv cwinvi K‡ib Z_vwc wZwb Aeva eY©bv I †ivgvw›UK-ms‡e`bvq

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duv‡K-duv‡K MxwZKweZvi nv`©¨-gbbkxj Av‡eM I wPÎ-aŸwb-Q‡›ì kvixix KvVv‡gv gš¿¸‡Y cÖwZgvq

iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi GB Av‡eM-ms‡e`bv cieZx© ch©v‡qI „k¨gvb n‡q‡Q, Z‡e Zv

A‡bK msnZ, wKš‧ AšÍjx©b GK †ivgvw›UK Av‡eM Kwei mg Í KweZv Ry‡o Qwo‡q Av‡Q| Gi d‡jB

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†_‡K wZwb weiZ †_‡K‡Qb| kã-aŸwb-Q‡›ì ¯”Q›` cÖevn Øviv wZwb KweZv‡K gyw³ w`‡q‡Qb eY©bvi

ey×‡è emyi KweZvi K…r‡K․kj

21

Zvij¨ I weiZv †_‡KI| Gfv‡eB ey×‡è em yi cÖKiY-fvebv mgšq Ges web¨v‡m, AvniY Ges

eR©‡b, ms‡køl‡Y Ges cwicv‡K cwicyó n‡q Kwe-g‡bvf~‡gi Awbevh© I cÖej Zvobvq iƒcvšÍwiZ

n‡q‡Q KweZvq|

2.

wjwi‡Ki ¯Ztù~Z© mgšq „k¨gvb n‡q‡Q K¼veZx Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg-KweZv, Ô†m‡ibv`Õ, Ô†k‡li ivwÎÕ,

ÔKweZvÕ, ÔweevnÕ BZ¨vw` KweZvq, Ab¨w`‡K Av‡eM-ms‡e`bvi D”Q¡vm cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q bZyb cvZv

Kve¨MÖ‡š’i ÔwPévq mKvjÕ, Ôfze‡bk^‡i cÖv_©bvÕ, Ôwe‡”Q‡ì w`bÕ, Ômgy`ª¯œvbÕ BZ¨vw` KweZvq| wØZxq

ch©v‡qi KweZvqI ey×‡è emy MxZjZv, †ivgw›UK Abyf~wZi cÖKvk cÖf…wZ cwiZ¨vM K‡ibwb| `qgšÍx-

Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔPjw”PÎÕ, ÔwQbœm~ÎÕ, ÔweKvjÕ Ges ÔcÙvÕ KweZvq M‡íi Dcv`vb vb †c‡q‡Q| Avevi

†`ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡š Mí-KvVv‡gv cwinv‡i m‡Pó n‡jI ÔDØv ÍÕ, Ôwe‡`wkbxÕ, ÔeÜzÕ Ges Ô¯¿xÕ

KweZvq eY©bvagx©Zv, Mí-Dcv`vb I †ivgw›UKZv ¯vb †c‡q‡Q Abvqvm-¯^v”Q‡›`¨| B‡¤úªkwb÷

wPÎwk‡íi cÖwZ ey×‡è emyi AvKl©Y jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, we‡klfv‡e mß`k kZ‡Ki wPÎwkíx †igeªv‡›Ui

(1606-1669) AvZ¥cÖK…wZ ch©v‡qi wPÎKg© wZwb cQ›` Ki‡Zb| Z‡e Kve¨PP©vi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q

Av‡jv I i‡Oi eënvi‣ewPÎ¨, ¯ú`bkxjZv, nvIqvi NbZ¡, Puv`-bÿÎ‡jvK-gnvKvk, Av‡jv-Qvqvi

†Ljv, Avuav‡ii Q›` cÖf…wZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e cieZx© ch©v‡qi Kve¨PP©vq Kwe Gu‡K‡Qb cÖPzi

AvZ¥cÖK…wZ, †hLv‡b eva©‡Kï †e`bv, GKvwKZ¡, wbtm½Zv I Rxeb-m¤ú‡K© †gvngyw³i `xN©k^vm cªKvk

†c‡q‡Q, Zv wPÎwkíx †igeªv‡›Ui wPÎc‡U wPwÎZ AvZ¥cÖK…wZi mv‡_ mvhyR¨c~Y©| AviI cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q

AvwZ¥K-†m․›`‡h©i cÖwZ AvKl©Y Ges cvw_©e-eÂbvi cÖwZ wb‡g©vn g‡bvfve| Avm‡j GB mvhyR¨ ¯vcb

fviZxq †PZbvi m‡½ cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨Kjv I mvwnZ¨‡cÖiYvi mv‡_ ms‡hvR-¯vc‡bi jÿ¨ †_‡K m„wRZ

n‡q‡Q| AvaywbKZvi cÖv_wgK cÖqv‡m Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi cÖgyL mvwnZ¨wkíxi

gva¨‡g fviZxq Ges cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨ I Rxeb‡PZbvi mgšq mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| ey×‡è emy cÖ_g KweZv

iPbv K‡ib bq-`k eQi eq‡m| Qq †_‡K mvZ Íe‡Ki GKwU Bs‡iwR KweZv, Zvi cÖ_g ¯ÍeK nj:

Adieu, adieu, Deloney House dear,

We leave you because the sea is near,

And the sea will swallow you, we fear,

Adieu, adieu.7

KweZvwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q cÖ_g wek^hy‡×i Kv‡j, Kwei ZrKvjxb evm vb Ô†Wjwb nvDmÕ AK¯§vr †gNbvi

fvO‡bi m¤§yLxb n‡j| ZLb evwowUi Avmbœ Aejywßi †e`bvq KvZi Kwe GB Bs‡iwR KweZvwU iPbv

K‡ib, hv Zuv‡K cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ Kwe-cwiwPwZ †`q| GB †Wjwb nvD‡mB Kwe D‡c›`ªwK‡kvi

ivq‡P․ayixi ivgvq‡Yi AbyKi‡Y cqvi I wÎc`x Q›` eënvi K‡i mßKvÐ ivgvqY iPbv K‡ib, hvi

gva¨‡g wK‡kvi-‣PZ‡bï KweZv-Db¥v`bvi cÖ_g cÖKvk N‡U| Av‣K‡kvi ey×‡è emy Aa¨qb K‡i‡Qb

cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Zï cÖL¨vZ Kwe‡ì iPbvewj,hvi d‡j cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Zï ixwZ-c×wZ-HwZ‡nï wewfbœ

kvLvq Zuvi wePiY †hgb wQ‡jv AevaÑ Avevi wVK †ZgbB fviZxq mvwn‡Zï ixwZ-c×wZ-HwZn¨ I

`k©‡bi mv‡_I wZwb K‡iwQ‡jb ms‡hvM- vcb| Gfv‡e cÖ_g I wØZxq ch©v‡qi KweZvq AviI eëüZ

n‡q‡Q g‡bvmgxÿb c×wZ, Internal Monologue hv AšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³ Øviv m„wRZ| †hLv‡b GK¯v‡b

e³v †kvbv‡”Qb wb‡Ri K_v, Ab¨¯v‡b wb‡RB wb‡Ri mv‡_ K_v ej‡Qb| GBAšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³i eënvi

jÿ¨ Kiv hvq ÔKvjÕ, ÔKL‡bv, Ô†envqvÕ, gaëZx©Õ BZ¨vw` KweZvq| Avevi g‡bvweÁv‡bi fvevbyl½

c×wZ ev Association of ideas-Gi eënviI Zuvi KweZvq Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| Ôfvevbyl½ Dcgv‡Z


22

†hgb cvIqv hvq †Zgwb evKaŸwb‡Z, cybive„Ë evKcÖwZgvq ev D‡jø‡L, we‡kl k‡ãi †c․btcywbK

eënv‡iI cvIqv hvq|Õ8 Gi cÖv_wgK eënvi †hgb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq `qgšÍx-i ÔPjw”PÎÕ KweZvq Ges

Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi KweZv‡ZI †Zgb mÜvb cvIqv hvq|

gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔBKviæmÕ; ¯MZwe`vq-G ÔwK¤úyiælÕ, Ônbygv‡bi Rb¥Õ,

Ôg„Zz¨Õ Ges GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡ši Ô†`KvwbivÕ cÖf…wZ KweZvq fvevbyl½ c×wZi mÜvbjvf Kiv

hvq| Avevi kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi Kve¨MÖ‡š G‡m Kwe mÜvb w`‡q‡Qb beZi cÖKiY fvebvi|

†mLv‡b g„Zz¨ I cybR©‡b¥i Uvbv‡cv‡o‡b †`vjvwqZ Kwe Agi‡Z¡i cÖv_©bvq n‡jb D‡ØwjZ, AvcvZ-

eÜ¨vZ¡ KvwU‡q bZzb m„wói cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| GLv‡b †hgb †ivgvw›UK Aven cÖKvkgvb Avevi wVK

†ZgbB Kv‡eï d‡g©I jÿ¨ Kiv hvq M‡íi Aven| Avevi †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK-Kve¨MÖ‡š GK

msnZ cÖKiYKjv eënvi K‡i‡Qb, GQvov fvlvixwZi †ÿ‡Î c~e©eZx© `ywU ch©v‡qi †P‡q Kwe fvlvi

mvij¨ I eY©bvi AvwaKÏ cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb| evK¨MVbixwZ n‡q‡Q RwUj Ges cÖZxKvwqZÑ Avevi

m‡b‡Ui iƒcK‡íI fvlv †c‡q‡Q msnZ I mshZ iƒc| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q Kve¨MÖš iPbvKv‡j wZwb

Abyev`K‡g© g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib, hvi gva¨‡g Kwei cÖKiYixwZ kvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe ey×‡è emy Ab~w`Z

†gN`~Z cÖKvwkZ nq 1957 mv‡j| Avevi 1955 †_‡K 1958 Kvjc‡e© cÖKvwkZ nq †ev`‡jqv‡ii

Ab~w`Z KweZvmg~n| Aybev`K‡g© g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i Kwe AwfavbPP©vi ¸iæZ¡ Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡ib, hv

Zv‡K eû bZzb kã wkL‡Z I bZzb kã m„wó Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Zuvi myMfxi cvV-

AwfÁZv, Rxeb-AwfÁZv, kvwYZ Abyev`Kg©-PP©v BZ¨vwì cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi

Kve¨mg~‡n| GKRb mgv‡jvPK G-cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb,Ôey×‡è emyi †ev`j¨vi Ab yev` GKmgq evOvwj

cvV‡Ki g‡b mvov RvwM‡qwQj, ey×‡è emy divwm‡Z g~j †ev`j¨vi c‡ob wb, GKvwaK Bs‡iwR Abyev`

cvkvcvwk †i‡L wZwb GKwU D‡jø‡Li g‡Zv KvR K‡i‡Qb, evsjv Kve¨-Abyev‡ì †ÿ‡Î bZzb w`K Ly‡j

w`‡q‡Q Zuvi G RvZxq eB|Õ9 Zuvi eëüZ kã-fvÐv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q wewPÎ fvebvi we”QziY;

cvkvcvwk wg_-cÖ‡qv‡M we¯Í…wZ, †ivgvw›UKZv, eY©bvagx©Zv, MvwíK KvVv‡gv BZ¨vwì †P‡q msnZ

cÖKvkf½xi w`‡KB AwaK `„wócvZ K‡i‡Qb| G-cÖm‡½ Kwei Dw³ ¯§iY‡hvM¨:

Abyev‡ì Kvi‡YB Avwg cÖ_g ey‡SwQjvg †Kv‡bv Kwei c‡ÿ AwfavbPP©vi Af¨vmwU KZ DcKvix,

fvlvZ‡Ë¡ Aíwe¯Íi Ávb KZ cÖ‡qvRbxq; wk‡LwQjvg gvZ…fvlvq A‡bK bZzbkã, Ges bZzb kã •Zwi

KÕ‡i †bevi Dcvq; ey‡SwQjvg kã eënv‡i hv_v‡_©i g~j¨ : evsjv Q›`‡K Av‡iv GKUz mvejxjfv‡e

Pvjv‡ZI nq‡Zv wk‡LwQjvg| AvR‡Ki w`‡b iPbvKg©‡K Avwg †hfv‡e †`wL Ges wPšÍv Kwi, †hme

mgm¨v Zv Dcw¯Z K‡i Ges †hfv‡e Zvi mgvav‡bi c_ Lyu‡R cvB; †hfv‡e aiv hvK, Avgvi mv¤úªwZK

KweZv I M`¨ÑKweZv I Kve¨bvU¨, GgbwK †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv M`ïPbv Avwg wj‡LwQjvg, Zvi g‡a¨

KZLvwb Avgvi Abyev`K‡g©i Ae`vb Av‡Q, Avwg Zv g‡b g‡b fv‡jvB Rvwb|10

Gfv‡e Kve¨PP©vi †ÿ‡Î Abyev`Kv‡g©i Af¨vm Zuv‡K we‡kl ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv `vb K‡i‡Q| Z‡e MVbMZ w`K

†_‡K Av‡eMZvwoZ †ivgvw›UKZv D”Q¡vm, eY©bvagx©Zv cÖKvk †c‡jI AšÍjx©b MxwZagx©ZvB ey×‡è emyi

Kv‡eï cÖvY| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvi ¯weiZv †_‡K gyw³jvf K‡i †kl ch©v‡q G‡m Zuvi KweZv-fvlv

kvwYZ I kw³kvjx n‡q‡Q| GK K_vq, KweZvi mvgwMÖK ejq wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q Av‡eM-Abyl‡½ I

GwjqwUq AwfNv‡Z, hvi cÖfv‡e ga¨ ch©vq †_‡KB RwUj fvlvixwZi AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e

cÖZxK, iƒcK, wPÎKí, wg_Kjv BZ¨vw` Ges mywbe©vwPZ kã I msnZ-mshZ evK¨MVbixwZi gva¨‡g

ey×‡è emy µ‡g †g․wjK Kve¨wk‡íi Rb¥ w`‡Z mÿg nb|

wÎ‡kvËi Kweiv KweZvq M`¨-c‡`ï wg_w®…qv NwU‡q‡Qb m‡PZbfv‡e, ZvB ey×‡è emyi

Kve¨PP©vI Gi e¨wZµg bq| wZwb cÖavbZ GwjqU I GRiv cvD‡Ûi cÖeZ©bvq KweZvq K_¨-


23

fvlvixwZi mij-¯^v”Q›`¨ eënvi K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr mvay wµqvc‡ì eR©‡b, K_¨ evKïxwZi Abymi‡Y

`qgšÍx Kve¨ we‡kl •ewk‡óï ¯^vÿi ivL‡Z mÿg nq| GB Kve¨MÖ‡š eR©b K‡i‡QbÑ Kve¨-cÖPwjZ

wµqvc` ÔdzwUÕ,Ôn‡Z‡QÕ, ÔPwj‡QÕ; PwjZ evsjv k‡ãi Zrmg cÖwZkã Ôcy®úÕ, ÔZiæÕ, Ôn ÍÕ; bvgkã,

cÖvPxb kã I Ae¨q c` ÔggÕ, Ô†gv‡ìÕ, ÔcivYÕ; Dcfvlvi c` ÔbvwiÕ, ÔGbyÕ, ÔbvwiÕ cÖf…wZ| wZwb

k‡ãi AwfavbMZ A_©‡K AwZµg K‡i Bw½Zgq imcÖe„wËi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L‡Qb| Aek¨ K_¨-

wµqvc` I K_ïxwZi wgkÖ‡Yi D`vniY `qgšÍx Kve¨-c~e© Kve¨MÖšmg~‡nI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq :

K) nj‡` kvwoUvÑ bv,bv Av‡jvq

hv‡e bv‡Kv †`Lv Ii is,

jvj? Zv eÇv! bxj, Zv-I bqÑ

L‡qwiUv gvbv‡e eis!

hvK‡M,Ñ kv`vB fv‡jv, ÑKv‡jv- †c‡o kvwo| (Ô†envqvÕ /K¼veZx)

L) Kv‡jv †PvL Zvi c‡owQ‡jv †gvi gy‡Li c‡i

ÿ‡YK Z‡i,

Ñ †K †h †m, †mÑK_v KÕ‡e bv|Ñ (ÔKv‡jv †PvLÕ / K¼veZx)

M) g‡b‡i hvq bv †Quvqv, †Kg‡b PvL‡ev Zv‡i|

`ywU †VuvU, dzidz‡i †VuvU UzKUzKÑ iwOb nÕ‡jv,

†VvKivB cvwLi g‡Zv, LyULvU Piv wKbv‡i| (ÔMvbÕ / GKwU K_v)

Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~‡n K_¨ I KveïxwZi mswgkÖY N‡U‡Q| Kve¨MÜx k‡ãi m‡½ wgkÖY N‡U‡Q K_¨-

evK&fw½iÑ †hLv‡b AšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³i gva¨‡g e³v wb‡RB wb‡Ri mv‡_ K_v ej‡Q| K_K †cÖqmxi K_v

†f‡e Zuvi †cvlvK-cwi”Q` wb‡q fvweZ, ZvB KL‡bv ej‡Qb,Ônj‡` kvwoUvÑ bv,bv nj‡` Av‡jvq/hv‡e

bv‡Kv †`Lv Ii isÕ Avevi KL‡bv ej‡Qb,ÔhvK‡M,Ñ kv`vB fv‡jvÕ| Ôdzidz‡iÕ, ÔUzKUzKÕ, Ô†VvKivBÕ,

ÔLyULvUÕ, ÔKÕ‡eÕ,Ônj‡`Õ, ÔPovÕ cÖf…wZ K_¨kã e¨fnvi K‡i‡Qb ¯^v”Q‡›`¨| GKw`‡K †hgb ÔMÕ msL¨K

D×…wZ‡Z Ôg‡b‡i hvq bv †Quvqv, †Kg‡b PvL‡ev Zv‡iÕ cO&w³‡Z ÔPvL‡evÕ kãwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb,

Ab¨w`‡K Ô†K †h †m, †mÑK_v KÕ‡e bvÕÑ Dw³‡Z †cÖqmxi mv‡_ wb‡Ri Ae¯vb‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|

GLv‡b „k¨gvb,ÔMxZj kãÕ wKsev Ôivexw›`ªK Kve¨MÜxÕ kã cy‡ivcywi cwiZ¨vM K‡ibwb; Gi D`vniYÑ

ÔLÕ msL¨K cO&w³ ÔKv‡jv †PvL Zvi c‡owQ‡jv †gvi gy‡Li c‡iÕ-†Z ivexw›`ªK Ae¨q Ô†gviÕ Gi

eënvi Avgiv jÿ¨ KiwQ| Avm‡j e›`xi e›`bv I K¼veZxÑ GB ywU Kve¨MÖ‡š Dch ©y³ MxZj-

Kve¨MÜx I ivexw›`ªK k‡ãi cªvavb¨ jÿ¨bxq| GB Kvi‡Y ÔGKB m‡½ Zuv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q iex› ªwe‡Ølx

Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i mgv”Qbœ Kwe|Õ11

Ab¨w`‡K bZzb cvZv-Kve¨MÖ‡š mvaywµqvc` I mvayixwZi cÖ‡qvM

G‡Kev‡i K‡g †M‡Q, KweZvI †c‡q‡Q ¯^vfvweK nv`©¨¸‡Yi ¯úk©| wZwb Aek¨ Bs‡iwR Qvov †Zgb

GKUv we‡`kx kã eënvi K‡ibwb| bZzb cvZv I GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖš †_‡K wKQz D`vniY wb‡P

D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

K) GB K¨v‡giv-KÈwKZ cÖMj&f RbviY¨ (ÔUvBMvi wnj&-G m~‡h©v`qÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

L) Wvqv‡jKwUK-`k©b! (ÔwW.GBP.Avi.Õ/bZzb cvZv)

M) c‡K‡U jywK‡q ivwL eªvDb †ccv‡i Rwo‡q| (ÔGKwU evqiwbK KweZvÕ, bZzb cvZv)

N) †Zgwb †m •Zwi KiæK †Zvgv‡K, †Zvgvi eªvDb-gm„Y kixi| (Ômgy`ª¯œvbÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

ÔK¨v‡givÕ, ÔWvqv‡jKwUKÕ, Ôc‡KUÕ, ÔeªvDbÕ, Ô†ccviÕ, ÔjUvwiÕ, Ôwgwjq‡bqviÕ cÖf…wZ Bs‡iwR kã

Dchy©³ D×…wZmg~‡n i‡q‡Q, Z‡e GB kãmg~n eëüZ n‡q‡Q be¨wkwÿZ Zjvwenxb D”PweË-ga¨weË

†kÖwYi dvucv-eywjm¤^wjZ gvbm‡K e¨½ Kivi wbwg‡Ë| Avevi A‡bK mgq Bs‡iwR k‡ãi Ab~w`Z kãI

Zuvi KweZvq `„k¨gvb n‡q‡Q| bZzb cvZv Kve¨MÖ‡ši Ômgy`ª¯œvbÕ KweZvq ÔSandy-brownÕ-Gi


24

e½vbyev` K‡i‡Qb Ôevjy-ev`vwgÕ wn‡m‡e| wZwb †ekwKQz kã wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb, Zvi AwaKvsk ÔAÕ Ges

ÔwbÕ DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ n‡q‡P, Zv n‡jvÑ ÔAbvKviÕ, ÔAZiæYÕ, ÔAP›`ª‡PZbÕ, Ôwb‡ ÍjÕ, Ôwbg©bÕ,

ÔwbiæcvwaÕ, ÔAZ¡iÕ, ÔAeªYÕ, ÔA‡dbÕ, ÔwbR©iÕ BZ¨vw` kãgvjv| wb‡¤œi G-msAvšÍ wZbwU D`vniY

Dc¯vwcZ n‡jv :

K) ZvQvov mgy‡`ª Avi ÿZ †bB, bxwjgvq †R¨vwZi K¤úb

ïay

AeªY f~ga¨w`b, Adzivb myeY©gwìv| (ÔBKviæmÕ/ gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)

L) A`nb `xwßi D™¢v‡m

D`vmxb, ¯^vaxb, A‡db

†èZviv GL‡bv Av‡Qb| (Ô†n¨ìvwj©Õ / gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)

M) Avi Zvi ¯Íb `ywUÑ †QvU, fxiæ, A¯ú„ó b~Zb;

cÕ‡o Av‡Q mgy`ª wkjvi g‡Zv DuPz I wbR©b,

Abve„Z, AKzwÉZ, wbR©i, wb¯ú„nÑ(ÔKzgvixi g„Zz¨Õ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq )

ey×‡è emyi eëüZ wKQz AcÖPwjZ kã Ôwbg©bÕ, ÔwbiæcvwaÕ, ÔAZ¡iÕ, ÔAeªYÕ, ÔA‡dbÕ, ÔwbR©iÕ BZ¨vw`

Avgv‡ì‡K Zuvi kãcÖ‡qvM `ÿZv I kã-wbg©vbKjvi we‡kl D`vniY wn‡m‡e mPwKZ K‡i| Avm‡j

kã I aŸwbi cÖPwjZ ixwZ-c×wZ‡K iƒvcšÍwiZ K‡iB wZwb bZzb kã m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e we‡klY-

eënviixwZ‡ZI Zuvi bvbvgvwÎK cÖ‡qvM my¯úó :

K) Zrmg we‡kl‡Yi D`vniYÑ

1. †Zvgvi †h-¯Íb‡iLv ew¼g, gm„Y, ÿxY, mZZ¯úw›`ZÑ (Ô†cÖwgKÕ / e›`xi e›`bv)

2. ivwÎ G‡jvÑ AZj, wbweoÑ

my›ì, Mfxi| (Ôc~e©ivMÕ / c„w_exi c‡_)

3. AvKvk †Kvgj, AvKvk Kv‡jv|(ÔK¼veZxÕ /K¼veZx)

4. Avwg ï®‥, wbkvPi, AÜKv‡i †gvi wmsnvmb,

Avwg wns¯ª, `yišÍ, cvke|(ÔkvcåóÕ, e›`xi e›`bv)

L) we‡k‡lï c~‡e© we‡klY eënv‡ii d‡j m„wRZ A_©‡`¨vZbvi D`vniYÑ

1. ¯úk©imZ…òvZzi †`n †gvi Kuvw`‡jv bxi‡e (Ôbxwjgv c~wY©gvÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)

2. kø_ Z›`ªv Rov‡jv bqb; (Ôwgj‡b wei‡nÕ/ GKwU K_v )

3. Kx wbg©j bxj GB bxj AvKvk, (ÔwPévq mKvjÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

M) we‡kl‡Yi wecÖZxc eënv‡ii D`vniYÑ

1. w`‡bi gy‡Li Dci GKUv †auvqv‡U, g„Z wbðjZv, k~b¨Zv| (ÔAvk¼v I Avk^vmÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

2. Av‡Mœq, `ytmn, Zxeª, DËvj, wekvj GB ivwÎ| (ÔivwÎÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

3. †dwj‡ev †Zvgvi gy‡L Zzlvi-wbkvm (Ôe›`xi e›`bvÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)

4. †gkv Dò Zzlvi Ze jvj K‡cv‡j, (ÔAvgš¿YÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)

Avm‡j ¸Y ev Ae¯vevPK kã K_¨fvlvi g‡Zv Kve¨fvlvqI Acwinvh©, KviY we‡kl‡Yi mywbw`©ó

eënvi Qvov fvlv Zvi ¯^”Q›` cÖKvkÿgZv nvivq| ey×‡è emy cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvq AwZ †ivgvw›UK

eY©bvcÖavb Kve¨Kjvq we‡kl‡Yi Aweij eënvi K‡i‡Qb| ÔKÕ msL¨K D`vni‡Yi D×…wZmg~‡n Zrmg

we‡kl‡Yi Ggb cÖ‡qvM jÿŸxqÑ hv Zxÿœ I jÿ¨‡f`x| Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q, GLv‡b we‡klY wewfbœ

gvÎvq eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ wÎ‡kvËi Kwe‡ì iPbvq we‡kl‡Yi N‡U‡Q eënvi-wech©q, hvi

d‡j msnZ eënv‡i cÖvqk wech©q Ges GB cÖ‡qvM-wfbœZvi d‡j bZzb GK A_©-m½wZ M‡o D‡V‡Q,

hv eû¸Y evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q Kve¨fvlvi cÖKvkÿgZv| G-Kvi‡Y ey×‡è emy KweZvq we‡kl‡Yi

bvbvgvwÎK cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q‡Qb, hv bZzb A_©e¨Äbv m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avevi DcwiD³ ÔMÕ msL¨K D`vni‡Yi


25

D×…wZmg~‡n wecÖZxc we‡kl‡Yi eënv‡i eY©bvZ¥K Kve¨-cO&w³mg~‡n we‡kl A_©e¨Äbv I cÖZxKx

A_©‡`¨vZbv m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e Kve¨cO&w³‡Z kã mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Q A‡_©i PgrKvwiZ¡Ñ hv AvwfavwbK

A‡_© AwZwi³ AwfcÖvq mÂvwiZ K‡i| Avm‡j Ôk‡ã e¨³v_© I we‡kl Awfav‡K AÿzYœ †i‡L, Zvi

M~pv‡_©i †h KvjMZ cwieZ©b N‡U, Kwe, AvaywbK Kwe, Zv‡K aÕ‡i †d‡jb Avðh© ms‡ew`Zvq|Õ12

Avi

Gfv‡eB AvaywbK wek^‡K KweZvq aviY Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖPwjZ Kve¨fvlv Ges Kve¨wbg©vY‡K․k‡ji wech©q

NwU‡q wb‡Ri fvlvixwZ Movi †ÿ‡Î Kwe †_‡K‡Qb kÖgwbô I cÖZ¨qx|

divmx cÖZxKx Kve¨cÖKiY wÎ‡kvËi evsjv KweZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q, hvi d‡j †ev`‡jqv‡ii

KweZv evsjvq Abyev` Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q‡Qb Kwe ey×‡è emy| Avm‡j cÖZxKx Kve¨v‡›`vjb †Zv

†ev`‡jqvi‡K †K› ª K‡iB iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q, Avi gvjv‡g© G Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav cyiæl| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi

iPbvq cÖZxKx-cÖKiYixwZi cwi‡cvlY bv NU‡jI ey×‡è emy †ev`‡jqv‡ii KweZv Abyev` K‡i evsjv

KweZv‡ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, wZwb divwm Q›`-†eva I †PZbv‡K †f‡½

`„k¨gvb e¯‧i fvlviƒ‡ci gva¨‡g AwZ-cÖvK…Z AwfÁZvi RMZ‡K ¯úk© K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Rvwb,

†ev`‡jqv‡ii wbKU cÖZxKx-fvÐvi `„k¨gvb I Abyf~wZMÖvn¨ c„w_ex, KviY Zv mn‡R gvbe-ü`q

Avb›`‡e`bv‡K AvcøyZ K‡i| ZvQvov KweZvq eëüZ cÖZxK mn‡R gvbe‣PZ‡bï MnxbZg cÖ‡`‡k

†c․u‡Q hvq| hvi d‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖZxKx Abyl½mg~n wU.Gm. Gwjq‡Ui KweZv‡ZI Abym„Z n‡q‡Q|

ey×‡è emyI KweZvq mywPwýZ cÖZxKx Abyl½ eënvi K‡i‡QbÑ Zv n‡jv Ôwelv`Õ, ÔweZ…òvÕ, Ôwb‡e©`Õ,

ÔKvgcÖvej¨Õ, ÔBw›`ªqwejvmÕ, ÔwfwLwiÕ, Ô`vwi ª¨Õ, Ôg„Zz¨Õ, Ô†ek¨vÕ BZ¨vw` eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi KweZvq

eëüZ Gme welq I DcKiY AvaywbK mvwn‡ZïI DcKiY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ÔcÖZxK ej‡Z †evSvq

Ggb wKQz hvi GKUv Avjv`v e¨Äbv Av‡Q, GK wnmv‡e fvlvi eëüZ kã¸wjI cÖZxK, KviY

cÖZxK‡`¨vZbvB fvlvi cÖavb ag©|Õ13

Z‡e hv cÖK…Z-A‡_© cÖZxK Zv Zuvi KweZvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q Nbxf~Z

n‡q I‡Vwb| wØZxq ch©v‡q cÖZxKx-Zvrch© Nbxf~Z n‡q‡Q AvZ¥vbymÜv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q, we‡kl Awfwb‡ek

I cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g Ñ KweZvi Íe‡K-¯Íe‡K mÂvwiZ e¨Äbvq|

ey×‡è emyi Kve¨PP©vi wØZxq ch©v‡q cªZx‡Ki eënvi †`Lv hvq `qgšÍx Kve¨MÖ‡ši Ô`qgšÍxÕ

KweZvq| †hLv‡b cvw_©e †`nev`x †cÖg †c‡q‡Q wfbœgvÎv- ¯^M©‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q cvw_©e

myL-Z…wßi cÖZx‡K| Avevi †`ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg KweZvq cÖK…wZi AbšÍ inm¨fvÐvi‡K

D‡b¥vP‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb Kwe| †hLv‡b gnvfvi‡Zi wg_-ZvwoZ AšÍnxb †`ª․c`xi kvwoi g‡Zv cÖK…wZi

AbšÍ inm¨-†m․›`h©-iƒc-jxjv I gvayh© D‡b¥vPb Am¤¢e e‡j Kwe g‡b K‡i‡Qb| wZwb AviI g‡b

K‡i‡Qb, cÖK…wZi mv‡_ GKvZ¥ n‡jB †mB inm¨-D‡b¥vPb m¤¢eÑ Z‡e wZwb GLv‡b wg_-Kvwnbxi

Aeq‡e GK cÖZxKx inm¨Rvj m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †h inm¨Rvj † ª․c`xi †m․›`‡h©i D‡b¥vP‡bi AvKv•ÿvi

mv‡_ cÖK…wZi †m․›`h©-D‡b¥vPb‡K GKB KvZv‡i †i‡L‡Qb| GLv‡b Kvgbv-embvi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcbI

jÿŸxq, hvi d‡j Ô`qgšÍxÕ KweZvwU mgmvgwqK eva©K¨‡PZbv I Aev Íe Abyl½ †_‡K †c‡q‡Q c„_K

Aeqe| †hLv‡b ÔRš‧i ¸nvqÕ Ges ÔhÁ‡e`xÕ d«‡qWxq Avw`g Kvgbvi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcb :

¯^M© †Zv‡K Pvq, hÁ †Zv‡K Pvq, g„Zz¨ †Zv‡K Pvq|

wKš‧ †h․e‡bi Rv`y i‡P Rš‧i ¸nvq,

bvwfg~‡j hÁ‡e`x, g„Zz¨ Av‡iv wb‡P| (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)

Kwe GLv‡b †cÖqmx‡K wZbwU Abyl‡½i m¤§yLxb K‡i‡QbÑ Zv n‡jv Ô¯M©Õ, ÔhÁÕ, I Ôg„Zz¨Õ| GB wZb

Abyl½ ¯úk© K‡iI †KejgvÎ Avw`g, ee©i, RvšÍe †cÖgjxjv GLv‡b ¯”Q-†cÖgiƒ‡c Dcw Z| GKw`‡K

†hgb Avw`g Kvgbvi cÖZxKmg~n Dcw¯Z i‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb cÖK…wZi mv‡_ GKvZ¥ nevi Ae`wgZ


26

embvI myß i‡q‡Q| Avevi KweZvi Rb¥-cÖwµqvi mv‡_ cÖvYxKz‡ji †h․b-Rb¥cÖwµqvi Abyl‡½i

cÖwZZzjbv K‡i‡Qb KweÑ Avi GB †h․b-Abyl‡½i cÖwZZzjbv Dc¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖZx‡Ki gva¨‡g:

evwjKvi g‡Zv †K․Z~n‡j

GL‡bv †`L‡Z PvI KZ`~i cÖ¯‧Z cÖqvm?

G‡mv bv, AvNvZ K‡iv, aÕ‡i bvI Avgv‡K D`vm,

nv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© euvab-†Quov we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv ejvrKvi;

bv hw` ¯‡M©i gay, De©kxi axi Awfmvi,

wb‡q G‡mv MÜ‡K je‡Y R¦jv bi‡Ki cªKU wbkvm| (Ôbv-†jLv KweZvi cÖwZÕ-3/†h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)

GLv‡b KweZvi cÖZx‡K Dc vwcZ n‡q‡Q GK ÔevwjKvÕi cÖm½, hv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †h․b-Bw½Z Gi

iƒcjÿY| bvix ev Zvi cÖZxKx AvMgb‡K †h †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †nvK cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb Kwe| Kwe

Ô†K․Zznjx evwjKvÕ‡K cÖkœ K‡i‡QbÑ ÔGL‡bv †`L‡Z PvI KZ ~i cÖ¯‧Z cÖqvm?Õ Zvici cixÿv K‡i

†`L‡Z e‡j‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ ÔAvNvZ K‡ivÕ, ÔaÕ‡i bvI Avgv‡K D`vmÕ, Ônv‡bv GK gyn~‡Z© euvab-†Quov

we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv ejvrKviÕ BZ¨vw` cO&w³gvjvq| Ô†K․Zznjx evwjKvÕi cÖZx‡K AvMZ GB bvix hw`

De©kxi ¯^Mx©q †cÖg bv-G‡b ÔMÜ‡K je‡Y R¦jv bi‡Ki cªKU wbk^vmÕ wb‡q Av‡m, Z_vwc wZwb Zuv‡K

MÖnY Ki‡eb wbwØ©avq| Avm‡j †ev`‡jqv‡ii Kve¨‡PZbvi bv›`wbK-AwfcÖvq‡K ey×‡è emy Gfv‡e

wb‡Ri KweZv‡ZI mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Qb| †ev`‡jqvi Kwe‡ì e‡j‡Qb,ÔgvZvj nI|Õ A_©vr Ô†bkvÕ I

gvZjvwg‡K cÖZxKxfv‡e Dc¯vc‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| Ômyiv, Awn‡db I MwÄKv wb‡q, Avgiv Rvwb,

eûwea cixÿv wZwb K‡i‡QbÑ cÖvq, Zuvi wb‡RiB Dci, •eÁvwbK cixÿv; †m-m‡ei D‡Ïk¨ •PZ‡bïB

ZxÿèZv-mvab; wZwb †hb AvKv•ÿv K‡i‡Qb Ggb GK Zzixq Ae¯v hv‡Z mgq ch©šÍ AÁvZmv‡i

AwZµvšÍ n‡e bv, Abyf~Z n‡e cÖwZwU gyn~‡Z©i wbtmiY, kÖæwZMg¨ n‡e eY©, Ges kã „k¨gvb|Õ14

hvi

ga¨ w`‡q cyY¨, †cÖg I gwìv n‡q‡Q ÿwYK j²xjv‡fi gva¨g| †mRb¨ Ô†bkvÕ KweZvq GB Ô†bkvÕ

k‡ãi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcb Avgv‡ì mPwKZ K‡i:

evwK _v‡K KweZvÑ Aw¯ÍZ¡gq AYyi eÜb,

njvw`bx, e¨vwai exR, Db¥v`K, wbôzi AmyLx,

mi¯^Zx, †fbvm, ÿwYK j²x, AbšÍ evmywKÑ

†gUv‡Z Avgvi Z…òv Avgv‡K K‡i †m gšb!

fv‡jv| ÑwKš‧ e‡jv †`wL, nÕ‡Z n‡e Avi KZKvj

GKvav‡i `ªvÿvcyÄ, eKhš¿, ïuwo I gvZvj| (Ô‡bkvÕ/†h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)

Kwe ÔÿwYK j²xÕ jv‡fi evmbvq ÔAbšÍ evmywKÕi we‡l RR©wiZ nevi cÖZxKx Dc¯vc‡b Ô†bkvÕ

KweZvi cO&w³gvjvq GKRb Kwe‡K ÔïuwoÕ I ÔgvZvjÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| GLv‡b Kwe n‡jb Ô

e¨vwai exR, Db¥v`K, wbôzi AmyLxÕ, ZvB †Zv cÖ‡qvRb c‡o‡Q Ômi¯ZxÕ, Ô†fbvmÕ, ÔÿwYK j²xÕ I

ÔAbšÍ evmywKÕ mvwbœa¨ cvIqvi AvKv•ÿv| gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb Kve¨MÖ‡š cÖZxKx KweZv Kg, Z‡e

GLv‡b wKQz LÐ-cÖZxK eëüZ n‡q‡Q; †hgbÑ yB gnv‡`‡ki gaëZx© Gqvi‡cv‡U©i †nv‡U‡ji cÖZxK,

wegvbe›`‡ii cÖZxK BZ¨vw`| we‡klfv‡e GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔAvgvi RxebÕ KweZvwU

¯§iY‡hvM¨, GLv‡b ÔRbmfvÕ, ÔcvZvjÕ, Ôj¤^vMwjÕ, Ô¸nvÕ BZ¨vw` kã-eënv‡ii PvZzh© mvaviY AwfcÖvq

I Awfav‡K AwZµg K‡i †c․u‡Q †M‡Q gb-¯§„wZ-Ae‡PZ‡bi jxjvf~wg‡Z| GB Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg-

KweZvq cÖK…wZ I bvix‡K GKB KvZv‡i †i‡L GKwU wPišÍb bvixg~wZ© M‡o‡Qb Kwe| hvi mv‡_

APwiZv_© AvKv•ÿv c~i‡Yi e¨_©Zv, AZ…wß I welv`gq welYœ-†e`bv Rwo‡q Av‡Q| APwiZv_© AvKv•ÿv


27

ey‡K Kwe GB bvix‡K Gu‡K‡Qb ÔwPiw`‡bÕi cÖZx‡K, ZvB †Zv AZxZ-eZ©gvb-fwel¨Z n‡q‡Q GKwU

we›`y‡Z e„Ëve×| Kwei fvlvq :

Avwg wbPz n‡q Ry‡Zv Lyj‡Z ïiæ Kwi|

wKš‧ †KejB RU euv‡a, wMu‡Ui ci wMuU, h‡Zv Uvwb

ZZ Av‡iv AvuK‡o a‡i| Avgvi †Póv eUMv‡Qi g‡Zv

†e‡o I‡V, nv‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_i Avgvi •ah©| Zv‡K ewj :

ÔGB †h- GÿzwbÑ gqjv wR‡bi c¨v›Uvjyb †_‡K

†ewi‡q Avm‡e Z‡jvqvi, R¦j‡e Avgvi Av¸b

†Zvgvi †Rvqv‡i|Õ (ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ/ GKw`b : wPiw`b)

Avm‡j Ôgvby‡li msmv‡i Kwe wb‡R‡K cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Qb wPi wbtm½ GKvKx gvbyl wn‡m‡e| Kwei AZj

AZzj wbtm½Zv Gfv‡i÷ k„‡½i g‡ZvB AvKvkgyLx I eÜznxb| Gfv‡i‡÷i k„‡½i g‡ZvB Kwe GKK,

Abycg, AwØZxq, wbtm½, wbwe©Kvi|Õ15

Gi d‡j ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ KweZvq eëüZ ÔwMuUÕ, ÔRUÕ,

ÔRy‡Zvi wd‡ZÕ, Ôgqjv wR‡bi c¨v›UvjybÕ, ÔZ‡jvqviÕ BZ¨vw` civev Íe DcKiY-mg„× cÖZxKcyÄ Øviv

Kwe cÖK…wZi Kv‡Q wdi‡Z bv cviv GK Ave× Rxe‡bi wPÎ Gu‡K‡Qb| ÔwMuUÕ, ÔRUÕ, ÔRy‡Zvi wd‡ZÕ,

BZ¨vw` bvMwiK Rxe‡bi RwUjZvi cÖZxKx Dc¯vcb| e›`xi e›`bv Kve¨ †_‡K m~Pbv K‡i cÖZxKx kã-

Pq‡bi GB cÖ‡Póvq Kwe me©`v m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb| wZwb AviI eënvi K‡i‡Qb ÔAÜKviÕ, ÔPuv`Õ,

ÔmvcÕ, Ôwe`y¨rÕ, ÔAv¸bÕ, ÔcÙÕ, ÔexRÕ BZ¨vw` cÖZxK| wb‡¤œ D`vniY Dc¯vwcZ nj :

K) ÔAÜKviÕ I ÔPuv`Õ cÖZx‡Ki eënvi-

1. hwÌ Zvi kixi †_‡K meyR Wvjcvjv †ewi‡q

by‡q-by‡q wgwj‡q †M‡jv bv Zuvi AÜKv‡i| (Ôe„× ivRvÕ/gi‡P-cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)

2. Avuavi †Zvgvi ¯^Z¡, wKš‧ Zv-B Av‡jvi AwaK; (Ô¯§„wZi cÖwZ-1Õ/ †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)

3. wKš‧ AÜKvi,

ZvI wb_i GKZ¡gq, wbiÄbÑ ¯Íä bq, ¯îMÖv‡g cwieZ©bgvb| (ÔwejvcÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)

4. R¦j‡Q bZzb Puv`, wSjwgj KÕ‡i I‡V cvrjv Kvco,

nvIqvq nVvr hvq m‡i (Ô†g‡qivÕ/ K¼veZx)

5. kx‡Zi iv‡Zi Puv‡ì Av‡jv †hgb AvKv‡k gMœ GKv| (Ô†bc_¨bvUKÕ, kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)

L) ÔmvcÕ,Ôwe`y¨rÕ, ÔAv¸b, ÔcÙÕ BZ¨vw` cÖZx‡Ki eënviÑ

1. Pz¤^‡bi wZ³ wel mwÂZ Kwiqv iv‡L Aa‡ii dYv, (Ô†gvngy³Õ/ e›`xi e›`bv)

2. ivwÎ jvwd‡q DV‡Q †KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYvi g‡Zv,

Avgv‡K kvmv‡”Q, fq †`Lv‡”Q; (Ôwe‡”Q‡ì w`bÕ/ bZzb cvZ)v

3. ¯úk© †hb we`y¨‡Zi

AZ¨vPv‡i Mov| (Ô¯^qseivÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)

4. avZzi msN‡l© Rv‡Mv, †n my›ì, ïå AwMœwkLv, (ÔiƒcvšÍiÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)

5. wPišÍ‡bi e„‡šÍi c‡i

ÿwYK cÙ Kuv‡c| (ÔivwÎÕ/kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)

myZivs, ÔAÜKviÕ, ÔPuv`Õ, ÔmvcÕ, Ôwe`y¨rÕ, ÔAv¸bÕ, ÔcÙÕ, ÔexRÕ BZ¨vw` cÖZxK Øviv ey×‡è emy

KweZvq eû-wewPÎ wel‡qi Dc¯vcb K‡i‡Qb| Kwe ÔAÜKviÕ cÖZx‡K GKw`‡K †hgb Kvgbv-evmbv,

†h․b-†PZbv, cvkecÖe„wË BZ¨vw` †PZb †K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K †ZgbB wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb d«‡qWxq

wbÁ©vb-AÜKvi g‡bvRMr wN‡i RvMÖZ mZ¨Zv‡K| Avevi Avuav‡iB ÔPuv`Õ-Gi Avwef©ve, ZvB ÔPuv`Õ,

†R¨vr¯œvÕ cÖf…wZ †c‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖZxKx e¨Äbv| KL‡bv Puv` eëüZ n‡q‡Q Kvgbv-evmbv, †h․bZv,

†h․e‡bi wbtm½Zvi cÖZx‡KÑ Avevi KL‡bv bvixi ¯Íb ev bwe‡Ki cÖZx‡K| Avi ÔmvcÕ Kvgbv-evmbv I


28

†h․bZvi cw¼j-AïwP-Avw`g iƒc-cÖKvk, Z‡e †kl ch©v‡qi KweZvmg~‡n GB cÖZx‡Ki eënvi †Zgb

GKUv †`Lv hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K Ôwe`y¨rÕ I ÔAv¸bÕ GB ywU cÖZxK eëüZ n‡q‡QÑ Ô†cÖ‡gi Aw i-

PvÂj¨Õ, ÔKvgbvi `xwßÕ, •ReZv I †h․e‡bi J¾¡j¨ cÖKvkK wn‡m‡e | Avi ÔcÙÕ kãwU m„wókxjZv I

wk‡íi J¾¡j¨-cÖKvkK cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i‡Qb Kwe| hvi d‡j, ey×‡è emyi KweZvq Kvgbv-

evmbv, †h․b-†PZbv, cvkecÖe„wË, cvc‡eva, †h․bZv, †h․e‡bi wbtm½Zv, †cÖ‡gi Aw i-PvÂj¨, Kvgbvi

`xwß, wew”QbœZv, m„wókxjZv, wk‡íi J¾¡j¨ cÖf…wZ Abyl½ †c‡q‡Q y¨wZe× Avfvmb Ges cÖZx‡Ki

cÖ‡qv‡M Zv AR©b K‡i‡Qb mv_©KZv|

AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨ wg_-cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖeYZv jÿŸxq, ey×‡è emyi Kve¨PP©vI Gi e¨wZµg bq|

e¨w³-AwfÁZvi m‡½ kvk^Z AwfÁZvi wgj‡bi c_ LuyR‡Z Kve¨‡`‡n wg_‡K ¯vb w`‡q‡QbÑ KviY

hy×-aŸsm-g„Zz¨‡Z weaŸ Í eZ©gvb •ewk^K †cÖÿvc‡U I AšÍtmvik~bï cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wg_-Gi Kv‡Q

cÖZ¨veZ©b GKcÖKvi Avewk¨K| AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq wÎ‡kvËi Kwe‡Mvôxi KweZvq GB wg_gyLx

cÖeYZvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq| Kwe myax›`ªbv_ `Ë (1901-1960) I weòz †` (1909-1982) Zuv‡ì

KweZvq cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wg_-Gi eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZvq †Zgb GKUv wg‡_i

eënvi †bB| Ab¨w`‡K ÔcyivY-cÖm‡½ ey×‡è emyi AvMÖn Zuvi mvwnZ¨Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB jÿ¨ Kiv

hvq|Õ16

Z‡e ey×‡è emyi wg_-cÖ‡qvMixwZ weòz †` n‡Z wfbœÑ KviY weòz †` hLb e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx I

AvaywbK c„w_exi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi Rb¨ wg_vkÖqx n‡q‡Qb, ZLb wZwb Rbwew”QbœZvi Kvi‡Y

wg_vkÖqx n‡q‡Qb Ges RbZvi m‡½ cybtms‡hvM vc‡b Zuvi AvMÖn †bB| wKš‧ KweZv QvovI bvUK I

Kve¨bvU¨ iPbvi †ÿ‡Î wZwb cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wg‡_i eënvi K‡i‡QbÑ Zvi D`vniY cvIqv hvq

KvjmÜ¨v, Abv¤œx A½bv, cÖ_g cv_©, msµvwšÍ I Zc¯^x I Ziw½Yx bvUK| ÔcÖ_g ch©v‡qi iPbvq †cÖg,

iƒdK_v I cÖvPxb Kv‡e¨j HwZn¨-mn‡hv‡M ey×‡è emy †ivgvw›UK ¯^cœfzeb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi

AwZ‡ivgvw›UK cÖMjfZv, AwZ K_b I AwZ-Zij g‡bvfw½ wØZxq ch©v‡qi Kv‡e¨ mshZ n‡q‡Q

wg_vkÖqx nevi d‡jB|Õ17

Ôcybiæ¾xebÕ KweZvq weòzi bvwfc‡Ùi cyivY-cÖZxK eënvi K‡i‡Qb

ey×‡è emy| Kwei Dw³ :

GB AÜKvi wØLwÐZ n‡jv Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b,

†ewi‡q G‡jv Zvi †R¨vwZg©q ü`qcÙ,

Zvi †K‡›`ª Avwg|

AvwgB †Zv Zv‡K m„wó K‡iwQjyg, hLb Avi-wKQz m„wó nqwb

Avgvi Acwi‡gq Awbe©Pbxq †cÖg w`‡q| (Ôcybiæ¾xebÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

wein‡ev‡ai AvwZkh¨RwbZ Av‡eM †_‡K GB wg_-fvebvq mgwc©Z n‡q‡Qb Kwe| KviY cÖjqR‡j

kvwqZ weòzi bvwfcÙ †_‡K †hgb c„w_ex m„wó n‡qwQj, wVK †ZgbB †cÖwgK-†cÖwgKvi ü`qc‡Ùi

wgj‡b bZzb wKQzi m„wó n‡e e‡j wZwb Avkv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| GB bZzb m„wói †cÖiYv‡KÑ ÔAÜKvi

wØLwÐZ n‡jv Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡bÕ e‡j wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, hvi Drmg~j †_‡K m„wRZ n‡q‡Q

Ô†R¨vwZg©q ü`qcÙÕ Ges Gi Ô†K‡› ªÕ Kwe wb‡R‡KB Kíbv Ki‡Qb| Avw`-AšÍnxb GB †c․ivwYK-

†PZbvq AÜKvi‡K wØLwÐZ Ki‡Z Pvb Kwe, KviY wei‡ni AvwZk‡h¨ †cÖqmx‡K Kv‡Q cvevi

e¨vKzjZvq Zuvi ü`q AvKzj| ZvB †Zv weòzi bvwfcÙ n‡Z bZzb m„wói evmbvq D‡Øj wZwb| cÖ_g

w`KKvi KweZvq Gfv‡e †ivgvw›UK †cÖg-ms‡e`bvq I Mfxi Av‡e‡M Kwei †c․ivwYK-AwfÁvb

cÖPÐfv‡e Av‡jvwoZ n‡q‡Q| wØZxq ch©v‡qi KweZvq hLb eY©bvg~jK cÖKiYixwZ cwinvi Ki‡Z m‡Pó

Kwe, ZLb mgmvgwqK Rxeb‡PZbvi mv‡_ wg_-†PZbv n‡q‡Q mgwšZ, cÖkwgZ n‡q‡Q †ivgvw›UK

Av‡eM| G-ch©v‡q †c․ivwYK iƒcK eënv‡ii D¾¡j `„óvšÍ Ô`qgšÍxÕ KweZvi cO &w³gvjv :


29

¯^M© †Zv‡K Pvq, hÁ †Zv‡K Pvq, g„Zz¨ †Zv‡K Pvq|

wKš‧ †h․e‡bi Rv`y ¯^M© i‡P Rš‧i ¸nvq,

bvwfg~‡j hÁ‡e`x, g„Zz¨ Av‡iv wb‡P|

GKw`b nsm`~Z G‡m

ZviB ms‡Mvcb gš¿ RÕ‡c †M‡Q †Zvi Kv‡b-Kv‡b,

ïbv‡q‡Q wcÖqZg bvg|

ÔcÖYvg, cÖYvg,

†èMY, ÿgv K‡iv, ÎvY K‡iv wecbœv‡i,

†hb wPwb Zv‡i

mn¯ª b‡ji g‡a¨, GB ei `vI| (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)

GLv‡b †c․ivwYK bj-`qgšÍxi cvw_©e-†cªg‡K Kwe wg_-cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZvq Abb¨ K‡i M‡o‡Qb|

†c․ivwYK- iƒcK eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Kwe Rxeb I Riv Ges †h․eb I †cÖ‡gi g‡a¨ Ac~e© mgšq iPbv

K‡i‡Qb| wg_K‡íi mnvqZvq `qgšÍxi cvw_©e †cÖg18

I Kvgbv-embvi mgvšÍiv‡j Kwe eënvi

K‡i‡Qb wb‡Ri I wbR-Kb¨vi Rxe‡bi †cÖgKvwnbx| Avgiv Rvwb, wg_-Kvwnbx Abyhvqx nsm`~‡Zi gy‡L

ÔwcÖqZgÕ bvg ï‡b, `qgšÍx AwMœ-hg‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i †e‡Q †bq gvbyl bj‡K| KviY †h‡nZy Ô Kv‡b-

Kv‡b, ïbv‡q‡Q wcÖqZg bvgÕ Ges Ônsm`~Z G‡mÕ `qgšÍxi wbKU Ôms‡Mvcb gš¿ RÕ‡c †M‡QÕ, †m‡nZz

Avi wd‡i hvevi c_ †bB| GLv‡b gZ©‡Kw›`ªK i³gvs‡mi †cÖ‡gi cÖwZ Kwei cÿcvZ Avgv‡ì mPwKZ

K‡i| GQvov †Kej `qgšÍx bq, †`ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvgKi‡YI Avgviv cyivY-cÖ‡qv‡Mi D`vniY

Lyu‡R cvB| † ªŠc`xi kvwo Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvg-KweZv Ô†`ªxc`xi kvwoÕ cvV K‡i Avgiv GK AbšÍ

inm¨Rv‡ji mÜvbjvf Kwi :

cÖwZkÖæwZ nvZzwo G‡jv

AÜKv‡i Qz‡U,

evov‡jv ü`wcÐ Zvi

Puv‡ì g‡Zv gywV

AvKvk fÕ‡i DV‡jv †mvi,

†g‡Ni †Nvi, R‡jj †Zvo;

gš¿-cov AšÍivj

w`‡jv bv Zey mvov|

Am¤¢e †`ª․c`xi

AšÍnxb kvwo| (Ô†`ª․c`xi kvwoÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)

Ô†`ªxc`xi kvwoÕ KweZvq wg_ iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b gnvfvi‡Zi hywawô‡ii cÖm½

Dc¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q| hywawôi cvkv †Lj‡Z wM‡q † ª․c`x‡K evwR †i‡L †n‡i †M‡j ytkvmb ivRmfv‡ZB

†`ª․c`xi kvwo Ly‡j Ac` Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| wKš‧ †`ª․c`xi kvwo AšÍnxb n‡q Zuv‡K iÿv K‡i| GB

NUbvi iƒcK-AšÍiv‡j GK w`‡K i‡q‡Q Ô† ª․c`xÕ, †m †hb wek^cÖK…wZ Ges Ab¨w`‡K `ytkvmb AvaywbK

weÁv‡bi we‡kølYx-eyw×| GB `ywU wfbœ iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g, wek^cÖK…wZi AšÍnxb inm¨Rvj D‡b¥vPb Kivi

cÖ‡Póvi K_v Kwe D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Avi wek^cÖK…wZi inm¨Rvj † ª․c`xi kvwoi g‡ZvB AšÍnxb19

|

Z…Zxq ch©v‡q G‡m ey×‡è emy wg_-eënv‡i we‡kl ey¨rcwË AR©b K‡ib| A_©vr cÖ_g yB ch©v‡qi

†P‡q Zv n‡q I‡V cwigv‡Y I e¨Äbv-mg„w×‡Z Abb¨| †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK Kve¨MÖ‡ši ÔARy©‡bi

cÖwZÑ †Kv‡bv bvgnxbÕ KweZvq ga¨we‡Ëi iƒcK PwiÎiƒ‡c Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q ÔARy©bÕ Pwi‡Îi| Kwe

†`‡L‡Qb, gvbyl Rxebe¨vcx Kvg-†cÖg-jvjmvq AeMvnb K‡iI AvZ¥Z…wßi ¯^v` jvf K‡i bv| KviY

`xN©Rxeb cvIqvq AR©yb eû bvixi mvwbœa¨ jvf K‡i‡Qb, Zuv‡ì gv‡S bvg-cwiPqnxb GKR‡bi K_v


30

†f‡e‡Qb Kwe| wb‡R‡K ARy©biƒ‡c Kíbv K‡i gnvfvi‡Zi †mB D‡cwÿZv bvixi Avwj½b cÖv_©bv

K‡i‡Qb| Avevi Ô†iv`b-iƒcmxÕ KweZvq †`ª․c`xi weevn-cÖ¯Ív‡ei K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b eicÿ

cÂ-¯^vgxi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡i| †`ª․c`xi wcZv Zv ag©m¤§Z bq e‡j cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡jI •ècÖfv‡e Zv

msNwVZ nq| ey×‡è emy GB †c․ivwYK NUbv w`‡q GB KweZvwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avevi GB ARy©b

PwiÎ‡Kw› ªK wg_ eëüZ n‡q‡Q ÔAm¤¢‡ei MvbÕ KweZv‡ZI :

e„_vq RwcqvwQ †Zvgv‡i gb,

_vgvI Aw¯i PüvPv‡gwP|

†Kv_vq ARy©b! †Kv_vq Kvgiƒc!

GK em‡šÍB k~b¨ Z~Y| (ÔAm¤¢‡ei MvbÕ/kx‡Zi cªv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)

GLv‡b ga¨weË-PwiÎ ÔARy©bÕ ev¯Íe c„w_ex‡Z G‡m‡Qb| wZwb Rxebe¨vcx bvbv Uvbv‡cv‡o‡b ÿZweÿZ,

AvkÖqnxb Ges †cªwgKv I GK-cÂgvsk ¯¿x † ª․c`xi mvwbœa¨ ewÂZ| GB KweZvq wg‡_i Avei‡Y GK

ga¨weË †cÖwgK cyiæ‡li †e`bv-nvnvKvi-AZ…wß‡K Kwe wPwÎZ Ki‡Qb| ¯^vMZwe`vq Kve¨MÖ‡ši

Ônbygv‡bi Rxeb I g„Zz¨Õ KweZvq nbygvbKZ©„K mxZvi Rb¨ mgy`ª-j•N‡bi cÖ‡Póv wPwÎZ nq

mv_©Kfv‡e| KweI nbygv‡bi g‡Zv Kíbv-AvKv•ÿv-†cÖiYvi ZxeªZvq `yj©•N mgy`ª‡K AwZµg K‡i

mxZviƒcx ÔAKw_Z evYx‡KÕ ev•gq iƒc w`‡Z m‡Pó nb| ïay Zv-B bq, nbygv‡bi g‡Zv `xN©Rxeb,

L¨vwZ, m¤§vb cÖf…wZ jvf K‡i g„ZzëiY Ki‡Z Pvb Kwe| nbygv‡bi Rxeb-Kg©-g„Zz¨‡K wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi

mv‡_ GKB mij †iLvq Gu‡K GB wg_Kíbv‡K ev Íeiƒc w`‡Z Pvb Kwe| ey×‡è emyi wg_-cÖ‡qv‡Mi

K…wZZ¡ Zvui cÖvq mKj ch©v‡qi KweZvq jÿŸxqÑ Z‡e fviZxq cyiv‡Yi eënviB AwaK| Ô¯fvem~‡Î

†ivgvw›UK wPËe„wËi kw³‡Z wZwb ¯^ , Avevi BwZnvmMwZi avivq e„nËi †`kKv‡ji m‡½ AbwšZ|

d‡j e¨w³Zv‡K wbi‡cÿ †i‡LI ey×‡è emy cÖwZKvinxb wew”QbœZv‡ev‡a cxwoZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| GK

ch©v‡q ZvB cvðvZ¨ wkíixwZ‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡qI Av`k© mÜv‡bi Rb¨ cybivq wd‡i Av‡mb fviZxq

HwZ‡nï Dr‡m|Õ20

myZivs hwÌ Kwe weòz †ì g‡Zv cvðvZ¨ cyiv‡Yi cÖwZ Kwei AvZ¥cÖKvk Kg,

Z_vwc G-K_v Ab¯^xKvh© †h wg_K‡íi AvaywbK iƒcvq‡Y wZwb mdj wkíx|

3.

ey×‡è emyi KweZvi wPÎK‡íi mycÖPzi eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, KviY AvaywbK KweZvi GwU cÖavb

jÿY| Kwei †gav-gbb-¯§„wZ I Kvgbv-embv-†cÖiYv †_‡K wPÎK‡íi Rb¥ nq| B‡gwR÷

Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq cÖPzi wPÎK‡íi eënvi n‡q‡Q| wÎ‡kvËi Kweiv

KweZvq wPÎKí iPbv Ki‡jI cvðv‡Z¨ cÖPwjZ wPÎKíev`x Av‡›`vj‡b †Zgb GKUv mvov †`bwb|

Kwe wb‡R Aek¨ e›`xi e›`bv †_‡K K¼veZx ch©šÍ Kv‡e¨ wPÎKí iPbvi e¨cv‡i ZZUv m‡PZb wQ‡jb

bv| wZwbI B‡gwR÷ Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e wPÎKí m„R‡b AvMÖnx n‡jI wPÎKíev`x Kve¨v‡›`vjb M‡o

Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nbwb| Ô1909 †_‡K 1917 ch©šÍ ¯vqx Aaybv-we¯§„ZcÖvq ÔB‡gwR÷Õ Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨

wQ‡jv wel‡qi cÖZ¨ÿZv, wbi¼zk I msnZ cÖKvkixwZ, wPÎK‡íi Awbevh© ¯úóZv, K_ïxwZi eënvi,

gy³Q‡›ì cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw`|Õ21

e›`xi e›`bv Kv‡e¨ †h mswÿß cwigv‡Y wPÎKí wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb, Zv

Ac~Y© I iƒcK-wbf©i| wKQz wPÎj eY©bvq, U zK‡iv Qwe ev `„k¨ Ges Nb ev Mvpe× Av‡e‡M Mov iƒcK

B‡g‡R wZwb KweZv m„wó K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wP‡Îi mv‡_ cÖvqB hy³ n‡q‡Q Nb ev Mvpe× Av‡e‡Mi ù~wZ©,

hvi d‡j Mfxi Kíbv cwic~Y©Zv cvq wb| G‡Z cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvq ÔPzjÕ, Ô †PvLÕ, ÔPuv`Õ, Ôwe`y¨rÕ,

ÔAÜKviÕ cÖf…wZ †ivgvw›UK Dcv`vb wPÎKí iPbvi Abyl½ wn‡m‡e eënvi n‡q‡QÑ Z‡e Zv wPÎKí

n‡q I‡Vwb| A_©vr eû wPÎj eY©bv _vK‡jI Zv Avm‡j wPÎKí bq| KviY ÔA‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Dcgv I


31

B‡g‡Ri g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Mfxi Av‡eMm¤¢~Z DcgvB B‡gR| wKš‧, G K_v

ejvB evûj¨ †h Mfxi Av‡eM †Kv_vq m¤ú„³ n‡”Q Zvi wm×všÍ cvV‡Ki Abyfejä e¨w³MZ wePv‡ii

Ici wbf©ikxj| †mB cvVKwPËI Avevi hyM‡f‡`, †kÖYx‡f‡`, wkÿv-Af¨vm-iæwP‡f‡` wfbœ n‡Z †Zv

cv‡iBÑ GKB cvV‡Ki gb Kvjµ‡g e`‡jI †h‡Z cv‡i|Õ22

wb‡¤œ cÖ_g ch©v‡qi wKQz wPÎK‡íi eY©bvi

D`vniY †`qv nj:

1. mg¯Í ivwÎ wekvj GKUv iƒcvwj cvwL n‡q DV‡jv,

Zvi ÿzwaZ †Vuv‡Ui g‡a¨ Avgvi mËv (Ôcybiæ¾xebÕ/bZzb cvZv)

2. Pz‡j Zvi †Ljv K‡i †ng‡šÍi weKv‡ji †mvbvwj Av‡jvK,

Zij bq‡b Zvi Av‡jv-fiv AÜKvi K‡i Ujgj, (Ô†cÖwg‡Ki cÖv_©bv/ GKwU K_v)

3. ivwÎ jvwd‡q DV‡Q †KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYvi g‡Zv (Ôwe‡”Q‡ì w`bÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

cÖ_g Ges Z…Zxq D×…wZ‡Z ivwÎ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g Ôiƒcvwj cvwLÕ I Ô†KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYviÕ

wn‡m‡e| †cÖwgKvi Abycw¯wZ I weinfvebv GB `ywU KweZvs‡k Dcw¯Z cÖejfv‡e, hvi d‡j Kwei

Ag½j‡eva cÖKwUZ n‡q‡Q Ôiƒcvwj cvwLÕ I Ô†KD‡Ui Kv‡jv dYviÕ gva¨‡g| hwÌ ivwÎi iƒcvwj cvwL

n‡q IVvi eY©bv wPÎ¸‡Y mg„×, †m-wn‡m‡e †KD‡Ui dYvi g‡a¨ wPÎ †bB| †KD‡U-†Kw›`ªK wPÎwU †ek

mg„× n‡jI Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv †bB, †Kej ÔivwÎ jvwd‡q DV‡QÕ Ges †KD‡Ui dYvi g‡Zv

ùvwo‡q i‡q‡Q w¯ifv‡e| Avevi wØZxq D×…wZ‡Z cvV‡Ki Kíbv n‡q c‡o eû`~i we¯Í…Z, KviY †cÖqmxi

ÔZij bq‡bÕ wZwb †`L‡Z cvb ÔAv‡jv-fiv AÜKviÕ Gi Rjvavi| Z‡e GB D×…wZ my¯úó wPÎ AsK‡b

mÿg n‡jI wPÎKí bq| wKš‧ bZzb cvZv Kve¨MÖš n‡Z Kwei wPÎKí cwiYZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q,

†c‡q‡Q cwic~Y© mg„w×| KviY GB ch©v‡q G‡m GKw`‡K jvf K‡i‡Qb Bs‡iwR †ivgvw›UK KweZvi

mvwbœa¨, Ab¨w`‡K mwÂZ B‡gwR÷ Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi c‡ivÿ cÖfve|

bZzb cvZv Kve¨MÖš n‡Z µ‡g KveïPbvi wØZxq ch©v‡q ÔNvmÕ KweZvq Avgvi Lyu‡R cvB bvMwiK

wPÎKí| Kwei fvlvq :

Pvwiw`‡K

B¯úvZ A¨vk‡dë B‡U

†Uwi kvwo X‡j c‡o G Ii wc‡Vi c‡i

†`v‡j †hb cvZvnviv K¼vj-Mv‡Qiv

cvZv‡ji Ajÿ¨ nvIqvq| (ÔNvmÕ/ kx‡Zi cÖv_©bv : em‡šÍi DËi)

ÔNvmÕ KweZvi bvMwiK wPÎK‡íi ga¨ w`‡q ey×‡è emy wb‡Ri •PZb¨-RvwiZ B‡gwR÷ Kwe‡ì

mvaviY jÿY‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| hvi d‡j †ev`‡jqvi-cvDÛ-Gwjq‡Ui KweZvq ¯vb †c‡q‡Q bMi I

bvMwiK Rxeb| G‡ÿ‡Î Gwjq‡Ui ÔThe Love Song of J. Alfred ProfrokÕ KweZvwU ¯§iY‡hvM¨,

†hLv‡b Kwei Dw³ wb¤œiƒc :

Let us go then, you and I,

When the evening is spread out against the sky

Like a patient entherised upon a table;

Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,

The muttering retrets

Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels

And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:23


32

AZGe ÔNvmÕ KweZvq bvMwiK wPÎKí iƒ‡c ÔB¯úvZ A¨vk‡dë B‡UÕ M‡o D‡V‡Q ÔcvZvnviv K¼vj-

Mv‡QivÕ I Zuv‡ì ¯§„wZ-AwfÁvb| Avevi GKBfv‡e Dchy©³ Gwjq‡Ui KweZvq eëüZ n‡q‡Q bvMwiK

Abyl½, GKwU mÜ¨vi eY©bvÑ †hLv‡b Acv‡ikb-†Uwe‡j kvwqZ AÁvb e¨w³i Rxeb-ev¯ÍeZv cÖKvwkZ

n‡q‡Q weeY© mÜ¨vi wPÎgqZvq| Ab¨w`‡K Kwe-m„wRZ cÖK…wZ-wbf©i wPÎKíI Avgv‡ì mn‡R PgwKZ

K‡i| Kwei Dw³ G-†ÿ‡Î ¯§iY‡hvM¨ :

KL‡bv bxj †g‡Ni fvi,

Av‡jvi evN KL‡bv QvqvÑ

nwi‡Y K‡i Zvov, (Ô†`ª․c`xi kvwoÕ/†`ªŠc`xi kvwo)

cÖK…wZi GB wPÎK‡í Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB eûwea cÖZxKx D™¢vmb, hvi ga¨ w`‡q Avm‡j Kwe cÖK…wZi

inm¨gqZv D‡b¥vP‡b m‡Pó n‡q‡Qb| ÔAv‡jvi evN KL‡bv QvqvÑnwi‡Y K‡i ZvovÕ cO&w³‡Z wZwb

ÔAv‡jvi evNÕ I Ô QvqvÑnwiYÕ Gi cÖZxK eënvi K‡i‡Qb| m~‡h©i bx‡P MwZkxj †g‡Ni Qz‡U Pjv Ges

Zv‡ì g‡a¨ evN I nwi‡Yi cÖZx‡K Zvov Kivi eY©bv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e †Kej cÖZxKx-wPÎíB

bq, mgv‡mvw³ Aj¼v‡ii gva¨‡gI wPÎKí m„R‡bi D`vniY Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq Zuvi KweZvq| Kwe

e‡j‡Qb :

iƒ‡cvwj Rj ï‡q-ï‡q ¯^cœ †`L‡Q, mg¯Í AvKvk

bx‡ji †¯ªv‡Z SÕ‡i co‡Q Zvi ey‡Ki Dci

m~‡h©i Pz¤^‡b| ÑGLv‡b R¦‡j DV‡e Aciƒc B›`ªaby

†Zvgvi Avi Avgvi i‡³i mgy`ª‡K wN‡i

KL‡bv wK †f‡ewQ‡j? (ÔwPévq mKvjÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

GLv‡b Ôiƒ‡cvwj Rj ï‡q-ï‡q ¯^cœ †`L‡QÕ KweZvs‡ki D‡jøLgvÎ cvVK Aciƒc †Kv‡bv bvix‡K Kíbv-

gbxlvq ¯vb †`q| †h bvixi ey‡Ki Ici Ômg Í AvKvk /bx‡ji †¯ªv‡Z SÕ‡i co‡QÕ, AviI i‡q‡Q

Ôm~‡h©i Pz¤bÕ| G- †hb †Kv‡bv bvix Aciƒc fw½gvq mKv‡ji wg‡V †i․ ª †`‡n †g‡L wb‡”Q, Avi Zv‡Z

R¦‡j DV‡Q ÔAciƒc B› ªabyÕÑ hvi gva¨‡g Kwe wb‡Ri mv‡_ †cÖqmxi GK †Mvcb ms‡hvM‡iLv Abyfe

Ki‡Qb| Gfv‡e wb‡Ri Ôi‡³i mgy`ª‡K wN‡iÕ Kíbvq ÔAciƒc B›`ªabyÕ Kíbv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q

cvVK‡PZbvq ~icÖmvix fvebvi m¤úªmviY NwU‡q‡Qb| Kve¨PP©vi Z…Zxq ch©v‡q cÖZx‡Ki M~p e¨Äbvq

ey×‡è emyi KweZv AviI mg„× n‡q‡Q| GB ch©v‡q G‡m kã e¨Äbvq wZwb cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb

Mvpe×Zv, wb‡g©` iƒc, cÖMvpZ¡i cÖwZ| GK K_vq, AwšÍg ch©v‡q wPÎKí msL¨vq Kg n‡jI Awfbe I

Kíbvmg„×| Dch©y³ ÔwPévq mKvjÕ KweZvq †hfv‡e †cÖqmxi wewPÎ †cÖggq fw½gv‡K Kwe †hgb

wPÎiƒcgq K‡i Dc¯vcb K‡i‡Qb, wVK †mfv‡e Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi Ô†g․wjbv‡_i ¯^cœÕ KweZvq AviI

PgrKvi I Dc‡fvM¨ eY©bv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq :

†Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L wQ‡j Zzwg Awb‡gl,

†Vuv‡U cÖ‡jvfb, †K․Zz‡K AvuKv fziæ,

g„Z ü`‡qi jyß Av`‡i gvLv

ewZ‡PwjÑ gyL, cvÐzi| (Ô†g․wjbv‡_i ¯^cœÕ/ gi‡P cov †c‡i‡Ki Mvb)

GLv‡b Dc‡gq bvixi Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q GK we‡kl fw½gvqÑ †Vuv‡U cÖ‡jvfbÕ, Ô†K․Zz‡K AvuKv fziæÕ Avi

Ôjyß Av`‡i gvLv/ewZ‡PwjÑ gyL, cvÐziÕ| A_©vr Dc‡gq bvixi fw½gv‡K ev Íe iƒc w`‡Z wM‡q †U‡b

G‡b‡Qb ewZ‡Pwji wPÎK‡g©i cÖm½| Av‡jvP¨ D×…wZ‡Z wkíx ewZ‡Pwj m„wRZ †Kv‡bv Awb‡`©k my›ì

gyLkÖx I fw½gv‡Z D¾¡j bvixi mv‡_ ev Íe bvixi Zzjbvi gva¨‡g gyn~‡Z©B GK Abb¨ wPÎKí M‡o

D‡V‡Q, hvi d‡j †mB bvix AviI inm¨gq I Aciƒc n‡q D‡V‡Qb|


33

Avm‡j ey×‡è emy iwPZ wPÎKí mn‡RB K‡qKwU ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv hvq| cÖ_g I wØZxq ch©v‡qi

wPÎK‡í cÖKvwkZ †ivgvw›UK Abyf~wZ I †cÖg‡PZbvi cÖvq mg Í DcgvbwPÎ msM„wnZ n‡q‡Q cÖK…wZ

†_‡K| Nwbó-ch©‡eÿ‡Y jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, Kwei cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi wPÎK‡íi me©Î cÖK…wZ-

cÖK…wZfvebv Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q| cvVK h‡Zv mvg‡b GwM‡q hv‡eb Z‡Zv AwaK cwigv‡Y

†cÖwgKmËv, †cÖwgKv, †cÖg I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ Lyu‡R cv‡eb Mfxi msjMœZv| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q cÖK…wZi mvwbœa¨

K‡g wM‡q cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q RxebwmwÂZ AwfÁZvi wbR©vm Ges µ‡g mg Í KweZvq wPÎK‡íi myMfxi

`y¨wZ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q AR ªavivq|

Avgiv Rvwb, Ômywbqwš¿Z I mycwiwgZ evK&web¨v‡mi bvg Q›`| Avgv‡ì wbZ¨Kw_Z ev MwVZ

M`¨ fvlvi aŸwbcÖevn‡K wbqwš¿Z I cwiwgZ iƒ‡c web¨¯Í Ki‡jB c‡`ï Q›` Drcbœ nq|Õ24

KweZvq

Q›` I Aj¼v‡ii eyb‡b ey×‡è emy me©`v ¯^vaxbhvÎv Lyu‡R‡Qb, hvi d‡j wbweó g‡b iPbv K‡i‡Qb

M`¨Ñc‡`ï GK cÖMvp †mZzeÜ| cÖPzi cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb iex›`ªbv‡_i Q›`-eënv‡ii wbh©vm

wb‡q| iex›`ªbv_ e‡j‡Qb,ÔcÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB GKUv ¯^vfvweK Pwjevi fw½ Av‡Q| †mB fw½UviB AbymiY

Kwiqv †mB fvlvi b„Z¨ A_©vr Zvnvi Q›` iPbv Kwi‡Z nq|Õ25

Kve¨PP©vq ¯^Zš¿ KÉ¯i cÖKvk nevi

Av‡M ivexw› ªK Q›` I D”PviYfw½ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zuvi •K‡kvwiK iPbv g¤§©evYx-†Z| myZivs cÖ_g

ch©v‡qi iPbvq cÖavbZ gy³K Aÿie„Ë I M`¨Q›`‡K wZwb KweZvi evnb K‡i‡Qb| Gi Dchy³

D`vniY e›`xi e›`bv Kve¨, †hLv‡b ivexw›`ªK-cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvayh© I Abvoó D”PviY jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

evK&ixwZ I KveïxwZi AšqRwbZ AvoóZv I Am‡PZbZvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb ÔggÕ, ÔZ‡eÕ, Ôm‡bÕ,

Ôh‡eÕ, Ô†gv‡iÕ BZ¨vw` mgKvjxb cÖPwjZ kãgvjv| Z‡e GB Kve¨ †_‡KB AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Zuvi wbR¯^

KÉ¯î aŸwbZ Kivi cÖZ¨q cvVKm¤§y‡L cÖKvk cvq, A_©vr cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q ivexw›`ªK gy³K Aÿie„‡Ë

Kve¨PP©vi m~Pbv NU‡jI cieZx© ch©v‡q KweZvq wbR¯ KÉ¯î cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z mÿg nb| GgbwK mvay

wµqvc` I Zrmg k‡ãi Aeva eënvi cwiZ¨vM K‡ib Aejxjvq|

Kwe iex›`ª-cÖfv‡e gy³K Aÿie„Ë Q‡›` e›`xi e›`bv Kv‡eï ÔkvcåóÕ, ÔAwgZvi †cÖgÕ,

ÔKvj‡¯ªvZÕ, †cÖwgKÕ, AcY©vi kÎæÕ, Ôe›`xi e›`bvÕ BZ¨vw` KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‧ Av‡eM-¯ú›`‡b

I AšÍ©RM‡Z cÖengvb †PZb‡ ªv‡Z wbR¯ ¯^Zš¿ KÉ¯^‡i fv¯î| µ‡g GKwU K_v I c„w_exi c‡_

Kve¨MÖ‡š G‡m Zrmg k‡ãi eënvi-evûj¨ K‡g‡Q, †e‡o‡Q K_¨k‡ãi eënvi| cÖ_g ch©v‡q Q‡›ì

Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡jI µ‡g ¯^vaxbfv‡e Q›èyb‡b eªZx nb, cO&w³i gvÎvmsL¨vi n«vm-e„w× NwU‡q

•ewP‡Îï m„wó K‡i‡Qb| e›`xi e›`bv Kv‡eï Ô†cÖwgKÕ KweZvq gy³K Aÿie„Ë Q‡›ì eënvi wb¤œiƒc:

Rvwb, †m wK‡mi g~wZ©| wbtkã, exfrm GK iæÿ AÆnvwmÑ

wb`viæY `šÍnxb wefxwlKv| (Ô†cÖwgKvÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)

†g․wLK fvlv‡K Kve¨‡`‡n mÂvwiZ Ki‡Z wM‡q `qgšÍx Kv‡e¨ mvay wµqvc` I Kvwe¨K kãewR©Z

cO&w³gvjvq Af¨¯Í n‡jb Kwe| Z‡e †g․wLK fvlvi evK&fw½ me©`v eënvi m¤¢e bq, KviY KweZvi

fvlvi wbR¯ eybb i‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j mvay wµqvc` me©Î eR©b Kiv m¤¢e nqwb:

mvgvb¨ msKí Zvi bó nÕ‡j A`„‡ói †`v‡l

we‡k wb‡›`, Avcbv‡K Aÿg wa°v‡i

ÿZ K‡i : (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)

wØZxq I Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi KweZvq Kwe kã-eënv‡ii wbcyY †K․k‡j, RwUj evKëÜ‡bi eënv‡i I

K_¨ evK&¯ú›`‡bi cÖengvbZvq KweZvq we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| ÔQ›`‡K h_vm¤¢e K…wÎg D”PviY


34

†_‡K gy³ K‡i PwjZ fvlvi evK&agx© ¯^vfvweKZvq Zv‡K DbœxZ Kiv wQj Zuvi cÖavb jÿ¨| ZvB

cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb wewfbœ Q›ìxwZi D”Pvi‡Y •kw_j¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|Õ26

Avevi m‡bU-wbg©v‡YI †h

wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb Zv e›`xi e›`bv Kve¨-cv‡V Dcjwä Kiv hvq| GB Kv‡e¨ ¯vb †c‡q‡Q

†gvU ev‡ivwU m‡Bu, Z‡e cÖPwjZ 14 gvÎvi cO&w³i cwie‡Z© eëüZ n‡q‡Q 18 gvÎvi cO&w³| `xN©

gvÎvi cO&w³ Qvov cÖ_g ch©v‡qi m‡b‡U †Zgb we‡kl †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨ †Pv‡L c‡o bv| Z‡e m‡bU

wbg©v‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb msnZ evK&¯ú›`, „pe× iƒcixwZ, wb‡g©` KvwVb¨ BZ¨vw` wbg©v‡Y cÖZ¨q

jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡Q wØZxq ch©v‡qi KweZv †_‡K, wKš‧ GB ch©v‡q G‡m Kwei m‡bU iPbvi cwigvY K‡g

†M‡Q| wZwb Zuvi mycwiwPZ ÔBwjkÕ KweZvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb Aÿie„Ë m‡bU-KvVv‡gv; wgj-web¨vmÑ

KLLK : KLLK MNO MON :

AvKv‡k Avlvp G‡jv; evsjv‡`‡k el©vq wenŸj|

†gNeY© †gNbvi Zx‡i-Zx‡i bvwi‡Kj mvwi

e„wó‡Z a~gj; cÙvcÖv‡šÍ kZvãxi ivRevwo

wejywßi cÖZ¨vkvq `„k¨cU-mg APÂj| (ÔBwjkÕ/ `qgšÍx)

ÔBwjkÕ KweZvq AóK Pvi cO&w³i `yB ¯Íe‡K wef³ n‡q †hgb †c‡q‡Q msnZ-iƒc, wVK †ZgbB

mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q msnZ evK&¯ú›`| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q G‡m Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi, m‡bU‡K †K› ª K‡i KweZvi

msnZ-iƒc `„pe× n‡q‡QÑ †c‡q‡Q KvVv‡gv‡Kw› ªK ù~wZ©| we‡klfv‡e †h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK

Kve¨MÖ‡ši K_v D‡jøL¨, KviY GB MÖ‡ši AwaKvsk KweZvB m‡bU| GgbwK wewPÎ cixÿv-wbixÿvi

¯^vÿiI GLv‡b „k¨gvb, ÔGK ZiæY Kwe‡KÕ KweZvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb ¯îe„Ë Q›`| GgbwK m‡b‡Ui

¯ÍeK web¨vm wb‡qI wewPÎ cixÿv-bxwiÿv K‡i‡Qb, hwÌ AwaKvsk m‡b‡Ui ¯ÍeK-web¨vm 4-4 : 3-3

Z_vwc cÖvqB AóK-lU‡Ki Ae¯vb wech©q NwU‡q‡Qb| wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv :

Amnbxq 4-4 : 3-3

KK©UµvwšÍ 4-3 : 3-4

bv- †jLv KweZvi cÖwZ 4-3 : 3-4

FZzi DË‡i 3-3 : 3-3 : 2

m‡e©kix 4-4 : 4-4

gyw³i gyn~Z© 4-4 : 3-3 : 2

Avevi Amg-cO&w³i `„óvšÍI i‡q‡Q :

FRy c‡_ Avgv‡ì Pjv| wcuc‡oi Kg©V wgwQj

eÕ‡q P‡j cÖKvÐ †cvKvi ke, •kke, †h․eb cvi nÕ‡q;

GgbwK hyM †_‡K hyMvšÍ‡i †U‡b †bq bw_cÎ, ¯^vÿi, `wjj;

(Ô¯§„wZi cÖwZ-2Õ/ †h Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)

Avm‡j ey×‡è emy m‡bU-wbg©v‡Y I Q›`-wgj-¯ú›`b m„R‡b `ÿ KvwiMi, hvi d‡j Zuvi Kve¨-cÖZ¨q

n‡q D‡V‡Q m½Z I m½wZc~Y©| Avi †h evK&ixwZ AbymiY K‡i wZwb Kve¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb Zv M`ägx©|

GB M`ägx© Kve¨-eyb‡bi cÖ‡Póv †_‡K cÖ_g I AwšÍg c‡e© Kwe AwaK M`¨Q›` Aej¤b K‡i‡Qb|

GKRb mgv‡jvPK Kwe ey×‡è emyi Q›`Ávb-cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb,Ôey×‡è emy Q‡›` evK&ixwZi cÖ‡qv‡M

mdj n‡q‡Qb| wgkÖe„Ë, Kjve„Ë Ges `je„ËÑ wZb ixwZi Q‡›`B cÖ‡qvRbgZ wkw_j D”PviY G‡b

¯^vfvweK PjwZ fvlvi cÖ‡qvM-•bcyY¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb| we‡`kx Q›`-wg‡ji cÖ‡qvM, QovRvZxq KweZvi jNy

hwZfvM I aŸwb¯ú‡›`, M`¨ KweZvi fveevnx evKce© web¨v‡m, cÖ”Qbœ AbycÖvm eënv‡i wZwb •ewPÎ¨

†`wL‡q‡Qb|27

myZivs, wÎ‡kvËi Kwe‡ì KweZvq M`¨Q‡›ì PP©v cÖej n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv Ges M`¨-c‡`ï


35

wg_w®…qv NUv‡bvi ZrciZv w`b-w`b e„w× cvw”Qj| Awgq PµeZx©i M`¨Q‡›ì D`vniYI GB †ÿ‡Î

¯§iY‡hvM¨, Z‡e Zuvi KweZvi AšÍ¯ú‡›ì mv‡_ ey×‡è emyi KweZvi AšÍ¯ú‡›ì wgj AwZ mvgvb¨|

ey×‡è emy M`¨KweZvq K‡L‡bv Av‡eM‡K kvmb K‡i‡Qb, Avevi KL‡bv Av‡e‡Mi E‡aŸ© D‡V wbg©vY

K‡i‡Qb Av‡eMfvi cÖkwgZ cO&w³gvjv| Zuvi iwPZ Ggb GKwU msZ M`¨KweZvi D`vniY n‡jv

ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ :

¯^‡M©i ¯‡cœi g‡Zv; †Zvgvi ey‡Ki Dci DËß DrmyK

Avgvi nv‡Zi ¯úk©; K~j Qvwc‡q I‡V †Zvgvi `yB eyK (ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ/ bZzb cvZv)

The Waste Land Kve¨MÖ‡š T.S.Eliot K_¨fvlv eënvi K‡i‡Qb ÔReflect the speech of life,

the pressure of life, its very essenceÕ28

-hyw³ MÖnY K‡i| hvi d‡j Zuvi GB Kv‡e¨ K_¨fvlvi

mv‡_ Kve¨fvlvi †hvMm~Î ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q ªæZ Ges m„wRZ n‡q‡Q K…wÎgZv †_‡K gy³ Kve¨fvlv| Z‡e

Kwei M`¨Q‡›ì D¾¡j ¯^vÿi enb Ki‡Q GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡š, KviY GLv‡b K_¨fvlvi

¯^vfvweK ¯ú›`b‡K AvËxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g KweZvq GK we‡kl ¯ú›`b‡K ¯vqx Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb GB

Kve¨MÖ‡ši KweZvmg~‡n †Qv‡Uv-†Qv‡Uv evK¨ mÂq K‡i Ges `vwo-Kgvi Aweij eënv‡i K_¨fw½i

hwZ-c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Gi d‡j KweZvq †hgb Zuvi wbR¯ fw½-Mob †c‡q‡Q KvVv‡gv, Avevi

wVK †ZgbB ivexw›`ªK M`¨fw½ †_‡K †c‡q‡Q GK ¯^Zš¿ iƒc| GKw`b : wPiw`b Kve¨MÖ‡ši bvgKweZv

ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ cvV Ki‡j Zv mn‡RB Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e :

†ejv `y‡Uv, Svg‡i bv‡g MÖx®§| †Zgwb wW‡gi g‡Zv †ivÏyi,

AvKvk Ry‡o Zv †èvi ¯ÍäZv| wPb‡Z cvwi GB †mB evwo,

Uªvg †_‡K †b‡g cwo cvK© mvK©v‡m|

cvuwP‡j †Niv GKZjv, wmuwoi Mv‡q cy‡iv‡bv w`‡bi k¨vIjv

ïK‡bv cvZv LÕ‡m c‡o D‡Vv‡b| Av‡¯Í : wQu‡o †djv

wPwVi g‡Zv kã K‡iv| (ÔGKw`b : wPiw`bÕ/ GKw`b : wPiw`b)

Gfv‡e M`¨Q›` wbg©v‡YI Kwe wbqwgZ cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖwZwbqZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g GK

fw½ I D”PviY-ixwZ †_‡K Ab¨ fw½ I D”PviY-ixwZ‡Z wb‡R‡K PvwjZ K‡i‡Qb| gy³K Aÿie„Ë Zuvi

Kve¨PP©vi cÖavb evnb n‡jI Gi g‡a¨ wZwb cÖevwnZ K‡i‡Q Av‡eM I wbiv‡eM †PZbvi msnZ cÖ¯ªeb|

†ivgvw›UK KweZvi g~j evnb AZjvšÍ Av‡eM-cÖivµg †_‡K ax‡i-ax‡i m‡i G‡m wbg©vYKjvq AevwiZ

K‡i‡Qb wbiv‡eM I wb‡g©vn Kve¨cÖevn| Q‡›ì †ÿ‡Î myi-¯î-fw½ I eybb cÖK‡í NwU‡q‡Qb Aweij

cwieZ©b, hvi d‡j mn‡RB Q›`cÖev‡ni GB µg-AMÖmigvYZvq I µg-cwieZ©bkxjZvq MwVZ n‡q‡Q

¯^Zš¿-¯î| GQvov ey×‡è emyi KweZv Aj¼vi-iÄ‡K mg„× Ges wbR¯^ kãgvjvi eënvi-gvay‡h©

KweZvq m½xZ¸Y mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Qb| GB mvsMxwZK aŸwb-web¨vm AbycÖvm AvKv‡i †c‡q‡Q cÖwZôv|

GB AbycÖvm eënv‡i K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb fviZP› ª ivqMyYvKi (1712-1760)I BkîP›`ª ¸ß (1812-

1859), kãvjsKv‡ii SsKv‡i I mvo¤î-AvwZk‡h¨| wKš‧ wÎ‡kvËi Kweiv k‡ãi aŸwbMZ web¨v‡m

†KejgvÎ AbycÖv‡m wbf©ikxj nbwb, eû-wewPÎ c‡_ hvÎv K‡i‡Qb m‡PZbfv‡e| Gi d‡j cÖ_g

ch©v‡qi KweZvq ey×‡è emy †hfv‡e cÖPzi AbycÖvm eënvi K‡i‡Qb, cieZx© ch©v‡q Zv cwigv‡Y A‡bK

Kg| cÖ_g w`‡K aŸwbMZ PgK m„wó‡Z Zvui AvMÖn jÿ¨bxq :

1. bZzb bbxi g‡Zv Zby Ze? (Ô†cÖwgKÕ/ e›`xi e›`bv)

2. †Zvgvi Zbyi ZiwjZ †mvbv (ÔI‡Mv we`y¨jøZvÕ/ c„w_exi c‡_)

3. Nyg †b‡g G‡jv †g`yi AvKv‡k, gayi †g‡N, (Ô†m‡ibv`Õ/ K¼veZx)

4. cw_K, cÖvw_©Z, Nyg, †cÖwg‡Kiv, f~gvi Av¯^v`:Ñ (ÔKK©UµvšÍÕ/ †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)


36

5. wm³ K‡i ¯§„wZi ¯Í‡bi e„šÍ-`y‡ai †duvUvq| (Ô¯îÕ/ †h-Avuavi Av‡jvi AwaK)

6. cyKz‡i cÖdyjø cvbv, evukeb e„wó‡Z a~gj:Ñ (Ô¯^vMZwe`vqÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)

7. †h․e‡bi Rv`y ¯^M© i‡P Rš‧i ¸nvq (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)

Avm‡j Bw› ªqvZxZ Aiƒc iƒc‡K KweZvq aviY Ki‡Z wM‡q AbycÖv‡mi eënv‡i AvMÖnx n‡q‡Qb ey×‡è

emy| 1-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z aŸwbMZ PgK Avgv‡ì fvweZ K‡i| aŸwbgvay‡h©i PgrKvwi‡Z¡ AbycÖv‡m

Ô†`nZbyÕ wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q ÔbZzb bbxiÕ Aeq‡e| wKsev 2-msL¨K D×„wZ‡Z DwjøwLZ ÔZbyÕ n‡q‡Q ÔZby

ZiwjZ †mvbvÕ, hvi d‡j ÔZÕ aŸwbwU aŸwbmvRy‡h¨ †hgb AZzjbxq my›ì n‡q D‡V‡Q, wVK †ZgbB

ÔZiwjZÕ kã-mn‡hv‡M Kvwe¨K-jve‡Y¨ n‡q‡Q †gvnbxq| Ab¨w`‡K D×…wZ 3-G ÔNygÕ kãwUi wem½Z

eënvi AbycÖvme„‡šÍ Kvwe¨K AwfNvZ m„Rb K‡i‡Q| Gi D`vniY DwjøwLZ 4-msL¨K D×…wZ‡ZI

`„k¨gvb, A_©vr Ôcw_K, cÖvw_©Z, Nyg, †cÖwg‡KivÕ KweZvs‡k ÔNygÕ k‡ãi Abe`¨ Dc¯vcbvq I

aŸwbmsMV‡b Kwei gbbkxjZv wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q mnRvZfv‡e| Avevi 5-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z bvixi iƒc

eY©bvq GK cÖMvp ¯§„wZgMœZv m„wó n‡q‡Q, hv mn‡RB aŸwbZi½ M‡o †Zv‡j| wKsev D×…wZ 6-G ÔcyKz‡i

cÖdyjø cvbvÕ KweZvsk n‡Z Avgviv Rvwb, ÔcvbvÕ †Zv KL‡bv cÖdzjø nq bvÑ Z‡e ¸YevPK kã Ab¨vm³

Aj¼v‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi Avgiv 5-msL¨K D`vniY n‡Z aŸwbgvay‡h©i PgrKvwiZ¡ I AbycÖv‡mi

Abb¨ iƒc-wbg©vY †`wL Ô†h․e‡bi Rv`y ¯^M©Õ-G eëüZ KweZvs‡ki AbycÖv‡m| Gfv‡e AbycÖv‡mi g‡Zv

Dcgv wbg©v‡YI we‡kl cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Kwe Ges wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb,Ô †ivgvw›UKZvi `vwe GB †h

KweZv n‡e mÜvbagx©, Avwe®‥vicÖeY, we‡kÎ AvcvZwe`„k¨ e¯‧ivwkÑ Avgv‡ì eënvwiK Rxe‡b

wPiKvj hviv ci¯ú‡ii my`~i I AcwiwPZ n‡q _v‡KÑ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ¯vcb Ki‡e GKwU Bw½Zgq I

Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ m¤^Ü|Õ29

Kwei GB e³‡eï †cÖwÿ‡Z Avgiv wb‡P wKQz Dcgv we‡kølY KiwQ :

1. Xv‡jv D¾¡j wekvj eb¨v Zxeª †Zvgvi †K‡ki Zg,

Avw`g iv‡Zi †eYx‡Z Rov‡bv gi‡Yi g‡Zv G-AvuKvevuKv| (Ô†k‡li ivwÎÕ/ K¼veZx)

2. Wv‡j Avi cvZvq Avi nvRvi A`„k¨ cvwLi Dcwb‡e‡k gg©wiZ

Mv‡Qi g‡Zv ivwÎ; (Ômgq †bBÕ/ bZzb cvZv)

3. †Kv‡bv fvMëvb evP-†Ljvi j¤^v, kv`v †b․‡KvUv‡K wb‡q

my›ì GKwU Zx‡ii g‡Zv wgwj‡q hvq| (ÔDØv¯‧Õ/ †`ªŠc`xi kvwo)

DwjøwLZ D×…wZmg~‡n Dcgvivwk m„wRZ n‡q‡Q cÖK…wZgvjv Ges †ivgvw›UK Abyfe-we‡kî cÖMvp Av‡eM-

Zvobv I ZxeªZvq| GLv‡b cÖ_g `ywU D×…wZ MªwšZ n‡q‡Q cÖ_g ch©v‡qi KweZvmg~n †_‡K, hvi d‡j

Av‡e‡Mi ZxeªZv jÿŸxq| KviY ÔZuvi cÖ_g eq‡mi Kv‡eÏ A‡bK RvqMvq Kíbvi Aej¤b

MZvbyMwZK wek^vm I gZ, hvi m‡½ Kwei g‡bi wbM~p †hvM †bB| †m wek^vm AwZ cÖvPxb †nvK ev

AZ¨vaywbK †nvK, ey×‡`‡ei Kve¨ †mLv‡b ye©j& gb‡K Avweó K‡i bv|Õ30

†Kej mv`„k¨¸Y‡K DcRxe¨

K‡i Dcgv-wbg©v‡Y Kwe cÖ‡Pó nbwb, cvkvcvwk mv`„‡kï AwZwi³ e¨ÄbvI wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| DwjøwLZ

1-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z ÔXv‡jv D¾¡j wekvj eb¨vÕ KweZvs‡ki eënv‡i kãgvjv Dc‡gq-Dcgv‡bi gv‡S

bZzb m¤úK© ¯vcb K‡i‡Qb| †cÖqmxi gv_vi mvaviY ÔPzjÕ‡K Avw`g iv‡Zi †eYx‡Z Rov‡bv gi‡Yi

g‡Zv G-AvuKvevuKvÕ evK¨vs‡k wPwÎZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Dcgvb wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i‡Qb ÔgiYÕ kãwU| hvi

d‡j Kv‡jv †K‡ki eY©bv mv „‡kï AwZwi³ e¨Äbvq inm¨gq D‡V‡Q| Avevi D×…wZ 2-G G‡m Kwe

ÔWv‡j Avi cvZvq Avi nvRvi A`„k¨ cvwLi Dcwb‡ekÕ wPÎZ K‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b Dc‡gq ÔivwÎÕ Ges

Ôgg©wiZ MvQÕ n‡”Q Dcgvb| mv`„k¨ †PZbv A „k¨ n‡jI cÎ-cjøe I cvwLi Dcwb‡ek-G Ôgg©wiZ

ivwÎÕ we‡kl wPÎK‡íi †m․›`h©gq e¨Äbv †c‡q‡Q| Avevi 3-msL¨K D×…wZ M„nxZ n‡q‡Q Kwei cwiYZ

ch©v‡qi KweZvmg~n †_‡K, hvi d‡j GLv‡b bvMwiK RxebvwfÁZv mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q cÖejfv‡e| bvMwiK


37

Dcv`vb ÔevP-†Ljvi j¤^v, kv`v †b․‡KvUvÕ GLv‡b Kwei DcRxe¨ Ges ÔZxiÕ-Gi mv‡_ Ôkv`v †b․‡KvÕi

†Kv‡bv mvRyh¨ †bB| ywU Dcgvi MxZkxjZvB Kwei cÖavb jÿ¨ Ges Ô`ya-i‡Oi KzqvkviÕ eY©bv G‡m‡Q

†Kej Awbevh©Zv †_‡K| Avgiv Rvwb,ÔcÖK…Z (Dc‡gq‡K) MfxiZi mv`„k¨ †nZz hw` civZ¥v (Dcgvb)

e‡j DrKU GK‡KvwUK mskq (m¤¢vebv) nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Dr‡cÖÿv ejv hvq|Õ31

A_©vr Zv DrKU Ávb,

Kíbv ev wg_¨v, Z‡e Kve¨kw³¸‡Y GB Kíbv-Ávb‡K cvVK mn‡RB MÖnY K‡i| Avevi Dr‡cÖÿv

wbg©v‡YI wZwb PgrKvwi‡Z¡i ¯vÿi †i‡L‡Qb, hvi K‡qwU D`vniY wb‡¤œ Dc¯vcb KiwQ :

1. Avgvi nv‡Zi ¯ú‡k©, †hb †Kv‡bv AÜ A`„k¨ b`xi Li‡¯ªvZ; (ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ/bZzb cvZv)

2. †Kvb `~i †_‡K AÆnvwm †f‡m G‡jv| †hb

k„Mv‡ji wPrKvi, wckv‡Pi Djøvm, WvwKbxi DjyaŸwbÑ (ÔKvwj`vm‡K †Lvjv wPwVÕ/ GKw`b : wPiw`b)

3. g‡b c‡o g„Zz¨ I Rxeb

ci¯úi m¤ú„³ AbeiZ, A_P AbšÍ `~i,

†hb hyMjKÿÑ (Ô†mZzeÜÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)

Avgiv Rvwb, Ô †hLv‡b Dc‡g‡qi m‡½ Dcgv‡bi A‡f` Kíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K iƒcK Aj¼vi ejv nq|

GB A‡f`v‡ivc cÖavb wKš‧ GKgvÎ ev me©¯^ bq Ges GLv‡b Dcgvb Dc‡gq‡K m¤ú~Y© wejyß K‡i bv,

Z‡e Av”Qbœ K‡i cÖejfv‡e|Õ32

G ch©v‡q iƒcK wbg©v‡Yi wKQz D`vniYI Dc¯vcb KiwQ :

1. `yt‡Li KzwUj

AiY¨ cyw®úZ n‡e •PÎi_-e‡b

†Zvgvi †h․e‡b‡i wN‡i| (Ô`qgšÍxÕ/ `qgšÍx)

2. wKsev †Kv‡bv †RU-†cø‡b `xN©vwqZ wbkx‡_i gvZ…M‡f© (Ô†mZzeÜÕ/ ¯^vMZwe`vq)

AZGe Dr‡cÖÿvi DwjøwLZ ÔGLb hy× c„w_exi m‡½Õ KweZvi 1-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z ÔnvZÕ Ges Ôb`xÕi

g‡a¨ GK Bw½Zgq I Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ mv`„k¨-m¤úK© ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Ggb mv`„k¨-m¤úK© ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q

D×…wZ 2-G ÔAÆnvwmÕi mv‡_ k„Mvj, wckvP, WvwKbx BZ¨vwì mv‡_ m¤úK©-m~Î ¯vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

ÔAÆnvwmÕ I ÔDjyaŸwbÕ kã ywU GKB mij‡iLvq e„Ëe× K‡i‡Qb, hvi d‡j wZbwU DcgvbB wefrm

wPÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q| Avevi D×…wZ 3-G g„Zzï Abyl‡½ Rxeb I g„Zzï gvSvgvwS Ô`c©‡Yi Kv‡P

wPiKvj-wef³Õ `ywU wfbœ c‡_i ev ÍeZv wPÎvwqZ n‡q‡Q, Avi cwiYwZI cvV‡Ki ARvbv bq| Avevi

iƒcK-wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î D×…wZ 2-G `yt‡Li DcgvbwP‡Î ÔKzwUj AiY¨Õ iƒcK-G †kvwfZ n‡q‡Q, hvi

d‡j cvVK-wP‡Ë mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q †e`bvNb gg©K_v| Ab¨w`‡K 3-msL¨K D×…wZ‡Z Ôwbkx_Õ gvZ…M‡f©i

iƒcK-Dcgv‡b iƒcvwqZ| Ôwbkx_Õ I gvZ…Mf©Õ ywU kãB ÔAÜKviÕ Ges A‡eva- •PZb¨‡jv‡Ki w`‡K

cvV‡Ki „wó wbeÜ K‡i| Kwei m„wó Kiv AwaKvsk iƒcK B› ªqNb I †m․›`h©mÂvix, hv Kve¨‡`‡n

mn‡RB mÂvwiZ K‡i‡Q Av‡e‡Mi g~Z©‡kvfv|

4.

ey×‡è emyi KweZvi cÖKiY-†K․k‡ji gg©g~‡j GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q cÖZxP¨ Kve¨cÖKiY, wkíHwZn¨ Ges

gvbm-ms‡e`bv; Ab¨w`‡K i‡q‡Q cvðvZ¨ †eva-jvwjZ †`n‡PZbvi Ø›ØgyLi cwiYwZ| Av‡eMZvwoZ

†ivgvw›UK D”Q¡vm I eY©bvi cÖvej¨ †hgb cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q, wVK †ZgbB MxwZ‡`vjv I g‡bv-mgxÿKYm~Î

Abyhvqx AšÍt¯^M‡Zvw³ KweZvi MVb‡K․k‡j eëüZ n‡q‡Q| µ‡g Zuvi Kve¨Kjv †c‡q‡Q cwiYZ-

msnZ-mshZ iƒc Ges Zv M‡o D‡V‡Q RwUj-msnZ-mshZ evK¨-eybb, kã-wbe©vPb I cÖZxK-iƒcK-

wPÎK‡íi Mvpe× AvkÖ‡q| wZwb †Kej Kve¨-welq wbg©v‡Yi m„wókxj cÖÁvq AšÍjx©b wQ‡jb bv, Kv‡eï

wkíiƒc-wbg©v‡Yi wel‡qI wQ‡jb ALÐ g‡bv‡hvMx Ges fviZxq gvbm-cÖeYZv I cyivYcÖKi‡Yi wbKU

AwaK FYx| GB Kve¨-AšÍjx©b FY Rxebe¨vcx mydjv cÖK…wZ-A‡šl‡Y, †ivgvw›UK D”Q¡v‡mi •ewPÎ¨ I


38

†m․›`‡h©, bvMwiK cÖwZ‡e‡ki msKxY© Av‡eówb‡Z, wew”QbœZv-•btm‡½ I AwZ-ms‡e`bkxjZvq †c‡q‡Q

wkíiƒc| G Kvi‡Y Kwe ey×‡è emy cwiYZ n‡q‡Qb AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb e¨w³‡Z¡|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 †eMg AvKZvi Kvgvj, Ôwkímvwn‡Z¨ wek^hy‡×i AwfNvZÕ, wekhy× Rxeb I K_vmvwnZ¨ (XvKv: wbD GR cvewj‡KkÝ,

2000), c„. 23

2 Rx‡e›`ª wmsnivq, K‡jøv‡ji Kvj (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2q ms., 2008), c„.69

3 `xwß wÎcvVx,Ôey×‡è emyÕ, AvaywbK evsjv Kve¨ cwiPq (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, lô ms., 1997), c„. 96

4 gÄyfvl wgÎ, AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq B‡qv‡ivcxq cÖfve (KjKvZv, †`ÕR cvewjwks, cyb.gy., 2017), c„. 153

5 W. •MwiK †Nvl, Ôey×‡è emyÕ, ¯vaxbZv cieZx© evsjv KweZv Drm I weeZ©b (KjKvZv: cy ÍK wecwY, 2005), c„. 79

6 W. †M․ixk¼i fÆvPvh©, ¯î I evK& ixwZ (KwjKvZv : mvwnZ¨‡jvK, 2q ms., 1998), c„. 84

7 ey×‡è emy, ey×‡è emy iPbvmgMÖ-3 (KjKvZv: MÖšvjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, we‡kl ms., 1982), c„. 491

8 Ag‡j›`y emy, mvwnZ¨wPšÍv (KjKvZv : ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 1g. ms., 1981), c„. 100

9 exZ‡kvK fÆvPvh ©, ÔKweZvi Abyev`Õ, welq KweZv (KjKvZv : evYxwkí, 2011), c„. 91

10 ey×‡è emy, ÔKweZv I Avgvi RxebÕ, ey×‡è emy iPbvmgMÖ-4 (KjKvZv : cwðge½ evsjv AvKv‡`wg, we‡kl ms.,

2015), c„. 633

11 ey×‡è emy, Ô†`ÕR ms¯‥i‡Yi f~wgKvÕ, †kÖô KweZv (b‡ik ¸n m¤úv.), (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, PZz`©k ms.,

2010), c„. 11

12 m‡ivR e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Ôfvlvi gy`ªvÑAvaywbK Kve¨Õ, AvaywbK KweZvi BwZnvm (Av‡jvKiÄb `vk I †èxcÖmv`

e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úv.), (KjKvZv : fviZ eyK G‡RwÝ, 1983), c„. 197

13 nx‡ib P‡Ævcva¨vq, mvwnZ¨ cÖKiY (KjKvZv : e½xq mvwnZ¨ msm`, cyb.gy., 1416), c„. 341

14 ey×‡è emy, Ôkvj© †ev`‡jqvi I AvaywbKZvÕ, KweZx_©: kvj© †ev`‡jqvi (Drcj fÆvPvh© m¤úv.), (KjKvZv: KweZx_©,

1420), c„.249

15 wekwRr †Nvl, ey×‡è emyi Dcb¨v‡m •btm½‡PZbvi iƒcvqb (XvKv : A¨vWb© cvewj‡Kkb, 1997), c„. 70

16 myexi ivq †P․ayix, Ômv`„‡kï mÜv‡b : ÔZc¯^x I Ziw½bxÕ Ges ÔivZ fÕ‡i e„wóÕ, ey×‡è emy : bvbv cÖm½ (Avb›`

ivq m¤úv.), (KjKvZv : eY©vjx, 1978), c„. 140

17 gvneye mvw`K, ey×‡è emyi KweZv : welq I cÖKiY (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wwg, cyb.gy., 2011), c„. 271

18 myaxiP›`ª (m¤úv.), †cŠivwYK Awfavb (KjKvZv : Gg.wm.miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖv.wj., `kg ms., 1415), c„. 212

19 Z‡è, c„. 192-195

20 †eMg AvKZvi Kvgvj, ÔKwei †PZbvq wg_Õ, AvaywbK evsjv KweZv I wg_ (XvKv : gvIjv eªv`vm©, 1999), c„. 31

21 KzšÍj P‡Ævcva¨vq, mvwn‡Z¨j iƒc-ixwZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (KjKvZv : iZœvejx, 8g gy,3 2011), c„. 54


39

22

mywgZv PµeZx©, ÔwPÎKí: g~wZ©‡Z wK w`‡e aivÕ, AvaywbK KweZvi PvjwPÎ (KjKvZv : mvwnZ¨‡jvK, cyb.gy., 2008),

c„. 274

23 T.S. Eliot, ÔThe Love Song of J. Alfred ProfrokÕ, The Norton Anthology of Poetry (London: W.W.

Norton & Company Inc., 3rd Edn., 1975), p. 994

24 kÖx cÖ‡evaP›`ª †mb, bZzb Q›`-cwiµgv (KjKvZv : Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, 4_© gy., 1995), c„. 7

25 iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, Q›` (m¤úv.), (KwjKvZv : wekfviZx MÖšbwefvM, 3q ms.,1976), c„. 31

26 ivgenvj †ZIqvix, Ôey×‡è emyÕ, evsjv Q›`-mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm (KjKvZv : mvwnZ¨‡jvK, 2013), c„. 276

27 bxjiZb †mb, Ôiex›`ª hyM : AšÍce©Õ, AvaywbK evsjv Q›` (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2q ms., 2013), c„. 168

28 Herbert Read, Collected Essays in Literary Criticism (Kolkata : Association Press, 1988), p. 50

29 ey×‡è emy (Abyev`-f~wgKv-UxKv), Kvwj`v‡mi †gN`~Z (KjKvZv : Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvB‡fU, 3q ms.,

1963), c„. 53

30 ey×‡è emy, iPbv mgMÖ-1 (KjKvZv : †`ÕR cvewjwks, 4_© ms., 2016), c„.364

31 b‡ib wekvm, Aj¼vi A‡š^lv (XvKv : Abb¨v, 3q gy., 2010), c„. 74

32 ew`Di ingvb, mvwnZ¨ÑmsÁv Awfavb (XvKv : Aemi, 2016), c„. 375


40


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

gyw³hy‡×i hyMj Dcb¨vm: RxebmsMÖvg I gyw³i cwi‡jL

Zvwbqv Znwgbv miKvi

Abstract: The year 1971 is a glorious chapter of our national life. During the war of

liberation, we the Bangladeshi people have proved that patriotism is the most powerful

weapon in the world. The history of becoming an independent country makes

Bangladeshi people very much concern about their own identity and self determination.

Image of Liberation War (LW) has changed the total lifestyle of Banglaeshi people. After

Release from West Pakistan, Bangla literature has been variegated with the incidents,

events and emotions of LW and it has been flown in the way of Liberation War.

Bangladeshi novelists took LW as their main theme of writings. In the history of

Bangladeshi novel Selina Hossain and Sayed Shamsul Haque are two famous novelists.

This article aims at how historic events, incidents, feelings of LW, savagery of Pakistan

Military Army, sturggles of Bangladeshi people, movement of freedom fighters have

been illustrated in their Novels and finally how our freedom fighters defeat Pakistan

army in all sectors.

f‚wgKv

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mnKvix Aa¨vcK, evsjv wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|


42

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43

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44

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¯^vaxbZv-m~h©| evsjvi gvwU Zv‡ì i‡³ De©i n‡q‡Q, bZzb †PZbvi exR mn‡RB A¼zwiZ n‡q DV‡e

e‡jÑ G cÖZ¨vkv †jLK †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi|

eywoi mšÍvb ïay bq, †m wb‡RI GKRb AKz‡Zvfq †hv×v| †`‡ki R‡b¨ me©¯^ wewj‡q w`‡ZI Zvi wØav

†bB| †mB KwVb ytmg‡q cÖvq mKj evOvwj †h hvi †ÿÎ †_‡K gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| eywoi

kix‡i kw³ ev hy‡×i cÖwkÿY wQj bv| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j †`‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b †m wcQcvI nqwb| eywoi eÜz

bxZv Zvi g‡bi gvbyl †Q‡o †`‡ki Mvb MÖv‡gi c‡_ c‡_ †M‡q gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i‡Q| GI GK

hy×| Ôgyw³i MvbÕ gyw³hy‡×i mgq MYgvbyl‡K †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q| Mv‡bi K_v I my‡i cÖvwYZ n‡q exi

evOvwj ¯^vaxb †`‡ki gg© eyS‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| AmsL¨ wkíx Mv‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡k I †`‡ki evB‡i KvR

K‡i‡Q gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ| Zv‡ìB cÖwZwbwa •eivwMYx bxZv, •eóg AwLj| Mv‡bi welq wn‡m‡e †`k‡K

†e‡Q wb‡q ZvivI gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q|

gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨Zg cÖm½ ivRvKvi-Avjeì evwnbx Ges cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv| nvOi b`x

†MÖ‡b‡WI Zviv Abycw¯’Z bq| †mwjbv †nv‡mb G Dcb¨v‡m Zv‡ì KzUzg bv‡g m‡¤vab K‡i‡Qb|

gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_gw`‡K kn‡iB wQj wgwjUvwi evwnbxi Avbv‡Mvbv| mviv †`‡k hy× Qwo‡q co‡j Zv‡ì

kv‡q¯Ív Ki‡Z nvbv`vi evwnbxI cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvg ch©šÍ nvbv w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i| AvMg‡bi Av‡MB Zv‡ì

Avwef©ve Abyfe K‡i eywo| G Abyf~wZ Zvi †fZ‡i fq I DrKÉv m„wó K‡i, KviY GB KzUzg Avb›`

e‡q Av‡b bv, Av‡b aŸsm I g„Zz¨:

1. KzUzg cvwL Wv‡K GKUvbv| eywoi g‡bi g‡a¨... KyUz‡gi AvMg‡bi Djøvm †bB, †Kgb GKUv w_Zv‡bv fve| GB

KzUz‡gi R‡b¨ wc‡V cywji Drme †bB| eis Rj †X‡j Pz‡jv wbwe‡q jywK‡q _vKv|8

2. ewUi Mv‡q i‡³i ÿxYaviv eywoi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m I‡V| ZvRv QUd‡U gvQ¸‡jvi jvdvwb eÜ n‡q hvq

GK †cuv‡P| eywoi g‡b nq KzUzg Avm‡e| eb¨v, gnvgvix Liv †hgb I lô Bw›`ªq w`‡q †Ui cvq G KzUz‡gi

AvMgb †Zgwb| gvVNvU cÖvšÍi †Zvjcvo K‡i w`‡q Ii Avw½bvq KzUzg Avm‡Q|9

gyw³hy‡×i cÖm‡½ AeëwnZfv‡e D‡V Av‡m ivRvKvi-Avjeì-Avj kvg&m cÖgyL †`kxq †`vmi, hv‡ì

wefxlYiƒcx AvPi‡Y evsjv I evsjvi gvbyl ÿZ-weÿZ n‡q‡Q †ewk| nvOi b`x †MÖ‡b‡WI Ggb

GKR‡bi mie Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv hvq| gbmyi †g¤^vi MÖvg Ny‡i Ny‡i gyw³‡hv×v‡ì †LuvR wb‡q Zv

Rvwb‡q †`q cvwK Ívwb K¨v‡¤ú| mjx‡gi †LuvR bv †c‡q Zviv Kwjg‡K ew›` K‡i wb‡q hvq|GKmgq


45

Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i gv eywoi mvg‡b| GQvovI igRvb Avjxi †Q‡j Kv‡ì I nvwd‡Ri gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY

Kivi K_vI †m Rvbvq wgwjUvwi‡ì| eywo Zvi †µva cÖKvk K‡i‡Q gbmy‡ii cÖwZ Awfkvc w`‡q|

bxZv eywoi Kv‡Q _vK‡Z G‡j †mUv wb‡qI mZK© n‡Z e‡j‡Q gbmyi| eywo †K․k‡j mjx‡gi g„Zz¨

msev` iwU‡q gbmy‡ii Kz`„wói mxgv †_‡K bxZv‡K mwi‡q †`q| gbmy‡ii g‡Zv `vjvj‡ì cÖwZ evOvwji

fq I g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q eywoi K_vq:

Rvwbm bxZv GLb H •mwbK¸‡jvi PvB‡Z Avwg gbymi‡K †ewk fq cvB †h| I Avgvi N‡ii Kv‡Qi

†jvK| I Avgvi nuvwoi Lei iv‡L|10

Ggb nuvwoi Lei Rvbv †jvK‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j 1971 mv‡ji 14B wW‡m¤i evOvwj RvwZi

m~h©mšÍvb‡ì nZ¨v Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| bB‡j cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì g‡Zv Ggb AvMš‘K‡ì c‡ÿ

evsjvi m~h© mšÍvb †Pbv ev Zv‡ì Lei ivLv wQj cÖvq Am¤¢e| cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv‡ì wbh©vZbI h_vixwZ

G Dcb¨v‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Miæ Pzwi †_‡K MÖv‡g Av¸b jvMv‡bvi K_vI wee„Z| †g‡q‡ì cÖwZ Zv‡ì

RvšÍe AvPiYI cÖKvwkZ G Dcb¨v‡m| bxZvi AvLov cywo‡q w`‡q ag©vkÖqx gvbyl¸‡jv‡K ¸wj K‡i

nZ¨v K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx I Zv‡ì `vjvj| wgwjUvwi‡ì nvZ †_‡K euvPvi R‡b¨ MÖvgevmxiv gv_vq

KPzwicvbv Pvwc‡q cyKz‡ii g‡a¨ AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i| GK fxZ mš¿¯Í gv‡qi †eu‡P _vKvi R‡b¨ mšÍv‡bi

bvK-gyL wU‡c †g‡i †djvi cÖm½ G Dcb¨v‡m wgwjUvwi-fxwZ I †mbv‡ì Pvwi‡Îï mwVK wb‡ ©kbv `vb

Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

wbwl× †jvevb

•mq` kvgmyj n‡Ki wbwl× †jvevb gyw³hy×wfwËK RbwcÖq GKwU Dcb¨vm| iscyi AÂ‡ji GKwU MÖvg

R‡jk¦ix Gi †cÖÿvcU| g~j PwiÎ wejwKm, wkwÿZ; •eevwnKm~‡Î XvKvq Ae¯’vbiZ| ¯^vgx AvjZvd

cwÎKvq PvKwi K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx †ekwKQz cwÎKv Awd‡m Av¸b jvwM‡q

†`q| AvjZvd †ZgbB GKwU Awd‡m PvKwi KiZ| Zvi jvk cvqwb wejwKm| AmsL¨ gvby‡li g‡Zv

†mI ¯^vgxi RxweZve¯’v wb‡q msk‡q †`v yj¨gvb| Awbivc` †f‡e †m evwo wd‡i Av‡m| XvKv kn‡ii

g‡Zv R‡jk¦ix‡ZI wgwjUvwii Dcw¯’wZ MÖv‡gi Awaevmx‡ì MÖvg Qvo‡Z eva¨ K‡i| †QvU fvB †LvKvi

g„Zz¨ Ges cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨‡ì †LuvR bv cvIqvq wejwKm kw³ mÂq K‡i| †m wm×všÍ †bq evRv‡i

wbnZ jvk‡ì †m Kei¯’ Ki‡e| GKRb wgwjUvwi‡K RxešÍ wPZvq cywo‡q gvivi g‡a¨ wejwKm Zvi

fvB †LvKv I cÖ`x‡ci g„Zzï cÖwZ‡kva †bq| Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l wejwKm I wmivR Ii‡d cÖ`xc aiv

c‡o|

gyw³hy‡×i K‡qK eQi c‡i •mq` kvgmyj nK Dcb¨vmwU wj‡L‡Qb| ga¨weË †kÖwYi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e

wZwb wejwKm I wmiv‡Ri AšÍ ©nb‡K ¯úófv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi PgrKvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb| jÿ Kievi

g‡Zv welq n‡”Q ga¨weËmyjf †Kvb Uvbvc‡ob wejwK‡mi g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq bv| 25†k gvP©, 1971G

Zvi mg Í Uvbvc‡o‡bi g„Zz¨ N‡U‡Q| G iv‡ZB g~jZ evOvwj Zvi msk‡qi Ø›Ø †_‡K gyw³ †c‡qwQj|

Zviv ey‡SwQj jovB Qvov euvPvi Avi †Kvb c_ †bB| mgMÖ RvwZ †mw`b †_‡K gyw³‡hv×v I ivRvKvi

G `yB `‡j wef³ n‡q c‡owQj| wejwK‡mi mvnmI 25†k gv‡P©i Kj¨v‡Y cÖvß| e¨w³MZ †kvK Zvi

kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQj:

gvP© gv‡mi PweŸk Zvwi‡LI †KD hw` Avgv‡K ejZ,... gvSiv‡Z wbR©b GKUv iv¯Ív w`‡q GKv †nu‡U †h‡Z

cvi‡e? wek¦vm Ki, Avwg KíbvK‡iI f‡q g‡i †hZvg| cuwPk Zvwi‡L GZ †jvK gviv †M‡Q ï‡bwQ,

AvjZvd hw` †eu‡P _vKZ, g„Zz¨‡K Avgvi fq KiZ| AvjZvd †bB, Avgvi g„Zz¨ fq †bB, g„Zzï R‡b¨

Avgvi †kvKI †bB|11


46

G e³‡eï gva¨‡g 1971 mv‡ji BwZnvm †hgb Db¥y³ n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb evOvwji Ny‡i uvov‡bvi cÖZ¨q I

KviYI ¯úó n‡q‡Q| †kv‡Ki ZxeªZv †K‡U wM‡q evOvwji gb‡b cÖwZ‡kv‡ai „ß cÖZ¨q Zv‡ì PvwjZ

K‡i‡Q m¤§yL hy‡×| wejwKmI G c‡_ GwM‡q hvIqvi B‡”Q †cvlY K‡i‡Q wmiv‡Ri Kv‡Q| Zvi Av‡M

evOvwji AvZ¥m¤§vb‡ev‡ai cwiPq w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q †m cvwK Ívwb evwnbxi Kv‡Q|

gyw³hy‡×i cwic~Y© wPÎ wbwl× †jvevb bq| e¨w³MZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cwimi cwie¨vß n‡q‡Q Dcb¨vmwU‡Z|

wejwK‡mi cÖwZÁv †QvU fvBmn mKj knx‡ì `vdb Ges wmiv‡Ri Zvi cwievi nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva, †mB

mv‡_ gvZ…f~wgi gyw³i A‡šlY| R‡jk¦ix‡Z wgwjUvwi Av‡m GwcÖ‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K| R‡jk¦ixi

Awaevmxiv cÖ_‡g cvwj‡q †M‡jI c‡i wd‡i Av‡m| Zv‡ì Avov‡j †d‡i gyw³‡hv×vivI| †i‡ji cy‡j

wWbvgvBU dvwU‡q Zviv wgwjUvwi‡ì †hvMv‡hvM wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z Pvq| AviI GKw`b iv Ívq cuy‡Z ivLv

gvBb Øviv wbnZ nq 3Rb wgwjUvwi| G `ywU NUbv Qvov gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Avi †Kvb mie Dcw¯’wZ jÿ

Kiv hvq bv G Dcb¨v‡m| m¤§yL hy×-wPÎI Abycw¯’Z| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q wjwLZ n‡jI •mq`

kvgmyj nK GK AmvaviY msh‡gi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb G Dcb¨v‡m| R‡jk¦ix‡Z gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Qvqv-

Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv †M‡Q cÖ_g †_‡KB| wejwKm †Uªb †_‡K bvg‡j gbmyi Zv‡K †`‡L| gbmyi

gyw³‡hv×v, Ae¯’v`„‡ó †evSv hvq wmivRI ZvB| wbR MÖv‡g †divi c‡_ wejwKm I wmiv‡Ri

K_‡cvK_‡bi gva¨‡g dz‡U I‡V XvKv kn‡i wgwjUvwi ZvÐ‡ei wPÎ:

XvKvi K_v Zzwg Rvb bv| BDwbfvwm©wUi cÖ‡dmi‡ì evwo‡Z Xz‡K ¸wj K‡i †g‡i‡Q| wn› y cÖ‡dmi‡ì

†e‡qv‡bU w`‡q LuywP‡q LuywP‡q †g‡i‡Q|... †Zvgvi eqmx †Q‡j‡ìB wgwjUvwi a‡i wb‡q hv‡”Q| Bb‡RKkb

w`‡q me i³ †U‡b †bq Iiv, nvZ euvav A‡bK jvk cvIqv †M‡Q, b`x‡Z †f‡m Av‡Q|12

Zv‡ì msjv‡ci avivevwnKZvq BwZnv‡mi Qvqv cÖjw¤Z n‡Z _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g BwÛqv †_‡K

†UªwbscÖvß gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Lei †hgb cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb ivRvKvi I wgwjUvwi KZ…©K MYnZ¨v, jyÉb I

wbh©vZ‡biI Bw½Z †g‡j:

evRv‡ii †Lvjv PZ¡igq Qwo‡q Av‡Q jvk| †eovnxb Dj½ †`vKv‡b LuywU AvuK‡o c‡o Av‡Q jvk| Av‡jvi

w`‡K Xvjy n‡q †b‡g †M‡Q †h MwjUv, Zvi Dc‡i Dcyo n‡q Av‡Q jvk| jv‡ki ci jvk|.... evRv‡i

nq‡Zv dj †eP‡Z G‡mwQj Mv‡Qi, `y‡Uv ev”Pv D‡ë _vKv Miæi Mvwoi QvDwb Rwo‡q a‡i- jvk; mg¯Í

PZ¡i Avi Lv‡ji Xvjy Ry‡o BZ¯ÍZ euv‡ki †Mvj †Mvj SuvKv, Kjm, me&wR Avi mg¯Í wKQzi Ic‡i ¯ÍäZv,

w¯’iZv, cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi Avkvnxb AÿgZv|13

†evSvB hvq AvZ¼ m„wó I ÿgZv cÖ`k©‡bi †gv‡n G‡jvcvZvwi ¸wjel©‡Yi dj GwU| †g‡i †d‡jI

Zv‡ì AvwacZ¨ cÖ`k©‡bi †gvn K‡gwb, †LvKvi gy‡L cÖ¯ªve Kivi cÖ¯Ív‡e †Ui cvIqv hvq evOvwj‡K

gvbyl wn‡m‡e KZUv eªvZ¨ A”QzZ g‡b K‡i cvwK Ívwb evwnbx| ïay ZvB bq jv‡ki ag©xqfv‡e †klK…Z¨

Kivi AbygwZ Zviv †`q bv, eis †kqv‡ji Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e jvk¸‡jv Ifv‡eB †d‡j iv‡L| ag©xq eÜb

†_‡K cvwK Ív‡bi Rb¥ n‡jI evOvwj‡ì Zviv fvB fv‡ewb KLbB| evOvwj cyiæl KzKzimg, evOvwj bvix

†fvM¨cY¨Ñ GB wQj Zv‡ì g‡bvfve| wKš‘ wejwKm Ab¨vb¨‡ì g‡Zv ïay RxweZ‡ì wb‡q fv‡ewb,

†f‡e‡Q g„Z‡ì wb‡qI|

evRv‡ii jvk¸‡jv `vdb K‡i †m cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvq †h, evOvwjI gvbyl| †klK…‡Z¨ Zv‡ì AwaKvi

Av‡Q| gvbyl gvÎB m¤§v‡bi AwaKvix| evOvwj e‡j Zv‡ì Acgvb Kivi AwaKvi KviI †bB, g„Z

n‡jI bq:


47

hw` g‡b Ki‡Z cvi‡Z Iiv †ZvgviB Ask, Zvn‡j †`L‡Z I‡ì mrKvi K‡i Zzwg Rxeb‡K kÖ×v KiQ,

m¤§vb w`”Q|... hw` cviZvg, AvR iv‡Z Avwg mevB‡K gvwU w`Zvg|... Iiv †`LZ Avgiv cï bB, Avgiv

Avgv‡ì g„Z‡`n †d‡j ivL‡Z †`B bv, Avgiv kKz‡bi Lv`¨ n‡Z PvB bv|14

`xN© mv‡o 23 eQi a‡i A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`K †_‡K evOvwj‡K

aŸsm Kivi GKUv nxb cÖ‡Póv jÿ Kiv hvq cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì g‡a¨| 25†k gv‡P©i c‡i Zv AviI ¯úó n‡q

I‡V| gvbyl nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì mv‡_ Kiv nq KzKz‡ii g‡Zv AvPiY| KzKzi I gvbyl‡K GKB mv‡_

†g‡i ¯Í‚c K‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q; †hb evOvwj Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© mywbwðZ nq| •mq` kvgmyj nK

wbwl× †jvev‡b G aviYvevnx wKQz msjvc m„wó K‡i‡Qb:

1. Avgiv Rvwb cïi g‡Zv evOvwjiv mšÍvb Drcv`b K‡i| wek¦vmNvZ‡Ki Rb¥ †`q|15

2. Avgvi exR fv‡jv| Avgvi i³ ï×|... Avwg †Zvgvq mšÍvb w`‡Z cvie|... †Zvgvi mšÍvb LuvwU gymjgvb

n‡e, †Lv`vi Ici Cgvb ivL‡e, AvšÍwiK cvwK¯Ívwb n‡e, PvI bv †mB mšÍvb? Avgiv †mB mšÍvb †Zvgv‡ì

†è, †Zvgv‡K †è, †Zvgvi †evb‡K †è, †Zvgvi gv‡K †è;16

gyw³hy‡×i Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv kvgmyj nKI wgwjUvwii bvix wbh©vZ‡bi †cQ‡b a‡g ©i `vqnxbZv I

wek¦vmNvZKZvi cybiæw³ K‡i‡Qb| cvwK‡ì bvix wbh©vZ‡bi †cQ‡b †h fxlY ~ieZ©x fvebv jywK‡q

wQj ZviB cÖKvk N‡U‡Q wØZxq msjvcwU‡Z| al©‡Yi d‡j †h mšÍvb evOvwji M‡f© Rb¥ †b‡e †m n‡e

LuvwU cvwK¯Ívwb| hy×Kvjxb Ggb ee©iZv ZvI a‡g©i bv‡g wbR †`‡k- AKíbxq| cvwK¯Ívwb

kvmK‡Mvôxi G wbôziZvi cÖgvY cÖvq cÖwZwU gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨v‡mB †g‡j| evOvwj gymjgvb nqZ wKQzUv

`qvi †hvM¨ wKš‘ wn›`y ev KwgDwb÷ mivmwi `Ð‡hvM¨| KviY Zviv wek¦vmNvZK| HwZnvwmK G wek¦vm

cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q wbwl× †jvev‡bI| wmiv‡Ri cÖK…Z bvg cÖ`xc| Rxeb euvPv‡bvi ZvwM‡` gbymi Zvi

bvg cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q| cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì Kv‡QI wn› y‡ì GB bvg cwieZ©b Kvwnwb ARvbv bq| gyw³hy‡×i

cy‡iv mgq Ry‡o ZvB †`Lv hvq cyiæl‡ì LZbv wbY©q Ki‡Q wn›`y-gymjgvb cv_©K¨| K‡jgv Rvb‡Z

PvIqv wQj Zv‡ì Av‡iKwU †K․kj|

ivZvivwZ ag© Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q A‡bK wn› y| hviv K‡iwb Zviv cÖvY w`‡q ag©cÖvYZvi `vq

PzwK‡q‡Q| wmivR ¯cœ †`‡L †m Avevi cÖ`xc n‡e| wb‡Ri Aw ÍZ¡ wd‡i cvIqvi ¯‡cœ we‡fvi wmivR

a‡g©i Kvi‡Y gv-evev Avi w`w`‡K nvwi‡q‡Q| wb‡Ri ytL‡eva cÖKvk K‡i †m e‡j‡Q:

w`w`, Avcwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib Avgvi `ytL? gv-evev-†evb, Avgvi bvg, Avgvi cwiPq GKUv gvÎ iv‡Z

Avgvi me wKQz nvwi‡q hvevi `ytL?17

†h †`‡k ag© wefvRb m„wó K‡i, gvbyl‡K eva¨ K‡i gbyl¨Z¡ Qvo‡Z, bvix‡ì wjwe‡Wv wµqvi gva¨g

wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i, †m †`k cÖkœwe× n‡Z eva¨| Ggb AZ¨vPvix cïmg gvby‡li cÖwZ‡iva mg‡qiB

`vwe| wKš‘ wKQz gvbyl Rb¥vqB gbylZ¡nxb Ae¯’vq| A_© I ÿgZvwjáy GB gvbyliƒcx nv‡qbvi cwiPq

gyw³hy‡×i mgq evOvwj †c‡q‡Q| ÁvwZkÎæi †P‡q eo kÎæ Avi †bB| ivRvKvi- Avje`‡ii cvkvcvwk

wenvwi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii bgybv cÖPzi| wbwl× †jvev‡bI Zv weij bq| gbyl¨wenxb R‡jk¦ix‡Z Av‡jK

†gv³vi‡K †c‡q wenvwiiv DjøwmZ nq| AÜ G gvbylwU‡K Miæi g‡Zv †eu‡a, euvk w`‡q LuywP‡q nuvUvq,

jvw_ gv‡i| ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ Mvb MvIqvi Aciv‡a †LvKv‡K nZ¨v K‡iI Iiv ÿvšÍ nqwb,

†gv³v‡ii Zj‡c‡U †LuvPv †g‡i‡Q †hb †m Zvi gy‡L cÖ¯ªve K‡i| moKc‡_ gvBb we‡ùvi‡Y wZb

†mbvm`m¨ wbnZ n‡j Av‡jK‡K nZ¨v K‡i Zviv| iv‡Z-w`‡b wenvixiv MÖv‡g MÖv‡g cvnviv w`‡q‡Q, jyU

K‡i‡Q cÖ‡Z¨K evwo I †`vKvb| wgwjUvwi evwnbxi Wvb nvZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q ivRvKvi I wenvwi-

G Z_Ï my¯úó wbwl× †jvev‡bi K¨vbfv‡m|


48

G Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwbi mv‡_ mv „k¨ cvIqv hvq m‡dv‡K¬m (wLª÷c~e© 496-406) iwPZ AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b-i|

cvi¯úwiK hy‡× wbnZ GK fvB‡qi ivRKxq gh©v`vq †klK…Z¨ nq| AciRb cï-cvwLi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e

c‡o _v‡K| AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b fvB‡qi G Agh©v`v mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ivR`‡Ði fq D‡cÿv K‡i †m

fvB‡qi jvk‡K h_v_© gh©v`v †`q| wejwKmI Zvi fvB †LvKv‡K `vdb Kivi cÖwZÁvq evRv‡i hvq

wKš‘ b„ksmZv`„‡ó wm×všÍ †bq cÖ‡Z¨KwU jvk `vdb Kivi| G‡Z jv‡ki †Kvb hvq bv G‡jI evOvwj

wn‡m‡e, gvbyl wn‡m‡e Rxeb‡K, cÖvY‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡bvi †eva‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q wejwKm| †kl iÿv bv

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49

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n‡e bv Ges Gi wfwË‡Z RvZxq HK¨ Av‡iv kw³kvjxfv‡e M‡o DV‡e|19

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Zv ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb| Av‡jvwPZ 2Rb Jcb¨vwmK gyw³hy‡×i cÖZ¨ÿ`k©x, d‡j Zv‡ì AwfÁZv-

cwikÖæZ n‡q Dcb¨vm 2wU n‡q‡Q gyw³hy‡×i fv¯îwPÎ| cÖ_gw`‡Ki AZwK©Z nvgjv, wbh©vZb-wbcxob

I nZ¨v-al©‡Yi wkKvi evOvwji †`k‡PZbvq Av‡Z¥vcjwä N‡U‡Q Ges cieZ©x mg‡q me©kw³ wb‡q

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Dcb¨vm¸‡jv Avgv‡ì gyw³hy‡×i wbf©i‡hvM¨ K_vgvjv|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 †mwjbv †nv‡mb, nvOi b`x †MÖ‡bW (5g gy`ªY, Abb¨v, XvKv, 2017), c„. 53

2 Z‡è, c„. 54

3 Z‡è, c„. 62

4 Z‡è, c„. 63

5 Z‡è, c„. 63


50

6 Z‡è, c„. 64

7 Z‡è, c„. 109

8 Z‡è, c„. 69

9 Z‡è, c„. 73

10 Z‡è, c„. 104

11 •mq` kvgmyj nK, †kÖô Dcb¨vm (2q gy`ªY, Abb¨v, XvKv, 2015), c„. 306

12 Z‡è, c„.289

13 Z‡è, c„. 311

14 Z‡è, c„.319-320

15 Z‡è, c„. 328

16 Z‡è, c„. 333

17 Z‡è, c„. 322

18 Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj, ÒAvgvi K_vÓ, PigcÎ (4_© gy`ªY, Abb¨v, XvKv, 2015), c„. 28

19 Avmv` †P․ayix, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× (4_© cybgy`ªY, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2001), c„. 29


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi cÖwZK…wZ

gvngy`v AvKZvi

Abstract: Thakurmar Jhuli is the Bengali folktales of Bengali folk literature which is

highly popular, well established and most often read by the readers. In nineteenth

century, Dakshinaranjan Mitra-Majumder first collected those folk-stories by his

personal initiation. The story-tellers were women. Therefore, most of the stories reflect

the thinking, belief, struggle, revolution, displeasure-disappointment, pain-sorrows,

desire-recognition and experiences of women. Both appreciation and condemnation of

women have been noticed in those tales. The theme of the most stories is, women should

be mentally candid and elegant along with their physical beauty. Otherwise they would

be treated as beast. Again, it has been frequently noticed in the stories that women have

to bear punishment throughout their life or accept death sentence due to their devil

incidence. On the other hand, trustworthy females are rescued by the princes subsequent

to sorrows or a miserable life but afterwards, they lead a cheerful life being a Queen.

Finally, Thakurmar Jhuli, reveals the two contradictory personality of women.

Considering the above fact, this study has been conducted to explore the dimensions of

the female characters on the basis of Thakurmar Jhuli.

f‚wgKv

c„w_exi mKj HwZnëvnx †jvKmvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb aviv †jvKK_v| †jvKK_vq mvaviY gvby‡li wek¦vm,

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cÖwZ”Qwe| hwÌ †jvKK_vq gvbyl A‡jŠwKK ÿgZvi AwaKvix, kw³ w`‡q civwRZ K‡i †Ì-•`Z¨,

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m¤¢e n‡Z †`‡L cvVKI Abvwej Avb‡›` †f‡m I‡V| GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm-HwZ‡nï cÖwZdjb

†jvKK_v| G cÖm‡½ ejv hvq, Ô†jvKK_vi Mfxi Z‡j G‡KKwU RvwZ †c‡q hvq Zv‡ì AvZ¥-

Avwe®‹v‡ii f‚wgZj|Õ1 `wÿYviÄb wgÎ-gRyg`v‡ii (1877-1956) VvKzigvÕi Szwj (1907) Gi

e¨wZµg bq| BD‡iv‡c †hgb MÖxg åvZ…Ø‡qi 'Fairy tales', evsjvq †Zgwb `wÿYviÄb wgÎ-

gRyg`v‡ii VvKzigvÕi Szwj| evOvwji kvk¦Z, wPivqZ Rxe‡bi Mí-mgvnvi VvKzigvÕi Szwj|

K. msÁv I cwiwa

Bs‡iwR 'Folktale' kãwUi cÖwZkã h_vµ‡g Ô†jvKK_vÕ, Ô†jvKKvwnwbÕ, ÔK_KZvÕ BZ¨vw`‡Z AwfwnZ

K‡i‡Qb †dvK‡jviwe`MY| †jvKK_v †gŠwLK mvwnZ¨| mycÖvPxbKvj †_‡K gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L Zv

cÖPwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| K…wlRxex gvbyl Aem‡i GK A‡bï m‡½ hLb M‡í †g‡Z I‡V; ZLb K_v”Q‡j

wb‡R‡ì myL- ytL, wbcxob-eÂbv, e¨_v-†e`bv, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv bvbv i‡O-e‡Y©, †jŠwKK-A‡jŠwKZvi

Avei‡Y eY©bv K‡i _v‡K| Gme M‡í Kvwnwb nqZ ev Íe; Z‡e Pwi‡Îi bvgKi‡Y _v‡K Kíbvi Qvc|

Abvw`Kvj †_‡KB gy‡L gy‡L cÖPwjZ Gme Kvwnwb ev K_v eskci¤úivq †jvK mgv‡R ’vb K‡i †bq

¯’vqxfv‡e| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Gme †jvKK_vi Aeq‡e NUbvq wKQzUv ms‡hvRb-we‡qvRb n‡q

hy‡Mvc‡hvMx n‡q I‡V| G cÖm‡½ GKwU my›ì Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ msÁv w`‡q‡Qb The critic Donald


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshinaranjan_Mitra_Majumder


52

Haase, 'For some, the term denotes a speceific narrative form easily identified

characteristics but for others it suggests not a singular genre but an umbrella category

under which a variety of other forms may be grouped.'2 †jvKK_vi ¯vZš¿ Gi fvlv,

eY©bvfw½ I i‡mi Ac~e© mgvnv‡i|

†jvKK_v‡K bvbvfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb †jvKweÁvbxMY| Zvi g‡a¨ W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© I W±i

gh&&nviæj Bmjvg Gi msÁv †_‡K †jvKK_vi h_v_© ¯îƒc Dcjwä Kiv hvq :

1. M`¨ I c`¨ Dfqwe` iPbvi wfZi w`qvB †jŠwKK Kvwnbx eY©bv Kiv nBqv _v‡K| c‡`ï

wfZi w`qv hvnv cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zvnv ÔMxwZKvÕ I ÔGwcKÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ; M‡`ï wfZi

w`qv †h Kvwnbx cÖKvk Kiv nq, Bs‡iRx‡Z Zvnv‡KB mvaviYfv‡e folktale ejv nq|3

(W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©)

Avevi

2. †h-†jvK mvwn‡Zï g‡a¨ Kvwnbx Av‡Q, hv gyL¨Z eY©bvZ¥K hvi g‡a¨ †jŠwKK I

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Dcw¯’Z _v‡K, †m¸‡jvB †jvKKvwnbx|4 (W. gvh&nviæj Bmjvg)

G `y‡Uv msÁvi Av‡jv‡K †jvKK_vi •ewkó¨ ùvovq:

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L. †jvKK_v eY©bvagx©;

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O. †jvKK_vi fvlv mvejxj I mnR‡eva¨;

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Q. †jvKK_vq Lj Pwi‡Îi Dcw ’wZ I Kvwnwb †k‡l cZb Awbevh©;

R. bvqK Pwi‡Îi DÌvb I cZb y‡UvB _v‡K;

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U. M`¨ wbf©i; RbkÖæwZg~jK HwZnëvnx Kvwnwb ewY©Z †jvKK_vq;

V. †jvKK_vi †kl cwiYwZ wgjbvZ¥K BZ¨vw`|

welq I •ewPÎ¨ Abyhvqx †jvKK_v‡K DcK_v, iƒcK_v, eªZK_v, cyivYK_v, bxwZK_v, e¨½K_v

BZ¨vw`‡Z web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb †jvKweÁvbxMY| VvKzigvÕi Szwji Mí¸‡jv •ewkó¨ I †kÖwYKi‡Yi w`K

†_‡K Dch©y³ •ewkó¨ I †kÖwYi AšÍM©Z|


53

VvKzigvÕi Szwj evsjv †jvKmvwnZ¨ Z_v wkïmvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨, cwVZ, ¯xK…Z †jvKK_v ev

†jvKKvwnwb| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`vi GKvšÍB e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M G Kvwnwb¸‡jv

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VvKzigvÕi Szwj MÖ‡š’i f‚wgKvq e‡jwQ‡jb :

VvKzigvÕi SzwjwUi gZ GZ eo ¯^‡`kx wRwbm Avgv‡ì †`‡k Avi wK Av‡Q? wKš‘ nvq GB †gvnb

SzwjwUI B`vbxs g¨v‡Âóv‡ii Kj nB‡Z •Zix nBqv Avwm‡ZwQj| GLbKvi Kv‡j wejv‡Zi "Fairy

Tales" Avgv‡ì †Q‡j‡ì GKgvÎ MwZ nBqv DwVevi Dcµg Kwiqv‡Q| ¯^‡`‡ki w`w`gv †Kv¤úvwb

G‡Kev‡i †`D‡jÕ| Zuv‡ì Szwj Svov w`‡j †Kvb †Kvb ¯’‡j gvwU‡bÕi Gw_K&&m Ges ev‡K©i divmx wecø‡ei

†bvUeB evwni nBqv cwo‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †Kv_vq †Mj- ivRcyÎ cvË‡ii cyÎ, †Kv_vq †e½gv †e½gx,

†Kv_vq- mvZ mgy`ª †Z‡iv b`x cv‡ii mvZ ivRvi ab gvwYK!5

VvKzigvÕi SzwjÕi Mí¸‡jv Ô y‡ai mvMiÕ, Ôiƒc-ZivmxÕ, ÔP¨vs-e¨vsÕ I ÔAvg-m‡›`kÕ GB PviwU c‡e©

mw¾Z| welq Abyhvqx Mí¸‡jv Avgiv wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mvRv‡Z cvwi:

`ytmvnwmK Mí- KjveZx ivRKb¨v, NygšÍcix, KvÂbgvjv, mvZ fvB P¤úv, kxZemšÍ,

wKiYgvjv|

f‚Z-†cÖZ m¤úK©xq Mí- bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, WvwjgKzgvi, cvZvjKb¨v gwYgvjv

cï-cvwL m¤úK©xq Mí- wkqvjcwÐZ

nvmïmvZ¥K Mí- myLy Avi `yLy, eªvþY eªvþYx, †ò Av½y‡j

Mí¸‡jv‡Z evOwji HwZn¨MZ ÔmgvR Rxeb, gvbe PwiÎ, my² gb ÍË¡ BZ¨vwì mgv‡ekÕ6 jÿŸxq|

L. mgKvjxb mgvRev ÍeZv

VvKzigvÕi Szwji K_K bvix| ZvB Awbevh©fv‡eB Mí¸‡jv‡Z bvixi a¨vb-aviYv, wek¦vm-ms¯‹vi, †ÿvf-

nZvkv-msMÖvg, e¨_v-†e`bv, PvIqv-cvIqv I AwfÁZvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| cÖm½Z ejv hvq, Ô†Kv‡bv Mí

ev Dcb¨vm †Kej GKwU KvwnbxB e‡j bv, †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv e¨w³, mgvR ev hy‡Mi wPÎ Z_v gvbwmKZvI

cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|Õ7

G welqwU Av‡iv †evaMg¨ nq Avkivd wmwÏKxi D×…Z GKwU Dw³‡Z :

The arrangement of the texts of the stories, in collection of tales, according to story-tellers,

has given exceptionally valuable sources for the formulation and solution of the question of

the reflection of the creative personality of the story-teller in his tales.8

VvKzigvÕi SzwjI bvixi †mB me fvebviB cÖwZ”Qwe| Mí¸‡jv‡Z mgKvjxb mgvRgvbm cÖwZdwjZ;

we‡kl K‡i bvixi AwfÁZvq bvixi Ae¯’vb| VvKzigvÕi Szwji Mí¸‡jv †Kvb GK wbw`©ó mg‡q Ave×

bq| G¸‡jv hy‡M hy‡M Kv‡j Kv‡j eskci¤úivq gy‡L gy‡L P‡j Avmv MíK_v| Z‡e iƒcK_vi-

DcK_vi DcKiY-Dcv`vb, M‡íi PwiÎ‡ì AvPvi-AvPiY we‡kølY K‡i M‡elKM‡Yi aviYv †h,

G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb| ivÿmx‡ì gvbewkï fÿY, wkKvihvÎv Avw`g mgv‡Ri biLv`K gvbyl‡ìB

Aw ÍZ¡ Rvbvb †`q| Avevi iƒcK_v-DcK_vi ivRv-ivwb‡ì •`bw›`b Kg©KvÐ †`‡L †jvKM‡elK


54

Av‡Zvqvi ingvb VvKzigvi Szwj‡K wbZvšÍB Avw` hy‡Mi, hLb ivRZ‡š¿i •kkeKvj PjwQj e‡j gšÍe¨

K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z:

iƒ‡c Ni-Av‡jv Kiv, ¸‡Y AZzjbxqv ivRKb¨v ivYx n‡q G‡m ivRcyix Ry‡o e‡mb, †mvbvi Nv‡U gv_v,

iƒ‡cvi Lv‡U cv †i‡L my‡L wb ªv †`b| wKš‘ Avcb nv‡Z cÂ e¨vÄb ivua‡ZI Zuvi ev‡a bv| Zv †nvK bv †mB

cÂ e¨vÄb cÖRvi N‡ii e¨vÄ‡bi Zzjbvq `vgx| Ggb ivRv-ivYx mvaviY M„n ’-N‡ii KZ©v-wMbœxi †_‡K Ggb

wKQz ~‡ii gvbyl bb| hw` ewj, Zuviv wQ‡jb †mB hy‡Mi gvbyl, hv mf¨Zvi wbZvšÍB Avw` hyM, hLb

ivRZ‡š¿i •kkeKvj Pj‡Q, ivRv-cÖ‡Rvq cÖ‡fÙv mvZ mgy ª †Z‡iv b`xi g‡Zv y Íi n‡q I‡Vwb, Zuviv

wbðqB iƒcK_v‡jv‡Ki †`qvj †f‡½ G‡m Avgvi k~j`‡Ûi weavb †`‡eb bv|9

W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcK_v-DcK_vi wewfbœ Dcv`vb we‡kølY K‡i

G¸‡jvi Rb¥ evsjvi ewYK hy‡M A_©vr Î‡qv`k-PZz`k© kZ‡Ki w`‡K e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| evsjvi

†jvKK_v¸‡jvi mgqKvj wb‡q W. Avkivd wmwÏKx †jvKmvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ G‡K cÖvPxb Avw`g mgv‡Ri e‡j

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| VvKzgvÕi Sywji wbw`©ó mgqKvj Rvbv bv †M‡jI GUv wVK †h G¸‡jv AwZ cÖvPxb|

Ges Gi K_K evsjvi cÖvPxb mgv‡Ri gv-w`w`-w`w`gv; hv‡ì cÖZ¨ÿ c‡ivÿ Rxeb AwfÁZvi ev Íe

wPÎ G‡Z D™¢vwmZ| ZrKvjxb mgvR we‡køl‡Y ¯^xK…Z, bvix wQj civaxb| wPiKvjB Ae‡nwjZ|

cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvix‡K eva¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q cyiæ‡li ek¨Zv I AaxbZv ¯^xKv‡i| A_P fviZxq mgv‡R

•ew`KKv‡j bvixi mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb wQj m¤§vbRbK| ZLb bvix wQj cweÎ, ¯^vgxi Øviv m¤§vwbZ Ges

¯^vaxbZv‡fvMKvwiYx| †h wb‡Ri Rxebmw½ †e‡Q †bIqvi AwaKviI jvf KiZ| wKš‘ mgqvšÍ‡i

ZrKvjxb mgv‡R cyiælZvwš¿KZvi Rv‡j ew›` n‡Z _v‡K bvix| Kb¨v iƒ‡c wcZvi, Rvqv iƒ‡c ¯^vgxi

Ges gvZviƒ‡c cy‡Îi AaxbZv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z nZ bvix‡K| Gi g~j KviY, bvix wQj ciwbf©ikxj I

civbœRxex| d‡j †Kvb ¯^vaxb mËv wQj bv Zv‡ì| evev-gvi m¤úwË‡ZI wQj bv Zv‡ì AwaKvi|

Rxeb wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ wQj bv †Kvb Dchy³ mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I my‡hvM| †Kbbv bvixi we`¨vR©‡bi †P‡q

M„nK‡g© `ÿZv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv nZ ZrKvjxb mgv‡R| d‡j ¯vgxi ûKzgcvjb, c‡` c‡` ¯^vgx I Zvi

cwievi Øviv jvÃbv-MÄbv †fvM wQj wbqwgZ e¨vcvi| hvi Kvi‡Y bvix n‡q I‡V wbw®Œq, AvÁvevnx I

cwZeªZv| g~j¨vwqZ n‡Z _v‡K †mŠ›`h©¸‡Y, Rb¥`v‡b mÿgZv I M„nK‡g© `ÿZv ¸‡Y| Gi g‡a¨

Rb¥`v‡b mÿgZv bvixi Aw Í‡Z¡i welqwU wbwðZ KiZ| Zv bv n‡j ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³v n‡q c‡_i dwK‡i

cwiYZ n‡Z nZ| GQvov mwZbwe‡Øl, Cl©v, Kjn, loh‡š¿i wkKviI nZ bvix| †ewkifvM‡ÿ‡Î bvixi

cÖwZcÿ n‡q uvovZ bvix; cyiælgvÎB kvw¯ÍweavbKZ©v| d‡j bvixi gb‡b gM‡R Zvi GB `yie¯’vi

KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq Av‡iK bvix| bvixi GB y‡f©vM cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_

Av‡iv e„w× †c‡q‡Q KL‡bv bgbxq wKsev cÖ”Qbœfv‡e; KL‡bv bMœfv‡e| cÖvPxbhyM †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq

ch©šÍ cyiæ‡li cÖwZ bvixi AaxbZv, ek¨Zv †hb wewai weavb| wewfbœ kv¯¿ †hgb gbymswnZvq, cyiv‡Y,

ivgvq‡Y, gnvfvi‡ZI bvix‡K cyiæ‡li Aaxb Kivi cÖqvm †`Lv hvq| †hgb gbymswnZvq bvixi

civaxbZvi wPÎ G‡m‡Q Gfv‡e:

evjqv ev hyeZ¨v ev e„×qv evwc †hvwlZv|

b ¯^vZ‡¯¿Ÿ KZ©e¨s wKwÂr Kvh©s M„‡nlewc|10

A_©vr bvix hyewZ, evwjKv wKsev e„×vB †nvK, M„ng‡a¨ †_‡K †Kv‡bv KvR ¯^vgxi webv AbygwZ‡Z Ki‡Z

cvi‡e bv| GQvovI gbmswnZvq bvix †h ïay KvgRmËv, mšÍvb Rb¥v`v‡bi †ÿÎ Ges iƒ‡c wePvh©;

G¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wewfbœ †køvK iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Ggb wK bvixi kix‡i †Kv_vq cÖnvi Ki‡Z n‡e


55

ZviI wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q gbymswnZvq| Avgv‡ì Av‡jvP¨ VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi GB Aeqe G‡m‡Q

cÖwZiƒcKxq Zvrc‡h©|

M. bvixmËvi ïf-Aïf iƒc

VvKzigvÕi Szwj-i AwaKvsk MíB bvixcÖavb| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii bvix †hgb ivwb, ivRKb¨v,

eªvþYx, gš¿xi ¿x, K…lvwb, `vmx, ivÿmxÕi wePiY VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z| ÿgZvi Aceënvi, hv yi Ackw³

cÖ‡qvM, wbôziZv, K‚U-†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM, wewfbœ AcKg©Kvix eoivwb, my‡qvivwb, mrgv, ivÿmxmn mKj

Aïf/g›` PwiÎ †hgb bvix; †Zgwb mijv, cigv my›ìx, ¸YeZx, M„nK‡g© wbcyY, •ah©kxj, `qveZx,

`ytL- y`©kvMÖ¯Í Avi wbh©vZb-wbMÖn mn¨Kvix fvj/mr/ïf PwiÎI bvix| cÖvq meM‡íB g›` bvixPwiÎ

WvBwb, ev mrgv Zv‡ì K…Z AcK‡g©i dj wn‡m‡e kvw¯Í‡fvM K‡i A_ev g„Zz¨`‡Ð `wÐZ nq; Avi

ïf/fvj/mr Pwi‡Îi bvix A‡bK ytL-hš¿Yv m‡q †Kvb ivRcyÎ KZ…©K D×vi jvf K‡i ivwb n‡q ivRvi

mv‡_ my‡L emevm Ki‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡bvfw½i bvixPwi‡Îi

cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †hgb:

Aïf mËv/g›`/Amr bvixi mvaviY •ewkó¨:

K. iƒcwm wKš‘ mšÍvbavi‡Y Aÿg;

L. cÖwZwnsmv I KjncivqYZv;

M. Kg©wegyL I Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv;

N. Aïf kw³i cÖ‡qvMKvix;

O. A‡jŠwKK hv ykw³i AccÖ‡qvM;

P. KzUwb, WvBwb A_ev ivÿmx Ges

Q. D”PvKv•ÿx|

ïf mËv/fvj/mr bvixi mvaviY •ewkó¨:

K. iƒcwm Zv mšÍvb avi‡Y mÿg;

L. cwikÖgx I •ah©kxj;

M. A‡kl wbcxob I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi;

N. mij, mr I `qveZx;

O. M„nKg© I M„nag© cvj‡b KZ©e¨wbô;

P. wbf©ikxj Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbw®Œq;

Q. M‡íi ïiæ‡Z ¯^vgx Øviv weZvwoZ;

R. M‡íi †k‡l cyÎ wKsev cyÎea~ KZ…©K D×vi jvf, wb‡`©vl cÖgvwYZ I †k‡l my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z ¯^vgx-

mšÍvbmn msmvi Ki‡Z cviv|

Dchy©³ •ewkó¨vejxi bvixPwiÎ VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z jÿŸxq| Z‡e e¨wZµgagx© `yÕGKRb PwiÎ †hgb-

ÒwKiYgvjvÓ DcwiD³ •ewk‡óï evB‡i mvnmxKb¨v; †h kZ evavwecwË Gwo‡q AiæY-eiæY yfvBmn

kZ kZ ivRcy‡Îi D×viKZ©v wn‡m‡e Avwe©f‚Z n‡q‡Q| †hgb:


56

wKiYgvjv †mvbvi Svwi Xvwjqv Rj wQUvB‡jb, Pvwiw`‡K cvnvo gogo Kwiqv DwVj, mKj cv_i UKUK

Kwiqv DwVj,†hLv‡b R‡ji wQUv-†duvUv c‡o, hZ hy‡Mi hZ ivRcyÎ Avwmqv cv_i nBqv wQ‡jb, P‡ÿi

cj‡K Mv-†gvov w`qv DwVqv e‡mb|

†`wL‡Z †`wL‡Z mKj cv_i jÿ jÿ ivRcyÎ nBqv †Mj| ivRcy‡Îiv †Rvonv‡Z Kwiqv wKiYgvjv‡K

cÖYvg Kwij,

ÒmvZ hy‡Mi ab¨ exi!Ó11

Avevi, ÒKuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjvÓ M‡íI ¯í mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI KvÂbgvjv ¯^vgxi Amy¯’Zvq ivR¨

Pvjv‡Z mÿg nq; †hwU cy‡iv VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í weij| „óvšÍ:

myPivRvi ivRmsmvi APj nBj,myPivRv g‡bi `yt‡L gv_v bvgvBqv ewmqv _v‡Kb; ivYx KvÂbgvjv

`yt‡L K‡ó †Kv‡bviK‡g ivRZ¡ PvjvB‡Z jvwM‡jb|12

VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z yÕai‡bi bvixPwiÎ ¯úóÑ wbw®Œq (Passive) I mwµq (Active)| Avgiv ïfmËv I

AïfmËv wn‡m‡eI G‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi| wbw®Œq ev ïfmËvi bvix Aciƒc iƒ‡ci AwaKvwiYx I

ivRKb¨v| iƒcnxb, KzrwmZ igYxiv mwµq Aïf †Mv‡Îi AšÍM©Z| Giv nq mrgv, ivÿmx bq‡Zv

WvBwb| cÖm½Z, mvaviY †Kv‡bv bvixi eY©bv Gme M‡í Abycw¯’Z| †Kbbv mvaviY †g‡qi c‡ÿ

ivRcy‡Îi NiwY nIqv Kvh©Z Am¤¢e|

N. bvixi ˆkwíK iƒc

VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í imNb cwiw¯’wZ •Zwi‡Z g~j Avavi bvixi †mŠ›`h© eY©bv| GwU †jvKK_vi GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖm½| cÖvq M‡íB †`Lv hvq, bvixRxe‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ ivRcyÎ‡ì gy» K‡i weevneÜ‡b

Ave× nIqv| GRb¨ †hvM¨Zv wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì cÖavb Aej¤^b †mŠ›`h©; Gic‡i †`Lv nq AšÍR©xe‡bi

gvayh© ev †mŠ›`h©| wPivqZ evOvwj igYxi hv •ewkó¨| VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í ïfmËv/wbw®Œq (Passive)

bvix‡ì g‡a¨ GB •ewk‡óï cÖ”Qvc cwijwÿZ| ïfmËv/wbw®Œq (Passive) bvixiv my›ìx †mB mv‡_

`qveZx, M„nK‡g© wbcyYv, mijv, •ah©kxj, cvkweK wbh©vZb mn¨KvwiYx I gvbweK ¸Yvewji

AwaKvwiYx| Gi e¨wZµg n‡jB bvixiv gvbex bq ivÿmx wKsev WvBwb¯^fvev; hv mwµq bvixi

•ewkó¨| bvixi •`wnK †mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv ivRcyÎ wKsev Zuvi gv‡qi Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq KLbI ivRKb¨vi

wb‡Ri ZvwM‡`; KLbI ïK cvwLi gyL w`‡q; KLbI ev åg‡Y wM‡q ivRcy‡Îi ivRKb¨v‡K cÖ_g `k©‡b

gy» n‡q| ÒKjveZx ivRKb¨vÓ M‡í ÔKzP-eiYÕ ivRKb¨v‡K †`Lv hvq †bŠKvq K‡i ivRcyÎ‡ì ivR‡Z¡

G‡m wb‡Ri iƒ‡ci eY©bv Ki‡Z Gfv‡e :

KjveZx ivRKb¨v †gN-eiY †Kk

†Zvgvi cyÎ cvVvBI KjveZxi †`k|

Avb‡Z cv‡i †gvwZi dzj †Xv-j-WMi,

†mB cy‡Îi euv`x n‡q Avme †Zvgvi Ni|13

jÿŸxq ivRKb¨viv memgq ÔKzPeiYÕ †KDB k¨vgjv ev Kv‡jv e‡Y©i bq| ÒNygšÍcixÓ M‡í ivRKb¨vi

†mŠ›`‡h©i eY©bv cvIqv hvq ivRcy‡Îi ivRKb¨v‡K cÖ_g `k©‡b:

dzje‡bi Kv‡Q wMqv ivRcyÎ †`‡Lb, dz‡ji e‡b †mvbvi LvU, †mvbvi Lv‡U nxivi WuvU, nxivi Wuv‡U dz‡ji

gvjv †`vjv‡bv iwnqv‡Q; †mB gvjvi wb‡P, nxivi bv‡j †mvbvi cÙ, †mvbvi c‡Ù GK cigv my›ìx

ivRKb¨v we‡fv‡i NygvB‡Z‡Qb| NygšÍ ivRKb¨vi nvZ †`Lv hvq bv, cv †`Lv hvq bv, †Kej Puv‡ì-wKiY

gyLLvwb †mvbvi c‡Ùi †mvbvi cvcwoi g‡a¨ UzjUzj Kwi‡Z‡Q|14


57

wKQz M‡í †g‡qi iƒc †`‡L evev-gv bvg iv‡Lb ÔiƒceZxÕ| †hgb:

ivRKb¨v iƒceZx bvg _y‡q‡Q gvq|

MR‡gvwZ nZ †kvfv †lvj-Kjvq|15

KLbI evev wb‡RB †g‡qi iƒ‡ci mv‡_ cixi Zzjbv K‡i e‡jb, Ô†Rvov cixi g‡Zv †Rvov

ivRKb¨v|Õ16

G‡nb iƒ‡ci eY©bvq gy» n‡q ivRcyÎiv ivR¨ †Q‡o wbiæ‡Ïk nb Aciƒcv ivRKb¨v‡K

cvIqvi AvKv•ÿvq| RxebevRx †i‡L †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib bvbv cÖwZK‚jZvi| bvix n‡qI GKRb gv

weev‡ni Ab¨Zg kZ© wn‡m‡e †Luv‡Rb my›ìx ivRKb¨v| GRb¨ cyÎ‡ì wec`msKzj RvqMvq cvVv‡ZI

wØav‡eva K‡ib bv| ivRKb¨vivI wewRZ ivRcyÎ‡ì nv‡Z mu‡c †`b wb‡R‡ì| my‡L NiKbœvi gva¨‡g

M‡íi mgvwß N‡U| A_©vr bvixi †mŠ›`h© M‡íi K¬vB‡g· (Climax) I cwiYwZi g~j PvweKvwV| •`wnK

†mŠ›`h© QvovI wbw®Œq (Passive)/ïfmËvi bvix‡ì AšÍRx©e‡bi †mŠ›`h© (Awnsmv, `qv, •ah©,

c‡ivcKvi, mr, mij, Kg©x) cwijwÿZ| GB ¸Yvejx bv _vK‡j bvix‡K g›` bvixi cwiYwZ †fvM

Ki‡Z nq| ÒmyLy Avi `yLyÓ Gi D¾¡j „óvšÍ| `yLyi •`wnK I gvbwmK Dfq ¸Yvejxi Kvi‡Y †m ab I

ei `y‡UvB jvf K‡i‡Q| †hgb, Ôÿvi •LjUzKz gvwLqv R‡j bvwgqv `yLy Wze w`j| Wze w`‡ZB GK Wz‡e

`yLyi †mŠ›`h© D_‡j c‡o! Ñ†m Kx iƒc! -AZ iƒc †èKb¨viI bvBÕ!17

Aciw`‡K myLy wnsmyK, wbôzi AgvbweK, SMov‡U, †jvfx| Zvi dj¯îƒc:

GK Wz‡e †mŠ›`h©! GK Wz‡e Mnbv!- Avt !!! ÑAvi myLy‡K cvq †K? myLy Gw`‡K Pvq, myLy

Iw`‡K Pvq,

ÒhZ hZ Wze wè, bv Rvwb Av‡iv Kx cveÓ!

AuvB-AuvB-AuvB !!! Ô-wZb Wze w`qv DwVqv myLy †`‡L, -Mv-fiv AuvwPj, Nv cuvPovÑ GB bL,

†kv‡Yi †MvQv Pzj-KZ K`h© myLyi Kcv‡j!Õ18

AZGe, VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi •`wnK †mŠ›`h© I gvbwmK †mŠKgvh© y‡Uv‡KB we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv

n‡q‡Q| wPivqZ evOvwj mgvR bvix‡K Gfv‡eB †`L‡Z Pvq| Ab¨_vq bvix KzwUjv, g›`¯^fvev e‡j

AvL¨vwqZ nq| ïay evsjvq bq; MÖxg åvZ…Ø‡qi †dqvwi †U‡ji "The pink flower", "Cinderella",

"The Goose Girl at the Spring" Mí¸‡jv‡Z bvix‡ì •`wnK I gvbwmK †mŠKgvh© ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_

we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯iƒc, "The pink flower" M‡í bvixi †mŠ›`h© eY©bv G‡m‡Q Gfv‡e, 'So

beautiful that no painter could ever have made her look more beautiful.'19

O. mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi hvwš¿K iƒc

†mŠ›`‡h©i cvkvcvwk weev‡ni ci mšÍvb Drcv`bB bvixi gyL¨ f~wgKv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ VvKzigvÕi Szwj

M‡í| Ni-¯^vgx-mšÍvb Gi g‡a¨B wePiY bvixi| Gi e¨Z¨q NU‡j ytL-`y`©kv Avi wbcxo‡bi mxgv

_v‡K bv GKRb bvixi| †mB wbcxob Av‡m ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K, cwievi †_‡K, mgvR †_‡K| ÔKjveZx

ivRKb¨vÕ M‡í Ôb-ivbxÕ, Ô†QvU ivbxÕ, ÔmvZ fvB P¤úvÕ M‡í Ô†QvUivbxÕ, ÔwKiYgvjvÕ M‡íi ÔivbxÕ Zvi

D¾¡j cÖgvY| mšÍvb Rb¥ bv w`‡Z cvivi `vq eZ©vq ïay bvixi Dci| cyiæ‡li Zv‡Z †Kvb `vq †bB|

bvixI Zv †g‡b †bq Aejxjvq, †Kbbv Ggb mvgvwRK PP©vq Zvi †e‡o IVv| Avi bvixi GB

nxbgb¨Zvi cÖwZdj GKRb ivRvi Qq mvZUv ivwb| GRb¨B cÖvq AwaKvsk MíB ïiæ nqÑ ÔGK †h,


58

ivRv| ivRvi mvZ ivbx|-eoivbx, †gRivbx, †mRivbx, b-ivbx, K‡bivbx, y‡qvivbx, Avi †QvUivbx|Õ20

wKsev, `yB ivRvi `yB ivbx, my‡qvivbx Avi y‡qvivbx|21

d‡j mšÍvb Drcv`b‡K †K› ª K‡i ïiæ nq

wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ gb ÍvwË¡K Ø›Ø-msNvZ I cÖwZwnsmv| GB cÖwZwnsmv Ggb ch©v‡q †cuŠQvq †h, mšÍvbnxb

bvix wb®úvc wkï‡K †g‡i †dj‡ZI wØav †eva K‡i bv| D`vniY¯iƒc, Ôwbôzi eo ivbxiv Avi wkK‡j

bvov w`j bv| PzwcPzwc nuvwo-miv Avwbqv, †Q‡j‡g‡q¸wj‡K Zvnv‡Z cywiqv, cuvk Mv`vq cyuwZqv †dwjqv

Avwmj|Õ22

KLbI Ôeoivbx‡ìÕ Pµv‡šÍ mvZcyÎ-GK Kb¨v Rb¥`vbKvix Ô†QvUivbxÕ Ôe¨v‡Oi Qvbv Bu`y‡ii QvbvÕ

wKsev †ev‡b‡ì Pµv‡šÍ `yB †Q‡j Avi GK †g‡q Rb¥`vbKvix †QvU‡evb ÔKzKzi Qvbv, weovj-Qvbv Avi

Kv‡Vi cyZzjÕ Rb¥`v‡bi Aciv‡a n‡Z nq `vmx wKsev wbe©vwmZ| Avi wbe©vwmZ ivwbiv †Kvb cÖKvi

Awf‡hvM bv K‡i mij g‡b wbqwZ‡K †g‡b cvkweK Kó mn¨ K‡i hvb| VvKzigvÕi Szwji ÒKjveZx

ivRKb¨vÓ M‡í eo cuvP ivwbi Ôb-ivbxÕ I Ô†QvUivbxÕ‡K ewÂZ K‡i wkKo †L‡q †djv I ÒkxZ emšÍÓ

M‡íi cÖ_gw`‡K my‡qvivbxi y‡qvivbx‡K gv_vq ewo wU‡c wU‡q evwb‡q †Ìqvi PµvšÍ Zv cÖgvY K‡i|

bvix‡ì Gme Pµv‡šÍi g~j KviY mšÍvb we‡kl K‡i cyÎ Rb¥`v‡b AÿgZv| †Kbbv cyÎmšÍvb cÖm‡ei

Dci Zv‡ì gh©v`v wbY©xZ nq| GBiKg Pµv‡šÍi „óvšÍ VvKzigvÕi Szwji Ab¨vb¨ M‡íI „k¨gvb|

P. bvixi mwnòziƒc

VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í mrgv I ivÿmx Pwi‡Îi bvix e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ bvixiv mij, wbw®Œq (Passive) ev

ïf mËv| AwaKvsk M‡íB bvix webqx, AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z I AvÁven †g‡q, ¯¿x I gv Pwi‡Î AvfvwmZ|

wbw®Œq (Passive) Pwi‡Îi bvix gv‡bB kvšÍ-wkó, my›ìx, AgvbweK Kómn¨KvwiYx, M„nK‡g© wbcyYv,

weev‡n AvMÖnx; Zv‡ì D”PvKv•ÿv Ges we`¨vR‡b©i AvMÖ‡ni K_vI Rvbv hvq bv| ÒKjveZx ivRKb¨vÓ

M‡í Ôb-ivbxÕ, Ô†QvUivbxÕ GKw`‡K †hgb M„nK‡g© wm×n¯Í †Zgwb evbi I †cuPv Rb¥`v‡bi Aciv‡a

ivRevoxi †RŠjym Avi A‡Xj m¤ú` nvwi‡q c‡_i dwK‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ÒKuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjvÓ

M‡í PZzi `vmx KuvKbgvjvi cÖZviYvq mijv KvÂbgvjv‡K `vmx‡Z cwiYZ n‡q M„‡ni mKj KvR

Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| D`vniY¯iƒc:

KvÂbgvjv Auv ÍvKz‡o ewmqv gvQ †Kv‡Ub Avi Kuv‡`b,

nv‡Zi KuvKb w`qv wKwbjvg `vmx,

†mn nBj ivbx, Avwg nBjvg euv`x|

Kx ev cv‡c †mvbvi ivRvi ivR¨ †Mj Qvi

Kx ev cv‡c fvw½j Kcvj KvÂbgvjvi?23

KvÂbgvjv ivwb n‡jI VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í ïfmËvi cÖZxK; ZvB †m mij| Ges wbqwZ‡K †`vlv‡ivc

K‡i `vmx Rxebhvc‡b wbw®Œq (Passive) _vK‡Q| ÒwKiYgvjvÓ M‡í ÔPuv‡ì gZb ev‡o, dz‡ji gZb

†dv‡UÕ24

cigv my›`wi wKiYgvjvI Ôevwo‡Z KzUvUzKz cwo‡Z †`q bv, KvRjjZv MvB‡qi Mv‡q gvwQwU

ewm‡Z †`q bv|Õ25

A_©vr wKiYgvjv my›ìx †mB mv‡_ M„nK‡g© wbcyYv| bvixi M„nK‡g© wbcyYZvi welqwU

Mí¸‡jv‡Z cyiæ‡li we`¨vR©‡bi mgZzj¨ wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| D`vni‡Y welqwU Abyaveb‡hvM¨:

AiæY-eiæY, eªvþ‡Yi mKj we`¨v cwo‡jb; wKiYgvjv eªvþ‡Yi Nimsmvi nv‡Z wb‡jb|26


59

ÒmyLy Avi `yLyÓ M‡íi yLy I Zvi gv wbw®Œq (Passive)/ïfmËv| `yLy mKj¸‡Y ¸YvwšZ| M„‡ni mKj

Kv‡R wbcyYv; mrgv‡qi wbh©vZb mn¨KvwiYx; c‡ivcKvix I wb‡j©vf| `yLyi cÖksmbxq ¸Yvejxi Kvi‡Y

†m Puv‡ì eywogv KZ…©K cyi¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ïfmËvi cÖwZf~ bv n‡j Zvi myLyi cwiYwZ †fvM Ki‡Z

nZ| D‡jøL¨, MÖxgm& †dqvwi †U‡ji "In Snow White", I "Cinderella" M‡íI 'Snow white' I

'Cinderella' kvšÍwkó, mijv, AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z I AvÁvevnx| Zv‡ì †`Lv hvq, N‡ii mg Í Kv‡Ri mv‡_

mv‡_ mrgv I mr‡ev‡b‡ì wbh©vZb wbi‡e mn¨ K‡i †h‡Z| Zv‡ì AvÁvcvj‡b AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z _vK‡Z|

Q. mšÍvbevrm‡j¨ bvixmËv

ïfmËv mr/fvj Pwi‡Îi bvix wbw®Œq (Passive) n‡jI G‡ì mšÍvbevrmj¨ jÿŸxq| ÒKjveZx

ivRKb¨vÓ M‡í Ôey×Õ I ÔfzZz‡giÕ KjveZx †`‡ki hvÎvi Le‡i Ôb-ivbxÕ I Ô†QvUivbxÕ mšÍv‡bi g½j

Kvgbvq, Ô yB R‡b yBLvbv mycvwii †Wv½vq, yBKov Kwo, avb, ~e©v Avi AvMv-MjyB‡q cvQv-MjyB‡q

wm› ~‡ii †duvUv w`qv fvmvBqv w`‡jb|Õ27

Avevi, eo cuvP ivRcyÎ wd‡i G‡jI hLb ey×z I fzZzg

wbiæ‡Ïk ZLb I ÔfzZz‡gi gvÕ, Ôey×zi gvÕ, GZw`b Kuvw`qv-Kuvw`qv gi-gi| †k‡l yBR‡b b`xi R‡j

Wzweqv gwi‡Z †M‡jb|Õ28

mšÍv‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ì G AvZ¥Z¨vM wPišÍb evOvwj bvixi •ewkó¨| Ô†mvbvi KvwU

iæcvi KvwUÕ M‡í ¯vgxi ûKzg m‡Ë¡I ivwb cyÎevrm‡j¨ cy‡Îi †cø‡U fv‡Zi e`‡j QvB bv w`‡q cigvbœ

mvwR‡q _vjvi GK‡Kv‡Y QvB‡qi ¸ov †i‡LwQ‡jb| ÒNygšÍ cyixÓ M‡íI cyÎ †kv‡K ivwb‡K Avnvi wb ªv

†Q‡o kh¨vkvqx n‡Z †`Lv hvq| ÒcvZvj Kb¨v gwYgvjvÓ‡ZI †cu‡Pvi gv bT_©K e¨Äbvi bvixg~wZ© n‡jI

Zv‡K †`wL cyÎ‡K ivRKb¨vi mv‡_ we‡q Kiv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ K‚U-†KŠk‡j gwYgvjv‡K ew›` Ki‡Z|

wbw®Œq/mr bvixi mšÍvbevrmj¨ ïay wb‡Ri mšÍvb bq, mZxbcyÎ‡ì cÖwZ mgvbvfve| ZvB‡Zv ÒkxZ

emšÍÓ, ÒWvwjgKzgviÓ M‡í mZx‡bi Pµv‡šÍ wbe©vwmZ bvix‡ì †`Lv hvq M‡íi †k‡l mZxbcyÎKb¨v‡ì

mv`‡i MÖnY K‡i mywL Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z| ÒmyLy Avi yLyÓ M‡í yLyi cÖvß ab myLy‡KI fvM w`‡Z Pvq

yLyi gv| bvixi G mšÍvbevrmj¨ wPivqZ evOvwj bvixiB ag©; Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡nï Ask|

R. wbf©ikxj bvixmËv

VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í bvixi wbw®ŒqZvi welqwU m¤§vb I MÖnY‡hvM¨ AvPiY wn‡m‡e †iLvwqZ| GLv‡b

wbw®Œq ej‡Z †h‡Kvb AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvix wb‡R gyw³i Dcvq bv Lyu‡R wbqwZ‡K †g‡b wb‡q

A‡cÿviZ †Kvb gyw³`vZv ivRcy‡Îi Rb¨| A_©vr †Kvb cyiæl ev ivRcyÎB bvixi AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZ

DËi‡Yi wmuwo| ÒNygšÍ cixÓ M‡í ivRKb¨v eQ‡ii ci eQi Nywg‡q KvUvZ hw` bv ivRcyÎ G‡m Zv‡K

D×vi KiZ| ÒKuvKbgvjv KvÂbgvjvÓ M‡í KvÂbgvjv‡K myP ivRvi ivLvj eÜz KZ…©K `ywe©ln Rxeb

†_‡K gyw³ jvf I mywL Rxebhvc‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| ÒkxZ emšÍÓ M‡í cyÎ KZ…©K `y‡qvivbxi

D×vi m¤¢e n‡q‡Q; Ô†mvbvi KvwU iƒcvi KvwUÕ M‡í ivRKb¨vi ew›`Rxeb †_‡K gyw³ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q

ivRcy‡Îi mnvqZvq| MÖxgm& Gi "The Sleeping beauty" I "Cinderella", M‡íI G cÖeYZv

cÖKwUZ| 'Sleeping beauty' †K wcÖÝ Pzgy bv †L‡j †m eQ‡ii ci eQi Nywg‡qB _vK‡Zv; Ab¨w`‡K

'Cinderella' †K †`wL wcÖÝ Gi Øviv gvb‡eZi Rxeb †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z| mrgv, mwZb I ivÿmx

Pwi‡Îi bvix Qvov Ab¨‡ì mwµqZv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg ÒmvZ fvB P¤úvÓ

M‡íi cviæj I ÒwKiYgvjvÓ M‡íi wKiYgvjv| hwÌ gv‡K D×v‡i cviæ‡ji f‚wgKv mvgvb¨B| Z‡e


60

G‡Kev‡i e¨wZµgagx© wKiYgvjv wbqwZ‡K †`vlv‡ivc bv K‡i fvB‡ì D×v‡i ivRcy‡Îi †cvkv‡K

†ewi‡q c‡o| †hgb:

wKiYgvjv Kuvw`j bv, KvwUj bv, P‡ÿi Rj gywQj bv; DwVqv KvRjjZv‡K Lo •Lj w`j, MvQMvQvwji

†Mvovq Rj w`j, w`qv, ivRcy‡Îi †cvkvK cwiqv, gv‡_ gyKzU Z‡ivqvj,Ñ KvRjjZvi evQzi‡K, nwi‡Yi

Qvbv‡K Pzgy LvBqv P‡ÿi cjK †dwjqv wKiYgvjv gvqvcvnv‡oi D‡Ï‡k evwni nBj|29

wKiYgvjv GKw`‡K mywbcyY M„wnYx, Ab¨w`‡K exi †hv×v| †MvUv VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í cyiæl †hLv‡b

bvixi D×viKZ©v †mLv‡b jÿ jÿ ivRcy‡Îi ÎvYKZ©v wn‡m‡e Avwef©‚Z, ÔmvZ hy‡Mi ab¨ exiÕ30

wKiYgvjv| G‡ÿ‡Î MÖxg åvZ…Ø‡qi "Hansel I Gratel" M‡íi Gratel Gi mv‡_ Zzjbxq wKiYgvjv|

GratelI mvnm I eyw× w`‡q nZ¨v K‡iwQj WvBwb‡ì|

ïfmËv/fvj/mr •ewk‡óï bvixPwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wKiYgvjvB mwµq bvix| GQvov Avgiv Ggb bvix

Pwi‡Îi mÜvb cvB †h Zviv GZUvB wbw®Œq I AvÁven †h weevn Kiv ev bv Kivi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi

ÿgZvI iv‡L bv| †hgb ÒNygšÍ cixÓ M‡í D×viKZ©v ivRcyÎ‡K A‡a©K ivRZ¡ I ivRKb¨v Dcnvi

†c‡Z †`wL, ÔivRv ej‡jb- Avgvi wK Av‡Q, wK wè?- GB ivRKb¨v †Zvgvi nv‡Z w`jvg GB ivRZ¡

†Zvgv‡K w`jvg|Õ31

wKsev, ÔivRcyÎ‡K †h fv‡jv Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e, A‡a©K ivRZ¡ Avi ivRKb¨v Zv‡K

wè|Õ32

A_ev ÔivRv wbqg Kwiqv‡Qb, †h †Kv‡bv †Rvov ivRcyÎ †Lv°m gvwi‡Z cvwi‡e, †Rvov cixi

g‡Zv †Rvov ivRKb¨v Avi Zuvnvi ivRZ¡ ZvnvivB cvB‡e|Õ33

ivRv ivRKb¨vi B”Qv Awb”Qvi K_v bv

Rvb‡Z †P‡q Dc‡XŠKb wn‡m‡e Zv‡K mu‡c w`‡”Qb A‡Pbv-ARvbv D×viKZ©v ivRcyÎ‡K| GiKg

D`vniY VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í we¯Íi| Z‡e ÒkxZ emšÍÓ M‡í ivRKb¨v‡K Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI

¯^q¤î mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

S. bvixi D”PvKv•ÿxmËv

c~‡e© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, mrgv, mZxb I ivÿmx Pwi‡Î g›` bvix/AïfmËvi mKj •ewkó¨ we`¨gvb|

D”PvKv•ÿxivI g›` bvix/AïfmËv wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ VvKzigvi Szwj‡Z| Giv nq KzrwmZ †jvfx, wbôzi

cÖK…wZi, wnsmyK Ges Ab¨ gvby‡li Rxe‡b ûgwK¯iƒc| Ac‡ii ÿwZmvabB G‡ì Rxe‡bi g~j

D‡Ïk¨| †hgb ÔmrgvÕ cÖvq me M‡íB wbôzi, wnsmyK cÖK…wZi| wb‡Pi K‡qKwU D`vni‡Y welqwU ¯úó:

K) cvUKvwU wZb †Q‡j wbqv my‡qvivbx ¸g‡i ¸g‡i Av¸‡b cywoqv Ni K‡i| gb-fiv R¡vjv,

†cU-fiv wnsmv,Ñ Avcbvi †Q‡j‡ì _v‡j cuvP cigvbœ AóiÜb, wN‡q PcPc cÂe¨Äb

mvRvBqv †`b; kxZ-em‡šÍi cv‡Z Avjyb Av‡Zj KoKov fvZ momov Pvj kv‡Ki Dci

QvB‡qi Zvj †dwjqv w`qv Pwjqv hvb|34

L) ivÿmx-ivbxi g‡b Kvj, ivÿmx-ivbxi wR‡f jvj| ivÿmx wK Zvnv †`wL‡Z cv‡i?Ñ K‡e

mwZ‡bi †Q‡ji KwP KwP nvo-gvs‡mi †Svj A¤j iuvwaqv LvB‡e;Ñ Zv †c‡Ui yóz †Q‡j

mwZb-cy‡Zi mv_ Qv‡o bv| iv‡M ivÿmxi uv‡Z-ùv‡Z Ko&&Ko&& cuvP civY mi&&mi&|35

(M) ivÿmx ewjj,

ÒhvI I‡i myZvk•L, evZv‡m Kwi fi,

hg-hgybvi ivR¨-†k‡l cvkveZxi Ni!


61

GB wjLb wÌ wbqv cvkveZxi VuvB,

mvZ †Q‡ji Z‡i Avgvi mvZ Kb¨v PvB|

wicy Awi hvq, myZv, wPwe‡q Lv‡e Zv‡i,

mwZ‡bi cyZ †hb cvkv Avb‡Z bv‡i|Ó36

g~jZ Mí¸‡jv‡Z mwZb we‡Øl †_‡K mwZb cyÎKb¨v‡ì cÖwZ we‡Øl mÂvwiZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| we‡Ø‡l

AÜ mrgvi g~j mwµqZv mr †Q‡j †g‡q‡ì Awbó mvab Kiv| MÖxg åvZ…Ø‡qi †dqvwi †U‡ji 'Snow

white', 'Cinderlla', 'Gretel' †K †`wL mrgv‡ì Pÿzk~j n‡Z| VvKzgvÕi Szwji mv‡_ †dqvwi †U‡ji

G cÖeYZv Awfbœ|

D”PvKv•ÿx bvix‡KI †`Lv hvq g›` •ewk‡óï bvixPwi‡Î cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z| ÒKuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjvÓ

M‡í KuvKbgvjv cÖZviYv K‡i `vmx †_‡K ivwb n‡q‡Q| ÒcvZvj-Kb¨v gwYgvjvÓ M‡í gwYgvjvi

mijZvi my‡hv‡M Zv‡K ew›` K‡i‡Q †cu‡Pvi gv| ÒwKiYgvjvÓ M‡í †QvU‡ev‡bi my‡L eo `yB‡evb

Ôwnsmvq R¡wjqv R¡wjqv g‡i|Õ37

†jvf Avi wnsmvq AÜ ÒbxjKgj Avi jvjKgjÓ M‡íi ivÿmx

ivbx‡K †`wL Avcb †Q‡j‡K †L‡q †dj‡Z| †hgb Ôivbx †`wLj, c„w_ex Dwëqv‡QÑ †c‡Ui †Q‡j kÎæ

nBqv‡Q| ivbx g‡bi Av¸‡b Ávb-w`kv nvivBqv Avcbvi †Q‡j‡K gyogyo Kwiqv wPevBqv LvBj!Õ38

cÖvq

me M‡íB g›` •ewk‡óï bvixPwi‡Îi wkKvi mij¯^fvev bvixiv| Zv‡ì Pµv‡šÍB Kvwnwb‡Z †ivgvÂKi

cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡q NUbv G‡Mv‡Z _v‡K Ges Kvwnwbi mgvwß N‡U Zv‡ì cÖvqwðË wKsev g„Zz¨‡Z|

T. Ab¨vb¨

VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í †ek wKQz e„× bvix †hgbÑ wZb eywo, †QvU Kuv_v †mjvBKvix eywo, GKk e”Qz‡i

eywo, ivÿm-†Lv°m ivR‡Z¡i Avqx-ivÿmx, †cu‡Pvi gv BZ¨vw` Pwi‡Îi mÜvb cvB| †`L‡Z KzrwmZ

n‡jI Giv ÿgZvai| Giv ivÿmx-cÖavb wKsev WvBwb¯^fv‡ei| Z‡e bvwZ-bvZwbi cÖwZ Zv‡ì

†¯œncÖeYZv jÿYxq| Puv‡ì eywogv G‡ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg| †m ÿgZvai I †¯œncÖeY y‡UvB| MÖxgm& Gi

†dqvwi †U‡ji ZiæYx‡ìI Zzjbvq e„×v‡ì KzrwmZ, K‡Vvi wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

U. PwiÎ wbg©v‡Y ye©jZv

VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z ïf/Aïf mËv Pwi‡Îi •ewkó¨ we‡køl‡Y †evSv hvq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax

g‡bvfve my¯úó| Z‡e ci¯úi we‡ivax Rxeb`k©‡b Af¨¯Í n‡jI VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z wb‡¤œi K‡qKwU

welq Dfq bvixPwi‡Î jÿŸxq:

K) cÖwZev`x PwiÎ †bB|

L) ivRKv‡h© bvix AskMÖnY †`Lv hvq bv|

M) `ytmvnwmK †Kvb Kv‡R AskMÖnY †`Lv hvq bv|

N) Kb¨v mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ AvKv•ÿvi cÖKvk †`Lv hvq bv|

O) `yRbB cyiæ‡li Aaxb, ek¨Zv MÖnYKvix I wbqwš¿Z|

P) bvixPwiÎ¸‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ cÖksmv, mngwg©Zv I mg‡e`bv cÖKv‡ki wPÎ Abycw ’Z|


62

Q) cyiæ‡li mv‡_ mgvb Zv‡j KvR K‡i hv‡”Q Ggb cÖwZ”Qwe ïf/Aïf Dfq Pwi‡Î Abycw ’Z|

R) fvM¨ cwieZ©‡b wbR¯ cÖ‡Póvi Afve; mwµq/AïfmËvi PwiÎ¸‡jv‡K †`Lv hvq wb‡Ri fvM¨

cwieZ©‡bi †P‡q A‡bï aŸsm mva‡b wewfbœ A‡jŠwKK kw³gËv cÖKvk Ki‡Z BZ¨vw`|

Dcmsnvi

g~jZ VvKzigvÕi Szwj M‡í ÔcÖksmbxq I wbw›`ZÕ yB ai‡Yi bvixPwiÎ wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvq M‡íiB

AšÍwb©wnZ fve-Zvrch© AbymÜvb Ki‡j GKwU welq ¯úó †h, •`wnK †mŠ›`‡h©i mv‡_ mv‡_ bvix‡K

gvbwmK (`qv, webq, •ah©, mij, mr, c‡ivcKvix BZ¨vw`) †mŠ›`‡h©i AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| Gi e¨Z¨q

NU‡j bvix ivÿmx-WvBwb| cÖvq M‡íB bvixi `ytL-`y ©kvMÖ¯Í, `ywel©n Rxe‡bi KviY n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q

Av‡iK bvix| A_©vr bvixi cÖwZcÿ bvix| VvKzigvÕi Szwj evsjv wkï mvwn‡Zï Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| Gi Ab¨

eqwm cvVK _vK‡jI g~jZ wkïivB Gi g~j cvVK| ZvB‡Zv Avkv M‡½vcva¨vq (1925-1987) gšÍe¨

K‡ib, Ôgv-w`w`gv-w`wì gyL nB‡Z †kvbv GBme KvwnbxB •kke nB‡Z PwiÎ-MV‡bi wfwË wbg©vY

Kwiqv Avwm‡Z‡Q|39

Z‡e G Mí¸‡jv cv‡V wkïi Kíbvi RMZ we¯Í…Z nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ b¨vq-

Ab¨vq‡eva, bxwZ‡ev‡ai wkÿv †c‡jI Ae‡PZb g‡b bvix m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK fvebv wb‡q Zviv eo

n‡Z _v‡K e‡j A‡b‡K gšÍe¨ K‡ib| eZ©gvb †cÖÿvc‡U Mí¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wb‡q A‡b‡KB †hŠw³K cÖkœ

†Zv‡jb| Zv‡ì hyw³, bvix GLb wkwÿZ, ¯qsm¤ú~Y©, bvix †hv×v-eëmvqx, Ávb-weÁv‡bi cÖwZwU

†ÿ‡Î bvixi i‡q‡Q c`PviYv| †mB „wó‡KvY †_‡K VvKzigvÕi Szwj Mí¸‡jv bvix Aeqe m¤ú‡K© fzj

evZ©v w`‡”Q wK? A‡b‡K bvix-cyiæl •el‡gï w`KwU‡Z Av‡jvKcvZI K‡i‡Qb| Avm‡j wkïmvwnZ¨

wn‡m‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z †M‡j VvKzigvÕi Szwji Kí‡jvK AskUzKz ev` w`‡q Gi AšÍwb ©wnZ welq-fvebv

we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q bvixi wPivqZ ¯fv‡ei cvkvcvwk eZ©gv‡b wkÿv, Kg©,

Ávb-weÁv‡b bvixi DËi‡Yi, ¯^wbf©kxjZvi g‡Zv BwZevPK welq¸‡jv AšÍfz©³ Kiv| cwðgv‡`‡ki

†dqvwi †Ujm¸‡jv‡Z hv B‡Zvg‡a¨ ïiæ n‡q †M‡Q| †mLv‡b eo eo cÖWvKkb nvDR¸‡jv bvixi

BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv‡Z Av‡jv †d‡j †dqvwi †U‡ji Mí¸‡jvi we‡kl cwieZ©b mvab K‡i cÖPvi ïiæ

K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯iƒc wWRwb †dqvwi †Ujm wd‡j¥i "The little Mermaid", "Beauty and the

Beast" I "Mulan" Gi K_v ejv hvq| †hLv‡b bZzbfv‡e bvixi BwZevPK w`K AšÍfz©³ K‡i wPwÎZ

n‡q‡Q| ZvB wkïmvwn‡Zï `„wó‡KvY w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j VvKzigvÕi Szwj‡Z bvixi BwZevPK `„wófw½

ms‡hvR‡bi welqwU fvev †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î bvixPwi‡Îi HwZn¨MZ, wPivqZ g~j Av‡e`b eRvq

†i‡L eZ©gv‡b bvixi Ae¯’vb I mgv‡R Zvi ¯’vb, gh©v`v I Ae`vb ms‡hvRb n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k

GB ai‡bi aviv GL‡bv ïiæ bv n‡jI wkïmvwnwZ¨K, g‡bvweÁvbx wKsev gvbevwaKviKgx©‡ì †PZbvq

welqwU wb‡q fvebv ïiæ n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k: 1 iwdKDjøvn Lvb, AvL¨vbZË¡ I PwiÎvqY (XvKv: Pviæwjwc cÖKvkb, 2011), c„. 78

2 Donald Haase, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, Volume 3, 'Fairy Tale',

(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008), p. 322-323


63

3 Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©, evsjvi †jvKmvwnZ¨, 1g LÐ (KjKvZv: 5g ms., 2004), c„. 401

4 ghnviæj Bmjvg, †dvK‡jvi: cwiwPwZ I cVb-cvVb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, cÖ_g cyb©gy ªY, 1993), c„. 33

5 wek¦wRr †Nvl m¤úv., VvKzigvÕi Szwj, `wÿYviÄb wgÎ-gRyg`vi, kZ evwl©K ms. (XvKv: Aemi cÖKvk, lô gy`ªY,

2018), c„. GKzk (Gici †_‡K ïay M‡íi bvg eëüZ n‡e)

6 eiæYKzgvi PµeZx, †jvKms¯‹…wZi mvZKvnb (XvKv: wek¦mvwnZ¨feb, 2009), c„. 92

7 Av‡Zvqvi ingvb, ÒiƒcK_vi †`k cwiPqÓ, †jvKmvwn‡Zï K_v (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1984), c„. 1

8 J.M. Sokolov, Russian Folklore, p. 403, D×…Z, Avkivd wmwÏKx, Òf‚wgKvÓ, wK‡kviM‡Äi †jvKKvwnbx, (XvKv:

evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1965), c„. 21

9 Av‡Zvqvi ingvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 4

10 •PZvwj `Ë (m¤úv. I fvlvšÍi), gbymswnZv (KjKvZv: becÎ cÖKvkb, 2008), c„. 417|

11 wKiYgvjv, c„. 71

12 KuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjv, c„. 30

13 KjveZx ivRKb¨v, c„. 9

14 NygšÍ cix, c„. 24

15 kxZ emšÍ, c„. 48

16 bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, c„. 81

17 myLy Avi `yLy, c„. 135

18 myLy Avi `yLy, c„. 137

19 Jack Zipes (Translation and Introduction), The Complete Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (New

York : Bantam, 1992), p. 286



22 mvZfvB P¤úv, c„. 37

23 KuvKbgvjv, KvÂbgvjv, c„. 31


25 Z‡è

26 Z‡è





31 NygšÍ cix, c„. 27

32 cvZvjKb¨v gwYgvjv, c„. 104




64

35

bxjKgj Avi jvjKgj, c„. 77

36 WvwjgKzgvi, c„. 94



39 Avkv M‡½veva¨vq, evsjv wkï mvwn‡Zï µgweKvk (KjKvZv: wW, Gg, jvB‡eªix, 1368), c„. 15


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

knx` Kvìxi KweZvq ˆbtm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv

W. †gv. myRv D`-†`Šjv

Abstract: Shahid Quadri (1942-2016) is one of those who have enriched poetry of

Bangladesh in the ege of fifty. Though born in West Bengal, he starts living in

Bangladesh after the partition in 1947. When he was only fourteen, one of his poems was

published in Buddhadeb Bassues magazine ‘Kabita’. Though he continued writing

poems, he left his native land for London in 1978. Later he started living in America

parmanently various experience in his life have influenced his decision to leave his

country and his life in a foreign country. A total of five volumes of poetry has been

published before and after his death. Though love, romance, and city life are some of his

main themes, the representation of trials and tribulatoins of daily life in his poetry has got

a dissonent dimention. Also his sense of alienation, loneliness and his consciousness of

death have often become the subject matter in his poetry. Indeed the awarness of death

and loneliness is one of his main concerns. How and how much this consciousness has

been reflected in his poetry is discussed in this essay.

1.

evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq huv‡ì Ae`vb me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq knx` Kvìx Zuv‡ì

g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Ôknx` Kvìx R‡b¥‡Qb 1942 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ KjKvZvq|Õ1

d‡j Zuvi Rxe‡bi

•kkeKvj †K‡U‡Q KjKvZv‡ZB| Ô1947 mv‡ji †`kfv‡Mi d‡j wb‡Ri Rb¥f~wg †Q‡o DØv ‘ n‡q

XvKvq Av‡mb|Õ2

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Mfx‡i Abvqv‡m cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb hv Zuvi KweZvi g‡a¨ D¾¡j n‡q Av‡Q| ÔZuvi KweZv

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GKwU gvBjdjK uvo Kiv‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| knx` Kvìx cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki Kwe| Z‡e wefvM-

cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq cÂv‡ki `k‡K KweZvPP©v ïiæ Ki‡jI Zuvi cÖ_g KweZvi eB cvV‡Ki

nv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q lv‡Ui `k‡KiI †kl w`‡K| g~jZ ÔcÂvk-DËi KweZvq AvaywbKZv I bvMwiK

Rxeb‡ev‡ai ms‡hvM NwU‡q knx` Kvìxi AvZ¥cÖKvk|Õ4

`xN© mgq a‡i wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb,

wKš‘ wj‡L‡Qb gvÎ cuvPwU Kve¨MÖš’| me wgwj‡q Zuvi KweZvi msL¨v `yÕ‡kvi g‡Zv| RxeÏkvq Kwei

PviwU Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Ges g„Zzï ci cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi cÂg Kve¨| Z‡e cÖKvwkZ cÖwZwU

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1967 mv‡j| Gici 1974 mv‡j Ô†Zvgv‡K Awfev`b wcÖqZgvÕ, 1978 mv‡j Ô†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv µ›`b

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†`‡Lbwb| GKRb LuvwU I RvZ Kwei RvqMv †_‡K hv wKQz KweZvi wel‡q cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi

meUzKzB cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q mgvbfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q| Kwei †jLv‡jwLi ¯^íZv cÖm‡½ KwecZœxi mvÿ¨ :



66

Avi `kUv gvby‡li g‡ZvB mvaviY gvbyl wZwb| Kwe knx` Kvìx, Avwg †hUv evievi †`‡LwQ, A‡bK

†ewk covïbvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Zb| †jLvi PvB‡ZI covUv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Zb †ewk| me mgq bZzb wKQz Avbvi

†Póv Ki‡Zb| ej‡Zb, meB †Zv †jLv n‡q †M‡Q, bZzb wKQz Kiv †ek KwVb| GLb hw` bZzb †Kvb dg©

Avbv hvq, Zvn‡j †mUv †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwb weÁvbgb¯‹ wQ‡jb ; ej‡Zb, weÁv‡b hw` bZzb wKQz

Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Avgiv Zvi mv‡_ bZzb wKQz cve| GQvov bZzb welqe¯‘ Avbv Lye

KwVb| Pwe©ZPe©Y K‡i jvf †bB|5

cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi hviv K…Zx wbg©vZv Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ knx` Kvìx wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg|

†Kvb †Kvb mgv‡jvPK Zuv‡K lv‡Ui `k‡Ki Kwe wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q e‡jb Ôlv‡Ui `k‡Ki Kwe‡ì

g‡a¨ knx` KvìxB GKgvÎ e¨wZµg huvi KweZv cÖ_g ¯^vZš¿ m~PK n‡q D‡VwQj| lv‡Ui KweZvi

wbtm½ I ¯^vZš¿ m~PK avivwUi ZKgvI Zuv‡K w`‡q †`qv hvq|Õ6

knx` Kvìx evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi

avivq Ggb GK weijcÖR Kwe whwb Rxe‡bi my`xN© mgq a‡i B”QvK…Z we‡`kf~wg‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Qb|

wZwb wb‡R‡K me wKQz †_‡K Avov‡j ivL‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †h Kve¨-KweZv wZwb cvV‡Ki Rb¨

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D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q ÔgiY‡i, Zzû gg k¨vg mgvb|Õ8

ïay ZvB bq, iex›`ªbv_ g„Zz¨‡K wN‡i Av‡iv

e‡j‡QbÑ Ôg„Zz¨ AÁvZ †gvi AvwR Zvi Z‡i/ ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y wknwiqv Kuvwc‡ZwQ W‡i|/ ... GZ fv‡jvevwm

e‡j n‡q‡Q cÖZ¨q/ g„Zz¨‡i Avwg fv‡jvevwme wbðq|Õ9

Gici bRiæ‡ji KweZv‡Z bvbvfv‡e

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knx` Kvìxi KweZvq •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv

67

2.

knx` Kvìx wj‡L‡Qb Kg, wKš‘ KweZvi Rb¨ Zuvi AvZ¥wb‡e`b cÖksmv‡hvM¨| Kwei ms‡e`bkxj

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AbvZ¥xq GK/ Auvavi Uv‡b‡j †hb f~Zjevmxi g‡Zv|Õ10

cvkvcvwk ùvbv †eu‡awQj gvby‡li cÖwZ Awek¦vm

I Av¯’vnxbZv| `xN© mgq we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡j †mLvbKvi gvbyl‡ì cÖwZI Zuvi Av¯’vi msKU •Zwi

nq| d‡j ü`‡qi i³ÿiY wb‡q wZwb e‡jbÔKvD‡K wek¦vm †bB Avi weiƒc we‡`‡k|Õ11

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R‡ji Avn¬v‡` Avwg GKv †f‡m hv‡ev?12

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... ... ... ...

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KÕ‡i iv‡L; c„w_ex‡Z wbtk‡ã Nbvq Kvj‡ejv!

Avi Avwg ïay Auvavi wbtm½ d¬¨v‡U i³v³ Revi g‡Zv

wec`-ms‡KZ †R¡‡j GK‡Rvov g~j¨nxb †Pv‡L

c‡o AvwQ gvSiv‡Z K¤úgvb K¤úv‡mi g‡Zv|13

knx` Kvìx kn‡ii Av‡jv nvIqvq †e‡o IVv gvbyl| KjKvZv I XvKv `ywU kn‡i Zuvi •kke-•K‡kvi

I †hŠe‡bi w`b¸‡jv AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi wPšÍv I KweZvi fvlvq ga¨weË bvMwiK Rxe‡bi my¯úó


68

Qvc i‡q‡Q| Rxebfi wZwb gvby‡li m‡½ †gjv‡gkv K‡i‡Qb| gvby‡li m‡½ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©

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we‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ KvZi Kwei KÚaŸwb‡Z †f‡m I‡V:

†n †gN, †n cyÄ cyÄ †gN| ZzwgI VKv‡e bvwK

†n wbiæ‡ÏkMvgx ?

KvD‡K wek¦vm †bB Avi GB weiƒc we‡`‡k|

Zey ewj : hw` cv‡iv,

†n bw›`Z †gN Zzwg †b‡g G‡mv

Nb I wbweo n‡q KiæYv avivq †b‡g G‡mv

kÖve‡Y kÖve‡Y Zzwg, †n eÜz ¯úw›`Z K‡i `vI

GB Adzivb cievm|14

Acwi‡gq B”Qvkw³ I AvKv•ÿv knx` Kvìx‡K Rxe‡bi wewPÎ c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Q| d‡j

cÖwZwbqZ wZwb bZzb gvby‡li ms¯úk© †c‡q‡Qbhv Kwe‡K A‡bï cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Drmvn

hywM‡q‡Q| Kwe hv‡K wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb wZwbB Zuvi K‡ói KviY n‡q‡Qb| Ny‡baiv mgvReë¯’v Kwei

wek¦vm¯’‡j m„wó K‡i‡Q dvUj| d‡j wbf©iZvi kw³ I mvnm nvwi‡q A‡bKUv wbiej¤ gvby‡l cwiYZ

n‡qwQ‡jb Kwe| wbiæ‡ÏkMvgx wbtm½ †g‡Ni g‡Zv my`~i ciev‡mI Kwe‡K GKB cwiw ’wZi m¤§yLxb

n‡Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB GK ai‡bi gvbm-cxov wb‡q †gN‡KI Kwe eÜy wn‡m‡e Kíbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G

†hb Kwei nZvkvi ¯^ZtùzZ© cÖKvk| wKš‘ Kwe GB nZvkv‡K jvjb bv K‡i wewQ‡q w`‡Z Pvb

eKzjZjvq| †mLv‡b Ô†mvbvwj Rwii g‡Zv †RvbvwKiv b·v †R¡‡j †`‡eÕ15

ÑGB AvZ¥wek¦vm cÖKvk K‡i

Òbk¦i †R¨vr¯œvÓ bvgK KweZvq knx` Kvìxi Dw³ :

†R¨vr¯œvq weeªZ evMv‡bi dzj¸wj, AdzišÍ

nvIqvq Avðh© Avwe®‹vi K‡i wb‡q

†Pv‡Li welv` Avwg e`‡j wbÕ Avi nZvkv‡i

wbtk‡ã wewQ‡q ivwL eKzjZjvq

†mLv‡b GKvKx iv‡Î, eviv›`vi cv‡k

†mvbvwj Rwii g‡Zv †RvbvwKiv b·v †R¡‡j †`‡e,

UjUj Ki‡e †Kej GB bÿ‡Îi Av‡jv-R¡jv Rj

Aáivi Iô †_‡K L‡m-cov Pz¤^‡bi g‡Zv

Z…òv †bfv‡bvi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z mRj

GB AvU‡cŠ‡i cyKz‡iB

kvgyK mvRv‡e Zvi AvRxeb cÖZxwÿZ cvo|16


69

wbwj©ßZv I wbtm½Zv knx` Kvìxi Rxe‡bi I mvwn‡Zï cÖavb •ewkó¨|Õ17

Pvwiw`‡Ki gy³ cwi‡e‡ki

g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡iI knx` Kvìx‡K GK ai‡bi `xN©k¦vm cÖKvk Ki‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| `xN©w`‡bi cievmx

Rxe‡b wZwb evievi †`‡ki K_v ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb| †`‡ki m‡½ Zuvi AvcvZ ~iZ¡ NU‡jI ¯^‡`k I

ü`q-f~‡Mv‡ji g‡a¨ †h Awew”Qbœ m¤úK©, Zv gyn~‡Z© gyn~‡Z© Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| RbvKxY© Av‡gwiKvi

AmsL¨ gvby‡li wf‡o †_‡KI wb‡R‡K Kwe AÜKvi GK f~Zjevmx wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb :

mycÖPzi wegy³ nvIqvq †Kb Z‡e Kók¦vm ?

†Kb GB ¯^‡`k-msjMœ Avwg, wbtm½, DØv¯‘,

RbZvi Avwj½‡b AcÖwZf, AcÖ¯‘Z, AbvZ¥xq GKv,

Auvavi Uv‡b‡j †hb f~-Zjevmxi g‡Zv, †hb

m`¨ D‡V -Avmv wKgvKvi wefxwlKv wb`viæY !18

knx` Kvìx AvÇvevR Kwe wn‡m‡e me©vwaK L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb AvÇvi †Luv‡R Ny‡i‡QbÑ c_

†_‡K c‡_| wKš‘ gvby‡li AvZ¥‡Kw› ªK g‡bvfve I bvMwiK Rxe‡bi e¨¯ÍZv Zuvi AvÇvi c_‡K

msKzwPZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| d‡j GK ai‡bi wbtm½Zv †eva K‡i‡Qb Kwe| DÌvb-cZ‡b fiv ÔGK AšÍnxb

bÿÎwenxb hvÎvÕ19 Kwei Rxebc‡_i hvÎv| Kwei GKvKx wbtm½ Rxeb Zuvi Kv‡Q GK mgq fvix

n‡q I‡V| `xN©w`‡bi †¯”Qv cievm knx` Kvìx‡K K‡i Zz‡j fvivµvšÍ| Rxe‡bi †cÖg-cÖxwZ, gvqv-

ggZv, ag©-gZv`k© mewKQz Zuvi Kv‡Q ¯^vfvweKZv nviv‡bvi g‡Zv g‡b nq| `xN© cÖevm Rxe‡bi ci

ÔAvgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ bvgK Kv‡e¨ ZvB wZwb wj‡L‡Qb :

†cÖg †_‡K A‡cÖ‡g

ag© †_‡K ag©vÜZvq

cÖMwZ †_‡K cÖwZwµqvi ga¨hyMxq Ave‡Z©

Pz¤^b †_‡K Pz¤^bnxbZvq

Rxe‡bi Icv‡i †Kvb AšÍnxb Kwd‡b

GB †h wbe©vmb

Avgvi Kvg¨ bq Avi,

†Kvb wbe©vmbB Kvg¨ bq Avi|20

•btm½¨cxwoZ gvbyl KL‡bv RvMÖZ nq gvbweK m¤¢vebv I `vwqZ¡‡PZbvq| wbtm½Zvi me©MÖvmx AÜKvi

†_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ K‡i gvbyl msjMœ n‡Z Pvq e„nËi Rbgvb‡mi m‡½|Õ21

knx` Kvìx GB e„‡Ëi

evB‡i bb| gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vkv I cÖvwßi Uvbv‡cv‡ob knx` Kvìxi †PZbv‡jv‡K evievi NyicvK

†L‡q‡Q| d‡j ü`‡qi †e`bv‡eva cÖwZwew¤^Z n‡q‡Q KweZvi g‡a¨ w`‡q| DbœZ †`‡ki DbœZ cwi‡e‡k

emevm ïiæ K‡iI wZwb Rxe‡bi nZvkv‡eva I •btm½ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j †¯”Qvq

cievm Kwei Kv‡Q GK mgq n‡q I‡V wbe©vm‡bi g‡Zv| Z‡e wZwb †Kb `xN©w`b hver wbtm½ mgq

AwZevwnZ Ki‡jb; Avi †KbBev we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡jb ZviI ¯^xKv‡ivw³ w`‡q‡Qb ÒZvB GB `xN©

cievmÓ bvgK KweZvq :

`y UzK‡iv iæwU wKsev jvj gvbweK fiv

Ges bÿÎKzwPi gZb wKQz je‡bi KYv

w`M‡šÍi kvšÍ `vIqvq Avgv‡K PvIwb Zzwg w`‡ZÑ

ZvB GB `xN© cievm|


70

Rxeb‡K k¦vc`msKzj K‡i Zz‡j‡Qv

Ges Avgvi cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡ci Ici

†Zvgv‡ì ZvK-Kiv e›`y‡Ki bj|

†Sv‡c Sv‡o mixm„‡ci gZb ey‡K

wbivc` wbf…Z KzwVi LuyR‡Z n‡q‡Q Avgv‡KÑ

ZvB GB `xN© cievm|22

Z‡e `xN©w`b ciev‡m _vKvi ci knx` Kvìxi N‡i †div I wbR †`‡k †divi AvKv•ÿv cÖej n‡q

I‡V| Zuvi G AvKv•ÿv ¯úó n‡q I‡V ÔAvgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ Kv‡eï †kl KweZv Òwbiæ‡Ïk

hvÎvÓq| wbtm½ GKvKx Rxeb †_‡K Kwei N‡i †divi cÖej AvMÖn GLv‡b wfbœ GKwU gvÎv †c‡q‡Q :

Avgvi g‡Zv åvg¨gvb GK wenŸj gvbyl

N‡ii w`‡KB

wdi‡Z PvB‡e

nu¨v, GUvB me‡P‡q my¯’

mnR Ges ¯vfvweK|

Avgvi wbR¯ N‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡ev e‡jB

Avwg wbtk‡ã †ewi‡q c‡owQjvg GK`v

Avgvi AvRb¥-†Pbv M„n”Qvqv †_‡KÑ

Avgvi cÖ_g •K‡kv‡ii †iŠ ªK‡iv¾¡j †fv‡i|23

Kwei †mB wbtm½‡PZbv me‡P‡q hvZbvwgwkÖZ n‡q I‡V ZLbB hLb wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvgvi Muv wKsev

kni wKsev evwo wKQzB GL‡bv Luy‡R †cjvg bv|Õ24

knx` Kvìx GB nZvkv I AcÖvwßi g~‡j wQj

hyMhš¿Yv| Rxeb‡K Av‡eób K‡i _vKv cÖwZK~j I wegyL cwi‡ek Kwe‡K cÖejfv‡e AvµvšÍ K‡i‡Q|

mgmvgwqK Rxe‡bi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z wM‡q KweZvq wZwb evievi †`wL‡q‡Qb Aw ÍZ¡ msK‡Ui

my¯úó Qvc| e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b knx` Kvìx †h wek¦vm, ms¯‹vi I g~j¨‡eva‡K aviY K‡i KweZv wjL‡Z

†P‡q‡Qb, ü`‡qi AZ…ß AvZ©¯i Zvi mewKQz Qvwc‡q evievi •bivk¨-wbtm½Zv I †e`bvi K_v cÖKv‡k

eva¨ K‡i‡Q| d‡j •btm½¨‡eva n‡q‡Q knx` Kvìxi KweZvi Ab¨Zg welq|

3.

Ab¨ me cÖvwYi g‡Zv gvby‡li Rxe‡bI g„Zz¨ AcÖwZ‡iva¨ I wbg©g GK mZ¨ NUbv| GB wbôzi mZ¨

KL‡bv Kv‡iv Rxe‡b AvKw¯§Kfv‡e Av‡m, Avevi KL‡bvev †ivM-Riv-eva©K¨ gvbyl‡K Bw½Z †`q g„Zz¨

Avmbœ| AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx Kwe Rxebvb›` `vk ZvB e‡j‡Qb ÔKLb giY

Av‡m †K ev Rv‡b/Kvjx`‡n KLb †h So Kg‡ji bvj fv‡O|Õ25

knx` Kvìxi cÖ_g Kve¨

ÒDËivwaKviÓ †_‡KB Zuvi •btm½¨cxovi g‡Zv g„Zz¨‡PZbvi my¯úó cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi

GB Pig mZ¨‡K Kwe Gwo‡q hvbwb| g„Zz¨‡PZbv cÖm½ knx` Kvìx bvbvfv‡e Zuvi KweZvq wb‡q

G‡m‡Qb| Rxeb-g„Zzï A‡bK evYx cÖKwUZ n‡q D‡V‡Q Zuvi KweZvi kãgvjvq| g~jZ g„Zz¨, weZ…òv,

k~b¨Zv Qwo‡q Av‡Q knx` Kvìxi KweZvi we¯Í…Z cwimi Ry‡o| g„Zz¨wPšÍv Zuvi g‡a¨ A‡bK Av‡MB

ùvbv euv‡a Ges GK ai‡bi welYœZvi mÂvi K‡i| Z‡e knx` Kvìxi Amy ’ nIqvi ci G cÖm½wU Zuvi

Kv‡Q wfbœiKg ¸iæZ¡en n‡q I‡V| wZwb `xN© mgq a‡i Amy¯’ wQ‡jb| Zuvi Rxebm~h©I A ÍwgZ n‡q‡Q


71

nvmcvZv‡ji †e‡W| g„Zzï c‡ii cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri fvebv¸‡jvi Kveïƒc w`‡q Òg„Zzï c‡iÓ

bvgK KweZvq wZwb †j‡Lb :

i‡q hvq H ¸j¥jZvq,

cwiZ¨³ nvIqvq-Iov‡bv †Kvb njy` cvZvq,

cyKzi cv‡oi ¸j¸‡j,

GK‡duvUv nšÍviK we‡l, hw` †KD Zv‡K cvb K‡i fz‡j,

A_ev myMwÜ †Kvb †Z‡ji wkwk‡Z,

gwnjvi Pz‡j,

†Mvc‡b jywK‡q _vwK †hb Zvi Ny‡gi wbkx‡_

AšÍZ wb‡`b c‡ÿ GKjv‡d †cwi‡q †`qvj

†cuŠ‡Q †h‡Z cvwi †hb Avgvi Ke‡i Avwg RjšÍ †kqvj

mšÍc©‡Y bv‡K kuy‡K ivwÎi wbtkã gLg‡j

Avgvi UvUKv ke †d‡i †hb AvgviB `L‡j

weNœnxb, i³gvsm nvo‡Mvo †P‡Ucy‡U meB LvIqv nq

wb‡RB euvPv‡Z †hb cvwi I‡n, wb‡RB †bnvr

e¨w³MZ cwiPq||26

knx` Kvìxi g„Zz¨‡PZbv me‡P‡q Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ

Kv‡eï Ò¯^‡cœ-`yt¯‡cœ GKw`bÓ bvgK KweZvq| Kwei wb‡Ri g„Zz¨ wb‡q fvebv †hgb G KweZvq aiv

c‡o, †Zgwb GLv‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi `xN©w`‡bi Awfgvb-AwfÁZvwgwkÖZ †eva I Dcjwä|

g„Zz¨wPšÍvi cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q knx` Kvìx KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨½-we`ªƒ‡ci AvkÖq wb‡q‡Qb; wj‡L‡Qb e¨½

KweZv| wb‡Ri g„Zzï ci mZx_©, wcÖqRb‡ì f~wgKv †Kgb n‡e Zv Kíbv K‡i Kwe wj‡L‡Qb :

Avgvi g„Zzï msev` †c‡q Avgvi ïfvbya¨vqxiv †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Qb

kn‡ii cÖL¨vZ KeiLvbvq,

cyivbv cëb †_‡K cv‡q †n‡U iIqvbv w`‡q‡Qb

wZbRb ZiæY Kwe

†gvnv¤§`cyi †_‡K G‡m‡Qb Pkgv-†Pv‡L

weij‡Kk yÕRb mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK,

cÖvq cÖwZwU •`wbK cwÎKv cvwV‡q‡Qb

Amvgvb¨ wPÎKí wkKvwi

†ek K‡qKRb K¨v‡givg¨vb,

gvB‡µv‡dvb nv‡Z ZiæY I †cÖŠp mvsevw`Kiv

msMÖn Ki‡Qb

Avgvi AKvjg„Zz¨ I weij mvwnZ¨Kg© m¤^‡Ü

Avgvi mZx_©‡ì

bv-QuyB cvwb bv-QuyB gvQ ai‡bi

gšÍe¨|27


72

knx` Kvìxi Rxe‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU NUbv n‡”Q ¯^‡`k, mgvR I gvby‡li Kv‡Q †_‡K wew”Qbœ

nIqv| Gme wKQz †_‡K †h we‡”Q` Zv Zuv‡K A‡bK †ewk GKv I wbtm½ K‡i Zz‡jwQj| gvby‡li

Rxe‡b †h †Kvb we‡”Q`-eëav‡bi g‡a¨B †e`bv Av‡Q| GB †e`bv‡eva Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Rxeb‡K K‡i

†Zv‡j Av‡eMvµvšÍ| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z knx` Kvìx‡K K‡Vvi g‡b n‡jI wZwb wQ‡jb †Kvgj cÖK…wZi

gvbyl| d‡j Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU we‡”Q` Zuv‡K AvcøyZ K‡i‡Q| GgbwK GK GKwU we‡”Q` Zuvi †PZbvi

RM‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Q g„Zzï g‡ZvB k~b¨Zv| Rxe‡bi `xN© mgq AwZµg K‡i kvixwiK mgm¨v-Riv Zuv‡K

welYœ K‡i‡Q| ZvB me we‡”Q‡ì g‡a¨B Kwe g„Zzï c~e©vfvm cvb :

`¨v‡Lv, fq Avwg cvB

†Kbbv BwZnv‡mi AÜKv‡i nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z

AvR Avwg RivMÖ¯Í

e›`x GK we‡`wk eviv›`vq|

nu¨v, we‡”Q` Zv hZ ÿYKvjxbB †nvK

Zv‡K Avwg fq cvB|

me we‡”Q‡ì g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q g„Zzï ¯v`|28

Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î knx` Kvìx wQ‡jb AwfÁZvcÖeY| e¨w³ knx` Kvìxi evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi

knx` Kvìx n‡q IVvi †cQ‡b Rxe‡bi wg‡V-Kov AwfÁZv †i‡L‡Q `xN© f~wgKv| Avi GB AwfÁZv

AR©‡bi me‡P‡q eo †ÿÎ wQj AvÇv| gvby‡li m‡½ AvÇvq Kwe cÖm½ †_‡K cÖm½všÍ‡i hvÎv

K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g Kv‡e¨B Kwei Rxebx AwfÁZv cwiYZ-ch©vq AR©‡b mÿg nq| Gici wZwb hZ

KweZv wj‡L‡Qb, †mLv‡b ïay bZzb bZzb AwfÁZvi mÂiY N‡U‡Q| knx` Kvìxi cÖmvwiZ Kve¨`„wó

Rxe‡bi eûwea c_mg~n mÜvb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ eûwe¯Í…Z c_-AwZµg K‡i †kl ch©šÍ Mfxi mvi‡j¨ Zuvi

fvebv mgwc©Z nq Rxe‡bi †kl cwiYwZ g„Zzï Kv‡Q| Z‡e knx` Kvìxi g„Zz¨‡PZbv me mgq •`wnK

g„Zz¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i weKwkZ nqwb| mgmvgwqK Rxe‡bi Avkv-nZvkvi mswgkÖ‡Y Kwei g„Zz¨‡PZbv

weKwkZ nq wewPÎ Awfavq| hvi Kvi‡Y AšÍtmvik~b¨ c„w_exi weeªZ civ Í GK gvby‡li g‡Zv wZwb

KweZvq aŸwbZ K‡ib :

eRª-we`y¨r-weøRv‡W©i Zvov LvIqv

civ Í gvby‡li g‡Zv

wd‡K Avwg

wbR¯ wee‡i

Avi g„‡Zi D‡ë hvIqv †Pv‡Li mv`vi g‡Zv

GB weeªZ we‡k¦i w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vwK

†Kv_vI †`wL bv Avi

jZvZš‘gq cÖv‡Yi DÌvb|29

gvby‡li wbR¯ cÖwZfv I ¸Yvejx Zv‡K Acivci gvby‡li Kv‡Q K‡i †Zv‡j Avcb; Rwo‡q †d‡j

gvqvex m¤ú‡K©| ÿwY‡Ki Rb¨ GB c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Ae¯’vb-mgq dzwi‡q †M‡j mg Í eÜb wQbœ K‡i

w`‡q Zv‡K P‡j †h‡Z nq| Kwei Kv‡Q gvby‡li GB Avmv-hvIqv g‡b n‡q‡Q cvwLi e„ÿ¯’vb

cwieZ©‡bi g‡Zv| wZwb g‡b K‡ib cvwL †hgb GK Wvj †_‡K Ab¨ Wv‡j Zvi ’vb cwieZ©b K‡i,

gvbylI †Zgwb Zvi Ae¯’vb e`jvq g„Zyï g‡a¨ w`‡q| ZvB Kwei D”PviY :


73

Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki gvs‡mi Mfx‡i

emevm K‡ib

GKRb MvqK cÿx|

GKw`b nVvr evZv‡m

DÇxb n‡q

†Kv_vq P‡j hvb

m¤¢eZ Ab¨ †Kvb

m‡ZR e„‡ÿi Wv‡j| Avgv‡ì g„Zz¨ nq|30

Rxe‡bi cošÍ c‡e© knx` Kvìx kvixwiKfv‡e A‡bKUvB Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob| cÖvq `k eQi a‡i

nvmcvZv‡j wbqwgZ Zuvi WvqvjvBwmm P‡j| kvixwiK GB Amy¯’Zvi d‡j g„Zz¨ Zuv‡K Pigfv‡e fvweZ

K‡i| Kwei Kv‡Q g‡b n‡q‡Q gvbyl LyeB ¯^ívqy cÖvYx Ges AwZ `ªæZB gvby‡li g„Zz¨ N‡U| g„Zzï Kv‡Q

Rxe‡bi GZ `ªæZ civRq‡K Kwe †Kvbfv‡eB gvb‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zuvi Kv‡Q g‡b n‡q‡Q Rxe‡bi

MwZgqZv Rxeb‡K AwZ `ªæZ g„Zzï gy‡LvgywL uvo Kwi‡q †`q| d‡j Rxeb-mvqv‡ý G‡m g„Zz¨ f‡qi

†P‡q Kwei Rxebwccvmv AwaKZi Mvp n‡q I‡V| ZvB Rxeb‡K Mfxifv‡e AuvK‡o aivi evmbv wb‡q

knx` Kvìx cÖkœ:

†n ¯^ívqy gvbyl

g„Zz¨ wK G¨v‡ZvB †gvnbxq ?

Ggb `viæY e¨¯ÍZvi m‡½

Zzwg †Kb G¨v‡Zv ªæZ avegvb|31

Rxeb-AwfÁZvi ZxÿèZvq knx` Kvìx Zuvi KweZvi g‡a¨ •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv bvbvfv‡e

Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Kwei GB wØwea †PZbv AwaKvsk mgqB Zuvi e¨w³MZ Rxeb‡K †K›`ª K‡i

weKwkZ n‡q‡Q|

4.

cwievi mgvR, ivóª wKsev we‡k¦i †Kvb e‡iY¨ e¨w³i g„Zzï cÖm½ knx` Kvìxi KweZvq †Zgb GKUv

†`Lv †g‡j bv| ¯^xq Rxe‡bi welv` I GKvKxZ¡B Kwei †PZbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| RxeÏkvq knx`

Kvìx mvgvb¨ wKQz KweZv wj‡L AmsL¨ gvby‡li ü`‡q RvqMv AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| gvÎ `yB

kZvwaK KweZv wj‡L mn¯ª cvV‡Ki ü`‡q ’vb K‡i †bqv hZUv weij ZZUvB we¯§‡qi| Awfbe

Kve¨‡KŠk‡ji Kvi‡YB knx` Kvìx evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq GB K…wZZ¡ AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| Zuvi

Kve¨-KweZvi wePvi-we‡køl‡Y mPivPi Zuv‡K AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq bvMwiK Kwe wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ

Kiv nq| GK_v nq‡Zv mZ¨ bMiRxeb Zuvi KweZvq e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Z‡e GwUI mZ¨ †h

bvMwiK‡ev‡ai cvkvcvwk Ab¨ A‡bK welqB Zuvi KweZvi Aej¤^b n‡q D‡V‡Q| knx` Kvìxi

KweZvq cÖwZdwjZ •btm½¨‡eva I g„Zz¨‡PZbv ZviB AskfvM|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k:

1. Rybvb bvwkZ, ÒAšÍi½ I gvayh©gq Kwee¨w³Z¡Ó, kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb m¤úvw`Z, ÔAwfev`b knx` KvìxÕ, evsjv

GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2016 c„. 77

2. W. AviRyg›` Aviv evb y, Òknx` Kvìxi KweZv : ¯^wbwg©Z ¯^Zš¿ ¯îÓ, ÔmvwnwZ¨KxÕ, 48Zg msL¨v, evsjv wefvM,

ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, c„. 102


74

3. iZbZby †Nvl, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨Õ, A¼zi cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2014, c„.51

4. knx` BKevj, Òknx` Kvìxi KweZvq bvMwiK †PZbvÓ, mvBdzj Bmjvg m¤úvw`Z Ô•`wbK hyMvšÍiÕ, XvKv, 2

†m‡Þ¤î 2016, c„. 14

5. kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb m¤úvw`Z, ÔAwfev`b knx` KvìxÕ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2016, c„. 113

6. evqZzjøvn Kv‡ìx, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki lv‡Ui `k‡Ki KweZv: welq I cÖKiYÕ, behyM cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2009, c„.43

7. †ejvj †PŠayix, Òknx`wenxb XvKvÓ, bCg wbRvg m¤úvw`Z. Ô•`wbK evsjv‡`k cÖwZw`bÕ, XvKv, 2 †m‡Þ¤i, 2016, c„. 5

8. iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, ÒgiYÓ, ÔfvbywmsnVvKy‡ii c`vejxÕ, AwRZKzgvi ¸n I Aveyj Kv‡kg †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z ÔmÂwqZvÕ,

wmwU jvB‡eªix, XvKv, 1969, c„. 1

9. H, Òg„Zz¨Ó, Ô•b‡e`¨Õ,c~‡e©v³, c„. 418

10. w`jviv nvwdR, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq e¨w³ I mgvRÕ, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv, 2002, c„. 212

11. knx` Kvìx, ÒcÖev‡mi cO&wZgvjvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, Aemi cÖKvkbx, XvKv, Z…Zxq gy`ªY, A‡±vei

2016, c„. 46

12. H, Òe„wó e„wóÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, knx` Kvìxi KweZv, mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, lô gy`ªY, 2016, c„. 11

13. H, ÒDËivwaKviÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 23

14. H, ÒcÖev‡mi cO&wZgvjvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 47

15. H, Òbk¦i †R¨vr¯œvqÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 19

16. Z‡è

17. w`jviv nvwdR, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq e¨w³ I mgvRÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 103

18. knx` Kvìx, ÒbcysmK m‡šÍi Dw³Ó, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 14

19. H, Òwbiæ‡Ïk hvÎvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 62

20. H, Ò†Kv‡bv wbe©vmbB Kvg¨ bq AviÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 37

21. wek¦wRr †Nvl, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨, AvRKvj cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2009, c„. 51

22. knx` Kvìx, ÒZvB GB `xN© cievmÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 25

23. H, Òwbiæ‡Ïk hvÎvÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 62

24. Z‡è

25. Rxebvb›` `vk, Ò†Zvgvi ey‡Ki †_‡K GKw`bÓ, Ôiƒcmx evsjvÕ, Qvjvg †nv‡mb Lvb m¤úvw`Z, Rxebvb›` `v‡ki

cÖKvwkZ-AcÖKvwkZ KweZvmgMÖ, †RvbvKx cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2007, c„. 134

26. knx` Kvìx, Òg„Zzï c‡iÓ, ÔDËivwaKviÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 20

27. H, Ò¯^‡cœ-`yt¯^‡cœ GKw`bÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 31

28. H, ÒA‡cÿv KiwQÓ, Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ, cÖ_gv cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2017, c„. 17

29. H, ÒnšÍvi‡Ki cÖwZÓ, Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 41

30. H, Òg„Zz¨Ó, Ô†Mva~wji MvbÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 44

31. H, ÒMvQ, cv_i, mgy`ªÓ, ÔAvgvi Py¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vIÕ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 35


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

`wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvq Bmjv‡gi we¯Ív‡i ¯’vbxq kvmKe‡M©i f‚wgKv : GKwU

ch©v‡jvPbv

W. BgwZqvR Avn‡g`

Abstract: In the seventh and eighth centuries, the spread of Islam began in

Southeast Asia during the early stages of the arrival and spread of Islam in the

Arab World. But Islam did not come in this rigion through any political

influence or any military expedition from Arabia, Persia, North Africa, Middle

East, Crentral Asia or India. The preaching and spread of Islam in South-East

Asia was started by the Muslim Merchants. They were mainly Arab, Gujarati,

Tamil and Bengali. Through their efforts, Islam spread to Sumatra, Java and

other places in South-East Asia. In the thirteenth century, a small number of

Muslim Settlements and Port-States were established there. However, local

Muslim rulers played an important role in the spreading of Islam in this region.

In this case, the name of Malacca State can be specifically mentioned. In

addition, Moreover, the environment created after the fall of Malacca in the

hands of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century played an important role in the

rapid spread and strengthening of Islam in Southeast Asia.

f~wgKv

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76

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77

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78

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82

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83

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84

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Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 Rni †mb, `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi BwZnvm, KjKvZv : cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©`, 1985, c„. 1-2|

2 myiv evKviv, AvqvZ 275|

3 †gkKvZ kixd (1-11 LÐ GK‡Î), †mv‡jgvwbqv eyK nvDm, evsjvevRvi, XvKv, nvw`m bs 2654|

4 `¨v Uªv‡fjm Ae gv‡K©v †cv‡jv, Abyev` †mvnive mygb, 2q gy`ªY, XvKv: wè¨ cÖKvk, 2016, c„„. 222-223 (cieZ©x‡Z

`¨v Uªv‡fjm Ae gv‡K©v †cv‡jv iƒ‡c DwjøwLZ); P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambtion, Bernard Lewis, The

Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1970, p.125

(cieZ©x‡Z The Cambridge History of Islam iƒ‡c DwjøwLZ)| 5 T. W. Arnold, The Preaching of Islam, 2nd ed. (London : Constable & Company Ltd., 1913, p. 271.

6 Ibid, p. 274.

7 `¨v Uªv‡fjm Ae gv‡K©v †cv‡jv, c„„. 222|

8 D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, New York : Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1964, p. 191.

9 T. W. Arnold, op. cit., p. 280.

10 The Cambridge History of Islam, p. 125.

11 T. W. Arnold, op. cit., p. 274.

12 Brian Harrison, South-East Asia, A short History, New York : ST Martin’s Press, 1967, p. 52.

13 `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvq Bmjvi we Ív‡i ewYK‡ì f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© we ÍvwiZfv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb , BgwZqvR Avn‡g`, `wÿY-

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23-36|

14 Uªv‡fjm Ae Be‡b eZzZv, c„. 224|

15 ci‡gk‡ii AvMg‡bi eû c~e© †_‡K _vBj¨v‡Ûi gvbwP‡Î gvjv°v‡K GKwU MÖvg wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv wQj| GB m~Î a‡i

_vBj¨v‡Ûi ivRv gvjv°vi Dci ¯^ve©‡f․gZ¡ `vex K‡i e‡mb| Ab¨w`‡K ci‡gk¦i Rvfvi gvRvcvwnZ eskxq

ivRKb¨v‡K weevn Kivq gvRvcvwnZ ivRvI AvZ¥xqZvi m~‡Î gvjv°vi Dci DËivwaKvi `vex K‡ib|

16 Rni †mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 14, 85|

17 D. G. E. Hall, op. cit p. 196.

18 Ibid, Jon F Cady, South East Asia- Its Historical Development, 2nd Indian Reprint, Delhi : Surjeet

Publications, 2006, p.158-159; Rni †mb, cÖv¸³, c„. 86| 19

H mg‡q wZbwU e›ì wek¦L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQj : wgm‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv, Px‡bi K¨v›Ub Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqvi

gvjv°v|

20 D. G. E. Hall, op. cit., pp. 198-199.

21 Ibid, p. 201.


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv: cÖm½ ivRkvnx gnvbMi

W. gy. Lwjjyi ingvb

Abstract: The city of Rajshahi occupies a unique place in the history of the socio-

economic and educational development of Bangladesh. This city has undergone

transition for years together since the early modern period especially from the days of the

British rule in the Indian sub- continent. But the city has to face a number of problems

and challenges from the very inception in the trend of its transition. The present paper is a

humble attempt to find out those problems and challenges it had to face in the past and is

still facing today towards making the city life useful and comfortable in all aspects of

urban social life. At the same time, some suggestions have also been put forward for

overcoming the problems and challenges towards making it a modern peaceful city in the

history of Bangladesh in general and Northern Bangladesh in particular.

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GjvKvwU‡K chv©ß myweav cÖ`vb K‡i Ges †h ¯’v‡bi RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ cvk¦©eZ©x ¯’vb¸‡jvi †P‡q A‡bK

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†ewk †`Lv hvq| wewfbœ cÖKvi mvs¯‥…wZK cÖwZôvb, wkÿv I e„wËg~jK my‡hvM, ’vcZ¨ •kjx cÖf…wZ

bM‡ii cÖavb PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨| wMÖwd_ †UBjv‡ii g‡Z, ÒbMi ev kni nj Gi Ae¯’vb, weKvk,

c¨vUvb© Ges †kÖYx wefvRb|Ó2 WvWjx ÷¨v‡¤úi g‡Z, ÒbMimg~n Zv‡ì weKv‡ki hveZxq †f․‡MvwjK

wel‡qi bxweo Abykxjb|Ó3 gviwd g‡b K‡ib, ÒbMi ev kni ej‡Z Gi Ae¯’vb, •ewkó¨, weKvk Ges

cÖvšÍ‡`kxq MÖvgxY GjvKvi mv‡_ m¤úK© eywS‡q _v‡K|Ó B‡qUm I Mvb©vi-Gi g‡Z, ÒbM‡ii AšÍw¯’Z

K…‡Zï AvšÍtm¤ú‡K©i we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv‡K bMi e‡j|Ó4 bi`¨vg-Gi gZ Abyhvqx, Ò†h kv¯¿ bMi

†K›`ª ev emZ AÂj mswkøó cÖvmswMK wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i Zv‡K bMi e‡j|Ó K¬v‡K©i AwfgZ

nj, ÒbMi nj f~‡Mvj kv‡¯¿i Ggb GKwU kvLv hv bMi I kn‡ii Ae¯’vb Ges ¯’vwbK web¨vm m¤ú‡K©

Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|Ó5 †Nvlv‡ji g‡Z, ÒbMi ev kni nj bMi Rbc‡ì †f․‡MvwjK PP©v, hv cwiPvwjZ

I weKwkZ Ges weivR K‡i cwicvwk¦©K GjvKvi †mev †K›`ª wn‡m‡e|Ó6

ivRkvnx I ivRkvnx kn‡ii bvgKiY

ivRkvnx kn‡ii bvg wQj ivgcyiv †evqvwjqv| ivgcyiv-†evqvwjqv kn‡ii bvgKiY ivRkvnx Kxfv‡e

n‡jv Zv wb‡q eû gZvgZ i‡q‡Q| ivRkvnx kãwU we‡kølY Ki‡j ywU wfbœ fvlvi GKB A_©‡evaK ywU

k‡ãi ms‡hvRb cwijwÿZ nq| ms¯‥…Z ÔivRÕ I dviwm ÔkvnÕ Gi we‡klY ÔkvnxÕ kã‡hv‡M ÔivRkvnxÕ

k‡ãi D™¢e, hvi A_© GKB A_©vr ivRv ev ivRv-ivRKxq ev ev`kvn ev ev`kvnx|7 Z‡e evsjv fvlvq

Avgiv GKB A‡_©i A‡bK kã y-evi D”PviY K‡i _vwK| †hgb- kvK-mewR, PvjvK-PZzi, fzj-åvwšÍ,

fzj-ÎæwU, Pvl-Avev`, Rwg-wRivZ, avi-†`bv, wkÿv-`xÿv, `xb-`ytLx, Nlv-gvRv, gvb-m¤§vb, `vb-

LqivZ, cvnvo-ce©Z, cvKv-†cv³, wec`-Avc` BZ¨vw`| wVK †Zgwb K‡i A™¢zZ ai‡bi G ivRkvnx

k‡ãi D™¢eI †h Gfv‡e N‡U _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv †gv‡UB Dwo‡q †`qv hvq bv|8G bvgKiY wb‡q A‡bK

KíKvwnbxiI AeZviYv i‡q‡Q| mvaviYfv‡e ejv nq G †Rjvq eû ivRv-Rwg`v‡ii emevm wQj

GRb¨ G †Rjvi bvg n‡q‡Q ivRkvnx| †KD e‡jb ivRv M‡Y‡ki mgq (1414-1418) G bv‡gi

D™¢e|9 cÂ`k kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ †M․‡oi Bwjqvmkvnx myjZvb mvBdzÏxb nvghv kvn‡K DrLvZ K‡i

fvZzwiqv I w`bvRcy‡ii Rwg`vi ivRv M‡Yk (Ksm) G AÂ‡ji AwacwZ nb Ges wZwb ÔivRvkvnÕ

bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| m¤¢eZ †mRb¨B G AÂ‡ji bvg n‡q‡Q ivRkvnx|10

Kv‡iv g‡Z exif~‡gi ivRv

Dcvwaavix gymjgvb ivRvM‡Yi bvg n‡Z ivRkvnx bv‡gi DrcwË|11

Avevi †KD e‡jb kvnx ivRv

gvbwms‡ni bvgvbymv‡i ivRkvnx bv‡gi D™¢e n‡q‡Q|12

GmeB Abygvb wfwËK| HwZnvwmK mZ¨Zv

Gme g‡Zi c‡ÿ ZZUv hyw³wbf©iZv †bB| Avevi †KD †KD HwZnvwmK m~Î †U‡b e‡jb †h, myev`vi

gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡j (1717-1727) 1722 m‡b m¤úvw`Z ivR¯^ e‡›`ve‡¯Í mgMÖ evsjv‡K †h

†ZiwU PvKjvq13

wef³ Kiv nq ivRkvnx PvKjv wQj †m¸‡jvi GKwU|14

†m mgq D`qbvivqY (Dw`Z

bvivqY) bvgK GKRb wn›`y Rwg`vi KZ…©K ivRkvnx PvKjvi kvmb eë¯’vq cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv|15

cÙv

b`xi Dfq Zx‡i (DËi I `wÿY) Zuvi Rwg`vwi we¯Í…Z wQj| DË‡i eZ©gvb ivRkvnx I `wÿ‡Y

gywk©`vev‡ì mv‡_ Aci Ask wQj ÔwbR PvKjv ivRkvnxÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ| gywk©`vev`, exif~g, muvIZvj

ciMbv, ivRkvnx, e¸ov, cvebv, gvj`n Ges w`bvRcyi I iscyi †Rjvi wKQz As‡ki Awaevmx Zuvi

mivmwi cÖRv wQj Ges Zviv Zuv‡K f~wg ivR¯^ cÖ`vb Ki‡Zv|16

D`qbvivq‡Yi mgMÖ Rwg`vwiB

ivRkvnx bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|17

GK mgq Rwg`vi D`qbvivqY myev`vi gywk©`Kzjx Lvb‡K ivR¯ cÖ`v‡b

A¯xKvi K‡i ¯^xq eÜz †Mvjvg gyn¤§` Rvgv`v‡ii mn‡hvwMZvq hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡j gywk©`Kzjx Lvb

gyn¤§` Rvb‡K †mbvcwZ K‡i GKwU •mbëvwnbx D`qbvivq‡Yi weiæ‡× †cÖiY K‡ib| e„nËi dwi`cyi


87

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n‡j gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi †Kv‡ci f‡q wZwb (Rwg`vi D`qbvivqY) AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|18

d‡j 1714 m‡b

D`qbvivq‡Yi Rwg`vwii cÙv b`xi DËi As‡ki f~-m¤úwË ivRkvnx PvKjv åvZv iNyb›`‡bi mnvqZvq

bv‡Uvi Rwg`vwii cÖwZôvZv ivgRxe‡bi bv‡g e‡›`ve¯Í nq Ges ivgRxe‡bi Rwg`vwiI ÔivRkvnx

Rwg`vwiÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq|19

cieZ©x‡Z D`qbvivq‡Yi mgMÖ Rwg`vwiB bv‡Uvi Rwg`vwii AšÍfz©³

nq Ges Z`vbxšÍb evsjvi me©e„nr Rwg`vwi wn‡m‡e gnvivbx fevbxi Rwg`vwi mvaviYZ ÔivRkvnxÕ

bv‡gB AwfwnZ nq| ivgRxeb Rwg`vwi jv‡fi ci bv‡Uv‡i ivRevwo wbg©vY K‡i Z_vq Rwg`vwi

Kvh©vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges †mLvb †_‡KB Zuviv ivRkvnx Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

ivRkvnx BwZe„Ë MÖ‡š’i †jLK Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv` Zuvi MÖ‡š’i wØZxq c„ôvq gybwm †Mvjvg †nv‡mb

mvjxg iwPZ dviwm MÖš’ wiqvR-Dm-mvjvZxb Gi D×…wZ w`‡q e‡jb- ÔD³ MÖ‡š’i GK RvqMvq ejv

Av‡Q, ÔivRkvnxÕ e‡j GKwU PvKjv wQj hvi Rwg`vi wQ‡jb Dw`Z bvivqYÕ|20

wZwb Zuvi MÖ‡š’ Dw`Z

bvivq‡Yi KvQ †_‡K Rwg`vwi n¯ÍvšÍwiZ n‡q bv‡Uv‡ii Rwg`vi ivgRxe‡bi bv‡g e‡›`ve¯ÍKiY cÖm‡½

Dchy©³ G eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡ib| m¤¢eZ wZwb †Mvjvg ûmvBb mjxg (bvgwU Gfv‡eB wjwLZ) iwPZ

wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb MÖ‡š’i AvKeiDÏxb KZ…©K evsjvq Abyw`Z Ges evsjv GKv‡Wwg KZ…©K 1974 m‡b

evsjvi BwZnvm wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ †_‡K Z_¨wU MÖnY K‡i‡Qb (†jLK Zuvi MÖ‡š’ cÖvß Z‡_ï Drm

D‡jøL K‡ibwb)| AvKeiDÏxb Abyw`Z G MÖ‡š’ ivRkvnx PvKjvi Rwg`vi wQ‡jb Avw` bvivqY (Dw`Z

bvivqY) ejv n‡q‡Q|21

beve gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi m„ó †ZiwU PvKjvi GKwU PvKjv wQj ÔivRkvnxÕ

m¤úwK©Z Z_¨wU Lyem¤¢e G MÖš’ †_‡KB G g‡Zi AwaKvixMY MÖnY K‡i _vK‡eb e‡j AbywgZ nq|

wKš‘ kÖxivgcÖvY ¸ß m¤úvw`Z †Mvjvg ûmvBb mjxg Gi wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb MÖ‡š’ (e½vbyev`) ivRkvnx

PvKjvi K_v ejv nqwb, ejv n‡q‡Q ivRv D`q bvivqY ivRkvnx (evbvb ivRkvnx) Rwg`vi wQ‡jb|22

myZivs MÖš’wUi `ywU e½vbyev‡` ivRkvnx m¤úwK©Z `y-ai‡bi Z_¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Dciš‘ †k‡lv³

Abyev` MÖ‡š’i 65 bs cvÙxKvq D‡jøL i‡q‡Q ivRkvnxi (evbvb i‡q‡Q ivRkvnx) GKwU ciMbvi bvg

hv M½vi cwðg Zx‡i ivRgn‡ji AbwZ ~‡i Aew¯’Z|23

GwU ivgRxe‡bi cÖavb Rwg`vwi wQj Ges G

Rwg`vwii bvgvbymv‡iB ivgRxe‡bi mgMÖ Rwg`vwi ivRkvnx bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ nq| wVK GKB Z_¨

KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi evsjvi BwZnvm (bevex Avgj) MÖ‡š’I cwijwÿZ nq| GLv‡b wZwb

e‡j‡Qb, eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` I exif~g †Rjvi DËi-cwðg I DËi cÖv‡šÍ muvIZvj ciMbvi cvKzo

Dcwefv‡M cÖvPxb ivRkvnx ciMbv Aew¯’Z Ges †èxbMi (jyc jvB‡b gyiviB †ij †÷k‡bi

cwðgvs‡k A`¨vwc eZ©gvb) wQj cÖvPxb ivRkvnxi ivRavbx|24

mß`k kZvãxi cÖvi¤¢ n‡Z kvwÐj¨

†MvÎxq ivpxq eªvþY f~-g¨waKvixMY G ivRkvnx Rwg`vix †fvM K‡i AvmwQ‡jb| gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi

kvmbvg‡j c~e©Zb f~¯vgx-eskxq D`qbvivqY wQ‡jb G ciMbvi AwacwZ|25

GKB my‡i Zvj wgwj‡q

gywk©`vev‡ì BwZnvm MÖ‡š’i †jLK wbwLjbv_ ivq e‡j‡Qb, ÔA`¨vwc exif~g I gywk©`vev‡` ivRkvnx

bv‡g GKwU ciMYv `„ó nqÕ|26

wZwb (wbwLjbv_ ivq) Zuvi gywk©`vev` Kvwnbx MÖ‡š’ Av‡iv GK avc

GwM‡q e‡jb, Gÿ‡Y gywk©`vev` I exif~g †Rjvq ivRkvnx bv‡g GK-GKwU ciMbv „ó nq Ges ZvI

D`qbvivq‡Yi Rwg`vwii AšÍfz©³ wQj|27

wKš‘ †gvMj kvmb eë¯’vi Z_¨ fvÐvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ

AvBb-B-AvKeix‡Z 19wU miKv‡ii 688wU ciMbvi bvg D‡jøL _vK‡jI ivRkvnx bv‡g †Kvb

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Ab¨w`‡K gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi ivR¯^ e‡›`ve‡¯Í c~‡e©i e„nr ciMbv¸‡jv‡K †f‡O †h 1660wU ciMbv Kiv

n‡qwQj Zvi me¸‡jvi bvgI GK‡Î cvIqv hvq bv| myZivs wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb Gi 65 bs wUKvq

DwjøwLZ Ges KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I cieZ©x‡Z wbwLjbv_ iv‡qi cwi‡ewkZ GKwU ciMbvi bvg


88

wQj ÔivRkvnxÕ Z_¨wU KZUv mwVK I hyw³wbf©i Zv cÖvgvY¨ Z‡_ï Afv‡e ejv `y¯‥i| †Kbbv Zuviv

†KDB Zuv‡ì G g‡Zi mc‡ÿ Dchy³ Z_¨vw` ev cÖvß Drm cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| Avevi ivRkvnxi mswÿß

BwZnvm MÖ‡š’i †jLK Kvjxbv_ †P․ayix WweøD wWweøD nv›Uv‡ii †`qv cÙv b`xi `wÿ‡Y ÔwbR PvKjv

ivRkvnxÕ bv‡g GKwU f~-fvM ivRkvnx cÖ‡`‡ki AšÍM©Z wQj Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i H PvKjvi bv‡g

Bs‡iR Avg‡j ivRkvnx †Rjvi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q e‡j Abygvb K‡ib Ges e‡jb ÔGÿ‡Y gywk©`vev` I

exif~g †Rjvq ivRkvnx bv‡g ciMYv „ó nqÕ|28

Z‡e Kvjxbv_ †P․ayixI ivRkvnx ciMbv bv‡gi

Z_¨wfwËK †Kvb Dr‡mi D‡jøL K‡ibwb| GLv‡b nv›Uvi cÖ`Ë ÔwbR PvKjv ivRkvnxÕ29

Z_¨wUI

Lyem¤¢eZ ivRkvnx PvKjv bvgKi‡Yi aviYv •Zwi‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q e‡j AbywgZ nq|

A_©vr Z_¨ „‡ó g‡b nq, ivRkvnx GKwU eo PvKjv hvi cÙv b`xi `wÿY fvM (ivRavbx gywk©`vev‡ì

wbKU¯’) ÔwbR PvKjv ivRkvnxÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ|

ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖ_g evRvi wQj †evqvwjqv evRvi hv mv‡neMÄ evRvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwUi Ae¯’vb

wQj eZ©gvb AvjycwÆi `wÿ‡Y| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b evRviwU AvR cÙv b`x M‡f© wejyß|30

mv‡neMÄ evRvi

cÙvM‡f© wejxb n‡q †M‡j gywó‡gq wKQz eëmvqx eZ©gvb eo KzwVi DËi AÂ‡j †`vKvb-cvU ewm‡q

GK bZzb evRvi cÖwZôv K‡ib hv eZ©gvb mv‡ne evRvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| Ebwesk kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K

Gg. †RW. †Kv¤úvwbi (†g`bxcyi Rwg`vwi †Kv¤úvwb) g¨v‡bRvi wg. Aw÷b ¯’vqx evRvi wbg©v‡Y GwM‡q

Av‡mb Ges cvKv `vjvb I ZrmsjMœ wU‡bi QvDwbhy³ wKQz †`vKvb emvi eë¯’v K‡i Gi bvgKiY

K‡ib Ô†Kv¤úvwbi mv‡ne evRviÕ| wKš‘ knievmx Aw÷b mv‡n‡ei G bvgKiY m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c mv`‡i MÖnY

bv K‡i Ô†Kv¤úvwbÕ kãwU Zz‡j w`‡q †Kej Ômv‡ne evRviÕ bvgKiY K‡ib hv eZ©gv‡bI cÖPwjZ

i‡q‡Q|31

Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iR mv‡ne KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ G mv‡ne evRv‡ii wecix‡Z Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwb

we‡ivax ivRkvnx †Rjvi Rwg`viiv we‡klZ bv‡Uvi, cywVqv I w`NvcvwZqvi ivbxiv ¯’vbxq †ikgcwÆ‡Z

mv‡ne evRv‡ii Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU evRvi cÖwZôv K‡ib hv Ôivbx evRviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|32

G evRvi

cÖwZôvq cywVqvi ivbx kir my›ìx I †ngšÍKzgvixi Ae`vb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ïay evRvi cÖwZôvB bq eis

ivRkvnx kn‡ii mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b cywVqv, bv‡Uvi, w`NvcwZqv, `yejnvwU, ewjnvi I Kvwkgcy‡ii

Rwg`vi‡ì Ae`vb we‡klfv‡e ¯§iYxq| g~jZ ZuvivB Z`vbxšÍb Bs‡iR kvmK †Mvôxi mv‡_ †_‡K

ivRkvnx kn‡ii `ªæZ Dbœq‡b Avw_©K mnvqZvmn mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|

Av`©k bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwZeÜKZv

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†cu․Qv‡Z PvB‡j cÖwZ c`‡ÿ‡c Zvi cÖwZeÜZv Avm‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| †m mKj evav-wecwË `ywif~Z

K‡iB Zv‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ivRkvnxi mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, e‡iY¨ I

mvaviY Rb‡Mvôxi gva¨‡g †h mKj Kvh©µg Pj‡Q †hgb: iv ÍvNvU, wkÿv-eë¯’v, eR© I cqwb®‥vkb,

Lvj ev b ©gv cwi®‥vi cwi”QbœZv hvbRU wbimb cÖf…wZ| M‡elYv †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ we‡kølY Ki‡j G

mZ¨ D`&NvwUZ nq †h, Dchy©³ Kvh©µg¸‡jv myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z hZUzKz ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi

f~wgKv ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj, Zv ivL‡Z mÿg nqwb| wKš‘ †Kb mÿg nqwb ev n‡”Q bv A_ev Dbœq‡bi

cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv wK wK †m m¤ú‡K© Rvbv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| G Aa¨v‡q M‡elYv AÂ‡ji wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii

RbM‡bi gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z Gi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wPýZ K‡i Zv mviYx I wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv

n‡jv:


89

mviwY-1

evavi KviYmg~n DËi`vZvi msL¨v kZKiv nvi

A_©‣bwZK 10 Rb 10%

RbM‡Yi AmZ©KZv/ mvgvwRK AmZ©KZv 20 Rb 20%

ivR‣bwZK 60 Rb 60%

mivmwi wbqš¿Y/ c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afve 10 Rb 10%

‡gvU 100 Rb 100%

wPÎ: 1

Dchy©³ mviwY- 1 I wPÎ -1 Gi gva¨‡g †`Lv hv‡”Q ivRkvnx‡K Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj

c ÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv AÎ M‡elYv AÂ‡ji 100 Rb wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci

Rwic K‡i 10Rb e¨w³ e‡j‡Qb A_©‣bwZK mgm¨vi K_v, 20 Rb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb RbM‡bi

m‡PZbZvi Afve, 60 Rb e‡j‡Qb ivR‣bwZK mgm¨vi K_v Ges 10 Rb e‡j‡Qb cÖkvmwbK

c`‡ÿ‡ci KviY| Z‡e D‡jøL¨ †h, bM‡ii AwaKvsk bvMwiK g‡b K‡iY ivR‣bwZK w`K †_‡KB bMi

Dbœq‡b †ekx evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|

ivRkvnx‡K Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb I Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvwi GgbwK

mgv‡Ri mKj Í‡ii Rb‡Mvôxi †Póv ev AvšÍwiKZvi †Kvb ÎæwU bvB| Gi ciI †h mKj mgm¨vi

Kvi‡Y G gnvbMixi bvMwiK mgvR cÖwZwbqZB weo¤^bvi wkKvi n‡”Qb Zv gvV ch©v‡q Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g

mviwY I wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:


90

mviwY- 2

cÖavb mgm¨vmg~n DËi`vZvi msL¨v kZKiv nvi

A‡Uv PvwjZ hvwš¿K mgm¨v 50 Rb 50%

cvwb wb®‥vkb mgm¨v 05 Rb 05%

AveR©bv eë¯’vcbv mgm¨v 10 Rb 10%

†Rvi c~e©K dzUcvZ `Lj 20 Rb 20%

gkv-gvwQi mgm¨v 10 Rb 10%

cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v 05 Rb 05%

†gvU 100 Rb 100%

wPÎ: 2

Dchy©³ mviwY- 2 I wPÎ - 2 Gi gva¨‡g †`Lv hv‡”Q ivRkvnx‡K Av`k© bMi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj

cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv AÎ M‡elYv AÂ‡ji 100 Rb mKj ¯Í‡ii RbM‡bi gZvg‡Zi Dci

Rwic K‡iA‡Uv PvwjZ hvwš¿K mgm¨vi K_v 50 Rb, cvwb wb®‥vkb mgm¨v 05 Rb, AveR©bv eë¯’vcbv

mgm¨v 10 Rb, †Rvi c~e©K dzUcvZ `L‡ji Awf‡hvM G‡b‡Sb 20 Rb. gkv-gvwQi mgm¨v 10 Rb

Ges cwi‡ekMZ mgmï K_v 05 Rb e‡j‡Qb|

A‡Uv PvwjZ hvwš¿K mgm¨v: cÖvPxbKv‡j wek¦ Ry‡o mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V b`x I mgy`ª‡Kw›`ªK| Kv‡ji

weeZ©‡b moK c_ I †ijc‡_i Dbœq‡Y mo‡Ki cv‡kI †i‡ji av‡iI M‡o D‡V‡Q mf¨Zvi wb`k©b|

†h ivóª I Zvi RbMY hZ †ekx m‡PZb I AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj †m ivóª I m‡PZb mgvR cwi‡ewóZ


91

AÂjwU ZZ †ekx mg„×| GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvi cÖkvmK, cÖkvmb hš¿, AvB‡bi h_v_© cÖ‡qvM I AvBb

m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi h_v_© Ávbmn wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i AÎ GjvKvi †m․›`h©¨| hv †Kvb GKK

wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| wbf©i K‡i mvwe©K wel‡qi Dci Ges Zv GKw`‡bbq `xN© w`‡b weKwkZ

nq|

ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖvY‡K›`ª mv‡ne evRv‡i A‡Uv PvwjZ hvben‡bi m„ó hvb‡Rv‡Ui wPÎ|

ivRkvnx gnvbMix c„w_exi Ab¨Zg GKwU †QvÆ gnvbMix| †h gnvbMix‡Z kn‡ii GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K

Aci cÖv‡šÍ hvevi Rb¨ †Kvb ev‡mi eë¯’v †bB| GKgvÎ A‡Uvwi·vi gva¨‡g kn‡ii GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K

Aci cÖv‡šÍ RbMY‡K †h‡Z nq| wKš‘ wK cwigvY A‡Uv GB kn‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó Zvi mwVK cwigvc Kiv

Kómva¨| Z‡e ev Íe wPÎ hw` jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zvn‡j ¯úó n‡q DV‡e †h cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq wØ¸Y ev

Zvi †P‡qI †ekx A‡Uv ivRkvnxi ivRc‡_ Pj‡Q| Gi PvjKiv cÖwkÿY wenxb| cÖwkÿY bv _vKvi

Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì AwaKvs‡ki UªvwdK AvBb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bB| cvkvcvwk A‡Uvwi·vi AvKvi AvK…wZ

ÎæwUhy³ nevi Kvi‡Y cÖvqkB bvbv iKg yN©Ubv N‡U P‡j‡Q| GRb¨ hvÎx-mvaviY‡KI †cvnv‡Z n‡”Q

`y‡f©vM| hv Rwi‡c 50% †jvKB Gi wec‡ÿ AwfgZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| KviY kn‡ii †m․›`h© bó Ki‡Q

G hvbenbwU|

fvov Kg nevi d‡j kn‡ii GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b PjvP‡ji †ÿ‡Î GKw`‡K †hgb myweav m„wó

K‡i‡Q Aciw`‡K msL¨vwaK¨Zvi Kvi‡Y kn‡i hvbR‡UiI KviY n‡q‡Q| Z‡e kni‡K `~lYgy³ ivL‡Z


92

A‡Uvwi·v †hgb GKw`‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q, Aciw`‡K A‡Uvwi·v Avgv‡ì AZ¨šÍ g~jëvb

we`y¨rI †kvlY Ki‡Q AweiZ| ZvB A‡Uvwi·vi msL¨v Kgv‡bv GLb mg‡qi Awbevh© `vex|

cvwb wb®‹vkb mgm¨v: ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡Z bvbv cÖKvi mgm¨v‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 100 Rb wewfbœ †ckvi

Rbkw³i gZvgZ wb‡q kZKiv 05 Rb e¨w³ cvwb wb®‥vkb mgm¨vi K_v e‡j‡Qb| hv GB mgm¨v‡K

gnvbMixi Rb¨ AwaKvskB e¨w³ GUv †g․wjK †Kvb mgm¨v bq e‡j gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|

AveR©bv eë¯ ’vcbv mgm¨v: ivRkvnx wmwUK‡c©v‡ikb GB kni‡K AveR©bv I `~lYgy³ Kivi Rb¨

bvbvwea c`‡ÿc I Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q hv „k¨gvb| Gi ciI kZKiv 10 fvM RbMb g‡b K‡ib

GB eë¯’vcbv AviI AvaywbK n‡j GB gnvbMix GKwU Av`k© bM‡ii †ÿ‡Î GK avc GwM‡q †hZ|

GgbwK GmKj AveR©bv¸‡jv w`‡q •eÁvwbK c×wZ Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g mvi •Zix K‡i †`‡ki Av_©-

mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j A‡b‡K wek¦vm K‡ib|

ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖavb mo‡K Amvay eëmvqx‡ì iwÿZ BU-†Lvqv-evwj

†Rvic ~e©K dzUcvZ `Lj: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb GB AÂjwU GKwU AvaywbK bM‡i iæcvšÍwiZ Kivi

D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavb iv Ívi `yÕav‡i mvaviY RbM‡Yi PjvP‡ji Rb¨ dzUcvZ ev miæ iv Ív •Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wKš‘ †m iv Ívi av‡ii eëmvqxMY Zv‡ì wbR¯ gvjvgvj †mB dzUcvZ ev miæ iv Ívi Dci †i‡L

cwi‡ek ~wlZ Ki‡Q hv mvaviY RbM‡Yi PjvPj Ges iv Ív cvivcv‡i weNœ m„wó Ki‡Q| cÖavb iv Ívi

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LvwU‡q †mLv‡b BU-evjy-†Lvqv †i‡L eëmv evwYR¨ K‡i hv‡”Q| d‡j bvbv ai‡bi yN©Ubv, cwi‡ek

`ylY GgbwK g„Zzï NUbvI N‡U hv‡”Q| Rwi‡c kZKiv 20 fvM RbmvaviY Gi Zxeª we‡ivaxZv K‡i

cÖkvmb‡K AviI hy‡Mvc‡hvMx c`‡ÿc †bqvi Rb¨ civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|


93

ivRkvnx kn‡ii mv‡ne evRvi A‣eafv‡e `LjK…ZdzUcvZ

gkv-gvwQi I cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi gkv wbab Kg©m~wP AÎ AÂ‡j

emevmiZ Rb‡Mvôxi Zzjbvq h‡_ó bq| d‡j GB cÖkvmb gkv wbab Kg©m~wP‡ZI mdjZv e‡q Avb‡Z

cvi‡Qbv| G‡ÿ‡Î kZKiv 10 fvM wmwUevwmB g‡b K‡ib ivRkvnx GKwU Av`k© bM‡i iæcvšÍ‡ii

†ÿ‡Î gkv-gvwQ Ges 05 fvM g‡b K‡ib cwi‡ekMZ Kvi‡bB GwU m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|

DËi‡Yi Dcvq

GKwU bMi ev AÂj‡K AvaywbK ev Av`k© GjvKvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡j bvbvwea Dcvq Aej¤b Ki‡Z

nq| Gi g‡a¨ RbM‡bi gZvg‡Zi wfwË‡Z †g․wjK welq¸‡jv mviYx - 5.3 I wP‡Îi- 5.3 gva¨‡g

wjwce× Kiv n‡jv:


94

mviYx: 3

mgvav‡bi welq DËi`vZvi msL¨v kZKiv nvi %

A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb cwiwgZ ivLv 40 Rb 40%

ivR‣bwZK cÖfve gy³ ivLv 30 Rb 30%

RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK

Kg©m~wP MÖnY 20 Rb 20%

cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ 10 Rb 10%

†gvU 100 Rb 100%

wPÎ: 3

ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K Av`k© bMi iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î AÎ AÂ‡ji 100 R‡bi gZvg‡Zi Dci Rwic

K‡i †g․wjK 4wU w`K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î 40 fvMB RbMY g‡b K‡ib A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb

wbqš¿Y Ki‡ZB n‡e| 30 fvM RbMY g‡b K‡ib ivR‣bwZK cÖfvegy³ Qvov †Kvb AÂjB Dbœq‡bi

`vicÖv‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡Z cvi‡e bv| Kv‡RB `jgZ wbwe©‡kl mKj‡KB G‡ÿ‡Î GKgZ n‡Z n‡e| 20 fvM

Rb‡Mvôx g‡b K‡ib RbMY‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cÖkvm‡bi cÿ †_‡K e¨vcK

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PvB‡j †m GjvKvq miKvi ev cÖkvm‡bi cÿ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ Ges mw`”Qv Qvov †Kvbfv‡eB

m¤¢e bq|


95

Dc‡iv³ †g․wjK welq¸‡jvQvovI wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jvi w`‡K bRi ivL‡j ªæZ ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K

GKwU Av`k© bMix‡Z DwbœZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

1| A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb cwiwgZ ivLv|

2| ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K GKwU Av`k© bMix‡Z cwiYZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© mKj cÖKvi ivR‣bwZK cÖfve

gy³ ivLv|

3| RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqvg, wjd‡jU, †cv÷vwis, cÖ‡qvR‡b

gvBwKsmn e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MÖnY|

4| ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K GKwU Av`k© bMix‡Z cwiYZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ|

5| A‣eafv‡e `LjK…Z dzUcvZ ev miæ iv Ív¸wj cybiæ×v‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b åvg¨gvb wUg ev Av`vj‡Zi

gva¨‡g †m¸‡jvi wggvsmv Kiv|

6| cyivZb A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevn‡bi jvB‡mÝ evwZj K‡i bZzbfv‡e ivRkvnx bM‡ii Pvwn`vbyhvqx

A‡Uv hvbevn‡bi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb|

7| A‡Uv WªvBfvi‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb|

8| ivRkvnxi cÖvY‡K›`ª mv‡ne evRv‡ii cÖavb moK¸‡jv‡Z A‡Uv PvwjZ hvbevnb cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ

bv †`qv|

9| kn‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †gvo †hgb: †ij‡÷kb †gvo, †ij‡MU, eY©vjx, j²xcyi, mv‡ne evRvi cÖf…wZ

¯’v‡b Kvi-gvB‡µv PvwjZ Ifvi weªR wbg©vY Kiv †M‡j kn‡ii †m․›`h©e„w×mn hvbRU Kgv‡bv

m¤¢e n‡e|

10| åvg¨gvb eëmvqx ev nKvim‡ì Rb¨ GKwU nKvi gv‡K©U wbg©vY K‡i mv‡ne evRvimn kn‡ii

¸iæZ¡c~Y© GjvKv †_‡K nKvim gy³ K‡i kn‡ii †m․›`h© e„w× Kiv hv‡e|

11| ivRkvnx kn‡ii `LjK…Z miKvwi m¤úwË Rei `Ljgy³ K‡i Zv Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ we‡bv`b

†K›`ª ev kwcsgj wbg©vY K‡i †m¸‡jv ¯í g~‡j¨ †eKvi hyeK‡ì Kv‡Q n ÍvšÍi Ki‡j †m mKj

m¤úwË †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqbmn ivRkvnx GKwU Av`k© I cwi”Qbœ bMix‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ

n‡Z mn‡hvwMZv jvf Ki‡e|

12| ivRkvnx‡K GKwU Av`k© bM‡i DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡j AÎ AÂ‡ji mKj ¯Í‡ii bvMwiK mgvR‡K gy³

g‡bi AwaKvix n‡q `j-gZ wbwe©‡k‡l GKv‡hv‡M mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e|

13| Ni-evwo ev †`vKvb cvU wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi wewa-weavb †g‡bB h_v‡hv_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g

m¤úbœ Ki‡j AvaywbK ivRkvnxi bMivq‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI hyMvšÍKvix f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|

14| ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb (ivwmK)-Gi wbqg f½Kvix RbM‡Yi weiæ‡×I kvw¯Íi eë¯’v MÖnY

Ki‡Z n‡e| ivwmK-Gi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì ZrciZv evov‡Z n‡e| `yb©xwZ‡iv‡a AviI Kvh©Ki

eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|


96

15| ivwmK-Gi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix, IqvW© KvDwÝjimn mswkøó mKj‡K AviI cÖwkÿY w`‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z

K‡i Zviv Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡mg~n mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z mÿg nq Ges ivRkvnx gnvbMix‡K GKwU

Av`k© bMix‡Z Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwY¦Z K‡i|

16| ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡Ri cÖPviYv Ggbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z

kn‡ii hye m¤úª`vq †jLv-covi cvkv-cvwk wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð RwoZ †_‡K bMixi

†eKviZ¡ I gv`Kvmw³i nvi A‡bKUv K‡g Avm‡e Ges ivRkvnx gnvbMix Av`k© bMixi †ÿ‡Î

¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡e|

Dcmsnvi

we‡k¦i me‡P‡q NbemwZc~Y© Ges Rbeûj †`kmg~‡ni evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì

AcÖZzjZv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Ges `vwi‡ ªi cvkvcvwk mxwgZ Rwg‡Z wecyj RbmsL¨v I RbmsL¨vi `ªæZ

e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœqb cÖwµqvi cÖwZeÜK| 2001 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi‡Z †`Lv hvq

evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU 23.39% RbmsL¨v n‡jv bMixq RbmsL¨v| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡k ªæZ nv‡i RbMixi

RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q Ges ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Pv‡c AwZ ªæZ bMivqb msNwVZ n‡”Q, †m‡nZz ewa©Z

RbmsL¨vi Pvc wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb KZ…©K cÖ`Ë wewfbœ bvMwiK my‡hvM myweavi Dci| †hnv‡i kn‡i

RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q 2020 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi 38.2% Rb‡Mvwô kn‡i emevm Ki‡e|

bMixi RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L hveZxq bvMwiK my‡hvM-myweavmn †f․Z AeKvVv‡gvi

Kvw•ÿZ Dbœqb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j evsjv‡`‡k Av`k© bMi Dbœqb‡Zv `~‡ii K_v AvaywbK bMivqb ev

bMi Dbœq‡b GK A¯vfvweK, Q›`nxb I Amnbxq iƒc cwiMÖn Ki‡e| evsjv‡`‡k AwZ `ªæZ bMivqb

NU‡Q| Afve AbU‡bi Kvi‡Y Ges Kg©ms¯’v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ QvovI G‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi gvbyl eûwea Kvi‡Y

e¨vcKnv‡i MÖvg †_‡K knigyLx n‡”Q| d‡j knivÂ‡j e¨vcK RbmgvMg n‡”Q wVKB wKš‘ GKwU

kni‡K AvaywbK ev Av`k© bMix‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡”Q bv| †h nv‡i kn‡i

RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q, wVK †m nv‡i kn‡ii my‡hvM myweav e„w× cv‡”Q bv| Kv‡RB Av`k© bMi ev

AvaywbK bMivq‡bi gvÎvi w`K w`‡q evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wb¤œ bMivwqZ †`kmg~‡ni GKwU| Av`k© bMi

wewbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ myôz cwiKíbv cÖ‡qvRb| G w`‡K Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM w`‡j evsjv‡`‡ki bMivqb wfbœ gvÎv

cv‡e Ges Zv †UKmB Dbœqb cÖwµqvi Ask n‡e|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 †gvt Avbmvi Avjx Lvb, †cŠimfv g¨vby‡qj (XvKv: evsjv‡`k j eyK †Kv¤úvwb, 2000), c„. 404-405|

2 KzšÍjv jv‡nox `Ë, f‚‡Mvj wPšÍvi weKvk (KwjKvZv: w` Iqvì© †cÖm cÖvB‡fU. wjwg‡UW, 1999), c„. 39-40|

3 Z‡è, c„. 45|

4 †K. gD`y` Bjvnx I •mq` iwdKyj Avjg iægx, bMi f~‡Mvj : mv¤úªwZK aviv (XvKv : †Wëv eyK&m, 2005), c„. 27;

Avãyjøvn dviæK, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm (XvKv: XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Mªš’ ms¯’v, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1983), c„.

210|

5 KvRx gviædv, bMi f‚‡Mvj I bMi cwiKíbv (XvKv: myR‡bmy cÖKvkbx, 2002), c„. 10-11|


97

6 Fazal Karim, "The Role of Municipal Administration", M.A. Husain Khan (ed.), Problems of

Municipal Administration (Dacca: National Institute of public Administration, 1967), pp. 48-50;

quoted M.K.U. Molla, "Growth and Development of Rajshahi Municipal Town", S.A. Akanda (ed.),

The District of Rajshahi: Its Past and Present (Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, 1983), pp.

135-138; Abdul Latif, "Growth and Development of Kotchandpur as a Municipal Town, 1883-1947",

Unpublished M. Phil Thesis (Rajshahi: The Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University,

1985), p. 5-15; Avey Zvnv, RbmsL¨v I Rbc` f~‡Mvj (ivRkvnx : ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cÖKvkK, 2002), c„. 7-

10| 7 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (e¸ov: KvRx cÖKvkbx, 1965 wLª.), c„. 103-105|

8 Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, ivRkvnxi BwZe„Ë (ivRkvnx: cÖxwZ cÖKvkbx, 1999 wLª.), c„. 29|

9 eøKg¨vb G ai‡bi gZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ôkvnx ivRvÕ A_©vr wn›`y ivRvi gymjgvb wmsnvm‡b Awa‡ivnb hv

†Kej ivRv Ks‡mi (ivRv M‡Yk) ivRZ¡Kvj‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| ivRv M‡Yk †M․‡oi gymwjg kvmbKZ©v‡K DrLvZ K‡i

wmsnvmb `Lj Ki‡j cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z ivRkvnx bv‡gi D™¢e n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| `ªóe¨: KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq,

ev½vjvi BwZnvm (bevex Avgj), 2q ms¯‥iY (KwjKvZv: 1315 e½vã), c„. 65, (cvÙxKv-1)|

10 Lvb evnv`yi Ave`yj nvwKg m¤úvw`Z, evsjv wek¦‡Kvl, PZz_© LÐ (XvKv: bI‡ivR wKZvwe¯Ívb, 1976), c„. 249|

11 wg. †efvwiR G ai‡bi gZ †cvlY K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, ivRkvnx bvg A‡cÿvK…Z AvaywbK| AvBb-B-AvKeix-†Z

ivRkvnx ciMbvi bvg †bB| cÖvPxb ivRkvnx ciMbv fvMxi_xi cwðg cv‡k¦© ivRv Ks‡mi (ivRv M‡Y‡ki) ivR¨ n‡Z

eû`~‡i| myZivs ivRv M‡Yk bq eis exif~‡gi ÔivRvÕ Dcvwaavix gymwjg ivRM‡Yi bvg n‡Z ivRkvnx bv‡gi D™¢e

NU‡Z cv‡i| `ªóe¨: wegjvPiY •g‡Îq,cywVqv ivResk (KwjKvZv: c¨vwim AvU© †cÖm, 1357 e½vã), c„. 297|

12 KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq eøKg¨vb I †efvwi‡Ri gZvgZ LÐb K‡i e‡jb, gnvivR gvbwmsn AvMgn‡bi bvg ivRgnj

w`‡q GLv‡b ivRavbx I `yM©vw` ¯’vcb K‡ib| cÖvPxb ivRkvnx ciMbv ivRgn‡ji AbwZ`~‡i Aew¯’Z nIqvq Ôkvnx

ivRvÕ gvbwms‡ni bv‡gB ivRkvnx bv‡gi DrcwË n‡Z cv‡i| `ªóe¨: wegjvPiY •g‡Îq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 296-297| Kvjx

cÖmbœ evey e‡j‡Qb †h, ivRkvnxi bvg ivRv gvbwmsn KZ…©K cÖ`Ë| wKš‘ evsjvi †Kvb BwZnv‡m Zvi †Kvb mg_©b ev

D‡jøL †bB| `ªóe¨: KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 7|

13 K‡qKwU ciMbvi mgwó ev GKxf~Z †Rjv n‡jv PvKjv| GwU GKwU ivR¯^ BDwbU|

14 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 5; Md. Moksudur Rahman, ‘General Administration of Rajshahi

District in Historical Perspective’, The District of Rajshahi Its Past And Present, (ed.)

S.A., Akanda, p. 113. 15

KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 5; Md. Moksudur Rahman, op.cit., p. 113.

16 Md. Moksudur Rahman, op.cit., p. 114.

17 Kvjxbv_ †P․ayix, ivRkvnxi mswÿß BwZnvm (KwjKvZv: ¯‥zj eyK †cÖm, 1901), c„. 107|

18 Ave`yj Kwig, gywk©`Kzjx Lvb I Zuvi hyM, (e½vbyev`) †gvKv‡Ïmyi ingvb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1989), c„. 85;

Md. Moksudur Rahman, op.cit., p. 114; Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2| 19

KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, c~‡e©v³, c„. 6| 20

Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2| 21

we¯ÍvwiZ, †Mvjvg ûmvBb mjxg, evsjvi BwZnvm, AvKeiDÏxb Abyw`Z (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1974), c„. 200| 22

†Mvjvg ûmvBb mjxg, wiqvR-Dm-mvjvwZb (e½vbyev`), kÖxivgcÖvY ¸ß m¤úvw`Z (XvKv: wè¨cÖKvk, 2005), c„.

167|

23 H, cvÙxKv- 65, c„. 246|

24 wegjvPiY •g‡Îq, c~‡e©v³, c„. 297|


98

25

†gvt gvneyeyi ingvb m¤úvw`Z, W. KvRx †gvt †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb, ÒivRkvnx kni I Zvi bvgKiY: GKwU

ch©v‡jvPbvÓ, ivRkvnx gnvbMi : AZxZ I eZ©gvb (ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq: AvBweGm, 2012 wLª.), c„. 65|

26 wbwLjbv_ ivq, gywk© vev` Kvwnbx (KwjKvZv: 131 bs KY©Iqvwjm ÷ªxU, 1309 e½vã), c„. 389|

27 wbwLjbv_ ivq, gywk© vev` Kvwnbx (KwjKvZv: 9 G¨v›Uwb evMvb †jb, 1978), c„. 12|

28 Kvjxbv_ †P․ayix, c~‡e©v³, c„. 2-3; Kvjxbv_ †P․ayixi MÖš’wU 1901, wbwLjbv_ ivq iwPZ gywk© vev‡ì BwZnvm MÖš’wU

1902 Ges KvjxcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi MÖš’wU 1908 m‡b cÖKvwkZ weavq ciMbvi bvg ivRkvnx Z_¨wU m¤¢eZ Kvjxbv_

†P․ayixi MÖ‡š’B cÖ_g ms‡hvwRZ nq, wKš‘ †mLv‡b Z‡_ï Drm †`qv nqwb| 29

W.W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, Districts of Rajshahi and Bogra, Vol.- VIII (ondon:

Trubner and Co. 1876), p. 20. 30

gyn¤§` Avãym mvgv`, c~‡e©v³, c„. 96| 31

H, c„. 97| 32

H, c„. 97-98|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I Avj‡Rwiq‡ì cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb

†gv: iweDj Bmjvg

Abstract: Algeria was colonized by the French from 1830 and had been an integral part

of France since the end of the 19th Century. From the beginning the continuing

colonization led to fierce resistance by local rulers and the population. The most

important resistance leader was emir (Commander) Abdelkader (Add al-Qadir), who

managed for some time to maintain control over much of Algeria. Abdelkader forces

were, however, defeated by overwhelming French military force. Even before Abd-al-

Qadir entered the scene, Ahmad Bey had extended his authority over much of the Beylik

of Constantine and blocked French expansion there until 1837. Rebellions occurred

regularly in Kabylia, including the uprising led by Sheikh Mokrani in 1871. In the

Southern Shara, Tuareg forces, too, resisted the French army, which was unable to

control the desert regions until the Tuareg were defeated in 1902. Nationalism began to

spread in Algeria during the first decades of 20th century. The colonial policies led to the

growth of nationalism in Algeria. But the aim of this paper is to analysis the primary

resistance movement how influenced after the establishment of Nationalist movement of

the Algeria.

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Dc ªe f~ga¨mvMi AÂ‡j A¯vfvweK e„w× cvIqvq Zviv wbwe©Pv‡i †h †Kvb †`‡ki evwYwR¨K I

hvwÎevnx RvnvR jyÚb ïiæ K‡i| divwm miKvi Rj`my¨‡ì `gb Kivi Rb¨ GK weivU •mbëvwnbx

DËi Avwd«Kvq cvVvevi wm×všÍ †bq| Z‡e Rj`my¨ `gb Kivi bv‡g Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj KivB wQj

Zv‡ì g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨| d«v‡Ýi Avj‡Rwiqvq AbycÖ‡e‡ki cðv‡Z GwU wQj GKwU KviY|


103

d«vÝ Zvi Af¨šÍixY ivR‣bwZK NUbvcÖev‡ni Kvi‡YI Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj Ki‡Z Pvq| 1826 mv‡j

d«v‡Ý Livi Kvi‡Y K…wli Drcv`b `viæYfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| hvi d‡j 1827 mv‡j d«v‡Ý Zxeª A_©‣bwZK

msKU †`Lv †`q| wVK †m eQ‡ii wW‡m¤i gv‡m `kg Pvj©m †P¤^vi Ad †WcywUm †f‡½ w`‡q bZzb

wbe©vP‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡ib| wKš‧ Zuvi G wm×všÍ G‡Kev‡iB mwVK wQj bv| G NUbvq iÿYkxj `j

msL¨vMwiôZv nvivq| Gi cwie‡Z© msm‡` D`vicšx ivRZš¿xiv wecyj msL¨K Avmb jvf K‡i|

ivRZš¿x‡ì Pv‡c ivRv `kg Pvj©m Zvi iÿYkxj cÖavbgš¿x wf‡j‡j‡K c`Pz¨Z Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| Zuvi

¯jvwfwl³ nb D`vicšx wf‡Kv‡gU wW gvwU©MbvK (Vicomate de Martignac)|12

gvwU©MbvK `vwqZ¡ †bqvi ci †ek wKQz KzL¨vZ cÖwZwµqvkxj ivRZš¿x‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© miKvwi c` †_‡K

AcmviY K‡ib| wKš‧ gvwU©MbvK Lye †ekx wKQz Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡jb| GKw`‡K DMÖ ivRZš¿x‡ì Pvc,

Ab¨w`‡K Pig D`vicšx‡ì Pvc Zuvi KvR Kivi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| cwiw¯wZi my‡hvM wb‡q

`kg Pvj©m gvwU©MbvK‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡i DMÖ ivRZš¿x wcÖÝ Ry‡jm wW cwjMbvK‡K (Prince Julel de

polignac) Zuvi cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM K‡ib|13

cwjMbv‡Ki iÿYkxj I cÖwZwµqvkxj wPšÍv-‡PZbvi

AwaKvix wQ‡jb| 1830 mv‡ji emšÍKv‡j †P¤vi Ad †WcywUm Gi AwaKvsk m`m¨ cwjMbv‡Ki

weiæ‡× Ae¯vb †bb| bZzb cÖR‡b¥i †ivg¨vw›UK †jLKivI `kg Pvj©m I cwjMbv‡Ki Rbwe‡ivax

bxwZi weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡Vb| cÖL¨vZ divwm mvwnwZ¨K wf±i û‡Mv (Victor Hugo) Zv‡ì

g‡a¨ wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg |

cÖwZK~j cwiw¯wZ mvgvj †`qvi Rb¨ `kg Pvj©m d«v‡Ýi evB‡ii AÂj AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi

g‡bv‡hvM Ab¨w`K wb‡q hvevi †Póv K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i, †ejwRqvg I jy‡·gevM©‡K w`‡q Dmgvbxq

mv¤ªvR¨ aŸsm Ges BD‡iv‡ci gvbwPÎ‡K cybwe©b¨vm Kivi GK cwiKíbv ivwkqvi wbKU †ck K‡ib|

ivwkqv G mgq MÖxK mgm¨v wb‡q e¨¯Í _vKvq G cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn †`Lvqwb| Ab¨w`‡K cwjMbvK

(Polignace) Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj K‡i we‡ivax`j‡K ¯Íä Kivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| cwiKíbv Abyhvqx

1830 mv‡ji 13 Ryb 36000 •m‡bï GK wekvj evwnbx Avj‡Rwiqvi AeZiY K‡i Ges cÖv_wgK

hy‡× ûmvBb cvkvi •mb¨`j civwRZ n‡j 5 RyjvB AvjwRqvm© kn‡ii cZb N‡U|

Z‡e wb‡¤œv³ KviYwU wQj LyeB Avk¦h©RbK| Rvbv hvq †h, `yÕRb Avj‡Rwiq eëmvqx R¨vKe evKix

(Jacob Bakri) Ges eymbK© (Bushnaq) 1793 Ges 1798 mv‡j divwm †mbvevwnbxi Kv‡Q Mg

mieivn Ki‡Zb, hvi g~j¨ wQj Avwk jÿ d«v‡¼i †ewk|14

wKš‧ µgvMZfv‡e Mg mievin Ae¨vnZ

ivL‡jI wek eQ‡iiI AwaK mgqKvj ch©šÍ Gi g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv nqwb| 1819 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqv I

d«vÝ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ G g‡g© GK Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq †h, †mB Acwi‡kvwaZ g~j¨ wKw Í‡Z cwi‡kva Kiv

n‡e Ges Pzw³ Abyhvqx 1820-21 mvj n‡Z wKw Í cÖ`vb ïiæ nq| wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨ d«vÝ G Pzw³ Agvb¨

K‡i| GiB avivevwnKZvq Avj‡Rwiqvi kvmK Ô†`Õ ûmvBb cvkv, divwm m¤ªvU `kg Pvj©‡mi mg‡q

D³ g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kivi e¨vcv‡i GKwU cÎ wj‡Lb wKš‧ Gi †Kvb m yËi d«v‡Ýi cÿ †_‡K †`qv

nqwb|15

c‡Îi †Kvb DËi bv w`‡jI 1827 mv‡ji 29 GwcÖ‡j Avj‡Rwiqvi kvmK Ô†`Õ ûmvBb Ges

divwm ÔKbmvjÕ Pierre Deval Gi g‡a¨ G e¨vcv‡i GKwU •eVK AbywôZ nq| G •eV‡K divwm

eëmvqx‡ì GKwU cÖwZwbwa `jI Dcw¯Z wQ‡jb| Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ Pzw³i kZ© wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi GK

ch©v‡q DËß evK¨ wewbgq ïiæ nq|16

Gi c‡iI d«vÝ Dfq ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ msNwUZ G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi

e¨vcv‡i †Kvb c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwb, eis wbwj©ß _v‡K| d«v‡Ýi GiKg f‚wgKvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB

Ô†`Õ ivMvwšZ nb Ges wgwUs PjvKvjxb mg‡q Zvi nv‡Z _vKv cvLv Kbmv‡ji gy‡Li Dci Qz‡o


104

gv‡ib| djkÖæwZ‡Z, 1827 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvi Ô†`Õ KZ…©K divwm Kbmv‡ji Acgv‡bi cÖwZ‡kva ev

Acgv‡bi mgvavbK‡í divwm m¤ªvU `kg Pvj©m 1830 mv‡ji 14 Ryb GKwU †b․eni Avj‡Rwiqvq

cvVvb| Gi cvkvcvwk Avj‡Rwiqvq wb‡qvwRZ ZzwK© kvmK‡K GKwU PigcÎ †cÖiY K‡ib, hv wQj

wb¤œiƒc: Ò†h‡nZy divwm Kbmvj‡K cvLv w`‡q AvNvZ Kivi gva¨‡g Zvi gh©v`vnvbx Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges

Zv‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e Acgvb Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvi d‡j Zuvi ÿwZc~iY eve` Ges RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx

h_vwewnZ c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv n‡jv; Ò†`Õi Dcw wZ‡Z Avj‡Rwiqvi Kmev bvgK e›`‡i

divwm cZvKv D‡Ëvjb KiZ: Ô†`Õ divwm RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q ÿgv PvB‡eb Ges GKkZ evi mk¯¿ mvjvg

cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|17

wKš‧, weªwUk Kbmv‡ji Drmv‡n Ô‡`Õ Zv Ki‡Z A¯xK„wZ Rvbvb| G NUbv‡K †K› ª

K‡i divwm miKvi 1828 mv‡ji 16 Ryb Avj‡Rwiqvi mgy`ª e›ì †NivI Kivi Rb¨ divwm

†mbvevwnbx‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i|18

ïay ZvB bq, 1830 mvj n‡Z wbqwgZ Avj‡Rwiqvq AvµgY ïiæ

Kiv nq| 1830 mv‡ji 14 Ryb, AvjwRqvm© kni †_‡K 21 wK.wg `~‡i mgy`ªZxieZx© kni wmÕw` wdiƒh

(Sidi Ferruch) G 37,607 Rb divwm ‣mb¨ AeZiY K‡i|19

mgMÖ Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm

•mbëvwnbx AeZiY Kivi ci 1830 mv‡ji 5 RyjvB †ek wKQz kni `Lj K‡i Ges e„nËg kni

Zzj~b (Toulon) `Lj Kivi Rb¨ 35,000 c`vwZK ‣mb¨ Ges 600 RvnvR cÖ¯‧Z ivLv nq|20

Giƒc

cwiw¯wZ‡Z Ô‡`Õ divwm evwnbx‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ 7,000 †Rwbmvwi •mb¨, DcmvMixq AÂj

Kb÷¨v›UvBb (Constantine) Ges Iivb (Oran) n‡Z 19,000 ‣mbëvwnbx Ges DcRvZxq Kvwejv

†Mv‡Îi 17,000 †jvK‡K †mLv‡b cvVvb|21

wKš‧ divwmiv †mLv‡b kw³kvjx Ae¯vb jvf Kivq AvjwRq©vm `Lj Kivi ûgwK †`q Ges wZb

mßv‡ni g‡a¨ ivRavbx `Lj K‡i †bq| wewfbœ NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 1830 mv‡ji 5 RyjvB, Ô†`Õ

AvZ¥mgc©‡bi Pzw³c‡Î ¯vÿi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| d«vÝ kÎæi kw³ wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ eywj`v (Blida)

bvgK RvqMvi 50 wK:wg: `wÿ‡Y GKwU kw³kvjx NuvwU ¯vcb K‡i| GLvb †_‡K Zviv wewfbœ RvqMvq

AZwKZ© nvgjv cwiPvjbv K‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ ¯v‡b wKQz msL¨K wiqvmvZ ev

ciMvbv vwcZ nq Ges G¸‡jv‡K civ Í Kiv divwm evwnbxi Rb¨ Kó`vqK n‡q uvovq| G my‡hv‡M

mvB‡q¨v` gynwqÏxb Avj nvmvbx (Sayed Muhyi Al-Din Hasani) d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡× wRnv‡ì WvK

†`b|22

Zvcic‡iI d«vÝ yÕeQ‡ii g‡a¨ AvjwRqvm© Gi cvkeZ©x wZbwU kni Iivb (Oran) Gi cwðgvsk

Ges eb (Bone) Gi cwðgvÂjxq cÖ‡`k‡K divwm Jcwb‡e‡ki AšÍfz©³ Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

Avj‡Rwiq‡ì cÖwZ‡iva

divwm AvµgY †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q Avj‡Rwiq kvmK Ô†eÕ ûmvBb divwm‡ì mv‡_

ÔK¨vwcPz‡jkbÕ23

Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb Ges Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm kvmb †g‡b †bb| wKš‧

¯vbxq RbMY Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K †g‡b †bqwb|

divwmiv mgy`ªZxieZx© GjvKv¸‡jv mn‡R `Lj Ki‡Z mÿg n‡jI cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Zviv Zxeª

cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L c‡o| G cÖwZ‡iva¸‡jv‡K cÖvq `yBhy‡MiI †ekx mgq a‡i divwm evwnbx‡K †gvKvwejv

Ki‡Z nq|

divwm `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i ïiæ‡ZB Avj‡Rwiq RbMY wb‡R‡ì AvZœiÿv‡_© wewfbœ msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j|

1830 mv‡ji 23 RyjvB †Kc g¨vwU‡dv (Cape Matifou) Gi wbKUeZ©x †Z‡gbU‡d․m


105

(Tementfous) G DcRvZxq †bZ…e„›` Ges gyivweZ †Mvôx GK civgk©mfvq wgwjZ nb| †mLv‡b

Zviv Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg ïiæ Kivi wm×všÍ †bb|24

Ab¨w`‡K Avie evievi RbMY Avw`g A ¿-k ¿ wb‡q †`k‡K iÿvi Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡m| divwm‡ì

cÖv_wgK fv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †ÿ‡Î Avie evievi‡ì cvkvcvwk DcRvZxq †MvÎ¸‡jvI mwµq f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i| 1830 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm †h `Lj`vwiZ¡ 1871 mvj ch©šÍ Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|

wKš‧, G `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ divwm evwnbx‡K ¯vbxq‡ì cÖwZ‡iva I mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi

gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq|25

Avj‡Rwiqvq Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ïiæ‡Z yÕwU cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb wQj LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ‡h

Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv ¯vbxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Af~Zc~e© mvov RvMvq, hvi GKwU cwiPvwjZ nq Avgxi Avãyj

Kvw`‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡| Avi Ab¨wU Avãyj Kvwì `„k¨c‡U AvmviI c~‡e© Kb÷¨v›UvB‡b Dmgvbxq‡ì

me©‡kl Ô†eÕ Avng` Gi †bZ…‡Z¡| Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi ïiæ †_‡KB Dmgvbxq‡ì

me©‡kl Ô†eÕ Avng` Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| AbycÖ‡e‡ki

ïiæ †_‡KB divwm mv¤ªvRëv`xiv m¤úªmviY bxwZi ekeZx© n‡q cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡j wb‡R‡ì AvwacZ¨

we¯Ívi Ki‡Z _v‡K| G m¤úªmviYev`‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ Avng` wZRvbœx (Ahmed Tijanni)

GKwU msMVb •Zix K‡ib| †h msMV‡bi bvg wQj ÒTijanniya Brotherhood”| G msMVbwUi

gva¨‡g Avj‡Rwiqvi gvwU‡Z divwm m¤úªmviYev‡ì we‡ivwaZv K‡i|26

Avng` Ô†eÕ Gi cÖwZ‡iva

†gvKvwejv K‡iB divwmiv Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z _v‡K|

divwm kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Kb÷¨v›UvB‡b Avng` †e †h cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib, Zv 1837 mvj

ch©šÍ ejer wQj| mve-mvnvivi kw³kvjx DcRvwZi †Mvôx †eb Nvbv (Ben Ghana) Ges ZywK© evev-

gv‡qi JimRvZ mšÍvb wQ‡jb Avng` Ô†eÕ web gynv¤§` kwid (Ahmed Bey Ben Mohamed

Sherif)| BwZnv‡m nvRx Avng` bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| 1784 mv‡j Kb÷¨v›UvBb G Rb¥MÖnY

K‡ib| hyeK Ae¯vq wZwb nReªZ cvjb K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z †gvnv¤§` Avjx cvkvi kvmbvg‡j wgk‡i

hvb Ges †mLv‡b vqxfv‡e †_‡K hvevi wmÜvšÍ †bb| divwm `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i ïiæ‡Z wZwb Avj‡Rwiqvq

wd‡i Av‡mb Ges Kb÷¨v›UvBb G AbywôZ Saoueli27

Gi hy‡× AwbqwgZ evwnbxi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e

hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib|28

GKmgq divwm evwnbx eb (Bone) `Lj Ges mgy`ª e›ì¸‡jvi Dci GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi

D‡`¨vM ‡bq| wKš‧ GLv‡bI Zviv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§ywLb nb| G D‡Ï‡k¨ divwm KZ…©cÿ Av‡jvPbvi

gva¨‡g GKwU mg‡SvZvq †c․Qv‡bvi †Póv Pvjvq| wKš‧ Zviv e¨_© nq| G‡Z D‡ËwRZ n‡q divwm

†mbvcÖavb KvD›U K¬z‡Rj (Count Clauzel) 1836 mv‡j wØZxqev‡ii gZ DËi Avwd«Kvq GKwU

evwnbx cvVvb| G evwnbx 8700 Rb •mb¨ wb‡q MwVZ wQj| c~e©vÂjxq cÖwZ‡iva `gb Ges Avng`

Ô†eÕ Gi ivRavbx `Lj KivB wQj G evwnbxi g~j D‡Ïk¨| wKš‧ AcÖZzj im`, kvixwiK Amy¯Zv,

b‡f¤‡ii AwZel©Y Ges hvÎvc‡_ DcRvwZ‡ì cÖwZ‡iva cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y divwm evwnbx Kb÷¨v›UBb

`Lj Kivi †h cÖwµqv Zv e¨_© n‡q hvq| Avng` Ô†eÕ Gi evwnbx divwm evwnbx‡K Zvi mì `dZ‡ii

mvg‡b †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i †`q| G Avµg‡Y divwm evwnbxi cÖvq 100 Rb m`m¨ wbnZ nq| G

weRq Avn‡g` Ô†eÕ Gi Rxe‡b GKwU ¯§iYxq NUbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|29

wKš‧ wZwbI †ekx w`b divwm

evwnwb‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|


106

cieZ©x‡Z Avj‡Rwiqvq Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì weiæ‡× k³ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb cwðg Avj‡Rwiqvi

Avgxi Avãyj Kvwì| Avj‡Rwiq‡ì wbKU wZwb wQ‡jb RvZxq ÔexiÕ| 1832 mv‡j gvwnw`b

(Mahieddin) DcRvwZiv Zv‡K wb‡R‡ì myjZvb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| divwm AvµgY‡K euvav

†`qvi Rb¨ wZwb Avj‡Rwiqvb miKvi‡K msMwVZ K‡ib| cwðg Avj‡Rwiqv †_‡K Zvi cÖwZ‡iva

Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| G Av‡›`vjb‡K mdj Kivi Rb¨ wZwb DcRvwZ‡ì cvkvcvwk Ava¨vwZ¥K †PZbvq

wek^vmx A_©vr mydx mvaK I †Mvov Bmjvg a‡g© wek^vmx †jvKRb‡K Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva

M‡o †Zvjvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|30

divwm‡ì †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ Avãyj Kvwì DcRvZxq m`m¨‡ì wb‡q GKwU kw³kvjx evwnbxI

MVb K‡ib| Avãyj Kvwì Avj‡Rwiqv‡K GKwU AvaywbK gymwjg iv‡óª cwibZ Kivi cwiKíbvI K‡ib

Ges Gi ivRavbx n‡e †U‡jg‡mb (Tlemcen) ZvI wba©viY K‡ib|

31

Avgxi Avãyj Kvwì gynwqÏxb ûmvBwbi †`Lv‡bv Av‡›`vj‡bi avivevwnKZv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| wewfbœ

¯v‡b cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨_©Zvi cwiPq †`q divwm evwnbx| G‡Z eva¨ n‡q

divwm KZ…©cÿ yÕ`yÕevi Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`‡ii mv‡_ mwÜ K‡i| hvi cÖ_gwU ¯^vÿwiZ nq 1837

mv‡ji 20 †g Uvdbv‡Z (Tafna)| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨KeviB divwmiv mwÜi kZ© f½ K‡i Ges bZzb K‡i

hy× euvavq| wKš‧ m¤úªmviYev`x Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ Avãyj Kvw`‡ii kw³e„w×‡Z DwØMœ n‡q D‡V|

djkÖæwZ‡Z mgMÖ Avj‡Rwiqvq Avãyj Kvw`‡ii evwnbxi mv‡_ divwm evwnbx mk¯¿ msMÖv‡g AeZ©xY

nq|32

1840 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Avgxi Avãyj Kvwì cwðgvÂ‡j Ges †K›`ªxq Avj‡Rwiqvi mgMÖ DcRvZxq

†Mvôx‡K GKB cZvKvZ‡j wb‡q Avm‡Z mÿg nb| †`‡ki m¼UKvjxb mg‡q Avãyj Kvwì Zvi

†hvM¨Zv I Kg©KzkjZvi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K GK kw³kvjx Ae¯v‡b wb‡q †h‡Z mÿg nb| G mgq wZwb

ÿgZvi wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Kvw`‡ii Ae¯vb we‡ePbv K‡i divwm KZ©„cÿ Avj‡Rwiqvi Af¨šÍ‡i

Ae¯vb kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ `jZ¨vMx eûmsL¨K DcRvZxq †jvKRb‡K wewfbœ iKg my‡hvM-myweav

†`qvi wewbg‡q wb‡R‡ì c‡ÿ wb‡q Avm‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì kw³ e„w× cvq| G mgq

Avgxi Avãyj Kvw`‡ii evwnbx wKQzUv AvZ¥iÿvg~jK bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| Kvw`‡ii weiæ‡× divwm evwnbxi

†bZ…Z¡ †`b †Rbv‡ij _gvm ievU© eywRq~ (General Thomas Rebort Bugeaud)| A‡bK

HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z, Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm kvm‡bi cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv n‡jb eywRq~| Avãyj Kvw`‡ii weiæ‡×

wZwb me©vZœK hy‡×i †NvlYv †`b| wewfbœ MÖvg aŸsm, wecyj msL¨K ‣m‡bï mgv‡ek NwU‡q gvKomvi

Rv‡ji gZ ‣mb¨`j web¨ Í KiY, cïicvj nZ¨v K‡i Avj‡Rwiqvq GK fxwZKi cwiw¯wZi m„wó

K‡ib| †h mg Í DcRvwZq †bZv Avwgi‡K wbqwgZ mg_©b w`‡q hv‡”Qb Zv‡ì‡K †jvf †`wL‡q

wb‡R‡ì c‡ÿ wb‡q Avmvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib|33

DËi Avwd«Kvi Ab¨ AÂ‡ji Zzjbvq Avj‡Rwiqv

mg„×kvjx nIqvq GLv‡bB me‡P‡q †ekx BD‡ivcxqKiY n‡q‡Q|

1830 †_‡K 1840 mv‡ji g‡a¨ divwmiv GLv‡b cÖwZwôZ nevi ci abx wewb‡qvMKvixiv G AÂ‡ji

De©i RvqMv¸‡jv µq K‡i †bq| Avj‡Rwiqv‡Z BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì g‡a¨ divwm, BZvwjq,

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107

wdwjc Lye †ekx AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv| wKš‧ 1840 mv‡j G‡m wZwb Zvi gZ cwieZ©b Ges mgMÖ AÂj

`Lj Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib|34

divwmiv Zv‡ì wgkb mdj Ki‡Z wM‡q Lye wb`©q cÖK…wZi Awfhvb Pvjvq Ges Avj‡Rwiq‡ì cÖwZ

‣elg¨g~jK bxwZ Abymib K‡i| divwm‡ì GiKg wbôyi AvPi‡Yi weiæ‡× Avãyj Kvwì exiZ¡c~Y©

cÖwZ‡iva M‡o ‡Zv‡jb| wZwb divwm `Lj`vi I nvbv`vi evwnbxi m‡½ 1832 †_‡K 1847 mvj ch©šÍ

`xN© 15 eQi msN‡l© wjß wQ‡jb| wKš‧ †kl ch©šÍ kw³kvjx Ges AvaywbK divwm evwnbxi Kv‡Q

civwRZ nb| 1847 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m wZwb divwm evwnbxi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib| Rxe‡bi 50

eQiB Avãyj Kvwì hy×msMÖv‡g e¨q K‡ib Ges Gi g‡a¨ 36 eQi wZwb KvivMvi ev wbe©vm‡b wQ‡jb|

Avgxi Avãyj Kvwì Ges Avng` Ô†eÕ Gi gZ divwm we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b Gmgq Avey Rvqqvb, Avey

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Z‡e mvsMVwbK ~e©jZv I mgšqnxbZvi Kvi‡Y G ch©v‡qi †h cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb Zv Lye †ekx

mdjZv e‡q Av‡bwb| wKš‧ `xN©‡gqv`x Av‡›`vj‡bi †ÿÎ cÖ¯‧Z Ki‡Z G Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

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we‡`ªvn, K…lK we‡ ªvn, bxj we‡`ªvn Ges wmcvnx we‡ ªvn, weªwUk we‡ivax RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi

†ÿ‡Î cÖ¯‧Z K‡iwQj, wVK 1830 mvj †_‡K 1871 mvj ch©šÍ Avj‡Rwiq‡ì cwiPvwjZ we‡ ªvn¸‡jv

divwm we‡ivax RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwQj| Avj‡Rwiq RbMY wewfbœ

cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡jI wkÿvq AbMÖmiZvi Kvi‡Y RvZxqZvev‡ì mv‡_ hy³ wewfbœ

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wel‡q †Zgb m‡PZb wQj bv|35

wKš‧ Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i Øviv Zviv †h, †kvwlZ, ewÂZ, jvwÃZ I

nqivwbi wkKvi n‡”Q, GUv Zviv Abyfe Ki‡Z mÿg nq Ges G †_‡KB Zv‡ì g‡a¨ `Lj`vi kw³i

weiæ‡× A¯¿avi‡bi gvbwmKZv •Zwi nq|

1847 mv‡j Avwgi Avãyj Kvw`‡ii civRq Ges c‡ii eQi Avng` †e Gi AvZ¥mgc©b

Avj‡Rwiq‡ì cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb‡K KwVb cixÿvi m¤§yLxb K‡i †`q| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ d«vÝ G

ch©v‡q G‡m mgMÖ Avj‡Rwiqv `Lj Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU †K․kj MÖnY K‡i|36

cÖ_g ch©v‡q divwmiv

Avj‡Rwiqvi cÖavb kni¸‡jv `Lj I cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ„¯vbxq‡ì `gb Kivi †K․kj MÖnY

K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i Ô†eÕ Gi mg_©K †Mvôx I AwfRvZ m¤úª`v‡qi †jvKR‡bi Dci wbh©vZb Pvjvq|

wØZxq ch©v‡q divwm Jcwb‡ewkK †Mvôx mgZj f~wg, Af¨šÍixY †QvU kni Ges Avie DcRvwZi

†jvKRb hviv mywdev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Zv‡ì‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi †K․kj †bq| me©‡kl cvnvox AÂj,

giæf~wg AÂj I giæ`¨vbmg~n Ges hviv gvnv`xi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMwVZ‡ì `gb Kivi †K․kj MÖnY

K‡i|37

divwm KZ…©cÿ Gme K~U‡K․kj MÖnY Kivi d‡j 1845 mv‡j G cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Avj‡Rwiq RbM‡Yi

g‡a¨ GK Av‡eMgq we‡õviY N‡U| RbM‡Yi G †ÿvf wPwjd DcZ¨Kvi (Chelif Valley) DË‡i

Aew¯Z `vibv cvnvox AÂj †_‡K ïiæ nq| µgvš‡q Zv `wÿY Iqv‡iwmm (Ouarsensis), wUUvwi

(Titteri), Kvwejvn (Kabylia) Ges mvnvivÂ‡j Qwo‡q c‡o| wKsKZ©e¨weg~p eywRqy `yB eQi a‡i

wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kivi ci G AÂj¸‡jvi Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nb|38

G mgq Avj‡Rwiqvi `wÿYvÂ‡j ªæZB Avi GKwU Av‡›`vjb we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| Avey Rvqqvb Gi

†bZ…‡Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb myiwÿZ I‡qwmm (Oasis), wemiv (Biskra) Gi `wÿY-cwðgvÂ‡ji Rxevb


108

(Ziban) G Qwo‡q c‡o| Jcwb‡ewkK evwnbx Rvqqvb Gi Kvh©µ‡g AvZw¼Z n‡q Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi

Kivi Rb¨ Awfhvb Pvjvq| wKš‧ G‡Z Zuviv mdj n‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j Rvqqvb Gi L¨vwZ mgMÖ

Avj‡Rwiqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| cieZ©x‡Z divwm KZ©„cÿ Zuv‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ 1849 mv‡ji RyjvB

gv‡m †QvU AvKv‡ii GKwU evwnbx cvVvq| G evwnbxI P~ovšÍ ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq| G mgq mgMÖ Rxevb

(Ziban), †nvWbv (Hodna) Ges AvDim (Aures) Gi RbMY Rvqqvb Gi mg_©‡b Zvi cv‡k G‡m

`vovq| G ch©v‡q G‡m divwmiv †Kv‡bv Qvo w`‡Z ivwR wQj bv| 1849 mv‡ji civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva

†bqvi Rb¨ Kb÷¨v›UvBb Gi KgvÛvi †Rbv‡ij GK wekvj evwnbx wb‡q I‡qwmmG Dcw¯Z nb| 52

w`b Aeiæ× _vKvi ci I‡qwmm Gi cZb N‡U| AvZ¼ m„wó Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Avey Rvqqvb mn cÖvq 800

Rb wbixn MÖvgevmx‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| kn‡ii mg Í ¯vcbv ¸wo‡q †`qv nq Ges 10 nvRv‡iiI AwaK

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Kiv n‡jI G ch©v‡q Av‡iv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ nq I¨vqviMjv‡Z

(Ouargla)| G Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…‡Z¡ †`b kixd gynv¤§` Be‡b Ave`yjøvn| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb

cÖvq 1855 mvj ch©šÍ ¯vqx n‡qwQj|39

wewfbœ ¯v‡b cÖwZ‡iva m‡Ë¡I 1850 mvj bvMv` ïaygvÎ mvnvivi DËi Ges Kvwejvni c~e©vÂj Qvov

mg Í Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| divwm evwnbx H AÂj¸‡jv `Lj Kivi †Póv Ki‡j

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Brothrhood) I Avey evMjv (Bagla)| 1854 mv‡ji hy‡× Avey evMjv g„ZzëiY Ki‡j cÖwZ‡iva

Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j †bZ„‡Z¡ Av‡mb gyivweZ †bÎx jvjv dvwZgv (Lalla Fatima)|40

wewQbœfv‡e Gme cÖwZiva PjvKv‡j ievU© eywRq~i (Bugeaud) cwiKíbvq †Rbv‡ij AvigvÛ wjiq

(General Armand Leroy) Ges gvk©vj R¨vKzm jyBm ibWb (Marshal Jacques Louis

Randon) cÖwZ‡ivaKvix‡ì `g‡b b„ksm AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡ib| divwm evwnbx G AÂj¸‡jvi

A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKvkw³ RjcvB I Wzgyi MvQ¸‡jvi g~‡jvrcvUb K‡i| GKB mv‡_ MÖvgevmx‡ì Dci

Zxeª wbh©vZb Pvjvq| Gme Kvh©µg MÖnY Kivi d‡j 1857 mv‡j GLv‡b divwm AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ

nq| cve©Z¨Â‡j cÖkvmwbK I mvgwiK AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv Kivi ci divwm KZ…©cÿ †Uj, mve-mvnviv

Ges DËivÂjxq giæf~wg GjvKvq AvbyôvwbKfv‡e AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv K‡i|41

Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjq‡bi kvmbvg‡j Avj‡Rwiq cÖwZ‡iva

Avgxi Avãyj Kvwì AvZ¥mgc©Y Kivi ci divwm KZ…cÿ Avj‡Rwiqvi Dci m¤ú~Y© wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi

†Póv Pvjvq| 1848 mv‡j d«v‡Ý wØZxq wecøe msNwVZ nevi ci wØZxq cÖRvZvwš¿K miKvi ÿgZvq

Av‡ivnY K‡i Ges Zviv Avj‡Rwiqv‡K d«v‡Ýi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| Gici

cÖ_g c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e AvjwRqvm©,Iivb Ges Kb÷¨v›U¨vUvB‡b wZbwU cÖkvmwbK wefvM cÖwZôv K‡i

Z_vq †K›`ªxq divwm kvm‡bi AšÍfz©³ K‡i|42

1852 mv‡ji 2 wW‡m¤î d«v‡Ý GK MY‡fvU AbywôZ nq| G †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †b‡cvwjqb divwm

cÖRvZš¿ aŸsm K‡i mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges Z…Zxq †b‡cvwjqb Dcvwa aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ

nb| wZwb ÿgZvq Avmvi c‡iI divwm‡ì Jcwb‡ewkK mv¤ªvRëv`x bxwZ Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|

†b‡cvwjqb ïiæ‡ZB wejv` B-KvevBj Gi bvLwj¯Ívb Rq K‡ib| G `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i weiæ‡×I cÖwZ‡iva

msMwVZ nq| G cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb cÖ_g ch©v‡q 1850 mv‡j Iivb cÖ‡`‡ki `wÿYvÂ‡ji Kvwejv


109

cvnv‡o Ges wØZxq ch©v‡q 1871 mv‡j AbywôZ nq| G cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡b divwm‡ì KwVbfv‡e

cÖwZnZ Kiv nq| Z‡e ¯^vaxb DcRvwZq †kÖwYi †jvKRb cÖwZ‡iva Ae¨vnZ ivL‡jI Zv Avãyj

Kvw`‡ii cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi gZ kw³kvjx wQj bv| 1860 Ges 1863 mv‡j †b‡cvwjqb

Avj‡Rwiqv mdi K‡ib Ges GLvbKvi f~wgi Dci DcRvwZ‡ì †h b¨vq m½Z AwaKvi Zv wdwi‡q

†`qvi Ges ¯vqxfv‡e AwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi †NvlYv †`b| 1863 mv‡j gymjgvb‡ì f~wgmg~n‡K BD‡ivcxq

bxwZ Abyhvqx cÖvB‡fU †cÖvcviwU wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡j f~wg bxwZ‡Z e¨vcK

cwieZ©b wb‡q Avmv nq| ZywK© Avg‡ji •mb¨, mvgšÍ, RvqwMi`vi I Ab¨vb¨ f~wg gvwjK‡ì f~wg

ev‡Rqvß K‡i miKvwi gvwjKvbvf~³ Kiv nq| divwm KZ©…cÿ cwiZ¨³ 45,300 †n±i Rwg

Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì g‡a¨ e‡›`ve¯Í K‡i| A_P RbmsL¨vi nvi wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq 12 Rb Avj‡Rwiq

Abycv‡Z BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkK wQj gvÎ 1 Rb| wKš‧ Rwg †fvM `Lj Kivi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq `yB-

Z…Zxqvsk ZvivB †fvM `Lj K‡i Ges De©i `ªvÿv AÂj¸‡jvI Zv‡ì KZ…©Z¡vax‡b wQj|43

1896 †_‡K

1900 mvj ch©šÍ Avj‡Rwiqvq BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkKiv ¯vqËkvwmZ †Kvjb ev AÂ‡j emevm KiZ|

1953 mvj ch©šÍ cÖvq 70 Rb f~¯vgx †Kvj‡b emevm KiZ Ges Zviv cÖvq 50,0000 GKi Rwgi

gwjK wQj| G mg Í f~wg c~‡e© ZywK© I AvMv‡ì AwaKv‡i wQj| divwm Dcwb‡ek cÖwZôvi ci G¸‡jv

divwm •mb¨ I Kg©KZ©v‡ì `L‡j P‡j hvq| †Kvb iKg ivR¯ bv w`‡qB Zviv Zv †fvM KiZ| GiKg

f~wgbxwZ MÖnY Kivi d‡j divwm KZ…©c‡ÿi mv‡_ DcRwZ‡ì †h m™¢ve Zv bó n‡q hvq| Rb wM‡jmwc

(John Gillespie) e‡jb- ÒJcwb‡ewkK‡ì †h f~wg bxwZ Avj‡Rwiqvi Mwie K…lK‡ì RxweKv

wbe©v‡ni Dci Zv Mfxi cÖfve †d‡j Ges DcRvZxq‡ì A_©‣bwZK wfwË bó n‡q hvq|Ó GZ wKQzi

c‡iI divwmiv ªæZMwZZ Zv‡ì mv¤ªv‡Rï mxgvbv e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges Awfevmx‡ì msL¨vI

µgvš‡q e„w× cvq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, 1851 mvj †_‡K 1857 mv‡ji g‡a¨ kZKiv cÖvq 40

fvM divwm Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì msL¨v e„w× cvq| A_©vr 1,31,000 Rb †_‡K †e‡o 1,81,000 Rb

ùvovq| Avi †gvU Awfevmx ev †Kvj‡bi msL¨v wM‡q uvovq 2,50,000 R‡b|44

D”Pnv‡i Kiv‡ivc Ges gymjgvb‡ì Rwg †e`Lj n‡q hvevi ci ¯vbxq RbMY ÿzä n‡jI Zv‡ì †h

iK‡gi cÖwZwµqv †`Lv‡bvi K_v wQj 1848 mv‡ji c~‡e© †m ai‡bi †Kvb cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvqwb| ax‡i

ax‡i wewfbœ AÂ‡j divwm Jcwb‡ewkK I Avj‡Rwiq‡ì g‡a¨ kÎæZv e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i

ivR‣bwZK Ges A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯vbxq‡ì ewÂZ Kivi d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †h †ÿvf ev we‡ÿv‡fi

ùzwj½ cÖ¾¡wjZ nq Zv †gvKvwejv Kiv divwm evwnbxi c‡ÿ KóKi n‡q c‡o|

divwm •elg¨g~jK bxwZi d‡j Avj‡Rwiqvq RvZxq cÖwZ‡iva M‡o D‡V Ges 1850 †_‡K 1871 mvj

ch©šÍ Kvwewjqvq (Kabylia) Ges cieZx© ch©v‡q 1901 mv‡j `wÿY Iiv‡b (Oran) G cÖwZ‡iva

Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Ges wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© divwm `Lj`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡×

mk¯¿ msNl© Pj‡Z _v‡K| Avj‡Rwiqv‡K Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbgy³ Kivi Rb¨ 1871 mv‡j GiKg GK

mk¯¿ msMÖv‡g †bZ…Z¡ †`b †gvnv¤§` †gvKivbx †evqvgvgv| †gvKivbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ G msMÖvg Kvwewjqvi

Dfq Ask, AvjwRqvm© †Rjvi wKQz As‡k Ges Kb÷¨v›UvBb Gi `wÿYvs‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| G

we‡`ªvn¸‡jv‡K Dcwb‡ewkK kw³ d«vÝ fvj †Pv‡L †`‡Lwb| hvi d‡j Dfq c‡ÿi g‡a¨ wZ³Zvi

m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq| G msMÖvg PjvKvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ Lvgvi weaŸ¯Í I aŸsmcÖvß Ges wewfbœ MÖvg

jyUcv‡Ui wkKvi nq| 1871 mv‡ji 5 †g †gvKivbxi civRqI g„Zzï d‡j G msNv‡Zi mgvwß N‡U|45

GWwgivj wW ¸BWb (Admiral Gueydon) Avj‡Rwiqvi MfY©i wbhy³ nevi ci GLv‡b kvwšÍ

wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv K‡ib| wZwb we‡ ªvnx‡ì `gb Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ †K․kj MÖnY K‡ib| cÖv_wgKfv‡e


110

we‡`ªvnx‡ì `gb Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Dci eo A‡¼i Rwigvbv avh© K‡ib Ges `k jÿ GK‡iiI †ekx

Rwg ev‡Rqvß K‡i Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì g‡a¨ e›Ub K‡i †`b|

†gvKivbxi †h wecøe mvgšÍZvwš¿K‡ì weiæ‡× †mUvB wQj me©‡kl we‡`ªvn Ges Gici cÖvq Aa© kZvãx

GLv‡b kvwšÍi cwi‡ek weivRgvb wQj| divwm Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ G mgq gymjgvb‡ì‡K ivR‣bwZK,

A_©‣bwZK Ges mvgvwRKfv‡e m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ~‡i mwi‡q iv‡L|46

Rb wM‡jmwc (Joan Gillespie) Av‡iv

e‡jb, 1830 ‡_‡K 1871 ch©šÍ cjøx AÂj¸‡jv‡Z divwm m¤úªmvi‡Yi weiæ‡× DcRvZxq †jvKRb Zxeª

cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| wKš‧ divwmiv Zv‡ì kvwšÍ wgkb mdj Ki‡Z wM‡q Lye wb`©q cÖK…wZi Awfhvb

Pvjvq|47

Dcwb‡ewkK hy‡M cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb

cÖ_g ch©v‡q `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kivi ci, wØZxq ch©v‡q G‡m divwmiv Avj‡Rwiqvq

Dcwb‡ek ¯vc‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ K‡i| cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡ji cÖwZ‡iva mgvß nevi ci AvjwRqvm© kn‡ii

500 wK:wg: c~‡e© Kbm›U¨v›UvBb cÖ‡`‡k kni‡Kw› ªK cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| divwmiv G

Av‡›`vjb‡K kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e `gb Kivi †Póv K‡i| wKš‧ Kbm›U¨v›UvBb Gi agx©q Ges ivR‣bwZK

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myweav †`qvi wewbg‡q cwiw wZ wbqš¿‡Y Avbvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq|48

Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ïiæ‡Z Avj‡Rwiq RbMY ivR‣bwZK Ges bvMwiK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ wQj|

Z‡e Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ kZ© w`‡q ejv nq Zviv hw` Zv‡ì ag© Bmjvg Ges AvPvi-Abyôvb cwiZ¨vM

K‡i L„ó ag© MÖnY K‡i Z‡e Zv‡ì‡K g~j f~-L‡Ûi bvMwiK‡ì b¨vq mgAwaKvi †`qv n‡e| d«v‡Ýi

cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ wQj Avj‡Rwiqv‡K Dcwb‡ek wn‡m‡e bv †i‡L G‡K d«v‡Ýi mv‡_ GKxf~Z Kiv|49

Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡l Avj‡Rwiq msm‡ì gva¨‡g MwVZ A_©‣bwZK KwgwUi gva¨‡g Avj‡Rwiqv Zvi

Avw_©K I cÖkvmwbK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi AwaKvi jvf K‡i G KwgwU `yB Z…Zxqvsk BD‡ivcxq Ges GK

Z…Zxqvsk gymjgvb‡ì wb‡q MwVZ wQj|50

Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg K…lK‡ì Zzjbvq Awfevmxiv †ekx my‡hvM-myweav †c‡Z _v‡K| Avj‡Rwiq‡ì Dci

AwaKnv‡i Kiv‡ivc Kiv nq Ges Zv Av`vq Kivi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq BD‡ivcxq‡ì nv‡Z| 1881 mv‡j

¯vbxq gymwjg mgvR‡K kvmb Kivi Rb¨ Jcwb‡ewkK miKvi Code d’indigenat ev Indigenat

Code ev Avwèvmx‡ì AvBb bv‡g GKwU AvBb Pvjy K‡i hv wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c~e© ch©šÍ ejer wQj|

GwU wQj gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ LyeB cxov`vqK| me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q 1896 †_‡K 1900

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cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|


111

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Avj‡Rwiqvq divwm Jcwb‡ewkK cÖfve e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ `~M©g AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjbI

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112

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Avj‡Rwiqv|

Z_¨m~Î

1. The Encyclopedia Americana VoL.1 (USA: Americana Corporation, 1958), P.565.

2. ÔevieviÕ b„‡Mvôxi GKwU ÿz`ªZg kvLvi bvg ÔZzqv‡iMÕ| mvnvivi wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o G‡ì we¯Í…wZ| Z‡e wjweqvi

`wÿY-cwðgvÂj, Avj‡Rwiqvi `wÿYvÂj, bvBRvi, gvwj Ges eviwKbv dv‡mv‡Z G‡ì emevm me‡P‡q †ekx|

HwZn¨MZfv‡e Zzqv‡iMiv hvhvei Ges †gl cvjb Zv‡ì cÖavb †ckv| ag©xqfv‡e Zzqv‡iMiv Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vm|

we ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, https://en.m.wikipedia. org/wiki/Tuareg-people.

3. The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.1. Op. Cit., P. 568.

4. bywgw`qv iv‡Rï ivRv wQ‡jb gvwmwbmv| wZwb AmvaviY `ÿZv m¤úbœ kvmK I †hv×v wQ‡jb| gvwmwbmv RvZxqZvev‡`

wek¦vmx GKRb ivRv wQ‡jb| wjwfi weeiY Abyhvqx gvwmwbmv †ivgvb Ges wdwbwkq wbwe©‡k‡l mKj we‡`wk‡K

ej‡Zb †h, Avwd«Kv Avwd«Kxq‡ì Rb¨| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, gvwmwbmvi ¯^cœ wQj GKwU e„nr bywg`xq mv¤ªvR¨

cÖwZôv Kiv|

5. G.Gd.Gg. kvgmyi ingvb, cÖvPxb c„w_ex, c~e© I cwðg Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki mf¨Zv (RqcyyinvU: hyMevbx

ÿz`ªvqb Ad‡mU wcÖ›Uvm© GÛ Kw¤úDUvim, 2002), c„. 549|


113

6. G.we.Gg †nv‡mb, ga¨cÖv‡Pï BwZnvm A‡Uvgvb mv¤ªvR¨ †_‡K RvwZmËv ivóª (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix

Kwgkb, 2011), c„. 289|

7. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period (London:

Combridge Univesity Press, 1987), P. 150

8. John Ruedy, Modern Algeria, The Origins and Development of a Nation (Bloomingtion:

Indiana University Press, 1st edition 1992, Second edition, 2005), P. 17.

9. gynv¤§` Avjx AvmMi Lvb, AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm, (1789-1919) (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1983), c„. 188|

10. John Ruedy, Op.cit., P.45.

11. Ibid, P.45.

12. Ibid, P.47.

13. Ibid, P.47.

14. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Op. Cit., P. 249.

15. Bmjvgx wek¦ †Kvl, 3q LÛ, (XvKvt BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1987), c„. 124|

16. John P. Entelis, Algeria: The Revolution Institutionalized, Part-2 (Coloroda: West-view

Press, 1986), P.23.

17. William Spencer, Algiers in the Age of the corsairs (Norman: University of Oklahoma

Press, 1976), PP. 149-150.

18. Jamil M. Abun Nasr, Op. Cit., P. 250.

19. John P. Entelis, Op. Cit., P.23.

20. Edward Behr, The Algerian Problem (London: W.W.Norton, 1962), P.17.

21. Helen Chapin Metz, Algeria a Country Study (USA: Library of Congress, 1994), P. 23.

22. Jamil M. Abun Nasr, Op. Cit., P. 253.

23. K¨vwcPz‡jb kãwU j¨vwUb Capitula (A_© Aa¨vq) †_‡K G‡m‡Q, hvi A_© `dvK…Z welqe¯‧, we‡kl myweavcÖvß nIqv

ev kZ©vaxbPzw³ ev AvZ¥mgc©‡bi Pzw³cÎ| BD‡ivcxq‡ì mv‡_ Dmgvbxq‡ì m¤ú‡K©i GKwU w`K Ô`dvK…Z welqe¯‧Õ

nIqvq Zv G bv‡g AwfwnZ| G `dv g~jZt cÖviw¤¢K ch©v‡q BZvjxq‡ì b¨vq evwYwR¨K †ÿ‡Î my‡hvM-myweavi Rb¨B

G‡RÛvfz³ Kiv n‡qwQj| Z‡e K¨vwcPz‡jkb cÖ_v me©cÖ_g †P․Ï Ges c‡bi kZ‡K BZvjxq ewYK‡ì (we‡kl K‡i

†fwbm Ges †R‡bvqvi eëmvqx) Rb¨ Pvjy n‡jI Zv †lvj kZ‡K d«vÝ, Bsj¨vÛ, ivwkqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq‡ì

†ejvqI cÖ‡hvR¨ nq|

24. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., P. 55.

25. Ibid, P.55.

26. S.M. Imamuddin, A Modern History of the Middle East and North Africa, Vol. II (Dhaka:

Najmah Sons, 1970), p. 305.

27. AvjwRqvm© kn‡i Aew¯Z GKwU †c․imfvi bvg Saoueli. divwm evwnbx Avj‡Rwiqvq AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi ci 1830

mv‡ji 18 Ryb †_‡K 19 Ryb ch©šÍ 1 w`‡bi Rb¨ GLv‡b divwm evwnbx Ges ¯vbxq evwnbxi g‡a¨ GKwU cÖwZ‡iva hy×

msMwVZ nq| Saoueli-‡Z G cÖwZ‡iva hy× msMwVZ nq e‡j BwZnv‡m GwU Saoueli hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| divwm

evwnbx G AÂjwU `Lj Kivi ci †mLv‡b GKwU AvkÖg cÖwZôv K‡i| †mB AvkÖ‡g 100 R‡bi g‡Zv mbœ¨vmx Ae¯vb

Ki‡Zv|


29. Ibid, P.57.


114

30. John P. Entelis. Op. Cit., P. 25.

31. Ibid, P.25.

32. Ibid, P.26

33. Ibid, P. 26.

34. Joan Gillespie, Algeria, Rebellion and Revolution (New York: Frederick A. Praeger

Publisher, 1960), P.6.

35. †gvt dv‡qK D¾gvb, ÒDËi Avwd«Kvi RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi cÖmvi: cÎ-cwÎKvi f~wgKvÓ Rajshahi University

Journal of Arts and Law, Vol-35, 2007, c„. 111|


37. Ibid, P.67.

38. Ibid, P.67.

39. Ibid, P.67.

40. Ibid, P.68.

41. Ibid, P.68.


43. S.M. Imamuddin, Op. Cit., P.306.


45. John Ruedy, Op. Cit., p. 78

46. Ibid, P.31.

47. Joan Gillespie, Op. Cit., p.19

48. Ibid, P.32

49. G. we. Gg †nv‡mb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 289

50. John P. Entelis, Op. Cit., P. 32.

51. S.M. Imamuddin, Vol. II. Op. Cit., P. 307.


53. mwdDÏxb †Rvqvi`vi, AvaywbK ga¨cÖvP¨, 1g LÛ (XvKvt evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2000), c„. 116|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Democratization in The Middle East: The case of Iraq

Dr. Md. Fazlul Haque

Abstract : Democratization can not be expected to take place smoothly and calmly in a

country like Iraq. Democracy in Iraq must be built primarily by Iraqis in response to

specific Iraqi conditions and needs and after that to a standard frame. This paper will

discuss various factors relating to democratization, a details explanation of their

deficiency in Iraq, the present condition these factors and some broad suggestions on how

to overcome the existing challenges. However, this would be a great challenge and is

expected that every party will put the oil question as a priority in their economic

programme.

Introduction

The term Middle East denotes the following 20 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt,

Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the Palestinian

Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and

Yemen. The second definition I need to make is democratization which is not

possible in a sentence. However, following Teorell, ―democratization implies the

process through which countries become democratic. But this of course begs the

question what is meant by democracy.‖1 Building upon concepts developed by Robert

A. Dahl and Joseph Schumpeter, I will adopt the following definition: a political

system is considered to be democratic when ―its most powerful collective decision

makers are selected through free, fair and interim elections in which candidates freely

compete for votes and in which virtually all the adult population is eligible to vote.

[...] It also implies the existence of those civil and political freedoms to speak,

publish, assemble, and organize that are necessary to political debate and the conduct

of electoral campaigns‖.2

Democracy has been on the agenda in the Arab world for several decades, most

particularly in the 1960s and 1970s when it was propagated by progressive and

secular national opposition movements and parties – only to find no support in the

West which, during the cold war, could only conceive of one enemy, the Communists

or Socialists.3 When the Islamists turned against their former sponsors and masters,

democracy suddenly became the buzzword in the Western corridors of power, from

whence it aimed more at foes than at friends in the Middle East. However, the

creation of a Western style democracy, i.e. one man – and woman! – one vote in the

Middle East, might lead to political structures different from the malleable and

compliant ones favoured by the West. The long decades of despotism, corruption, and

nepotism made it very likely that such a democracy would produce what the West

now despised and feared most of all, an Islamist anti-Western nationalist regime.

Professor, Department of Islamic History & Culture, University of Rajshahi.


116

Nevertheless the majority of Arabs (61 percent according to World Values Survey in

five Arab countries, Algeria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Morocco) favour

democracy over other political systems, which is a higher percentage than that found

in 16 European countries and by far exceeds the figures in the US, Canada, Australia,

and New Zealand. Yet it is the West that wants to export democracy to the Arab

world in general and to the Middle East in particular, be it the American ―Broader

Middle East and North Africa Initiative‖ or the Danish ―Wider Middle East

Initiative‖. Both initiatives were inspired by the attacks on New York and

Washington on September 11, 2001 but are not designed in such a way as to fulfill

the democratic aspirations of the Arab peoples.4

One of the mistakes of the West has been a tendency to consider the Arab world a

static entity that should be pushed– by military or economic means – towards

democracy. And one of the mistakes of the Arab world has been to blame everything

on others, be it the US, the West in general, or Israel in particular. The essays in this

book transcend both of these erroneous views and deal instead with both the external

and the internal forces that are impeding or promoting democracy in the Arab world.

The new Western mantra demanding democracy has often been met with multiple

accusations of double standards: ―Why in Iraq and not in Saudi Arabia?‖; ―Why

should Syria comply with the UN resolutions and not Israel?‖ and ―Why is the latter

allowed to have weapons of mass destruction and not the Arab countries?‖ Often

raised yet never answered, these questions are on every Arab citizen‘s mind, and no

plan for democracy and no amount of money can do away with them; at the end of

the day they will have to be answered adequately and justly.

Neither the process of democratization nor that of modernization can be expected to

be carried out unproblematically in a country like Iraq, as it is in the politically hot

area and oil-rich region of the Middle East. Add to that the inhospitable, unnatural

and unfavourable external environment that has existed since World War 1. The

importance of establishing democracy in the Middle East has exceeded the internal

evolutionary process that pushes the society to express its needs for freedom and

human rights. Today, that process emerges largely as a globalization spill-over and is

associated with international efforts to achieve peace and fight terrorism, rather than

responding to local expectations and inspirations. However, one cannot deny that

favourable changes in the external environment provide a great opportunity and a

dynamic ignition to the process of democratization. But one could ask, if this process

could take place smoothly and calmly. There are many reasons unfortunately that

point towards a negative answer. This paper discuss the factors relating

democratization, their existence and violence in Iraq.

Factors relating to Democratization

The definition of democratization that has been given in introduction section can be

recalled. However, democracy in general is the mechanism and method of

governance, organisation and management, the right to partake in it, the right to

disagree, and the acceptance of other people‘s views. This entails the accumulative


117

effects of adopting pluralism, diversity and transfer of power. Therefore, various

internal and external factors are strongly related to democratization which may vary

from region to region. Some most important factors are - Democracy and security,

state‘s internal demographical determinants, internal and external political factors,

social factors, economical factors and so on.

Democratization is more likely to emerge in affluent and especially educated

societies. Economic development and education are also key factors determining the

intensity of democratic reforms.5 Also developed economy should be evenly

distributed. The country should be caring about its internal resources.

Democratization could be meaningful indeed, if a country has a civilized society.

Young generation should have enough job opportunities. There should not be any

gender difference at any stage of social and economical section. Political stability is

another requirement for democratization. The country should have good relation with

neighbor countries. All these factors are interrelated and can ensure the

democratization.

This paper will next try to explain the factors behind the democratization deficiency

in Iraq and to provide some broad suggestions on how to overcome existing

challenges.

The existence of these factors in Iraq

Democracy is to take root in Iraq. It must be built primarily by Iraqis in response to

specific Iraqi conditions and needs. Regarding the democracy and security, however,

this should not offset the strong will of the Iraqis to go forward with the process.

Shortly before the elections a survey about the willingness of the Iraqi people to build

democracy in spite of the occupation was conducted by the Iraqi ministry of planning,

the UNDP and FAFO (the Norwegian labor union‘s research institute) with around

3,300 Iraqi people. They were asked a few important questions about their standard of

living and about their future aspirations. The survey showed that 75 percent of the

sample is very interested in elections, considering it their key to building a new

future. Despite the fact that they were 80 percent Arabs, 15 percent Kurds, and 5

percent from other communities– and despite their being Muslims, Christians or from

other religions, religion proved not to have any impact or effect on the percentage of

responses to the survey. People also linked the fulfillment of the election result with

the security situation, revealing that the priority of the Iraqis is to regain a steady and

secure life, which is the most important events in building democracy, and not the

other way round where people see democracy as an approach to achieving security.

The war on Iraq followed by the occupation has in fact exposed the deep and multi-

dimensional economic, social, political and cultural crisis of this country which has

been inherited from the past and to which many people, including historians and

sociologists, attribute the country‘s deficiency in modernization and democratization.6

One of the key mistakes committed by the West is its inability to distinguish between

the state and the power system. The same mistake was committed in Iraq when the

US dismantled the state institutions. Iraq is today one of the poorest countries in the


118

region in spite of the fact that, because of its natural resources, it used to be one of the

richest and most industrialised countries in the Middle East. The oil sector totally

dominates Iraq‘s economy constituting 74 percent of its GDP, and the country

depends entirely on oil export for financing investment and consumption

expenditures. Oil exports provide more than 93 percent of government revenues and

98 percent of foreign currency earnings. Another main challenge is the necessity of

changing the role of the state in Iraq, making way for a pluralisation of the political

system and a transition from a centralised planned economy towards market

economy. In the past the distinctive characteristic of the Iraqi economy was the

excessive role of the state and the weakness of the private sector.

Recent times, in spite of the occupation and whatever was related to that, we

witnessed the establishment of 4,000 Iraqi NGOs, ten percent of whom are women

NGOs, which is an encouraging step towards building a civil society.

The Violence [Violation]

Furthermore, external actors– particularly the United States and to some degree

Europe– are seeking influence on the political landscape of the Middle East, based on

the notion that promoting democracy is the key to stability and prosperity in the

region. However, these efforts are mistrusted by large sections of the Arab public,

particularly in the wake of the US-led invasion of Iraq. Therefore the question is

whether the approach represented by the West is appropriate and, if not, what

alternatives are available. Islamists– that have also been preoccupied with identity,

unity and authenticity rather than democratization. Where these movements have

seized state power, state-building has often taken an authoritarian form. Hinnebusch

argues that the international context is of utmost importance and– because of the pro-

American policy of several Arab states– this has mainly been an impediment to

democratization, because it deprives the rulers of the national legitimacy which would

allow them to risk democratization.7

Strong dependence on oil

After more than five decades of efforts to modernise Iraq, the country still lags not

only behind the advanced Western countries but almost every country in the region

and the developing countries, except the least developed poor countries. This is so in

spite of the fact that Iraq used to be one of the richest middle-income countries in the

region in the 1970s because of its natural resources. Iraq is also distinguished by a

great balance between its area, its population and its natural resources, and in addition

Iraq owns the world‘s second largest oil reserves. Consequently, the total budget of

the government is completely dependent on oil revenues. Although Americans after

the occupation are handling this sector, it finances the budget which was about $18

billion for the year 2004, and is estimated to rise to $23, $31 and $32 billion for the

following years until 2007.8 Also the rationing system of food is totally dependent on

oil revenues. The dependence on oil is a major weak point in the Iraqi economy.


119

The exclusive role of the state

Another main lack is the necessity of changing the role of the state in Iraq, because

the building of a democracy needs two major changes in the structure of the Iraqi

political and economic system. The political one is the transition from national

unification to pluralisation of the political system. The economic one is the transition

from a centralized planned economy towards market economy. These two challenges

are difficult and it will be a long process. As regards the economic transformation,

one should point out the distinctive characteristic of the Iraqi economy, or the Iraqi

system, which is the excessive role of the state and the weakness of the private sector.

This situation is a consequence of a state-managed economic development during the

last half century. Due to the former governments‘ adaptation of a socialist model for

development, and the militarization of the economy and the society, it is difficult to

reform this structure and to privatise and liberalise the economy. The dominance of

the state in the economic life of the Iraqi society has pushed the balance of power in

favour of the state and against society. The public sector is over-represented in the

economy– a fact that has caused inefficiency. Many small- and medium-sized

enterprises have weakened over the last thirty years and due to its extensive weakness

the private sector has limited its role in the economic development, increasing the

lack of diversification in the economy. It is impossible to start a privatisation process

now since Iraq does not have a private sector of small- and medium-sized enterprises

that are strong enough to withstand the competition from other foreign investors.

Most of the industrial sector, i.e. around 84 percent, is dependent on the public sector

administration, despite the fact that privatisation was a priority for the economic

reform programme when it started in 2003. Because the Iraqi private sector is

extremely weak and – being under socialism for 35 years – a capitalist class is lacking

and it will take some time to establish a healthy ground for a national private sector to

grow.

Lack of modernization

1) Socio-economic indicators explain important lack of democratization. Disparities

and social inequalities are widespread in a broad range of fields covering health,

education, as well as public and social services for the low income groups, i.e.

internally displaced persons, refugees, single parent-households (11 percent) and

vulnerable groups across the country. More than 50 percent of the population of Iraq

being under 24 years of age, Iraqi youth is nevertheless alienated due to violence and

limited access to education, training and career prospects. Iraq suffers from extensive

unemployment– 33 percent ranging from 40 to 50 percent– and deep poverty among

more than 28 percent of the population in some areas of Iraq, despite the fact that the

oil-for-food-programme includes the ration-food-basket providing basic needs for the

people.9

2) The illiteracy rate is high and it is higher among women (41 percent) and

schoolchildren expressing gender inequalities, and there is a high level of

unemployment among women.


120

3) There are highly skewed patterns of income distribution with a small rich minority

while the rest of the population is trapped in various degrees of poverty; all of it as a

result of a biased allocation of resources and waste of resources because of the

militarisation of the economy.

4) Shia and Sunni extremists will retain the capacity to attack the government and

Iraqi civilians. If these groups begin receiving significant new foreign support—from

Iran on the Shia side or from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states on the Sunni side—

the likelihood of ethno-sectarian violence increases. There is a belief that "Kurds and

Sunnis are unlikely to accept Shi‗ite control, no matter how democratically achieved."

5) There are regional disparities too, some governorates are poor and others are in

fact richer but cannot depend on their resources because of the centralised system and

centralised resource-allocation in Iraq. As it happens, the richest governorates Basra,

Kirkuk and Amara have almost all the oil of Iraq and at the same time they are the

poorest governorates in the country.

6) Distorted patterns of urbanisation. The major outcome of such a situation is the

absence of citizenship, the phenomena that establishes the rights and duties of each

individual in the society and the relation between the citizen and the state. Such an

understanding is crucial to Democracy. Like most Arab Countries the rural population

in Iraq remains quite high (30 percent). However, rapid urbanisation was the result

not of large-scale industrialisation but rather of migration of an impoverished rural

population to the cities. As urban centres resemble rural areas in terms of cultural

values, attitudes, and educational levels, they cannot be seen as a phenomenon of

modernization; rather they represent the displacement of traditional societies (tribal

relations) into urban conglomerates. Moreover, the pattern of state intervention and

political rule has created a vertical environment where the upper and lower circuits

become disintegrated on the basis of segregation in income and access to resources,

social capital and public services.

7) Deteriorating infrastructure. Although the whole economy is depending on oil, this

sector is in need of a major rehabilitation of its infrastructure to regain its pre-1991

capacity when it produced around 3.5 million barrels a day. Some estimates assume

that it will need around $18 billion to increase from 2.5 million barrels a day– the

current capacity– to 3.5 or 3.6. All other areas of the infrastructure are also suffering,

including electricity, water, telecommunication, transportation, and so on. In the light

of this dangerous and worsening reality reconstruction programmes and the

implementation of economic reforms face major challenges and there is little progress

in executing these programmes; indeed the whole reconstruction process is facing real

delays and is moving more slowly than expected. Slow economic progress and

increased insecurity have contributed to a state of frustration among the population

which, if continued, could threaten the chances of success not only for those

programmes but also for building democracy in the country.


121

Political and social challenges

The first challenge is of course the occupation itself. Although the occupation has the

stated aim of building democracy in Iraq it is in itself a challenge to democracy. This

is due to the Bush administration‘s adoption of a very ambitious agenda for the

political transformation of Iraq and the region as a whole. According to their

declarations they wanted “Iraq free of weapons of mass destruction and ties to

terrorism and moreover led by a broadly based representative government hereby

taking the first steps towards democracy‖.10

This means that we are facing a long term

mission for the Americans in the region. It is therefore unrealistic to think of ending

the occupation in this transitional or provisional period as a precondition to building

democracy, bearing in mind the Palestinian experience and other lessons from

history. The main challenge to the Iraqis now is how to deal with the dilemma of

democracy-building within the current occupation of Iraq!! It is therefore not

surprising that people in Iraq still recall memories and lessons drawn from the British

occupation of Iraq 1917-1932, and believe that there are many contextual similarities

between Iraq now and then. During the British era in Iraq which lasted for more than

four decades, Iraqis became familiar with their first exercise of democracy building

when, due to the absence of strong governmental institutions, politics were highly

personalised during the monarchy era (with the Iraqi kings, Faysal I and II, installed

by the British). Both the Crown and the British sought to influence the outcome of

parliamentary elections in order to secure positions for their preferred candidates.

Moreover, many of those who served in parliament did so out of a desire for personal

gain, not out of a commitment to public service. Thus democracy eventually became

discredited in the eyes of many Iraqis because of political corruption, British

meddling, and the government‘s failure to respond to their needs. It is worthwhile

remembering that although external and internal forces are pushing towards building

democracy, Iraqis in post-Saddam Iraq are likely to view US actions as an external

factor pushing for democracy seen through the lens of their country‘s experience

during the British era, ending with frustration and the whole process being

discredited. Hence the occupation will create a tension which simultaneously will

pose obstacles for the achievement of democracy. There might be cases that are easier

to handle than the Iraqi one but the result of a strong state was always a weak society.

And that is what we mean by the priority of the Iraqis to have their civil-society

institutions built as soon as possible and as strong as possible to get on the track of

democratization of the country.11

Of course the social and economic factors which we

have already mentioned– the existence of large scale poverty, poor electricity supply,

poor health conditions and large income disparity– are in, and of, themselves

impeding the building of a civil society and democratization of the country. Another

challenge is gender-inequality inherited from the last twenty years. Since Iraq went

through wars with its neighbours, women have been the victims of the economic and

social policies that the regime undertook during the wars, and the following 13 years

of economic sanctions. This situation is pushing women‘s interests away from

political life and therefore discouraging half the population from participating

actively and not only through elections. Some social indicators show yet another


122

discouraging picture. During the Saddam Hussein period there were no parties, no

NGOs, no civil society institutions. A precondition for building democracy is of

course the existence of such institutions. The excessive tendency to establish parties

and social or political institutions is a healthy phenomenon in itself and it is needed

within this transitional period.

Suggestions

In order to find a way out of these challenges we can suggest a few ideas.12

Firstly,

major support should be given on all levels inside and outside Iraq to the building of a

human capital through education and training, including technical and scientific

education, and through the encouragement of a spirit of enquiry inside the educational

institutions in order to form a new way of thinking and a free mind. Secondly, the

income disparities should be reduced through a process of development geared to job

creation. This requires seriously building a new private sector in Iraq encouraging the

establishment of private organisations. Thirdly, closing gender gaps will be necessary

in trying to solve the development problems and to increase political participation.

These goals are best achieved through a culturally sensitive strategy including

progressive reading of Iraqi resources themselves. Encouraging a culture of dialogue,

tolerance and accommodation is essential both for democracy and for development,

of which the country is desperately in need. This can be achieved through supporting

the educational and cultural institutions in the country, and encouraging the

development of civil society is particularly important for the consolidation of

democracy once it has been established. Fourthly, after being isolated for the last 25

years, the Iraqi economy needs to be reintegrated into the global economy and it

should again be a productive part of the international economy insofar as it is the

second largest oil country in the region after Saudi Arabia.

Those are the steps to be taken or suggestions to be discussed on the internal level.

On the international level, Iraq is part of the Middle East which is the hottest region

in the world now, so it is possible that the success of the democratization of Iraq is

related to resolving the regional conflict as well as the encouragement of regional

economic cooperation which is another very important factor, just as important as the

political factor. The processes of creating larger markets and reducing regional

conflicts are all related to a regional economic cooperation built on the historical,

geographical, and cultural aspects of the Arab region.

Conclusion

The best description of the evolving Iraqi democracy is that it descended like a

parachute. It was clear that democracy could not be acquired simply through words or

slogans. There are several objective conditions that need to be satisfied, whether

relating to the system, the conduct or the programme. They all complement each

other, culminating in processes like identifying the options, taking the decisions and

assisting the regular transfer of power. History offers a number of lessons for the first

steps toward establishing a functioning democracy:


123

1) If democracy is to take root, it must be built primarily by Iraqis in response to

specific Iraqi conditions and needs.

2) The establishment of democratic structures alone is insufficient to produce

democratic processes or outcomes. The Iraqis must also create civil society

institutions and strengthen basic freedoms, which are essential preconditions for

building democracy. Furthermore, significant efforts must be devoted to preventing

corruption by fostering transparency, accountability, and the rule of law.

Every Iraqi, woman or man, old or young, wish that the occupation would end and

wish that the American forces– and they say American forces not multinational

forces– would leave. But the problem is that without democracy it will be a very long

and difficult mission to end the occupation. Through building democracy through

elections better politicians to the national assembly could be brought, because on the

9th of April 2003 it was started in a vacuum as they did not have any political party.

So building political parties, or having a political life, or working to establish this

political culture within the people is a new experience in itself and a long term

process. The question of how Iraq will get control of its major wealth, oil, is a

political question. If they are going to accept American control of oil fields, oil

extraction and oil export, we will be unable to control their oil. This problem, like the

one of privatisation, has been deferred to be dealt with by the new government which

will emerge, after the creation of the constitution. It is not possible for a provisional

or a transitional government to deal with this for it is the right of the people to decide

how to deal with this problem. This would be a great challenge and is expected that

every party will put the oil question as a priority in their economic programme, oil

and privatisation.

Notes & References

1 Teorell, Jan (2008), Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World

1972-2002, Department of Political Science, Lund University, p 27.

2 Elisabeth Larsson (2009), Democratization in the Middle East- A Comparative Case Study, p 4.

3 Birgitte Rahbek, (ed.), Democratization in the Middle East: Dilemmas and Perspectives, Aarhus

University Press, 2005.

4 Ibid.

5 Elias Papaioannou and Gregorios Siourounis, ―Economic and social factors driving the third wave of

democratization‖, Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 36, Issue 3, September 2008, pp

365–387.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147596708000218


124

6 Amal Shlash, ―Democratisation in future Iraq‖, Democratisation in the Middle East: Dilemmas and

perspectives, Aarhus University Press.

7 Birgitte Rahbek, op.cit, p9.

8 Amal Shlash, op.cit.

9 For details see‖Iraq‘s National Development Strategy (2005-2007)‖ ISRB, Ministry of Planning and

Development Cooperation, Iraq September 2004.

10 Micheal Eisenstadt and Eric Mathewson (ed.), US policy in post-Saddam Iraq, lessons from the

British Experience,The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2003, p. 68.

11 ―Inherent Socio-economic problems precluded the development of a strong middle class‖. And

―Under the Ba‘ath regime the structural problems of the past have been magnified, and new

problems have been introduced. The middle class has all but disappeared‖. Ibit. P.24.

12 Birgitte Rahbek, op.cit.


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

wkÿvbMix ivRkvnx : BwZnvmwfwËK we‡kølY

W. gvndzRyi ingvb AvL›`

Abstract: Rajshahi is renowned as an education city among the divisional towns of

Bangladesh. Here there is an extension of primary education or elementary lesson

including the various enriched branches of secondary, higher secondary and higher

learning. All the branches relating to general education, commercial education, technical

and science education, medical science, engineering and even madrasha education are

very prosperous here is this city. Though all these branches of learning are available in

other towns, but those of Rajshahi do have some different features. Special mention may

be made in connection with learners' accommodation facility, minimum livelihood cost,

jam-free conveyance facility, hospitality and over all the pleasant learning environs and

all these have made it an attractive education city. Carrying all the qualities, Rajshahi did

have its high glorious past. Its continuous trend relating to the spread of education over

the years is also appreciable. In the distant past, under the administration of the Pala-Sena

dynasties or Sultanate - Mughal and Nawab periods, the reports of this tradition are

available in Rajshahi region. It also bears the testimony of its glorious history of

education during the British and post-British modern period. The architects who secretly

played their role towards the development of education here in Rajshahi are connected

with different sections like the ruling class, local educated patrons, teachers- intellectuals,

writers - journalists - litterateurs and common peoples. Rajshahi has earned its reputation

as an education city as a result of the earnest efforts of all sections of people cited above.

The present paper is a humble attempt to highlight the suitability and features of Rajshahi

town as an education city over the years under study.

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†`b ÔivRkvnx †fvjvbv_ we‡k¦k¦i GKv‡WgxÕ| c‡i 1939 mv‡j wn›`y kãwU †hvM K‡i bvgKiY Kiv

nq ÔivRkvnx †fvjvbv_ we‡k¦k¦i wn› y GKv‡WgxÕ|19

¯‥zjwU ivRkvnxi wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q|

ivRkvnx Av`vj‡Zi AvBbRxwe L›`Kvi IqvwmDÏxb nv‡Zg Lvb GjvKvq wbR evmfe‡b 1868 mv‡j

GKwU Bs‡iwR cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| GLv‡b gymwjg †g‡qivmn me a‡g©i †g‡q‡ì wkÿvi

my‡hvM _vK‡jI c‡i GwU wgkbvix Wv. †Wvbvì gwim‡bi ZË¡veav‡b ¯‥zjwU wLª÷vb wgkbvix‡ì nv‡Z

P‡j hvq Ges bvg aviY K‡i Ôwgkb evwjKv we`¨vjqÕ| 1958 mvj ch©šÍ ¯‥zjwU Pvjy wQj| 1874

mv‡j nvRx gyn¤§` gnmxb wk¶v Znwe‡ji mnvqZvq Ôì‡m wbRvwgqv wmwbqi gvìvmvÕ cÖwZwôZ nq|

1914 mv‡j GwU ÔwbD w¯‥g gvìvmvÕ Ges 1930 mv‡j evsjv miKv‡ii bZzb KvwiKzjvg Abyqvqx

gvìvmvwUi bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔivRkvnx nvB gvìvmvÕ| miKvwi nvB gvìvmv bvg Aÿzbœ †i‡L 1960

mv‡j GwU‡K miKvwi nvB¯‥z‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq| Z‡e cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki ‡j GKRb wewmGm

wkÿvK¨vWvi‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡q c~e©cÖPwjZ Aa¨ÿ c` envj ivLv n‡q‡Q| GwU eZ©gv‡b nvB¯‥z‡ji

cvV¨µg Pvjy †i‡L ivRkvnxi wkÿv we¯Ív‡i f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q| ivRkvnxi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvPxb wk¶v

cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 1865 mv‡j ÔivRkvnx †Uªwbs ¯‥zj, 1868 mv‡j Ôwd‡gj bg©vj ¯‥yjÕ 1898 mv‡j

ÔWvqgÛ Rywejx BÛvw÷ªqvj ¯‥yj, 1906-7 mv‡j Ôms¯‥…Z K‡jR, 1927 mv‡j ÔivRkvnx evwjKv D”P

we`¨vjq, 1931 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ ÔivRkvnx g~K I ewai we`¨vjqÕ Ab¨Zg| GQvov ivRkvnx kn‡ii

nwiPiY •g‡ÎqÕi evwo‡Z 1929 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi ÔnwiPiY wkï we`¨vjqÕ Pvjy n‡jI cieZx©‡Z

w`NvcwZqvi Kzgvi †ngšÍ Kzgvi ivq ¯‥z‡ji eZ©gvb febwU µq K‡i we`¨vjqwU ¯vbvšÍic~e©K bvgKiY

K‡ib ÔmvweÎx wkÿv we`¨vjqÕ|20

eZ©gv‡b GwU ÔmvweÎx evwjKv D”P we`¨vjqÕ bv‡g wkÿv Kvh©µg

Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| e„wUk Avg‡j cÖwZwôZ G me wkÿvcÖwZôvb evsjvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb wkÿv‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e

Ávb weZi‡Y mdj f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

e„wUk we`v‡qi mgqKv‡j A_©vr cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxb nevi ciciB g~jZ ivRkvnx‡Z D”Pwkÿvmn eûgywL

wkÿvi Øvi Db¥y³ nq| be¨wkwÿZ RbgÐjx Ges beRvMÖZ ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•Lv ivRkvnx AÂj‡K


131

wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi cv`cxV wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| bvix wkÿvi welqwUI ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbvq wb‡q Avmv

nq| G mgq cÖwZwôwZ nq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz ¯‥zj, K‡jR, gvìvm| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvkvcvwk

†ekwKQz evwjKv we`¨vjq, gwnjv K‡jR I gwnjv gvìvmv cÖwZôviI D‡`¨vM Kiv nq|21

1947 mv‡j

ivRkvnx gymwjg D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1947 mv‡j wifviwfD nvB¯‥zj, 1952 mv‡j ivRkvnx †KvU© GKv‡Wgx,

1955 mv‡j miKvwi wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR, 1957 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvwi wmwU K‡jR, 1957 mv‡j

`viæm mvjvg gvìvmv, 1958 mv‡j ivRkvnx †gwWK¨vj K‡jR, 1959 mv‡j nvwg`cyi bI`vcvov

cvBjU D”P we`¨vjq, 1959 mv‡j knx` gvgyb gvngy` cywjk jvBbm ¯‥zj A¨vÛ K‡jR, 1960 mv‡j

j¶xcyi D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, 1962 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvwi gwnjv K‡jR, 1962 mv‡j cÖv_wgK

wk¶v cÖwk¶Y BÝwUwUDU, 1964 mv‡j ivRkvnx •bk D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1966 mv‡j ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

¯‥zj, 1966 mv‡j ivRkvnx †nvwgIc¨vw_K †gwWK¨vj K‡jR I nvmcvZvj, 1967 mv‡j wm‡ivBj

miKvwi D”P we`¨vjq, 1967 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvwi evwjKv (†n‡jbvev`) D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1969 mv‡j

Mft j¨ve‡iUwi nvB ¯‥zj, 1969 mv‡j ivRkvnx m¨v‡UjvBU UvDb nvB¯‥zj, 1969 mv‡j kvn gL yg

gnvwe`¨vjq, 1970 mv‡j ivRkvnx AvBb K‡jR cÖwZwôZ n‡j wkÿv †ÿ‡Î bZzb m¤¢vebv RvMÖZ

nq|22

1963 mv‡j ZrKvwjb cvwK¯Ívb miKvi KZ©„K 16 jÿ UvKv e¨‡q ÔivRkvnx cwj‡UKwbK

BÝwUwUDUÕ ¯vwcZ nq| Gi cÖwZôvZv Aa¨ÿ wQ‡jb †gv. eìæj û`v| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZôvbwU‡Z 8wU

wefvM Pvjy Av‡Q| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|23

1953 mv‡j

ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi ci D³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Awa‡b 1962 mv‡j cÖ‡K․kj gnvwe`¨vjq

cÖwZôvi Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| 1986 mv‡ji 12 gvP© gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZi Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g H eQ‡ii 1

RyjvB †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡K․kj gnvwe`¨vj‡qi mv‡_ ivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj gnvwe`¨vjq‡KI weAvBwU‡Z

(evsjv‡`k Bb÷wUwUDU Ae †UK‡bvjwR) iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|24

2003 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤i cÖwZôvbwU

ivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq (iæ‡qU) wn‡m‡e hvÎv ïiæ n‡j ivRkvnxi wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi

Dbœq‡b bZzb w`M‡šÍi m„wó K‡i|

†ikgwk‡íi DbœwZi Rb¨ ivRkvnx †Rjv †ev‡W©i D‡`¨v‡M †jvKbv_ D”Pwe`¨vjq msjMœ iv Ívi c~e©cv‡k¦©

1898 mv‡j †Rjvi cÖ_g wkí mswkøó AvaywbK GKwU †ikgwkí welqK wk¶v cÖwZôvb ¯vwcZ nq|

¯‥zjwU wbg©v‡Y Avw_©Kfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb ivRkvnxi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji Rwg`vie„›`| cÖL¨vZ

HwZnvwmK A¶q Kzgvi •g‡Îq cÖwZôvbwUi m~Pbvj‡Mœ m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cvkvcvwk cuvP

ermiKvj GLv‡b Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b M‡elYvjä Drcvw`Z †ikg ¸wU †cvKvi exR fviZ,

Rvcvb, BUvjx I Bsj¨v‡Û cvVv‡bv n‡Zv| wesk kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K †ikg wk‡íi AebwZ NU‡j

cÖwZôvbwUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K‡g Av‡m| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ¯‥zjwUi aiY e`‡j †d‡j 1955 mvj †_‡K

BwÄwbqvwis GÛ mv‡f© ¯‥zj wn‡m‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| 1947 mv‡j fvi‡Zi cwðge½ †_‡K

†ikg wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ wKQy msL¨K D”Pgv‡bi KvwiMi ivRkvnx‡Z Av‡mb| bevMZ KvwiMiMY‡K †K›`ª

K‡i kn‡ii wk‡ivBj gnjøvq 1962 mv‡j †ikg KviLvbv Ges †ikg M‡elYv I cÖwk¶Y BÝwUwUDU

M‡o †Zv‡jb| †ikg KviLvbvwU eZ©gv‡b eÜ _vK‡jI Ô†ikg M‡elYv I cÖwk¶Y BÝwUwUDUÕ Gi

Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q| ÔivRkvnx K¨v‡WU K‡jRÕ mvi`v cywjk GKv‡Wgxi wbKUeZ©x †gv³vicyi bvgK

†g․Rvq †gvU 120 GKi f~wgi Dci Aew¯Z| 1964 wLªóv‡ã ÔAvBqye K¨v‡WU K‡jRÕ bv‡g

DËivÂ‡ji GKgvÎ K¨v‡WU K‡jRwU ¯vwcZ nq| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci ÔivRkvnx K¨v‡WU

K‡jRÕ bvgKiY Kiv nq|


132

e„wUk mg‡qi †kl w`‡KI ivRkvnx‡Z wPwKrmv welqK †Kvb wk¶v cÖwZôvb wQj bv| 1949 mv‡j

G¨vW‡fv‡KU gv`vi eLk, ivRkvnx cvewjK †nj_-Gi mnKvix cwiPvjK Avãyj ReŸvi, ivRkvnx

†Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU Avãyj gwR`mn ivRkvnxi `vbkxj e¨w³M‡Yi Avw_©K mnvqZvq wZb j¶ UvKv e¨‡q

GKwU †emiKvwi Ô†gwWK¨vj ¯‥zjÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖ_gve¯vq e‡i› ª Rv`yN‡ii `w¶Y w`‡K Aew¯Z

gymwjg K¬v‡ei N‡i A_©vr eZ©gv‡b wU, we, wK¬wbK fe‡b ¯‥z‡ji Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| 1955 mv‡j ¯‥zjwU

miKvwiKi‡Yi c~e© ch©šÍ ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri mvZ b¤î M¨vjvix nvRx †gvnv¤§` †gvnmxb feb I mì

nvmcvZv‡ji GKwU K‡¶ ¯‥z‡ji K¬vm P‡j‡Q| 1958 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤i gv‡m gvby‡li wPwKrmv †mev

Ges wPwKrmv weÁvbwe`¨v m¤úªmvi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë ¯‥zjwU ÔivRkvnx †gwWK¨vj K‡j‡RÕ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| †j.

K‡Y©j Wv. wMqvm DwÏb Avn‡g` Gi cÖ_g Aa¨ÿ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| ivRkvnx †gwWK¨vj

K‡jR cÖwZôvi †bc‡_¨ I cÖKv‡k¨ †jd‡Ub¨v›U K‡Y©j eyinvbDÏx‡bi Ae`vbI wPi¯§iYxq|25

ÔivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjqÕ cÖwZôvi cÖviw¤¢K Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ N‡UwQj 18 A‡±vei 1950 wLª÷v‡ã|

ZrKvjxb ivRkvnx miKvwi K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ W. BrivZ †nv‡mb Ry‡eix me© cÖ_g ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖwZôvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| welqwU‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib gv`vi eLk|

AwP‡iB ivRkvnxi wewkó bvMwiK‡ì wb‡q KwgwU MVb K‡i miKv‡ii `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv nq| ZrKvjxb

gyL¨gš¿x byiæj Avgxb I ¯^v¯¨gš¿x nvweeyjøvn evnvi 1952 mv‡j ivRkvnx md‡i G‡j welqwU‡K

¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Dc vcb Kiv nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1953 mv‡ji 1 RyjvB ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖwZwôZ nq Ges 1953 mv‡ji 6 RyjvB W. BrivZ †nv‡mb Ry‡eix‡K ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g

fvBm P¨v‡Ýji wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y Kiv nq|26

wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxi cÖavbZg wkÿvcÖwZôvb

wn‡m‡e †M․i‡ei mv‡_ f‚wgKv †i‡L hv‡”Q cÖwZôvbwU|

1971 mv‡j gnvb gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv| Db¥y³ nq wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi AevwiZ

my‡hvM| ZLb †_‡K cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K bZzb bZzb wkÿvcÖwZôvb| 1972 mv‡j knx` bvRgyj nK

evwjKv D”P we`¨vjq, 1975 mv‡j AMÖYx ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, 1977 ivRkvnx Bmjvgx wkÿv I M‡elYv

†K›`ª g‡Wj ¯‥zj, 1978 mv‡j AvjwnKgvn gymwjg GKv‡Wgx, 1978 mv‡j ivRkvnx PviæKviæ

gnvwe`¨vjq, 1979 mv‡j ivRkvnx gwnjv dvwRj gvìvmv, 1979 mv‡j ivRkvnx miKvix kvwiwiK

wkÿv K‡jR, 1980 mv‡j ivYxevRvi D”P evwjKv we`¨vjq, 1980 mv‡j kvn gvL`yg nvB ¯‥zj, 1981

mv‡j wgR©vcyi gmwR` wgkb GKv‡Wgx, 1982 mv‡j gmwR` wgkb ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jR, 1985 mv‡j

m~h©KYv D”P we`¨vjq, 1985 mv‡j wm‡ivBj K‡jvbx D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1983 mv‡j g`xbvZzj Djyg Kvwgj

gvìvmv, 1986 mv‡j ivRkvnx K¨v›Ub‡g›U †evW© D”Pwe`¨vjq, 1998 mv‡j ivRkvnx gwnjv

cwj‡UKwbK¨vj Bbw÷wUDU, 2006 mv‡j ivRkvnx g‡Wj ¯‥zj GÛ K‡jRmn †ekwKQz ¯‥zj, K‡jR,

gvìvmv, KIgx I nvwdwRqv gvìvmv cÖwZwôZ nq|27

Gme wkÿvcÖwZôvb‡K wN‡i c~e©evsjv we‡klZ

DËi I `wÿYe‡½i gvby‡li Kv‡Q wkÿv‡K› ª wn‡m‡e ivRkvnx ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i|

wk¶vbMix ivRkvnx MV‡b wk¶K I wkÿvbyivMx e¨w³eM©

ÔwkÿvbMix ivRkvnxÕ MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î f‚wgKv cvj‡b wkÿKgÐjx Ges wkÿvbyivMx‡ì we‡kl f‚wgKv

i‡q‡Q| ivRkvnxi HwZnëvnx I cÖvPxb wk¶v cÖwZôvb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Aaybv cÖwZwôZ wkÿv

wb‡KZb¸‡jv L¨vwZgvb wk¶Ke„›` KZ©„K cvV`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| AwZcÖvPxb cvVkvjv I cÖv_wgK

we`¨vj‡qi gnvb wk¶Ke„‡›ì A‡b‡Ki bvg BwZnv‡mi cvZvq cvIqv hv‡e bv| Z ycwi †nv‡mbxM‡Äi

Kvjv cwÐZ, †kL cvovi f~lY cwÐZ, †kLcvovi Zvwibx evey cwÐZ, KvwìM‡Äi eì cwÐZ,

wmiækvcvov cvVkvjvi Av‡°j cwÐZ, †efv‡iÛ wenvixjvj wms, Wv. †Wvbvì gwimb, Wv. ievU© gwimb,


133

†nv‡mb Avjx cwÐZ, †gvnv¤§` Bqvwmb Avjx cwÐZ cÖg~‡Li bvg wewfbœm~‡Î cvIqv hvq| G me

L¨vwZgvb wkÿK ivRkvnx AÂ‡ji wkÿvi wfZ iPbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb|

cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ ivRkvnx‡Z gva¨wgK wkÿviI Dbœqb mvwaZ nq| G ch©v‡q D”P

we`¨vj‡qi cÖvPxbc‡e©i L¨vwZgvb hk¯x wk¶Ke„‡›ì ga¨Kvi we‡kl e¨w³MY n‡”QbÑ mvi`v cÖmv`

emy, ni‡Mvwe›` †mb, Lvbevnv`yi AvnQvbDjøvn, †gvnv¤§` Lwjjyi ingvb, bwjbx †gvnb f`ª, Kve¨Zx_©

KvjvPuv` PµeZ©x, Bqvwmb Avjx, gbx›`ª †gvnb PµeZ©x, gynv¤§` Bgivb Avjx, †gvnv¤§` evnv`yi Avjx

miKvi, gynv¤§` BRnviæj nK, hvè cwÐZ, my`k©b PµeZ©x, AbyK‚j P› ª PµeZ©x, †gvnv¤§` Avãyj

gyB¾, †g․jfx kvgmyÏxb Avng`, †g․jfx ekxiDwÏb Avn‡g`, wiqvRDwÏb Avn‡g`, AvLZviæ‡bœmv

Lvbg, †gvnv¤§` ingZDjøvn, †Mvôwenvix gRyg`vi, †hv‡MkP›`ª †P․ayix, byignj LvZzb, wPšÍvniY

e¨vbvR©x, †gvnv¤§` AvjvDÏxb cÖg~L| D”Pwkÿvi Øvi Db¥y³Ki‡Y wkÿvwe`M‡Yi f‚wgKv Abe`¨|

ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx K‡jR, ivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx †gwW‡Kj

K‡jRmn wewfbœ †emiKvix wek¦we`¨vjqmg~‡n Aa¨vcbviZ wkÿKe„›` ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMix wn‡m‡e

M‡o Zzj‡Z we‡klfv‡e Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| Zuviv GKw`‡K †hgb wkÿvwe¯Ív‡i f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb

Ab¨w`‡K M‡elYv I m„Rbkxj †jLv‡jwLi gva¨‡g wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi weKv‡k KvR K‡i‡Qb|28

G cwim‡i

mKj wkÿ‡Ki bvg D‡jøL Kiv `ytmva¨ e¨vcvi| Gu‡ì mwµq mn‡hvwMZvq ivRkvnx AÂ‡ji wkÿv-

ms¯‥…wZ I wkí-mvwnZ¨PP©v we‡klfv‡e AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i|

wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxi QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Avevmb I AvevwmKZv

wkÿvi cwi‡ek m„wói †ÿ‡Î QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Avevm‡bi welqwU AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| cvj Avg‡j †mvgcyi

wenv‡ii wkÿK-wkÿv_x©‡ì Rb¨ AvevwmKZv c×wZ Pvjy wQj| GL‡bv †mLvbKvi ¯vcwZ¨K •ewk‡ó¨

eySv hvq †h cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ AvevwmKfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡ì _vKv-LvIqvi eë¯v wQj| †mb Avg‡ji

wkÿveë¯v‡ZI ¸iæ-wk‡lï wkÿvc×wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cieZx©‡Z Bmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii cÖv_wgK

c‡e© AvDwjqv wKiv‡gi LvbKv wKsev gmwR` †_‡KB Bmjvg wkÿvi meK cÖ`vb Kiv n‡Zv| myjZvbx

I †gvMj Avg‡j gmwR`wfwËK wkÿvi cvkvcvwk †h me gvìvmv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv‡ZI

AvevwmKZvi eë¯v wQj| Z‡e gymwjg mgv‡R wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Y jwRs ev RvqwMi gv÷vi ivLvi

gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡ì †jLvcovi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv n‡Zv| bevex Avg‡ji †k‡l e„wUk kvmbvgj GgbwK

cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †cwi‡q ¯^vaxb mve©‡f․g evsjv‡`‡ki beŸB `k‡Ki †kl mgq ch©šÍ RvqMxi ev jwRs

gv÷vi ivLvi welqwU Lye cÖPwjZ wQj| ivRkvnxi ìMvcvov, †n‡Zg Luvmn kn‡ii bvbv †kÖwY‡ckvi

gvbyl QvÎ‡ì jwRs †i‡L †jLvcovi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wkÿvcÖwZôvb Qwo‡q covq jwRs c×wZ

gd¯j GjvKv¸‡jv‡ZI †ek RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, weAvBwU Z_v iæ‡qU, †gwW‡Kj

K‡jRmn wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi cvk©¦eZx© GjvKv¸‡jv jwRs‡qi Rb¨ †ek cÖwm× n‡q I‡V| m”Qj

cwiev‡ii cvkvcvwk Am”Qj, †L‡U LvIqv, gyw` †`vKvb`vi, KmvB, GgbwK †QvULv‡Uv mewR

eëmvqxI evwo‡Z wb‡R‡ì †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì †jLvcovi Rb¨ jwRs gv÷vi †i‡L‡Qb| Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii

mv‡_ †_‡K †jLvcov wk‡L A‡b‡KB A‡bK eo eo c‡` Avmxb n‡q‡Qb| G ai‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ði

†cÖwÿ‡Z AwZw_civqY wn‡m‡e ivRkvnxevmxi mybvg A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB Qwo‡q Av‡Q| ivRkvnxi

wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi weKvk Ges wkÿv_©x‡ì ivRkvnxgywL nevi †ÿ‡Î G AwZw_civqYZv we‡kl f‚wgKv

cvjb K‡i‡Q| we‡klK‡i jwRs ev RvqMxi gv÷vi wn‡m‡e ~‡ii wkÿv_x©‡ì _vKv-LvIqvi myeë¯v

Ki‡Z ivRkvnxi vbxq Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖksmbxq f‚wgKv D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv|


134

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gvìvmv, `viæm mvjvg Kvwgj gvìvmv, ivRkvnx gwnjv gvìvmvmn AwaKvsk Avwjqv, KIgx Ges

nvwdwRqv gvìvmvq AvevwmK eë¯vcbv i‡q‡Q|29

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135

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n‡q‡Q|30

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ivRkvnx †jLK cwil`, gy³ mvwnZ¨ mgv‡ek, KweKzÄ, aªæe mvwnZ¨ †Mvôx cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|31

G

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wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‥…wZi PP©v K‡i ivRkvnx‡K Av‡jvwKZ K‡i‡Qb; GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Qb wkÿvbMix

wn‡m‡e ivRkvnx‡K| Zv‡ì mK‡ji bvg ¯^ícwim‡i D‡jøL Kiv Kómva¨ •ewK|32

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136

A‡í Zzó ivRkvnxevmx| AvwZ‡_qZv, c‡ivcKvi, ggZ¡‡eva Ges mijZvq ivRkvnxi mvaviY gvby‡li

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QvÎxivI G me †kÖwY-†ckvi †jvKRb‡K ÔgvgvÕ e‡j m‡¤vab K‡i _v‡K|33

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kni ev bM‡i G RvZxq Ae¯v cwijw¶Z nq bv| wkÿvi AevwiZ my‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †hgb ivRkvnx

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cvi‡j ivRkvnxB n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯xK…Z wkÿvbMix|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 wf¶z myLx Avb›`, evsjv‡`k †eŠ× wenvi I wf¶z Rxeb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1995), c„: 151|

2 A.K.M Yaqub Ali, “The Educational System in British Bengal”, Research Journal, vol. I, Rajshahi

University, P. 210. 3 `x‡bk P›`ª †mb, esjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (†KvjKvZv: `vk¸ß GÛ mÝ, 1365 e½vã), c„: 73-74|

4 W. G, †K, Gg, BqvKze Avjx: ivRkvnx‡Z Bmjvg, (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1992), c„.|

5 Dr. A.K.M Ayyub Ali, History of Traditional Islamic Education in Bangladesh, (Dhaka: Islamic

Foundation Bangladesh), P. 12. 6 Ibid, P. 13.


137

7 Willam Adam, Report on the State of Education in Bengal, A. N. Basu edited (Calcutta: University

of Calcutta, 1941), P. XIII. 8 Pradip Kumar Lahiri, Bengali Muslim Thought (1818-1947), (Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi and Company,

1991), P. 7. 9 beve Avãyj jwZd 1828 mv‡j dwi`cyi †Rjvi †evqvjgvix _vbvi AšÍM©Z ivRvcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Avãyj

jwZd KwjKvZv gvìvmvq we`¨v wk¶v Avi¤¢ K‡ib Ges Rywbqi ¯‥jvikxc cix¶vq cvk K‡ib| [`ª: W. IqvwKj

Avn‡g`, Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì wPšÍv I †PZbvi aviYv, (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1983) c„: 84|

10 Gg. G. iwng, evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì BwZnvm (1757-1947), (XvKv: Avng` cvewjwks nvDm, 1989), c„: 123|

11 Z‡è, c„: 95-100| D‡jøL¨, cÖvKe„wUk Avgj A_©vr cvj, †mb Ges gymwjg cÖkvm‡bi we‡klZ myjZvbx I †gvMj

Avg‡j ivRkvnx gnvbMixi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó †Kvb wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi weeiY cvIqv KóKi| Z‡e e„nËi ivRkvnx Z_v e‡i›`ª

AÂj wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZi †ÿ‡Î eûKvj c~e© †_‡KB †ek mg„× wQj- GK_v wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq| G †ÿ‡Î kvmK‡ì

c„ô‡cvlKZvi welqwUI †ek ¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe iv‡L|

12 Avwidzj nK Kzgvi, ÔcÖ¯Ívebv: wkÿvbMix ivRkvnxÕ, e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU

K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 175|

13 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, (XvKv: cÖ.we, 1965), c„. 108|

14 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, †gv. †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, ivRkvnx kn‡i wkÿvi Dbœq‡b Rwg`vi‡ì Ae`vb, ivRkvnx

gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 694-711|

15 ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, W. †gv. gbRyi Kvwì, ivRkvnx K‡j‡Ri AZxZ

BwZnvm, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„.

637-644

16 KvRx †gvnv¤§` wg‡Qi, ivRkvnxi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, Z‡è, c„. 113-14|

17 W. †gv. Av‡bvqviæj Bmjvg, wekkZ‡Ki wÎ‡ki `k‡K ivRkvnx kn‡ii cÖv_wgK wkÿK mwgwZi Kvh©µg, ivRkvnx

gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 579-80|

18 W. mvewibv Avbvg, ivRkvnx gnbMix‡Z cÖv_wgK wkÿvi we¯Ívi, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ,

ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012, c„. 591|

19 Z‡è, c„. 601|

20 Z‡è, c„. 603|

21 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb, †gv. Qv‡e` Avjx, 1971-c~e© ivRkvnx kn‡i bvix wkÿvi Dbœqb, ivRkvnx gnbMix:

AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 659-672; bvRbxb †eMg,

evsjv‡`‡k bvix wkÿv : ivRkvnx gnvbMixi D”PwkwÿZ gwnjv‡ì Dci GKwU mgxÿv, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I

eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 673-82|

22 W. mvab Kzgvi wek¦vm, ivRkvnx gnvbMixi gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv : AZxZ I eZ©gvb, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I

eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 598-600|

23 ÔivRkvnx cwj‡UKwbK BÝwUwUDUÕ evwl©Kx, 2009, c„. 20-21|

24 †gv. †Mvjvg gyiZRv, cvewjK wi‡jkb Awdmvi, iæ‡qU, ÒivRkvnx cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZ‡e`bÓ

ivRkvnx, c„. 1-2|

25 W. mvab Kzgvi wek¦vm, ivRkvnx gnvbMixi gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv : AZxZ I eZ©gvb, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I

eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, c„. 631-632|

26 W. †gv. gvneyei ingvb, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, (ivRkvnx: Bbw÷wUDU

Ae evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, 2012), c„. 645-48|


138

27

W. mvab Kzgvi wek¦vm, ivRkvnx gnvbMixi gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv : AZxZ I eZ©gvb, ivRkvnx gnbMix: AZxZ I

eZ©gvb, cÖ_g LÐ, c„. 598-636|

28 wkÿv-ms¯‥…wZ I M‡elYv m¤úªvi‡Y we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkÿKM‡Yi g‡a¨ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj

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Kzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, Kwe AvZvDi ingvb, cÖ‡dmi W. †Mvjvg mvKjv‡qb, Aa¨vcK gynv¤§` Ave~ Zvwje, cÖ‡dmi W.

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Ave`yj jwZd, cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm GweGg †nv‡mb, cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm W. G †K Gg BqvKze Avjx, cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm

AiæY Kzgvi emvK, cÖ‡dmi W. gyL‡jmyi ingvb, cÖ‡dmi Ge‡b †Mvjvg mvgv`, cÖ‡dmi W. mvjvnDwÏb Avng`,

cÖ‡dmi B‡gwiUvm W. G†KGg AvRnviæj Bmjvg, cÖ‡dmi W. ikx`yj Avjg, K_vwkíx nvmvb AvwRRyj nK, †kL

AvZvDi ingvb cÖgyL| GQvovI bvg D‡jøL bv Kiv A‡b‡KB wkí-ms¯‥…wZ I wkÿv-M‡elYvq Abb¨ f‚wgKv cvj‡bi

gva¨‡g ivRkvnx‡K wkÿvbMix wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvq mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb| we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`LybÑ my‡Lb g‡Lvcva¨vq,

ÒivRkvnxi mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨ : AZxZ I eZ©gvbÓ e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU

K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 193-216|

29 G cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ M‡elK ivRkvnxi wewfbœ AvevwmKZvi my‡hvM-myweav cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb|

30 G cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ M‡elK ivRkvnx kn‡ii wewfbœ †g‡m m‡iRwgb cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb|

31 G cÖe‡Üi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ M‡elK G me msMVb I cÖwZôv‡bi AwaKvskB m‡iRwgb ågY K‡i‡Qb|

32 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`LybÑ W. ZwmKzj Bmjvg ivRv, Òe‡i›`ªf‚wgi cÖvY‡K›`ª ivRkvnx‡Z fvlv Av‡›`vjbÓ e‡i‡›`ªi

evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 3 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2011), c„. 73; Kvgiæj evnvi Avwid, ÒivRkvnxi

mvwnZ¨PP©v : AZxZ I eZ©gvbÓ e‡i‡›`ªi evwZNi, AMÖhvÎvi 5 eQi, (ivRkvnx: ivRkvnx wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb, 2013), c„.

367-383|

33 gv‡qi fvB gvgv| G Wv‡Ki g‡a¨ GKUv ggZ¡‡eva Av‡Q| Z‡e B‡Zvc~‡e© G WvKwU Lye Av`y‡i _vK‡jI B`vwbs †KD

†KD AcQ›` K‡ib| GgbwK †Kvb †Kvb †`vKv‡b †jLvI _v‡K ÔwcøR, gvgv ej‡eb bvÕ| ZeyI gvgv WvK G‡Kev‡i

†_‡g †bB|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg©: ch©v‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb

W. †gv: mvwR`yj nK

Abstract: Ahmad Shawqi is famous Egyptian poet and writer who pioneered the modern

Arabic literary movement. He is considered to be one of the most important Arabian

poets in the 20th Century. His literary production is highly rich and developed. He did not

leave any section of poetry without writing in it with excellence and quality. He wrote the

poetry in the field of description, pride, philosophy, praise or lament. Shawqi even wrote

simplified children's poetry which included wisdom, love and humanity. Shawqi's poem

was distinguished by its particular music which was felt by the recipient through, its

letters, structure and rhyme. Shawqi’s contribution to modern Arabic literature is

tremendous. He contributed immensely to the development of dramatic poetry in modern

Arabic literature. In regards of literary production, Shawqi excelled all his

contemporaries and on the basis of the support of Arabian poets he was crowned by the

Egyptian government Amir al-Shu’araa (The Prince of Poets) in recognition of his

considerable contributions to the literary field. He is the only poet in the modern Arabic

literature who was granted this great title. This article is about Ahmad Shawqi and his

work in Arabic literature.

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142

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K‡i Zv‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU RvZxq m½xZ Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb|17

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AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ bvU¨Kv‡eï ms‡hvRb Zuvi me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb| Zuvi bvU¨Kve¨¸‡jv Aviex

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Kwe Avngv` kvIKx me© cÖ_g mdjfv‡e Aviex Kveävivq bvUK ms‡hvRb K‡ib| hwÌ Z uvi c~‡e©

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Rxe‡bi †kl Pvi eQ‡i wZwb QqwU Kve¨ bvUK iPbv K‡ib|18

wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi msw¶ß cwiPq Zz‡j aiv

nj:

gvmivÔD KvwjDevZiv: Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi Ab¨Zg GKwU bvU¨Kve¨ gvmivÔD KvwjDevZiv (مصسع

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wLª÷c~e© 30

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143

aviv msi¶‡Y †jLK we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡ib| Z‡e PwiÎ wPÎvq‡b †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Kíbvi

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AZzjbxq|21

gvRb~b jvqjv: Avngv` kvIKxi iwPZ wØZxq bvU¨Kve¨ gvRb~b jvqjv ( Z‡e LuvwU |(مجنىن ليل

Aviexq DcvL¨vb‡K Aej¤^b K‡i iwPZ GwU Zuvi cÖ_g bvU¨Kve¨| welqe¯‘i w`K †_‡K bvU¨Kve¨wU

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G‡Z cuvPwU cwi‡”Q` i‡q‡Q|

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g~jZ bvUïƒc w`‡q‡Qb|23

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Ges cwiYwZ‡Z gg©vwšÍK g„Zz¨| ejv n‡q _v‡K GwU DgvBqv hy‡Mi Kv‡qm bv‡g GK ZiæY Kwe I Zvi

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bR`, †nRvh Ges Zv‡q‡di MÖvg †_‡K MÖvgvšÍ‡i Qwo‡q c‡o| Kwe AZ¨šÍ ü`qMÖvnx K‡i GB

KvwnbxwU Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wgm‡ii ev`kvn dviæK‡K GwU Dcnvi †`b| c‡i Kvq‡iv kn‡i

me©cÖ_g GB bvU¨Kve¨wU gÂvwqZ nq|24

Kvgexh: Avngv` kvIKxi we‡qvMvšÍ bvU¨Kv‡eï Ab¨Zg n‡jv Kvgexh (قمثيز)| cvi‡mï mgªvU

Kvgexh Gi Kvwnbx Aej¤^b K‡i Kwe Avngv` kvIKx 1931 mv‡j bvU¨Kve¨wU iPbv K‡ib|25

wLª÷xq

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Gfv‡eB GB bvUKwUi hewbKvcvZ nq|26

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hv wZbwU cwi‡”Q‡` mgvß n‡q‡Q| bvU¨Kve¨wUi gva¨‡g Kwe wgmixq RbM‡Yi g‡b RvZxqZv‡eva I

†`k‡cÖg RvwM‡q †Zvjvi †Póv K‡ib|27

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HwZnvwmK NUbv web¨v‡mi cvkvcvwk KvíwbK †cÖg KvwnbxI wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q|28

Pwi‡Îi Dcw¯’wZ wKQzUv

ms‡KvwPZ K‡i bvU¨Kve¨wU‡K wZbwU cwi‡”Q‡` mgvß Kiv n‡q‡Q|29

kvIKx Zuvi G bvU¨Kv‡e¨

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144

ÔAvbZviv: cÖvPxb Avi‡ei HwZnvwmK PwiÎ‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ kvIKxi Ab¨Zg bvU¨Kve¨ n‡jv

ÔAvbZviv (عنرسج)| GwU Avie¨ DcvL¨vb Aej¤^b K‡i iwPZ Zuvi wØZxq bvU¨Kve¨, Aviexq

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K…òKvqZvi Kvi‡Y Z uvi mv‡_ †g‡qi we‡q w`‡Z m¤§Z nbwb| cieZx©‡Z ÔDejvi wcZv †g‡q‡K

Ab¨‡Î weevn w`‡Z †M‡j ÔAvbZviv AvµgY K‡i ÔDejv‡K wQwb‡q wb‡q Av‡m Ges Zv‡K we‡q

K‡i|31

kvIKx bvU¨Kve¨wUi g~j welqe ‘ wKZveyj AvMvbxmn mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ †_‡K msMÖn K‡i

Gi bvUïƒc w`‡q‡Qb|32

Kwe bvU¨Kve¨wU‡Z PwiÎ Dc¯’vc‡bi cvkcvwk nvmï‡mi ms‡hvRb K‡ib,

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Avm wmZ&Zz û`v: Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi GKgvÎ K‡gWxg~jK bvU¨Kve¨ Avm wmZ&Zz û`v (الضد هـدي)|

Kwei g„Zzï ci 1932 wLª÷v‡ã G bvU¨Kve¨wU cÖKvk cvq| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ bvU¨Kve¨¸‡jv HwZnvwmK

NUbv Aej¤^‡b iwPZ n‡jI G bvU¨Kve¨wU wgm‡ii mvgvwRK RxebwPÎ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G‡Z wZwb

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me‡P‡q eo Aj¼vi, m¤ú‡`B gvby‡li myL| ZvB †m m¤ú‡ì cvnvo M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wbišÍi cÖ‡Póv

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bvUKwUi iƒcKZvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri wKQz ÎæwUc~Y© w`K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb hv gvbe mgv‡R LyeB

AcÖZ¨vwkZ|33

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m¤§yLxb n‡jI G bvU¨Kve¨wU mgv‡jvPbv †_‡K gy³ n‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q|34

msjvc I `„k¨¸‡jv LyeB

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M`¨ bvUK

Kwe Avngv` kvIKx Rxe‡bi †kl w`b¸‡jv‡Z G‡m bvU‡Ki cÖwZ AvMÖnx n‡q D‡Vb| g~jZ bvU¨Kv‡eï

cÖwZB wQj Zuvi cÖavb AvKl©Y| Z‡e wgmixq bvU¨Kvi‡ì bvU‡K AvÂwjK fvlvi eënvi e„w× cvIqvq

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Av›`vjym| GwU kvIKxi M`¨ mvwn‡Zï me©‡kl wPý|

AvgxivZzj Av›`vjym: Avngv` kvIKx †¯ú‡b wbe©vm‡bi mg‡q AvgxivZzj Av›`vjym ( (أميسج الأندلش

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wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY AZtci ¶gZvPz¨wZ Ges wbe©vwmZ Rxe‡bi wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wØZxqZ GKwU

†cÖ‡gi NUbv‡K wZwb fvlv `vb K‡i‡Qb|35

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145

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eymvqbvi wcZvi Kv‡Q hvq Ges †mLv‡b Zv‡ì we‡q nq|37

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me©cÖ_g G MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nq|38

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KZ©„K wbnZ nq Ges ÔAvhiv bxjb‡` Svc w`‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|39

G‡Z HwZnvwmK NUbv¸‡jvi

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cwicvwk¦©KZvi †h eY©bv wZwb w`‡q‡Qb Zv AwZ PgrKvi|40

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146

Ges wØZxq Aa¨v‡q wgm‡i msNwUZ NUbvejx‡K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| jvw`qvm GKwU wgjbvZ¥K

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kvIKx AZ¨šÍ hZœmnKv‡i Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib Ges HwZnvwmK NUbvejxi weeiY

Zz‡j a‡ib| GwU Zuvi ¯v_©K Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e cvVK gn‡j L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i|

`vj Iqv ZxBgvb: RR© Bewim KZ…©K iwPZ Iqvi`vZz wgmi Dcb¨vmwUi Av‡jv‡K Avngv` kvIKx `vj

Iqv ZxBgvb ( (دل وذيمان Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib|45

G Dcb¨vmwU g~jZ jvw`qvm Dcb¨v‡mi

Aewkóvsk| kvIKx 1899 wLª÷vã †_‡K ’vbxq cwÎKvq Dcb¨vmwU wjL‡Z ïiæ K‡ib I 1900

wLª÷v‡ã Zv mgvß K‡ib| Dcb¨vmwU cy¯ÍK AvKv‡i Kwei RxeÏkvq cÖKvwkZ nqwb; ies Zv `xN© w`b

AcÖKvwkZ _v‡K|46

Dcb¨vmwU‡Z cqwÎkwU cwi‡”Q` Av‡Q| Dcb¨vmwU‡Z kvIKx cÖvPxb wgm‡ii

ÿgZvPÿZ ivRv Avewiqv‡mi Kb¨v `vj (bvZxZvm) Gi mv‡_ cÖvmv` cÖnix ZxBgv‡bi †cÖ‡gi NUbv

Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|47

GwU GKwU we‡qvMvZ¥K Dcb¨vm| cvim¨ m¤ªvU Kvgexh ZrKvjxb wgmixq m¤ªvU

Avgvhxm Gi Kb¨v‡K weev‡ni cÖ¯Íve cvVvb| Avgvhxm Kb¨v Kvgex‡hi G cÖ¯Ív‡e ivwR bv nIqvq

Avevwiqv‡mi Kb¨v `vj‡K Kvgex‡hi Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv iÿv‡_© `vj Zvi †cÖg‡K

DrmM© K‡i cvim¨ m¤ªvU Kvgexh‡K weevn K‡i| MÖxK †mbvcwZ dvwb‡mi Pµv‡šÍi Kvi‡Y cvim¨ m¤ªvU

Kvgexh welqwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j wZwb wgmi `Lj Ki‡Z Avm‡j wgmixq •mb¨ evwnbxi mv‡_ hy×

msNwUZ nq, hy‡× `vj I ZxBgvb wbnZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z KvgexhI AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| kvIKx G

Dcb¨v‡m ÿgZv `LjKvix wgmixq m¤ªvU Avgvhxm Gi kvmbvg‡j wgm‡i MÖxK‡ì cÖfve I wgm‡ii

mvwe©K Ae¯’v Zz‡j a‡ib Ges †`k iÿv‡_© `vj †h Ae`vb †i‡LwQj, Zv my¯úófv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|

Dcb¨vmwU wgm‡ii RvZxq RvMi‡Y AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

IivKvZzj Avm&: Avngv` kvIKx iwPZ Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ IivKvZzj Avm (وزقح الآس) & GKwU cÖwm×

Dcb¨vm| 1905 wLª÷v‡ã kvIKx Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib|48

Bmjvg c~e© cÖvPxb cvim¨ mgªvU mve~‡ii

kvmbvg‡ji GKwU weL¨vZ NUbv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i GwU iwPZ nq|49

Biv‡K Aew¯’Z nvì50

AÂ‡ji

ivRv hxhvb cvim¨ mgªvU mve~i KZ©„K Aeiæ× nb| GgZve¯’vq hxhv‡bi Kb¨v bv`xiv mve~‡ii †cÖ‡g

c‡o hvq| d‡j wcZvi K_v Agvb¨ K‡i I †`‡ki cÖwZ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i Zvi mv‡_ weevn eÜ‡b

Ave× nq| we‡qi ci †m cybivq Zvi †QvU fvB Avi`vkx‡ii †cÖ‡g c‡o, wKš‘ †m Zvi †cÖ‡gi cÖ¯Íve

cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i| bv`xiv Gi cÖwZ‡kva †bqvi Rb¨ Avi`vkx‡ii weiæ‡× loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g mve~‡ii wbKU

Awf‡hvM Dc ’vcb K‡i| d‡j mve~i Zv‡K nZ¨vi Avmvgx wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í K‡ib| Dcb¨v‡mi †kl

`„‡k¨ bv`xivi lohš¿ cÖKvk cvq Ges †m †`vlx mve¨¯Í nq| m¤ªvU mve~i bv`xivi Aciva mn¨ Ki‡Z

bv †c‡i Zv‡K nZ¨vi wb‡`©k †`b|51

kvIKx `kwU cwi‡”Q‡` Dcb¨vmwUi Mí mgvß K‡ib| Avie

RbM‡Yi gv‡S G Dcb¨vmwU e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| PwiÎ wPÎvqb, Kvwnbx web¨vm Ges fve-

Kíbvi my›ì cÖKvk GB Dcb¨vmwU‡K h‡_ó mv_©K K‡i‡Q|52

kvqZvby webZvDi: webZvDi cÖvPxb wgm‡ii GKRb cÖwm× Kwe| kvqZvby webZvDi (شيطان تنراؤوز) Gi A_© n‡jv webZvD‡ii •`Z¨| (Avieiv g‡b KiZ cÖ‡Z¨K Kwe‡ì wbKU GKwU K‡i •`Z¨ _v‡K,

†h KweZvi K_v¸‡jv Zvi g‡b †X‡j †`q|) Dcb¨vmwU 1901 mv‡j me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq|53

GwU

c‡biwU cwi‡”Q` wb‡q MwVZ| Dcb¨vmwU‡Z †`Lv‡bv nq †h, webZvD‡ii •`Z¨ I kvIKxi •`Z¨ cvwLi

iƒc wb‡q GKwU ’v‡b wgwjZ nIqvi ci G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ cwiPq nq| cieZx©‡Z Zv‡ì G


147

AvjvcPvwiZv `xN© w`b a‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K| g~jZ G yÕwU cvwLi Av‡jvPbv‡K †K› ª K‡i Dcb¨vmwU

iwPZ| kvIKx G Dcb¨v‡m cÖvPxb I AvaywbK wgm‡ii ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, •bwZK, mvs¯‥…wZK Ae¯’v

cvV‡Ki mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡ib| mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb mgv‡R mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K‡ì ¸iZ¡ Ges

cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|

cÖeÜ mvwnZ¨

Avngv` kvIKx GKRb hyM m‡PZb e¨w³ wQ‡jb| mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK ØvwqZ¡‡eva Zv‡K mgvR,

ivóª, kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© MYm‡PZbZv M‡o Zzj‡Z DØy× K‡i| G MYm‡PZbZv wZwb kyay KweZv

Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨B mxgve× iv‡Lbwb; eis wZwb mgvR, ivóª, ivRbxwZ, †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖeÜ

iPbv K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi cÖe‡Ü Ggb DbœZ iPbv‣kjx I fvlv eënvi K‡ib †h Zv Avie fvlvfvwl

†jvK‡ì wbKU mvwn‡Zï GKwU D¾¡j „óvšÍ n‡q i‡q‡Q| Zuvi cÖeÜ¸‡jv GKwU MÖ‡š’ msKjb Kiv

nq, hv AvmIqvKzh hvnve wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|

AvmIqvKzh hvnve: Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi mvgvwRK cÖeÜ¸‡jvi msKjb MÖš’ n‡jv AvmIqvKzh hvnve

( |mv‡j msKjb MÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nq 1932 |(أصىاق الرهة54

GB cÖeÜ¸‡jv‡Z AmsL¨ welq

mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| GB MÖš’wUi f~wgKvq Kwe kvIKx e‡jb, GwU cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï GKwU w`MšÍ| GB MÖš’wUi

bvg Avjøvgv hvgvLkvixi AvZIqvKzh hvnve A_ev Aveyj dvivR B¯úvnvbxi AvZevKzh hvnve Gi gZ

n‡jI Gi wewfbœgyLx Kj¨v‡Yi K_v wPšÍv K‡i Gi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q AvmIqvKzh hvnve| G‡Z Zuvi

Rb¥f~wg wgmi, wgm‡ii ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg, my‡qR Lvj, wcivwgW cÖf„wZ wel‡q A‡bK cÖeÜ i‡q‡Q|

GQvov G‡Z Zuvi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv wk¶Yxq welq Ges AwfÁZvi eY©bv i‡q‡Q|55

Avngv` kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg© g~j¨vqb

Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi iPbvmg‡MÖi wekvjZv †`‡LB mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z Zuvi gh©v`v Dcjwä Kiv hvq| wZwb

AvaywbK hy‡Mi Avie Kwe m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ GKRb †kªô Kwe| mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb †hgb Avie ixwZ-HwZn¨

†g‡b P‡j‡Qb †Zgwb welqe ‘ wba©viY, fve-fvlv Ges Kíbv web¨v‡m AvaywbKZvi my¯úó cÖevn m„wó

K‡i‡Qb| AwaKš‘ Aviex Kve¨v½‡b wZwb bvUäviv‡K mg„× Ges mycÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi kw³kvjx

eY©bvixwZ, mvejxj I MwZkxj fvlvi d‡j Aviex KweZv AvaywbK we‡k¦ DbœZ I mg„× Kve¨v½b

wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| Aviex mvwn‡Zï mgv‡jvPKMY G wel‡q cÖvq GKgZ †h, Kwe Avngv`

kvIKx Aviex mvwn‡Zï †M․i‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡m nvRvi eQ‡ii †kªô mšÍvb| Kwe gyZvbveŸxi c‡i Aviex

Kve¨ RM‡Z †h ïY¨Zvi m„wó n‡qwQj mg‡qi eëav‡b Kwe kvIKxi Rb¥ †mB ïY¨Zv‡K eûjvs‡k c~Y©

K‡i †`q|56

gvbyl mgv‡jvPbvi E‡aŸ© bq, ZvB Kwe mgªvU Avngv` kvIKxI mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb| AveŸvm

gvng~` Avj Av°v`, BmgvCj gvhnve, gvng~` Avj Avmgvi, gv‡hbx cÖgyL cwÐZeM© Avngv` kvIKxi

Kwe mË¡v wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb Ges Zuvi wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|57

Z_vwc

Avngv` kvIKx hyM †kªô Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K| mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU A½‡bB wQj Zuvi mdj c`PviYv| wZwb

Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ K¬vwmK¨vj avivi mv‡_ AvaywbK avivi mgšq mvab K‡i Aviex mvwn‡Zï †M․i‡ev¾¡j

BwZnvm‡K †hgb mgwngvq my‡MÖvw_Z K‡i‡Qb, †Zgwb wek¦ mvwn‡Zï ìev‡i Aviex mvwnZ¨‡K gh©v`vi

Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡i‡Qb|


148

Avngv` kvIKx GKRb AbymÜvb wcÖq Kwe| wZwb wgmimn Avie we‡k¦i BwZnvm-HwZn¨ wb‡q †hgb

M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb, †m¸‡jv‡K AwZ h‡Zœ Kve¨ mvwn‡Zï welqe¯‘ evwb‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb iPbv‣kjx

wba©vi‡YI wZwb cÖvPxb Avie Kwe‡ì HwZn¨ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| cÖksmvMxwZ, †kvKMuv_v, †cÖgMuv_v

BZ¨vw`‡Z wZwb h‡_ó ¯v_©KZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|58

Zuvi KweZvi fvlv AZ¨šÍ mnR-mij, cÖvÄj I

mvejxj, AwaKš‘ Zv kÖæwZgayi I ü`qMÖvnx| GQvov my›ì wPÎKí, my² Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ, MxwZgqZv I

Q‡›ì myjwjZ SsKvi cÖf…wZ Zuvi KweZv‡K Acwi‡gq gvayh© `vb K‡i‡Q| wZwb kã¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e

G‡Ki ci GK my›ì I Awfbe c×wZ‡Z mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡ib †h, g‡b nq wZwb GKwU myD”P myig¨

cÖvmv` wbg©vb K‡i‡Qb| kã Pq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zuvi AwfiæwP eviæ`xi AwfiæwPi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ Ges

nvwd‡hi AwfiæwPi †P‡q wKQzUv DbœZ|59

G †ÿ‡Î Avgiv kvIKx‡K ev½vjx Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii

mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| kvIKxi KweZvi Q›` I my‡ii Ac~e© jvwjZ¨ Zuvi mgKvjxb Kwe‡ì †P‡q

A‡bKLvwb gbgy»Ki I AvKl©Yxq| G Rb¨ Zuvi A‡bK KweZv mgKvjxb cÖwm× MvqK I MvwqKv‡ì

wbKU mgvì jvf Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| ZrKvjxb wgm‡ii RbwcÖq MvqK Avãyj Iqvnve I cÖwm× KÚwkíx

D‡¤§ Kzjmyg Zuvi KweZvq myi Ges KÚ cÖ`vb K‡ib| ïay kã I Q›`B bq, fv‡ei w`K †_‡KI kvIKx

A‡bK mgKvjxb Kwe‡ì †P‡q GwM‡q i‡q‡Qb| wZwb wewfbœ Dcgv I iƒcKvj¼vi Øviv KweZvi †kvfv

ea©b K‡ib|60

Avngv` kvIKxi Kve¨cÖwZfv I mvwnZ¨PP©v ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j G K_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, wZwb

AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡eï cÂ¯Í¤¢ (gvngy` mvgx eviæ`x, BmgvCj meix, Avngv` kvIKx, nvwdh

Beivnxg, Ljxj gyZivb) Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg Kwe| Zuvi Abb¨ mvaviY Kve¨PP©v I Abycg mvwnZ¨K‡g©i

d‡j AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ GK †i‡bmuvi Afz¨`q nq Ges Aviex Kv‡e¨ mywPZ nq GK bZzb aviv|

Zuvi AvaywbKvqb Aviex Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ GK bZyb cÖv‡Yi mÂvi K‡i| Zuvi DbœZ fveaviv, AvaywbK

welqe ‘i AeZviYv, AvKl©Yxq iPbv‣kjx, RbM‡Yi gv‡S RvZxq †PZbvi RvMiY BZ¨vw` wel‡qi

Rb¨ AwaKvsk mgv‡jvPK G K_vi ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib †h, Avngv` kvIKx AvaywbK Aviex mvwn‡Zï

GK we¯§qKi cÖwZfv I †kÖô Kwe|

Dcmsnvi

Avngv` kvIKx AvaywbK hy‡Mi GKRb wgmixq Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K| wZwb Bmjvgx wkÿv MÖn‡Yi

cvkvcvwk cvðvZ¨ wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM cvb Ges BD‡ivcxq mvwnZ¨-ms¯‥…wZi Dci Mfxi Ávb AR©b

K‡ib| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i mgq wZwb †¯ú‡b wbev©wmZ nb Ges `xN© mgq †mLv‡b Ae¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g

Aviex mvwn‡Zï bvbv w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nb| hy× mgvwßi ci wZwb †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb Ges

mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU A½‡b wePiY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| cÖvPxb wgmi, BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi ~j©f BwZnvm-

HwZn¨ wZwb Luy‡R †ei K‡ib| Bs‡iRx Ges divmx mvwnZ¨ wZwb Mfxifv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib| GB

Aaëmvq Avi AbymÜv‡bi welq¸‡jv‡K wZwb Zuvi mvwn‡Zï mvgMÖx K‡ib| DbœZ fveaviv I my›ì

KvVv‡gv Zuvi mvwnZ¨‡K †kªô‡Z¡i gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| kvIKxi mvwnZ¨Kg© ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j cÖZxqgvb

nq †h, wZwb AmvaviY cvwÐ‡Zï AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi `yj©f cÖwZfvi gva¨‡g Aviex mvwn‡Zï

weKv‡k †ek wKQz hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib, hv Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ¨‡K wek¦ mvwnZ¨ ìev‡i

¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aviex Kv‡eï AvaywbKvqb I Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi e¨vcK

Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb Avie fvlvfvwl †jvKRbmn mKj mvwnZ¨‡cÖgx‡ì wbKU ¯îbxq n‡q _vK‡eb|


149

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, Z„Zxq ms¯‥iY, 1988 wLª.), c„. 273; LvqiæÏxb

Avh whivKjx, Avj AvÔjvg, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj Bjg wjjgvjvqxb, cÂg ms¯‥iY, 2002 wLª.), c„. 136; Dgvi

wihv Kvnnvjv, gyÔRvgyj gyqvwjødxb, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: gyqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, ms: we:, 1993 wLª.), c„. 153|

2. Avngv` Avj nvwkgx, RvIqvwniæj Av`ve, 2q LÐ (•eiæZ: gyAvmmvZZz ZvwiwLj Avivex, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, Zv: we:), c„.

255; Dgvi dvi&iƒL, Avngv` kvIKx Avgxiæk ïÔAviv wdj Avmwij nv`xQ (•eiæZ: gvKZvevZz gvqgvbvn, wØZxq

ms¯‥iY, 1950 wLª.), c„. 5|

3. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 273|

4. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, Øv`k ms¯‥iY, 1953 wLª.), c„. 13|

5. BDmyd ÔAvZv Zzivqdx, Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Avngv` kvIKx: nvqvZzû Iqv wkÔiæû (ÔAv¤§vb: Avj Avnwjqv wjb bvkwi

IqvZ ZvIwhÔ, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 2009 wLª.), c„. 12|

6. nvbœv Avj dvL~ix, Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex-Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, ms: we:, 1995

wLª.), c„. 438-439; W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡eï BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (PÆMÖvg: Avj AvwKe cÖKvkbx, cÖ_g

ms¯‥iY, 2004 wLª.), c„. 169|

7. Dgvi dviiƒL, Avngv` kvIKx Avgxiæk ïÔAviv wdj Avmwij nv`xQ c„. 7; Avngv` Avj BmKvb`vix I Ab¨vb¨, Avj

gydvm&mvj wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex (•eiæZ: Bn&BqvDj Dj~g, ms: we:, 1994 wLª.), c„. 571; nvbœv Avj dvL~ix,

Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex-Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ, c„. 439.

8. gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi wdj Avmwij Avivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ (gv`ªvR: nvwdhv nvDm,

ms: we:, 1980 wLª.), c„. 280|

9. W. Avng` Avjx, AvaywbK Aviex Kv‡eï BwZnvm, 1g LÐ, c„. 170|

10. Avngv` KvweŸk, ZvwiLyk wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, ms: we:, 1871 wLª.), c„. 75|

11. gynv¤§` ûmvqb nvqKvj: gynv¤§` ûmvqb nvqKvj (1888-1956) GKRb wgmixq Kwe, †jLK, Jcb¨vwmK, BwZnvmwe`

Ges ivRbxwZwe`| wZwb 1888 mv‡j wgm‡i Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Kvq‡iv‡Z †µwWf j ¯‥y‡j AvBb Aa¨qb K‡ib

Ges 1909 mv‡j G cÖwZôvb †_‡K mœvZK wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| AZ:ci wZwb 1912 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi mi‡evb wek¦we`¨vjq

†_‡K W±‡iU wWMÖx jvf K‡ib| wZwb Avn‡g` jyrdx Avj mvC‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| G QvovI wZwb wZwb †kL

†gvnv¤§` Ave`yn, Kvwmg Avwgb I Ab¨vb¨ wgmixq ivRbxwZwe` Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| wZwb 1945 mv‡j Avie jx‡Mi

PvU©v‡i ¯^v¶wiZ †m․w` Avie‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib Ges RvwZms‡Ni GKvwaKevi wgmixq cÖwZwbwa`‡ji †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb

K‡ib| wZwb `k©b, BwZnvm I mvwnZ¨ welq wb‡q †hgb KvR K‡ib, †Zgwb wZwb GKB mg‡q AvaywbK wgm‡i

Rbmvavi‡Yi ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖv‡g Ask MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 8

wW‡m¤î, 1956 mv‡j 68 eQi eq‡m wgm‡ii Kvq‡iv kn‡i g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

`ªóe¨: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal (jM Bb ZvwiL: 25-02-2019

wLª.)

12. Avngv` kvIKx, Avk kvIwKqvZ, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj KzZze Avj Bjwgq¨vn, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 2001 wLª.), f~wgKv

Ask|

13. Avngv` KvweŸk, ZvwiLyk wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, c„. 75|

14. Z‡è|

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hussein_Heikal


150

15

. nvbœv Avj dvL~ix, Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex-Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viæj Rxj, ms: we:, 1995

wLª.), c„. 441|

16. gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi wdj Avmwij Avivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ, c„. 290|

17. Avngv` kvIKx, Avk kvIwKqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 197|

18. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 316|

19. wK¬I‡cUªvi Rxebv‡jL¨‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i AmsL¨ Kvwnbx, KweZv, bvUK Ges Dcb¨vm iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU cwimsL¨vb

g‡Z †Kej d«v‡ÝB c‡biwU bvUK iwPZ nq| Bs‡iRx‡Z cÖvq QqwU, BUvjx fvlvq PviwU| GQvov we‡k¦i AviI Ab¨vb¨

fvlvq GB Kvwnbx‡K Aej¤^b K‡i bvUK iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi gvmivÔD KvwjDevZiv bvU¨Kve¨wU G

avivevwnKZviB GKwU Ask Ges G RvZxq mvwn‡Z¨ Aviex fvlvi gyLcÎ|

`ªóe¨: W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj-Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj gvmivnx wd wgmi (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, PZz_© ms¯‥iY,

1983 wLª.), c„. 308|

20. BDmyd ÔAvZv Zzivqdx, Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Avngv` kvIKx: nvqvZzû Iqv wkÔiæû, c„. 56|

21. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 317-327|


23. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj ÔAvmwij nv`xQ, c„. 227|

24. W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj gvmivnx wd wgmi, c„. 327-337|

25. W. Avãyj gvRx` Avj ûi, Avngv` kvIKx: Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Iqv bvMvwgj jvnwb Iqvj wMbv (‣eiæZ: `viæj KzZzeyj

Bjwgq¨vn, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1992 wLª.), c„. 187|

26. gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi wdj Avmwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ, c„. 288; eyZiæm

Avj-ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 337-340|

27. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ, c„. 202|

28. ÔDgvi Av`& `vm~Kx, Avj gvmivwnqv (Kvq‡iv: `viæj wdKi Avj ÔAvivex, ms: we:, 1998 wLª.), c„. 44; W. gynv¤§v`

BDmyd bvRg, Avj gvmivwnqvZz wdj Av`vwej ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ (•eiæZ: `viy mvwì, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1999 wLª.),

c„. 302-309|

29. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj ÔAvmwij nv`xQ, c„. 215|

30. Z‡è|

31. eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 344-346; W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj

gvmivnx wd wgmi, c„. 337|

32. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvÔwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ, c„. 247|

33. W. Avãyj gvRx` Avj ûi, Avngv` kvIKx: Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Iqv bvMvwgj jvnwb Iqvj wMbv, c„. 188|

34. W. kvIKx Øvqd, kvIKx kvwqiæj Avmwij nv`xQ, c„. 247|

35. W. Avãyj gvRx` Avj ûi, Avngv` kvIKx: Avgxiæk ïÔAviv Iqv bvMvwgj jvnwb Iqvj wMbv, c„. 187|

36. Avngv` kvIKx, AvgxivZzj Av›`vjym (Kvq‡iv: gvZevqvn `viæj KzZze Avj wgmwiq¨vn, ms: we:, 1932 wLª.), c„. 157;

eyZiæm Avj ey¯Ívbx, D`vevDj ÔAvive, 3q LÐ, c„. 342-344|


151

37

. W. Avngv` nvqKvj, Avj Av`veyj Kvmvmx Iqvj gvmivnx wd wgmi, c„. 347-358|

38. W. gynv¤§v` dRjyi ingvb, Avie gbxlv (XvKv: wiqv` cÖKvkbx, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, 2012 wLª.), c„. 92|

39. AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: wìvmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn (wdwjw¯Íb: Avb bvRvn RvZxq

wek¦we`¨vjq, gvóvm© w_wmm, 2010 wLª.) c„. 37|

40. nvbœv Avj dvL~ix, Avj Rvwg wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex Avj Av`veyj nv`xQ, c„. 441|

41. ªóe¨: Avngv` kvIKx, jvw`qvm, Kvq‡iv: gyAvmmvmvZz wn›`vex wjZ Zvjxg IqvQ wQKvdvn, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 2012 wLª.|


43. W. gynv¤§v` dRjyi ingvb, Avie gbxlv, c„. 92|

44. AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: wìvmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn, c„. 43|

45. Z‡è, c„. 51|

46. gynv¤§v` mveix Kwe Avngv` kvIKxi AcÖKwkZ iPbv¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Avk kvIwKqvZzj gvRûjvn wk‡ivbv‡g

GKwU MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb †m MÖ‡š’ G Dcb¨v‡mi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|

`ªóe¨: AvQxj Avãyj Iqvnve, Avngv` kvIKx: wìvmvZzb wd AvÔgvwjwni wiIqvq¨vn, c„. 51|

47. ªóe¨: Avngv` kvIKx, `vj Iqv ZxBgvb, Kvq‡iv: Avj gvRwjmyj AvÔjv wjb bvki, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 2007 wLª.|



50. nvì: Biv‡Ki wbbvIqv cÖ‡`‡ki Ges Avj Kv‡ib AÂ‡ji GKwU cÖvPxb kni| evsjv fvlvq G AÂj‡K nvÎv Aviex

fvlvq الحضس‎ Ges Bs‡iRx fvlvq Hadr ejv nq| bvgwU cÖvPxb cyuw_‡Z cvIqv hvq Ges GUv cvi‡mï Lvfviv‡bi

cÖ‡`k wQ‡jv| kniwU evM`v‡ì 290 wKwg (180 gv) DËi-cwð‡g Ges gï‡ji 110 wKwg (68 gv) `w¶Y-cwð‡g

Aew¯’Z| nvì (nvÎv) m¤¢eZ Z…Zxq ev wØZxq wLª÷c~e©v‡ã †m‡jwK mv¤ªvR¨ KZ©…K wbwg©Z nq| cieZ©x‡Z cvw_©qvb

mv¤ªvR¨ GUv `Lj K‡i †bq| cÖ_g I wØZxq kZvãx‡Z GUv ag© I eëmvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e weKwkZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z

kniwU m¤¢eZ cÖ_g Avie mv¤ªv‡Rï ivRavbx n‡q D‡V| nvì †_‡K kvwmZ AÂj Avie ivR¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ cvq, hv

Avie ivRcyÎ KZ©…K cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| nvì AwP‡iB GKwU myiw¶Z `yM© kn‡i cwiYZ nq Ges †ivgvb mvgv‡Rï

evievi Kiv AvµgY iæ‡L w`‡Z _v‡K| wØZxq cvw_©qvb hy‡× kniwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jv| 238 wLª÷v‡ã

nvÎv kvnivhyi hy‡× Bivbx‡ì civwRZ K‡i, wKš‘ 241 wLª÷v‡ã Bivwb mvmvwbq m¤ªvU cÖ_g kvcy‡ii Kv‡Q civwRZ

nq| HwZn¨gqx Mí¸‡jv‡Z nvì AÂ‡ji cZb m¤ú‡K© ejv nq Avie ivRvi Kb¨v bvwìv wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i kniwU

kvcyy‡ii nv‡Z Zy‡j †`q| MíwU‡Z ejv nq, kvcyi nvì AÂ‡ji ivRv‡K nZ¨v K‡i bvwìv †K weevn K‡i, wKš‘

cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡KI nZ¨v K‡i|

`ªóe¨: https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/nvÎv (jM Bb ZvwiL: 25-02-2019 wLª.)


52. Z‡è, c„. 63-64|

53. Z‡è, c„. 65|


55. ÔDgvi `vm~Kx, bvkAvZzb bvQi Avj nv`xQ Iqv ZvZvDqviæû (Kvq‡iv: `viæj wdKi Avj ÔAvivex, ms: we:, 2007

wLª.), c„. 131-132|

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/nv�v


152

56

. W. gvng~` kIKZ I W. ivRv C`, gyKvIqvgvZzk& wkÔwij ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ Iqvj gyÔqvwmi (Kvq‡iv: `viæj wdKi

Avj ÔAvivex, ms: we:, 1975 wLª.), c„. 131-132|

57. W. gynv¤§v` Avj KvZ&Zvex, Avm wmivD evqbvj Kv`xg Iqvj Rv`x` wdj Av`vwej ÔAvivex Avj nv`xQ, 2q LÐ

(Kvq‡iv: `viæm mvKvdv, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1982 wLª.), c„. 972; gynv¤§v` BDmyd †Kv‡Kb, AvÔjvgyb bvQi Iqvk& wkÔi

wdj Avmwij Avivex Avj nv`xQ, 1g LÐ, c„. 273-274|

58. Avngv` Avj BmKvb`vix I Ab¨vb¨, Avj gydvm&mvj wd ZvwiwLj Av`vwej ÔAvivex, c„. 576|


60. Z‡è|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. †gvt gwZDi ingvb

Abstract: Al-Hadith is the second source of Islami shariah. Its place is just after the

Quran. Generally what Prophet Muhammad (Sm) did, said and asked people to do are

Hadith. However, the teachings and sayings of his Sahabi and Tabeyi are also called

Hadith. In this article, Hadith refers to the teachings/ sayings of the Prophet Muhammad

(Sm). The language of the Prophet was very lucid. His choice of words and style of

expression is very good and praiseworthy. He talked in simple language directly. He

avoided difficult words and reduntant things in his talk. He talked to people in a mild

tone with a smiling face. The prof of all those things is found in the Hadith. One must

have the language about rhetoric it one wants to understand the rhetoric of the Hadith. In

Arabic, this rhetoric is of two kinds: semantic and metaphorical. According to Arabic

metaphorical uses if language becomes metaphoric due to words it is called metaphor.

An Arabic metaphoric uses has some specific rules. This article attempts to analyze the

ornaments of language of Al-Hadith by referring to some important rules and their

applications in the Hadith.

f‚wgKv

Avj-nv`xQ k‡ãi A_© A‡bK e¨vcK Ges Gi cwiwaI A‡bK we¯Í…Z| GLv‡b nv`xQ ej‡Z GKKfv‡e

ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mv.) Gi fvlv wQj AZ¨šÍ wgwó I mygayi| wZwb

cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ K_v ej‡Zb bv| Aí K_vB †ekx fve cÖKvk Ki‡Zb; GRb¨ Zuv‡K

ÒRvIqvwgÔDj KvjvgÓ ejv n‡Zv| wZwb Avi‡ei ey‡K m‡ev©rK…ó fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb| hvi d‡j wZwb

wb‡R‡K Avdmvûj Avie e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx Lye PgrKvi I

AjsKvigq| Zuvi kãPqb wQj AwZ my›ì I mvejxj| ZvB ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx ev Avj-nv`x‡Qi

kãvjsKvi m¤ú‡K© ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡j AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i fvlv AjsKvi m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

fvlv AjsKvi mvaviYZ `yÕfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| kãMZfv‡e Ges A_©MZfv‡e| k‡ãi w`K †_‡K fvlv

AjsKvic~Y© nIqv‡K AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq المحضىاث اللفظت ev kãvjsKvi ejv nq| Aviex

AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ المحضىاث اللفظت Gi wKQz m~Î i‡q‡Q| †hgb الخصدر -سجؼ -الجىاش BZ¨vw`|

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ m~‡Îi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i nv`x‡Q †m¸‡jvi eënvi ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü

Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|

cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`xQ Gi eënvi الجناش

Gi eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Aviex الجىاش |Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m~Î الجىاش

fvlvi †m․›`h© dz‡U D‡V| G ch©v‡q الجىاش Gi cwiPq I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡jv|

mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, Aviex wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|


154

Gi cwiPq الجناش

ش- ن –ج |مصدر Gi باب مفاغلت kãwU الجىاش G wZbwU Aviex g~j Aÿi †_‡K kãwUi DrcwË

N‡U‡Q| AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i w`K †_‡K kãwUi evsjv A_©: ev‡Kï `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ wgj, †køl,

†kølvjsKvi, †kølevK¨|1 kãwUi †g․wjKZv I A_© m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q:

2شاوله واجحد مػه فى الجيط: جاوط جىاصا مجاوضت

Ò†m Zvi mgAvK…wZ aviY K‡i‡Q Ges mgRvZxq n‡q‡Q|Ó

G m¤ú‡K© AviI ejv n‡q‡Q:

: صا"أي يبىع الماء أو بػضه هحى " الػين"أي الباصرة و " الػين"حشابه اليلمخين فى اللفظ وله هحى : الجىاش فى البدؼ

3".صار"و

Òغلم البدؼ †Z جىاش n‡jv ev‡Kï gv‡S kãMZ w`K †_‡K yÕwU kã c~Y©iƒ‡c wgj nIqv| †hgb: الػين

A_© Pÿz Avevi الػين A_© cvwbi SY©v| A_ev AvswkKfv‡e wgj nIqv †hgb: صا Ges صار kã|Ó

AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq, Òwfbœ A_© wewkó GKB ai‡bi yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã eënvi Kiv‡K جىاش

ejv nq|Ó4

:m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q الجىاش

5.حشابه اليلمخين فى اللفظ مؼ اخخلاف فى المػنى

ÒkãMZ w`K †_‡K yÕwU k‡ãi mv „k¨c~Y© nIqv Ges A_©MZ w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ nIqv‡K جىاش ejv

nq|Ó

الجناش Gi cÖKvi

|½ev Ac~Y©v غير جام .ev c~Yv©½ 2 جام .g~jZ yÕcÖKvi 1 الجىاش

:m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q جام

ى ما اجفم فه اللفظان في أمىر أربػت هي: جام 6-هىع الحروف وشيلها وغددا و جرجبها: و

Òev‡Kï gv‡S ywU k‡ã PviwU wel‡q wgj _vK‡j Zv‡K جام ejv nq| welq¸‡jv n‡jv:

1. ni‡di †kÖYx, 2. ni‡di AvK…wZ, 3. ni‡di msL¨v, 4. ni‡di web¨vm|Ó

†hgb: Avjøvni evYx,

تة اغو رو صو يو

و غوىاقبس وا ل مو

ىنو رسمقجوق ومق لم ضس

لو ق قت اغو ىمق لضس لق

ومو ج ىو و 7وو

Ò†hw`b wKqvgZ n‡e †mw`b Acivaxiv kc_ K‡i ej‡e †h, Zviv gyn~Z©Kv‡ji †ekx Ae¯’vb K‡i wb|Ó

ى ما اخخلف فه اللفظان في واحد م الأمىر الأربػت المخلدمت: غير جام 8-و

Ò†Kvb ev‡K¨ ywU k‡ãi gv‡S D‡jøwLZ PviwU wel‡qi †Kvb GKwU‡Z Awgj _vK‡j Zv‡K


155

ejv nq|Ó غير جام

cÖKvk _v‡K †h, الجىاش غير جام †K الجىاش الىاكص I ejv nq| الجىاش الىاكص- Gi AviI wKQz cÖKvi

i‡q‡Q, Ae¯’vi Pvwn`vbymv‡i †m¸‡jvi cwiPq Zz‡j aiv n‡e|

Avj-nv`x‡Q الجناش Gi eënvi

Gi eënvi N‡U‡Q| G جىاش Gi msÁvi Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡Q A‡bK evK¨ cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv‡Z الجىاش

ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi Ggb wKQz Dw³ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv, hvi g‡a¨ جىاش Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, Òcvwb‡ZB cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb|Ó إهما الماء م الماء9

ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYxi G AskUzKz ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ev‡Kï gv‡S الماء kãwU `yÕevi eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e ev‡Kï gv‡S GKB kã `yÕevi eëüZ n‡jI kãwU `yevi c„_K `ywU A‡_© eëüZ

n‡h‡Q| †hgb ماء kãwU cÖ_gevi cvwb A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q, hvi Øviv cweÎZv AR©b Kiv hvq| Avi

wØZxq ماء Øviv ¯^vgx-¯¿xi wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †h exh© wbM©Z nq Zv eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb G m¤ú‡K© ejv

n‡q‡Q| ى المنى 10م الماء أي م أجل خروج الماء الدافم و

Òcvwb n‡Z A_©vr m‡e‡M öwjZ cvwb †ei nIqvi Kvi‡Y Avi Zv n‡jv exh©|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nvw`Qvs‡k GKB ev‡K¨ GKB kã `yÕevi eëüZ n‡q `ywU A_© cÖKvk Kivi d‡j nv`x‡Qi

gv‡S جىاش جام Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb:

11 الخل مػلىد في هىاصيها الخير الى ىم اللامت

ÒwKqvgZ ch©šÍ †Nvovi Kcv‡j Kj¨vY evuav i‡q‡Q|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi evK¨vskwU ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b eëüZ `yÕwU kã خل Ges Gi خير

gv‡S A‡bKvs‡k wgj i‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ خل k‡ãi †k‡l Ges خير k‡ãi †k‡l ر Aÿ‡ii Awgj

i‡qQ| Z‡e kã `yÕwUi gv‡S h‡_ó wgj _vKv m‡Z¡I A_©MZ w`K †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Awgj i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv

|k‡ãi A_© Ak¦, †Nvov خل12

Avi خير k‡ãi A_© fvj, DËg, †kÖô BZ¨vw`|13

ZvB ivm~j (mv.) Gi

evYxi gv‡S AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i جىاش Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

Avjøvni ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, اجلىا الظلم فئن الظلم ظلماث ىم اللامت 14

ÒAZ¨vPvi Kiv †_‡K †eu‡P _v‡Kv, †Kbbv AZ¨vPvi wK¡qvgv‡Zi w`b AÜKv‡ii KviY n‡e|Ó

nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ evK¨vs‡k D‡jøwLZ الظلم Ges ظلماث kã yÕwUi gv‡S AvK…wZ I e‡Y©i msL¨vq Awgj

_vK‡jI g~jMZ w`K †L‡K kã `yÕwUi gv‡S wgj i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv kã `yÕwUi GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K

DrcwË N‡U‡Q| Z‡e kã yÕwUi gv‡S A_©MZ w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b الظلم A_© AZ¨vPvi,

Ryjyg, wbcxob, wbh©vZb BZ¨vw`|15

Avi ظلماث kãwU ظلمت Gi eûePb| hvi A_© AÜKvi, Auvavi,

wZwgi BZ¨vw`|16

GLv‡b AÜKvi e‡j wKqvgZ wè‡mi KwVb wec`‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †hgb G


156

m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, 17وكل المراد بالظلماث الشدائد ÒAvi ejv n‡q‡Q الظلماث A_© KwVb wec`|Ó ZvB

kã ywU GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K DrcwË nIqv m‡Ë¡I A‡_©i w`K †_‡K cv_©K¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b

|Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q جىاش

ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, 18م اصخفاد مالا فلا زوىة فه حتى حى غله الحى

Ò†h e¨w³ †Kvb ab-m¤ú‡ì gvwjK n‡e, GK eQi AwZevwnZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ G ab m¤ú‡` Zv‡K

hvKvZ w`‡Z n‡e bv|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`xQvs‡k D‡jøwLZ yÕwU kã Ges حى GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡b حى

|hvi A_© AwZevwnZ n‡e, †kl n‡e فػل kãwU حى19

Avi أحىا GKePb , eûePb اصم kãwU حى

hvi A_© eQi, mvj, ermi|20

ZvB kã yÕwU DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K GKBiKg n‡jI A‡_©i w`K †_‡K

cv_©K¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y nv`x‡Qi ev‡Kï gv‡S جىاش Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi سجؼ

Gi g~j سجؼ |ev kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖKvi المحضىاث اللفظت Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i سجؼ

eënvi †ÿÎ M`¨ mvwnZ¨| Z‡e c`¨ mvwn‡ZÏ Gi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| nv`xQ‡K mvaviYZ M`¨

mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡eB aiv nq| ivm~j (mv.) Gi evYx wn‡m‡e Gi mvwnwZ¨K gvb A‡bK DbœZ| nv`x‡Qi

A‡bK ¯’v‡b سجؼ Gi eënvi cwijwÿZ nq| hvi gva¨‡g nv`x‡Qi gv‡S AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i kãvjsKvi

my›ìfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q| G ch©v‡q سجؼ Gi cwiwPwZ Zz‡j a‡i nv`x‡Qi gv‡S Gi eënvi ch©v‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡jv|

Gi cwiwPwZ سجع

eëüZ nq| Gi kvwãK A_© AšÍ¨wgjhy³ M`¨vsk, AšÍ¨wgjhy³ اسجاع kãwU GKePb, eûeP‡b سجؼ

evK¨|21

AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq سجؼ n‡jv-

22.السجؼ جىافم الفاصلخين فى الحرف الأخير وافضله ماحضاوث فلر

Ò yÕwU ev‡Kï †klvÿ‡i wgj nIqv‡K سجؼ ejv nq| Avi †kÖô سجؼ hvi mKj Aby‡”Q‡` wgj _v‡K|Ó

-my›ì I mv_©K nIqvi Rb¨ PviwU kZ© i‡q‡Q سجؼ

cÖ_gZ: ev‡Kï cÖwZwU kã myMwVZ, my›ì Ges kÖæwZgayi n‡Z n‡e|

wØZxqZ: ev‡Kï mKj kã m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A‡_©i Abyhvqx Ges AbyMvgx n‡Z n‡e| †Kvbiƒc Kg †ewk

n‡j Zv K…wÎg I AcQ›`bxq iƒ‡c MY¨ n‡e|

Z…ZxqZ: evK¨ MV‡bi mgq A_© n‡e g‡bvig I AvKl©Yxq, KLbB AcQ›`bxq n‡e bv|

PZz_©Z: cÖwZwU AšÍ wgjhy³ evK¨ †hb Ggb A_© cÖKvk K‡i hv wØZxq ev‡Kï A‡_©i wecixZ nq,

KLbB wØiæ³ bv nq| Ab¨_vq AšÍ¨wgjhy³ kã eënvi Ab_©K n‡q co‡e|23


157

Gi cÖKvi سجع

AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ سجؼ Gi cÖKvi m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q-

ى غلى ثلاثت اضرب و مطرف مرصؼ، مخىاز: و

Òسجؼ wZb cÖKvi: مرصؼ، مخىاز، مطرفÓ

`yÕwU ev‡Kï mKj k‡ã A_ev AwaKvsk k‡ã Ihb Ges AšÍ¨wgj Dfq w`K †_‡K wgj nIqv‡K السجؼ

-ejv nq| †hgb: nvixixi Dw³ المرصؼ لرع الأصماع بسواجر وغظه 24 فهى طبؼ الأسجاع بجىار لفظه و

`yÕwU ev‡Kï †kl `yÕwU k‡ã Ihb Ges e‡Y© wgj nIqv‡K السجؼ المخىازي ejv nq| †hgb: Avjøvni

evYx- 25

ت ىغو

قف رو ر مس رق ا صق يهو فس

ت ىغو ضق ىو اب مس ىو

وووأ وو

Ò†m_vq _vK‡e DbœZ gh©v`v m¤úbœ kh¨v, cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡e cvbcvÎ|Ó

`yÕwU ev‡Kï †kl yÕwU k‡ãi †k‡l Ih‡b wgj bv n‡q ïay e‡Y© wgj nIqv‡K السجؼ المطرف ejv nq|26

†hgb: Avjøvni evYx- 27

اارا

وك س وو

س سىنو جق رو

و جومو لا

قىوا ل مس

اارا ىو

و ومو أ

قى لو

ولودو خ

وك وو

Ò†Zvgv‡ì Kx n‡q‡Q †h, †Zvgiv Avjøvni †kÖôZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pv”Q bv! A_P wZwbB †Zvgvw`M‡K

m„wó K‡i‡Qb ch©vqµ‡g|Ó

Avj-nv`x‡Q سجع Gi eënvi

Gi eënvi سجؼ Gi msÁvi Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡Qi gv‡S Ggb wKQz Dw³ cvIqv hvq| hvi gv‡S سجؼ

cwijwÿZ nq| سجؼ Gi cwiwPwZ Av‡jvPbv Kivi ci G ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi gv‡S سجؼ Gi eënvi

m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, م 28اللهم إها هجػل فى هحىرم و وػىذب م شرور

Ò†n Avjøvn! Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ Avcbvi cÖwZ Ac©Y KiwQ Ges Zv‡ì Awbó n‡Z †Zvgvi Kv‡Q AvkÖq

PvBwQ|Ó

ivm~j (mv.) Gi G evYx‡Z `yÕwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q اللهم إها هجػل فى هحىرم Ges م ëvK | وػىذب م شرور

`yÕwUi †k‡li yÕwU kã هحىرم Ges م Gi gv‡S Ihb Ges †klvÿ‡i wgj i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b شرور

nv`x‡Qi gv‡S AšÍ¨wg‡ji kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, 29ا أبا غمير ما فػل الىغير Ò†n Ave~ ÔDgvBi! †Zvgvi †QvU eyjeywjwUi wK nj?Ó

nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ evK¨vs‡k غمير Ges وغير kã `yÕwUi gv‡S Ihb Ges †kl e‡Y© wgj i‡q‡Q| ZvB

GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S سجؼ Gi AjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,

30اهه بيل حضبحت صدكت و بيل جىبيرة صدكت و بيل تهللت صدكت و بيل جحمدة صدكت


158

Òwbðq cÖ‡Z¨K Zvmexn m`vK¡vn, cÖ‡Z¨K ZvKexi m`vK¡vn, cÖ‡Z¨K Zvngx` m`vK¡vn, cÖ‡Z¨K Zvnjxj

m`vK¡vn|Ó

D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡Qi gv‡S PviwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q| evK¨ PviwUi cÖwZwU k‡ãi Ihb Ges †kl e‡Y© wgj

i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi g‡a¨ AšÍ wg‡ji kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,

31أفشى الضلام وأ ػمىا الطػام و صلىا الأرحام وصلىا باللل و الىاش هام جدخل الجىت بضلام

Ò†Zvgiv ci¯úi mvjvg wewbgq Ki, ÿzavZ©‡K Lvevi `vI, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡ì mv‡_ m`vPiY Ki,

ivwÎ‡ejvq †jvK‡ì Nygv‡bv Ae¯’vq bvgvh Av`vq Ki, Zvn‡j cÖkvšÍwP‡Ë Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi gv‡S †QvU †QvU ev‡K¨ Ihb Ges †kl e‡Y© wgj i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b سجؼ Gi

kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,

32أن م البان سحرا وأن م الػلم جهلا وأن م الشػر حىما و أن م اللى غالا

Ò†Kvb †Kvb eY©bv hv yi gZ ü`qMÖvnx nq, †Kvb †Kvb Bjg AÁZvc~Y© nq, †Kvb †Kvb KweZv

wnKgZc~Y© nq Ges †Kvb †Kvb K_v †evSv n‡q `vuovq|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi As‡ki cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b PviwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q, cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ k‡ãi

msL¨v GKB iKg eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi cÖwZwU ev‡Kï †k‡l GKB wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB

ejv hvq, GLv‡b سجؼ ev AšÍ¨wg‡ji AjsKvi AwZ PgrKvifv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi التصدير

Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ الخصدر kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m~Î| Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ M`¨ I c`¨ Dfq

†ÿ‡Î Gi eënvi cwijwÿZ nq| Gi eënv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Aviex fvlvq k‡ãi †m․›`h© e„w× cvq|

Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ G‡K ردالعجس غلى الصدر e‡jI D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|33

nv`x‡Qi gv‡S A‡bK

ev‡K¨ الخصدر Gi eënvi cvIqv hvq| G ch©v‡q الخصدر Gi cwiPq I nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K©

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

Gi cwiPq التصدير

ر- د –ص Aviex |مصدر Gi باب جفػل kãwU الخصدر g~j Aÿi †_‡K kãwUi DrcwË N‡U‡Q| Gi

kvwãK A_© ißvwb Kiv, †bZv evbv‡bv, mvg‡b emv‡bv|34

cvwifvwlK A‡_© الخصدر n‡jv:

لين م ذل فى أخر ارخى فى الىثر أن جػل أحد الرهىين فى أو الفلرة والأخر فى أ ، و فى الىظم أن جػل أحد الفر

35.البت فى أو صدر


159

ÒM‡`¨ ev‡Kï yÕwU g~j As‡ki g‡a¨ GKB RvZxq yÕwU k‡ãi GKwU‡K ev‡Kï cÖ_‡g Ges Ab¨wU‡K

ev‡Kï †k‡l eënvi Kiv| Avi c‡`¨ Q‡Îi صدر Gi g‡a¨ eëüZ kã‡K عجس Gi g‡a¨ cybivq

wb‡q Avmv| †hgb: Avjøvni evYx- ق 36 ا

وش

و ون ج

ومق أ حو

وق أ

ساشو وو ى لىس

و ش

و وج وو

ÒZzwg †jvKfq KiwQ‡j, A_P Avjøvn‡KB fq Kiv †Zvgvi c‡ÿ AwaKZi msMZ|Ó

Avgiv Gfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †c․btcywbKZv ev GKRvZxq `yÕwU k‡ãi GKwU‡K ev‡Kï cÖ_‡g Ges

AciwU‡K ev‡Kï †k‡l eënvi Kiv‡K الخصدر ejv nq|

Avj-nv`x‡Q التصدير Gi eënvi

nv`x‡Qi gv‡S ivm~j (mv.) Gi A‡bK Dw³ i‡q‡Q, †h ¸‡jv‡Z الخصدر Gi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| G

ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi wKQz Dw³ Zz‡j a‡i †m ¸‡jvi gv‡S الخصدر Gi eënvi ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

nv`x‡Qi gv‡S ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, GKRb e¨w³ Zvi †Q‡j‡K wb‡q ivm~j (mv.) Gi wbKU Dcw¯’Z n‡j

ivm~j (mv.) Zv‡K ej‡jb, Zzwg wK Zv‡K fv‡jvevm? †jvKwU DË‡i ej‡jb,

37 أحب الله هما أحبه ÒAvjøvn †Zvgv‡K fv‡jvevmyK †hgb Avwg Zv‡K fv‡jvevwm|Ó

nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ Dw³wU jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b ev‡Kï cÖ_‡g احب kã i‡q‡Q Ges †k‡lI

kã yÕwUB Aviex GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K DrcwË N‡U‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b احب Ges احب |kã i‡q‡Q احب

nv`x‡Qi gv‡S †c․btcywbKZv ev الخصدر Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 38فاهظر م ؤلاء الرهب كا فىظرث

Ò†`‡Lv G Kv‡djv Kvi? AZci Avwg †`Ljvg|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi evK¨vs‡k †`Lv hvq, ev‡Kï cÖ_g kãwU اهظر Ges †kl kãwU هظرث | yÕwU kãB

GKB Aviex g~j Aÿi †_‡K DrcwË N‡U‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخصدر Gi kãvjsKvi

cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, با وصػىد هما بدأ 39بدأ الاصلام غر

ÒBmjvg AcwiwPZ Ae ’vq ïiæ n‡q‡Q AwP‡iB †m Ae¯’vq wd‡i hv‡e †hfv‡e ïiæ n‡q‡Q|Ó

D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡Qi Dw³ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b بدأ kã Øviv evK¨ ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q Avevi بدأ kã

ØvivB evK¨ †kl Kiv n‡q‡Q| ev‡Kï cÖ_g I †k‡l GKB kã eënvi Kivi d‡j nv`x‡Qi gv‡S

|ev †c․btcywbKZvi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q الخصدر

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 40 ألا ولىم راع و ولىم مضئى غ رغخه Òmveavb! †Zvgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB `vwqZ¡kxj Ges

†Zvgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Zvi `vqxZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv n‡e|Ó

nv`x‡Qi D‡jøwLZ ev‡K¨ †`Lv hvq, cÖ_‡g راع kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Avevi †k‡lI رغخه kã eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dfq kã Aviex GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K Avmvi Kvi‡Y ev‡Kï gv‡S الخصدر Gi

kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|


160

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 41أدبنى ربي فأحض جأدبي ÒAvgvi cÖwZcvjK Avgv‡K KZ DËg wkóvPvi wkÿv

w`‡q‡Qb!Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi g‡a¨ cÖ_g Ges †kl kã GKB g~j Aÿi †_‡K Avmvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b الخصدر ev

†c․btcywbKZvi AjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi لسوم ما لا يلسم

Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿ kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| M`¨ I c`¨ Dfq †ÿ‡Î لسوم ما لا لسم

Gi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| G ch©v‡q لسوم ما لا لسم Gi cwiwPwZ I nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K©

ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

cwiwPwZ لسوم ما لا يلسم

GKwU †h․wMK kã| Gi kvwãK A_© Abvek¨K †K Avek¨K Kiv| Gi cvwifvwlK لسوم ما لا لسم

cwiPq m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, 42لسوم ما لا لسم ى أن ؤحى كبل حرف الروي بما لط بلازم في الخلفت

Gi c~‡e© AšÍ¨wg‡ji Rb¨ Abvek¨K wKQz wb‡q Avmv‡K (h Aÿ‡i AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv nq†) حرف الروي

AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i cwifvlvq لسوم ما لا لسم ejv nq| †hgb R‣bK Kwe e‡jb,

ا محركا بالىار وجه محبه مهلا فان مدامعي جطفه

43أحرق بها جضدي و ول جىارحي وأحرص غلى كلبي فاه فه

ÒI‡n Av¸‡b †cÖqmxi †Pnviv‡K `»Kvix! _v‡gv, Avgvi AkÖæ Zv wbe©vwcZ K‡i w`‡e| Zzwg Av¸‡b

Avgvi †`n I A½-cÖZ¨½ mg~n `» Ki, Z‡e Avgvi AšÍ‡ii cÖwZ Kiæbv Ki| KviY, Zv‡Z Zzwg

i‡qQ|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ KweZv csw³‡Z Kwe KweZvi Dfq As‡kB حرف الروي () Gi c~‡e© AwZwi³ ي I ف e„w×

K‡i‡Qb| hv Q›`wgj iÿvi Rb¨ Avek¨K wQj bv| d‡j GLv‡b KweZvi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi


nv`x‡Q لسوم ما لا يلسم Gi eënvi

nv`x‡Qi gv‡S A‡bK ’v‡b لسوم ما لا لسم Gi eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| G ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi yÕGKwU Dw³

D‡jøL K‡i ‡m¸‡jvi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi eënvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 44أ ػمىا الطػام و أفشىا الضلام جدخل الجىت بضلام

Ò†Zvgiv ÿzavZ©‡K Lvevi `vI, ci¯úi mvjvg wewbgq Ki, Zvn‡j cÖkvšÍwP‡Ë Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|Ó

nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ evK¨¸‡jvi gv‡S م Aÿi Øviv AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cÖwZwU ev‡Kï †kl

k‡ãi †kl Aÿi م Gi c~‡e© الف wb‡q Avmv n‡q‡Q, hv AšÍ¨wgj iÿvi Rb¨ Avek¨K wQj bv| d‡j

GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi kãvjsKvi cªKvk †c‡q‡Q| ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,


161

ولا أبالي ولى أن أولىم و أخرهم و حىم و مخىم و ر بىم و ابضىم اجخمػىا غلى أجلى كلب غبد م غبادي ما زاد

45ذل في مليي جىاح بػىضت

ÒAvwg G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb åæ‡ÿc Kwi bv| hwÌ †Zvgv‡ì c~‡e©i I c‡ii, RxweZ I g„Z, wm³ I ï®‥

Z_v ¯^”Qj I A¯”Qj mK‡jB wg‡j Avgvi ev›`v‡ì g‡a¨ me©vwaK ZvKIqvi AwaKvix e¨w³i ü`‡qi

gZ n‡q hvq, ZeyI GKwU gkvi cvLvi mg-cwigvYI Avgvi ivR‡Z¡i kÖxe„w× NU‡e bv|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Q jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU ev‡K¨ م Øviv AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e

cÖwZwU ev‡Kï †kl k‡ãi †kl Aÿi م Gi c~‡e© ن Aÿi i‡q‡Q, hv AšÍ¨wgj iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb

wQj bv| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 46م لم رحم صغيرها ولم ىكر هبيرها Ò†m Avgv‡ì mv‡_ †bB †h †QvU‡ì لط مىا

cÖwZ `qv K‡i bv Ges eo‡ì cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i bv|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b yÕwU evK¨ i‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU ev‡Kï †k‡l الف

Øviv AšÍ¨wgj iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖwZwU ev‡Kï †kl k‡ãi †kl Aÿi الف Gi c~‡e© ن Aÿi

i‡q‡Q, hv AšÍ¨wgj iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wQj bv| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S لسوم ما لا لسم Gi


cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi التوزيع

‡Aviex AjsKvi kv الخىزؼ ¿ kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m~Î| الخىزؼ Gi gva¨‡g ev‡Kï †m․›`‡h©i

weKvk N‡U| G ch©v‡q الخىزؼ cwiwPwZ I Avj-nv`x‡Q Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

cwiwPwZ التوزيع

|k‡ãi kvwãK A_© eÈb, weZiY, wewj, cwi‡ekb, fvMKiY الخىزؼ47

AjsKvi kv‡ ¿i cwifvlvq

ej‡Z †Kvb ev‡Kï cÖwZwU k‡ã wbw الخىزؼ ©ó †Kvb eY© wb‡q Avmv| G m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q,

48ى أن لتزم حرف في ول لفظ م الػبارة

Òالخىزؼ n‡jv ev‡Kï cÖwZwU k‡ã †Kvb GKwU eY©‡K eënvi Kiv|Ó

†hgb Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, 49فضىف حاصب حضابا ضيرا

ÒkxNªB Zvi wnmve mnRfv‡e †bqv n‡e|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ Avqv‡Zi gv‡S cÖwZwU k‡ãB صين e‡Y©i eënvi jÿ Kiv hvq| ZvB GLv‡b الخىزؼ Gi


nv`x‡Q التوزيع Gi eënvi

Gi الخىزؼ Gi msÁvi Av‡jv‡K nv`x‡Qi gv‡S Ggb A‡bK evK¨ cvIqv hvq, †h ¸‡jvi gv‡S الخىزؼ

eënvi cwijwÿZ nq| G ch©v‡q nv`x‡Qi wKQz Dw³ Zz‡j a‡i †m¸‡jvi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi eënvi

ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|


162

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, أما مضلم هضا مضلما50

Ò†h †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³‡K Kvco civ‡e|Ó

nv`x‡Qi Av‡jvP¨ AskwU jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi cÖwZwU k‡ãi gv‡S ش eY©wU eëüZ

n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, أما مضلم أ ػم مضلما51

Ò†h †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg‡K LvIqv‡e|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`xQvs‡k jÿ Kiv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ãi gv‡S م Aÿi eëüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b

ev‡Kï gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, 52أما مضلم صلا مضلما

Ò†h †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg e¨w³‡K cvb Kiv‡e|Ó

D‡jøwLZ nv`x‡Qi ev‡Kï gv‡S ch©‡eÿb Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cÖwZwU g~j k‡ã ش Aÿ‡ii eënvi

N‡U‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

ivm~j (mv.) AviI e‡jb, 53الظلم ظلماث ىم اللا مت

ÒAZ¨vPvi wK¡qvgv‡Zi w`b AÜKv‡ii KviY n‡e|Ó

DwjøwLZ nv`xQvs‡k †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ã م Aÿi eëüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b ev‡Kï gv‡S

|Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q الخىزؼ

ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb, 54الراحمىن رحمهم الرحم ÒKiæYvKvixi cÖwZ Avjøvn KiæYv Ki‡eb|Ó

Av‡jvP¨ nv`x‡Qi ev‡Kï cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b cÖwZwU k‡ã ح Ges م Aÿi we`¨gvb

i‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b nv`x‡Qi gv‡S الخىزؼ Gi kãvjsKvi cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Gfv‡e ivm~j (mv.) Gi cÖwZwU nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ Mfxi „wó w`‡q jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,

cÖ‡Z¨KwU nv`x‡Q AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i †Kvb bv †Kvb m~‡Îi eënvi N‡U‡Q| Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿

kãvjsKvi GKwU Ab¨Zg welq| nv`xQ kv¯¿ AwaK we¯Í…Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKwU cÖe‡Ü Avj-nv`x‡Qi

kãvjsKvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| †m w`‡K jÿ †i‡L Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i kãvjsKv‡ii

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz we‡kl we‡kl m~‡Îi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i D`vniY ¯îƒc ivm~j (mv.) Gi wKQz Dw³i

gv‡S †m¸‡jvi eënvi ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡g mswÿßvKv‡i Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKv‡ii GKwU wPÎ

cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq, cvVK mgvR GLvb †_‡K Avj-nv`x‡Qi kãvjsKvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv

†c‡Z mÿg n‡e|


163

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 W. gynv¤§` dRjyi ingvb, AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb (XvKv: wiqv` cÖKvkbx, 2005 wLª.), c„. 312|

2 Avj-gybwR` (‣eiæZ, †jevbb: Avj-gvKZvevn Avk-kviwKq¨vn, 2003 wLª.), c„. 105|

3 Z‡è|

4 Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøvn, Aviex Aj¼vi I Q›` cÖKiY (KwjKvZv: evYx gbwhj, 1976 wLª.), c„. f~wgKvsk|

5 Avngv` gy¯Ídv Avj-gvivMx, ÔDj~gyj evjvMvn (‣eiæZ: Avj-gvKZvevn Avj-Avmwiq¨vn, 2005 wLª.), c„. 297|

6 gy Ídv Avgxb I Avjx Avj-Rvwig, Avj-evjvMvn Avj-Iqvwhnvn (†Ìe›`: Avj-gvKZvevn AvZ-_vbyfx, 1991 wLª.),

c„.261|

7 m~iv Avi-iƒg: 55|

8 Avj-evjvMvn Avj-Iqvwhnvn c„. 261|

9 IqvwjDÏxb gynv¤§v` Beby ÔAvwãjøvn Avj-LvZxe AvZ-Zveixhx, wgkKvZyj gvmvexn (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix,

Zv.we.), c„. 47|

10 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, UxKv bs- 10, c„. 48|

11 Ave~ ÔCmv gynv¤§v` web ÔCmv AvZ-wZiwghx, mybvbyZ wZiwghx (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvBZ ZzivQ Avj-ÔAvivex, Zv.we.),

LÐ 4_©, c„.173, nv`xQ bs-1636

12 AvaywbK Aviex evsjv Awfavb, c„. 381|

13 Z‡è|

14 Aveyj ûmvBb gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj-KzkvBix Avb-wbkvcyix, mnxn gymwjg (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvBZ ZzivQ Avj-

ÔAvivex, Zv.we.), LÐ 4_©, c„. 1996, nv`xQ bs-2578|


16 Z‡è|

17 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, UxKv bs- 9, c„. 434|

18 mybvbyZ wZiwghx, LÐ 3q, c„.26, nv`xQ bs- 632|


20 Z‡è, c„.323|


22 Avj-evjvMvn Avj-Iqvwhnvn, c„. 269|

23 ÔDj~gyj evjvMvn, c„. 302|

24 Z‡è, c„. 303|

25 m~iv Mvwkqvn: 13-14|

26 ÔDj~gyj evjvMvn, c„. 303|

27 m~iv b~n: 13-14|


164

28

myjvqgvb Beby AvkÔAvQ Avey `vE` Avm-wmwR¯Ívbx, mybvby Avex `vE` (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, Zv.we.), LÐ 1g, c„.

480, nv`xQ bs- 1537 |

29 gynv¤§v` Beby ÔAvwãjøvn Avj-LvZxe AvZ-Zveixhx, wgkKvZzj gvmvexn (•eiƒZ: Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 3q ms.

1985 wLª.), LÐ 3q, c„. 58, nv`xQ bs- 4884|

30 Avey ÔAvwãjøvn Avngv` Beby nvš^j Avk-kvBevbx, gymbv`y Avngv` Beby nvš^j (Kvq‡iv: gyqvmmvmvZz KziZzevn,

Zv.we.) LÐ 5g. c„.168, nv`xQ bs- 21520|

31 gynv¤§v` Beby Bqvhx` Avey ÔAvwãjøvn Avj-Kvhexbx, mybvby Bewb gvRvn ( •eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, Zv.we.), LÐ 2q, c„.

1083, nv`xQ bs- 3251|

32 mybvby Avex `vE`, LÐ 2q, c„. 721, nv`xQ bs 5012|

33 RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 327|


35 bvmxd Avj-BqvwhRx Avj-jyebvbx, gvRg~ÔDj Avè dx dzb~wbj Avie (•eiƒZ: Avj-gvZevÔAvn Avj D¤§vn, 1932

wLª.), c„. 166|

36 m~iv Avj Avnhve: 37|

37 Avey Avwãi ingvb Avngv` Beby ïÔAvBe Avb-bvmvqx, mybvbyb bvmvqx (•eiƒZ: `viæj gvÔwidvn 5g. ms. 1420wn.),

LÐ 4_©, c„. 322, nv`xQ bs- 1869|

38 Avey ÔAvwãjøvn gynv¤§v` Beby BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxnyj eyLvix (`viæ ZvDwKbœvRvn, 1g ms, 1422 wn.), LÐ 2q,

c„. 80, nv`xQ bs- 1287|

39 mnxn gymwjg, LÐ 1g, c„.130, nv`xQ bs- 232|

40 mnxnyj eyLvix ( `viæ ZvDwKbœvRvn 1g. ms. 1422 wn.), LÐ 2q, c„. 2611, nv`xQ bs- 6719|

41 Bgvg Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRg~ÔDj dvZvIqv, 18 LÐ, c„. 375|

42 gvRg~ÔDj Avè dx dzb~wbj Avie, c„. 172|

43 RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 326|

44 mybvby Bewb gvRvn, LÐ 2q, c„. 1083, nv`xQ bs- 3251 |

45 mybvbyZ wZiwghx, LÐ 4_©, c„. 656, nv`xQ bs- 2495|

46 wgkKvZyj gvmvexn, c„. 423|


48 gvRg~ÔDj Avè dx dzb~wbj Avie, c„. 172|

49 Avj-KziAvb, m~iv Avj-BbwkKvK, AvqvZ: 8|

50 wgkKvZzj gvmvexn, LÐ 1g, c„. 431, nv`xQ bs- 1913|

51 Z‡è|

52 Z‡è|




27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

gyLvìvg Kwe‡ì Kv‡e¨ welq‰ewPÎ¨ : GKwU we‡kølY

W. gynv. wejvj ûmvBb

Abstract: Literature is called the mirror of a society. The culture, values, norms and

behavioral pattern of a specific society are reflected through the literature of

contemporary litterateur. With the change of decade/with the passage of time, the

variation is seen both in the pace and nature of literature and also in the subject matter of

literature. In ancient period numerous Poet wrote their poetry in Arabic language. Among

their those who have gotten both the age of Ignorance and the Islamic era are called the

Mukhadram Poet. A few number among the Mukhadram poet extremely resisted in the

publicity and extention of Islam. In this situation, Prophet Mohammad (SM) Urged the

poet, believing in Islamic values, to Utilize their endowment for rejoining the opponent.

Among the poet who came forward Hassan ibn Sabit, Kàb ibn Juhair, Abdullah Ibn

Rawaha were worth sound. They were adorned as the “Shayerur Rasul”. The poetry of

ignorance era discusses the nobility, arrogance and the desire of revenge. On the other

hand the poetry of Islamic era discusses Tawhid, Risalah and Jihad. Beside this the

subject matter of the poetry of Mukhadram poet discusses the context of Allah and Rasul,

Taqwa. Magfirah, Battle and strife, Favour of jannah, condemnation and Indignation of

kufor. This paper aims at highlighting on the mukhadram poets and their

multidimensional themes.

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أ ابس ث اىبفشيب- ؽذد ثأ عذ الله حك10

.فق اعشػ سة اعيب- أ اعشػ فق ابء حك

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Dci wQ‡jb we‡k¦i cÖwZcvjK|]

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cÖksmv MxwZ ev evbvÔ‡Z ivm~j iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Bmjvgx Rxe‡bi KweZvq †hgb ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) †K

cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb wb›`v K‡i‡Qb †c․ËwjK‡ì hviv Avjøvni ivm~j I Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ ykgwb

K‡i‡Q| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi D”Q¡wmZ cÖksmvq mvnvex Kwe KvÕe wj‡L‡Qb-

عيف الله غيصبس - إ اشعي س يغزضبء ث

ثجط ىخ ب أعاصا- ف عصجخ لشيؼ لبي لبئ

ي امبء لاعد عبصي- صاا فبصاي أىبط لاوؾف 11


168

[wbðq ivm~j (mv.) GgbB GK †R¨vwZ, hv Øviv Av‡jvKcÖvß nIqv hvq| wZwb Avjøvni aviv‡jv

Zievwimg~‡ni Ab¨Zg Zievwi hv mZZ †Kvlgy³| Kzivqk‡ì GKwU `j hLb g°vi DcZ¨vKvq

Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡ì GKRb e‡jwQj; †Zvgiv g°v †_‡K g`xbvq m‡i hvI| ZvB Zviv

g`xbvi w`‡K m‡i c‡o| Z‡e hviv `ye©j Ges m¤§yL mg‡i eg©nxb, A ¿nxb Ges A‡k¦vcwi X‡j c‡o,

Zviv m‡i wb|]

Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb Zuvi ivm~j (mv.) †K DËg Pwi‡Îi m‡e©v”P P~ovq AwawôZ K‡i‡Qb| mKj w`K

†_‡K Zuv‡K K‡i‡Qb †kÖô| Zuvi my›ì Pwi‡Îi Ggb †Kv‡bv w`K †bB hv ivm~j (mv.) Gi e¨w³‡Z¡

c~Y©Zv cvqwb| c„w_ex‡Z wZwbB GKgvÎ I AwØZxq e¨w³ hv‡K wN‡i my‡kvwfZ n‡q‡Q mKj cÖKvi

bv›`wbK †m․›`h¨vewj|ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv ivm~‡ji cÖksmvq e‡jb-

الله يع أب خب اجصش - إ رفشعذ فيه اخيش أعشف

ي احغبة فمذ أصس ث امذس- أذ اج يحش ؽفبعز

اجشيخ فضلا ب غيشع- يب اي بؽ الله فضى12

[Avwg Avcbvi gv‡S Kj¨vY AbymÜvb K‡iwQ I †c‡qwQ| Avjøvni kc_ G‡Z Avgvi Pÿz †Kv‡bv

wLqvbZ K‡iwb| Avcwb Ggb GKRb bex wePvi wè‡m (wKqvg‡Zi w`b) †h e¨w³ Avcbvi mycvwik

†_‡K ewÂZ n‡e †m wbZvšÍB yf©vMv| †n nv‡k‡gi eskai wbðq Avjøvn RMrevmxi Dci †Zvgv‡ì‡K

Ggb †kÖôZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Qb, †h †kÖôZ¡ Ab¨ Avi KvD‡K †`qv nqwb|

Rxeb cÖm½

Rxeb cÖm‡½ ÔAvjx Beb Avex Zvwje-Gi welqe¯‘ wewPÎag©x| esk AnwgKv, gy‡L©i mvnPh©, hy‡Mi

wek¦vmNvZKZv, hyM-hš¿Yv, `ywbqvi †gvn, eÜ‡Z¡i ixwZ-bxwZ BZ¨vw` wel‡qi K_v e‡j‡Qb| esk

AnwgKv †h Amvi I wfwËnxb †m K_v e‡j‡Qb Gfv‡e-

أث أد الأ حاء- ابط جخ ازثبي أوفبء

غزدعبد لأحغبة آثبء- إب أبد ابط أعيخ13

[AvKvi AvK…wZi w`K w`‡q mKj gvbyl mgKÿ, †Kbbv Zv‡ì wcZv Av`g (Av.) Ges gvZv nvIqv

(Av.)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gv‡qiv gvbeRvwZi msiwÿZ Avavi, Avi wcZviv es‡ki Rb¨|]

Zuvi g‡Z Rxeb KZ¸wj wbtk¦v‡mi mgwa •e Avi wKQzB bq, cÖwZwU wbtk¦v‡mi G Rxe‡bi GKwU

g~jëvb As‡ki cÖ¯’vb N‡U| †h wbtk¦vmwU P‡j hvq Zv Avi †Kv‡bv w`b wd‡i Av‡m bv| gvby‡li G

Rxeb AZ¨šÍ ÿY¯’vqx| GKwU dzUšÍ dz‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb GKwU dzj Zvi cvcox

†gjv‡Z †gjv‡ZB g„Zzï mv‡_ w`b ¸Y‡Z _v‡K, wVK †Zgwb gvby‡li Rxeb Av‡Q, GKUz c‡iB g„Zzï

†Kv‡j X‡j co‡Z cv‡i| Rxeb I g„Zzï gv‡S eëavb mvgvb¨, Avi g„Zy¨B n‡jv Avmj wVKvbv|

wb‡gœv³ KweZv Q‡Î Zuvi G wPšÍvaviv dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ع لي رصيش يزب- لذ وذ يزبفصشد حيب14

[Zzwg †Zv g„Zz¨ wQ‡j AZtci Rxeb †c‡j, GKUz c‡iB g„‡Z cwiYZ n‡e|]

wRnv‡ì †PZbv

wRnv` m¤ú‡K© gyLvìvg KweMY eû Kve¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wRnv` †h Bmjv‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq

†mwUi Zvrch© I e¨vL¨v Kv‡e¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Bmjvg we‡ivax mKj cÖKvi cÖwZKzj kw³i weiæ‡× gvj,


169

Rvb, eyw×-Ávb, cÖfve-cÖwZcwË Ges kw³ mvg_©¨ DrmM© Kivi †PZbv Kv‡e¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Aóg

wnRix m‡b gyZvi hy‡× ivm~j (mv.) wZbRb †mbvcwZi bvg †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb| hviv n‡jb- hvq`

Beb nvwiQ, Rvdi Beb Avwe Zvwje I ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvn| cÖ_g yBRb kvnv`vZ eiY Ki‡j

ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv Bmjv‡gi SvÐv nv‡Z Zz‡j wb‡q mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡jb| wRnv‡ì gq`v‡b GKwU

KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡Z Ki‡Z AMÖmi nb hvi wKQz Ask wbgœiƒc:

زض أ زىش- ألغذ يب فظ زضخ

ب أسان رىشي اجخ- إ أجت ابط ؽذا اشخ

أزإلاطفخ ف ؽ- لذ طبي ب لذ وذ طئ

زا حب اد لذ صيذ- يبفظ إلا رمز رر

إ رفع فعب ذيذ- ب ريذ فمذ أعطيذ15

[†n Avgvi cÖvY! Avwg Kmg K‡iwQ, Zzwg Aek¨B bvg‡e, Zzwg †¯^”Qvq bvg‡e A_ev bvg‡Z eva¨ Kiv

n‡e| gvby‡li wPrKvi I µ›`b aŸwb DwÌZ n‡”Q| †Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q †h, GLbI RvbœvZ‡K AeÁv

Ki‡Qv? †mB KZ w`b †_‡K bv GB Rvbœv‡Zi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i Avm‡Qv, cyiv‡bv dz‡Uv gk‡Ki GK we› y

cvwb Qvov †Zv Zzwg Avi wKQz bI| †n Avgvi cÖvY, AvR Zzwg wbnZ bv n‡jI GKw`b Zzwg gi‡e| GB

g„Zzï nv¤§vg GLv‡b DËß Kiv n‡”Q, Zzwg hv Kvgbv Ki‡Z GLb †Zvgv‡K ZvB †`qv n‡q‡Q| Zzwg

†Zvgvi m½xØ‡qi Kg©cš’v AbymiY Ki‡j wn`vqvZ cv‡e|

Dû` hy‡× gymjgvb‡ì mvgvb¨ fy‡ji Kvi‡Y †c․ËwjK `j ivm~‡ji (mv.) Dci AvµgY K‡i|

ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi cZvKvevnx gymÔAve Beb DgvBi wb‡Ri cÖvY DrmM© K‡i Zuv‡K i¶v K‡ib| Zuvi

kvnv`v‡Zi mv‡_ mv‡_ ÔAvjx (iv.) Bmjvgx cZvKv DÇxb K‡ib| my‡hvM †c‡q Ave~ mvÔ` Beb Zvjnv

Zuvi Dci Avµgb K‡i| wKš‘ ÔAvjxi cÖPÐ Avµg‡b Zvjnv wbnZ nb|16

hy× †k‡l ÔAvjx (iv.) dvwZgv (iv.) Gi Kv‡Q G‡m ej‡jb, dvwZgv! ZievwiwU iv‡Lv| AvR GwU w`‡q

Lye hy× K‡iwQ| AZ:ci wZwb KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡jb-

فغذ ثش عذيذ لاثئي- أفبط بن اغيف غيشري

شضبح سة ثبعجبد عي- عش مذ أثيذ ف صشأحذ17

[†n dvwZgv! G ZievwiwU iv‡Lv hv KL‡bv Kjw¼Z nqwb| Avi AvwgI fxiæ Kvcyiæl bB Ges bxP|

Avgvi Rxe‡bi Kmg! bex Avngv‡ì mvnvh¨v‡_© Ges ev›`vi mewKQz m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ cÖfyi mš‘wó weav‡b

Avwg GUv‡K eënvi K‡i cyi‡bv K‡i †d‡jwQ|]

gymwjg knx‡ì ¯§iY

†kvKMv_v ev g„Zz¨ e¨w³i ¯§i‡Y Kve¨ iPbvq gyLvìvg KweMY wQ‡jb LyeB `¶| wewfbœ mgq

gymjgvb‡ì‡K DØy× Kivi Rb¨ knx`‡ì Ae`v‡bi K_v Kve¨vKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Dû` hy‡×

gymwjg evwnbx g`xbv †_‡K hvÎvi mg‡q ivm~j (mv.) ÔQvwbq¨vZzj we`vÕ ch©šÍ AMÖmi n‡q Zv‡ì we`vq

Rvbvb| we`vq †ejv g`xbvevmxiv Zv‡ì‡K ejj: †Zvgiv wbivc‡` _v‡Kv Ges Kvwgqve n‡q wd‡i

G‡mv| ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv Kuv`‡Z jvM‡jb| †jv‡Kiv ejj: Kuv`vi wK Av‡Q? wZwb ej‡jb,

`ywbqvi gnveŸ‡Z Avwg Kuv`wQbv| knx` ¯§i‡Y Avgvi `yB bq‡b AkÖæwm³ n‡”Q| ivm~j (mv.) Gi PvPv

nvgRv (iv.) Dû` hy‡× knx` nIqvi ci ÔAvãyjøvn Beb ivIqvnv †kvKMv_v iPbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb-

ب يغ اجىبء لا اعي- ثىذ عي حك ب ثىبب


170

أحضح راو اشج امزي- ع أعذ الإ غذاح لبا

بن لذ أصيت ث اشعي- أصيت اغ ث جيعب18

[Avgvi P¶zØq µ›`b K‡i‡Q, Avi Zuvi µ›`b Kiv DwPZ| KviY µ›`b I wejv‡ciB gyLv‡c¶x

Avmv`yj Bjv‡ni (nvgRv iv.) Dci hvi m¤‡Ü MZKvj ejvejx n‡q‡Q †h, nvgRv (iv.) wbnZ

n‡q‡Qb| G‡Z mKj gymwjg fvivµvšÍ n‡q‡Q Ges ivm~j (mv.) e¨w_Z n‡q‡Qb|]

gvMwdivZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv

gvMwdivZ A_© ¶gv cÖv_©bv Kiv, AbyZß nIqv| gyLvìvg KweMY mviv Rxeb AbyZß n‡q‡Qb Ges

Avjøvni Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgvc©Y K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì cv‡ci mxgv †bB| Z‡e Avjøvni Kv‡Q ¶gvi ìRv‡Zv

Amxg| Zuvi `qv I AbyMÖn Qvov Avgv‡ì P~ovšÍ j‡¶¨ †cu․Qv‡bv hv‡ebv| ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv

Gme welq wb‡q wPwšÍZ _vK‡Zb| wZwb m~iv gviBqvg Gi 71 bs AvqvZ- †Zvgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Zv

(cyjwmivZ) AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv †Zvgvi ie- Gi Awbevh© wm×všÍ cvV K‡ib| AZtci wZwb

e‡jb, Avwg wK †mB cyjwmivZ cvi n‡Z cvi‡ev? †jv‡Kiv Zuv‡K mvšÍ¦bv w`‡q ejj: Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K

ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi mv‡_ Avevi wgwjZ Ki‡eb| ZLb wZwb ¯îwPZ GKwU KweZv Ave„wË K‡ib|

KweZvwUi K‡qKwU ‡køvK wbgœiƒc:

ضشثخ راد فشع رمزف اضثذا- ى أعأي اشح غفشح

ثحشثخ رفز الأحؾبء اىجذا- أطعخ ثيذ حشا جضح

أسؽذ الله غبص لذ سؽذا- حز يمبي إرا شا ع جذث19

[Z‡e Avwg ingv‡bi Kv‡Q gvMwdivZ Kvgbv Kwi, Avi Kvgbv Kwi Awmi AšÍi‡f`x GKwU AvNvZ

A_ev KwjRv I bvwo‡Z †cu․‡Q hvq wbhvi Ggb GKwU †LuvPv| Avgvi Ke‡ii cvk w`‡q AwZµgKvix

†hb e‡j- nvq Avjøvn, †m KZ fv‡jv †hv×v I MvRx wQj|]

ZvKIqv m¤ú‡K©

gyLvìvg KweMY ZvKIqvi ‣ewkó¨, ¸Yvewj I ZvKIqv AR©‡bi wewfbœ cš’v m¤ú‡K© A‡bK KweZv

iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ZvKIqv Avjøvni fq, DrK…ó cv‡_q mÂq Ges Avjøvnfxiæ †jv‡Ki Rb¨ i‡q‡Q

Avjøvni Kv‡Q weivU QvIqve| ZvKIqv m¤úbœ gvbyl Avjøvni Kv‡Q MÖnYxq| †hUv AR©b Kiv KwVb|

Zviv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, `ywbqvi weË-‣efe I ¶Y¯’vqx myL-m‡¤¢v‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖK…Z †Kv‡bv †m․fvM¨ †bB|

Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi ci Avj ûZvqAv (iv.) GKRb fv‡jv I cwi”Qbœ gymjgvb n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| ZvKIqv

m¤ú‡K© wZwb Gfv‡e KweZv Ave„wË Ki‡jb-

ى ازم اغعيذ- غذ أس اغعبدح جع بي

عجذ الله لأ رم ضيذ- رم الله خيش اضاد رخشا20

[ab m¤ú` mÂq Kiv‡K Avwg †Kv‡bv †m․fvM¨ e‡j g‡b Kwi bv eis Avjøvn‡K †h fq K‡i †mB

†m․fvMëvb| Avjøvni fq DrK…ó cv‡_q I mÂq Ges Avjøvn fxiæ †jv‡Ki Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Avjøvni Kv‡Q

weivU QvIqve|]

Avi‡ki eY©bv

gyLvìvg KweMY Avi‡ki wewfbœ eY©bv w`‡q KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avik gnvb iveŸyj Avjvwg‡bi

GK gnvb m„wó| †hwU GKwU we®§qKi hv gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ wKqvgZ ch©šÍ wPšÍvi †LvivK| mßg

Avmgv‡bi Dci gnvb Avjøvni ZvÔAvjvi Avik, KziQx Aew¯’Z| nv`x‡mi eY©bvbyhvqx Avik KziQx


171

GZ wekvj †h, Zv mgMÖ AvKvk I Rgxb‡K cwi‡ewóZ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv

Avi‡ki eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb-

فق اعشػ سة اعيب- إ اعشػ فق ابء حبف

لائىخ إلا غيب- رح لائىخ وشا21

[wbðq Avik cvwbi Dci cÖ`w¶Z| Avi Avi‡ki Dci i‡q‡Qb Avgv‡ì cÖwZcvjK| Avi Zv enb

K‡i Av‡Qb m¤§vwbZ I Avjøvni •bKU¨kxj wdwikZviv| Avjøvni wdwikZviv †k¦Z-ïå wPý wewkó|]

Kzdzixi cÖwZ wb›`v I wa°vi

gyLvìvg Kwe‡ì welq‣ewP‡Îï g‡a¨ wb›`v I wa°vi wQj GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Zviv cÖwZc¶‡K

wb›`v Ki‡Z wØav‡eva Ki‡Zv bv| Kwe nvmmv‡bi wb›`vev‡ì g‡a¨ ïay MvwjB _vK‡Zv bv, Zv‡Z

_vK‡Zv cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZy¨Ëi| Zuvi ÷vBjwU wQj AwZ PgrKvi| KzivBk‡ì wb›`vi iwPZ Zuvi KweZv-

وإي اغمت ذ اعب- اؽذ أ ه لشيؼ22

[Avwg Rvwb †h †Zvgvi AvZ¥xqZv Kzivqk‡ì m‡½ Av‡Q| Z‡e Zv G iKg †hgb DU-kve‡Ki mv‡_ DU

cvLxi Qvbvi mv „k¨ n‡q _v‡K|]

ZvQvov Ave~ mywdqvb Bebyj nv‡iQ wQ‡jb ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi PvPv‡Zv I `ya fvB| Bmjvgc~e© mg‡q

ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) Gi mv‡_ Zvi LyeB fve wQj| beyIqvZ cÖvwßi ci Zuvi mv‡_ `ykgwb ïiæ nq| wZwb

wQ‡jb GKRb Kwe| ivm~j (mv.) I gymjgvb‡ì wb›`vi Rev‡e KweZv iPbv Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb|

Ave~ mywdqv‡bi wb›`vq nvmmvb (iv.) Gi KweZv-

عذ الله ف ران اجضاء- جد حذا فأججزع

أي الله ؽيز افبء- جد جبسوب ثشا حيفب23

[Zzwg gynv¤§v‡ì wb›`v K‡i‡Qv Avwg Zuvi c¶ †_‡K Reve w`‡qwQ| Avi Gi cÖwZ`vb i‡q‡Q Avjøvni

Kv‡Q| Zzwg wb›`v K‡i‡Qv GKRb cweÎ cybëvb I mZ¨cš’x e¨w³i| whwb Avjøvni cig wek¦vmx Ges

Aw½Kvi cvjb Kiv hvi ¯fve|]

Dcmsnvi

†gvUK_v gyLvìvg Kwe‡ì KweZvPP©v ZrKvjxb Avi‡e LyeB cÖwm× wQj| Zuv‡ì fvlv wQj weï×|

KweZvi eY©bvfw½ I •ewPÎ¨ Kveäviv‡K h‡_ó cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| welq‣ewP‡Î¨ Zuviv Avgyj cwieZ©b

mvab Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| esk †M․ie, †MvÎxq AnwgKv, wnsmv we‡Øl †hLv‡b wQj KweZvi g~j

DcRxe¨, †mLv‡b Rvbœv‡Zi eY©bv, myL kvwšÍi eY©bv, ¶gv cÖv_©bv, bvhv‡Zi c‡_i g‡Zv welq •ewPÎ¨‡K

mvg‡b G‡b bZzb avivi Rb¥ w`‡qwQ‡jb| d‡j gyLvìvg hy‡Mi KweZv¸‡jv LyeB DbœZ gv‡bi hv mgMÖ

Aviex mvwn‡Zï AmvaviY m„wó wn‡m‡e aiv nq|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 W. •mq` gvngy`yj nvmvb, Avie RvwZi BwZnvm (XvKv: †bv‡ej cvewjwks nvDm, 1986), c„. 20|


172

2 Beb ÔAve` ivween, Avj-ÔBK`yj dvix`, 3q LÐ (Kvq‡iv: jvRbvZzZ ZvÔjxd, 1965wn.), c„. 116|

3 Av.Z.g gyQ‡jn DÏxb, Aviex mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1982wLª.), c„. 155|

4 W. †gvnv¤§` BmgvBj †P․ayix, cÖvPxb Aviwe KweZv; BwZnvm I msKjb (PÆMÖvg: Avngvw`qv wcÖw›Us †cÖm,

2015wLª.), c„. 25|

5 Avngv` nvmvb Avh hvBqvZ, ZvixLyj Av`vwej Avivex (cÖKvkbvj‡qi bvg I ZvwiL wenxb), c„. 64-65|

6 BDmyd Avj-Kvbavjyex, nvqvZzm mvnvev (w`gvkK: `viæj Kvjvg, 1983wLª.), c„. 20|

7 W. kvIKx `vqd, AvZ& ZvZvIDiæ IqvZ ZvR`x`y wdk wkÔwij ÔDgvfx (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid 2008wLª.),

c„. 16-17|

8 Avngv` nvmvb Avh hvBqvZ, c„. 79|

9 cÖvPxb Aviex KweZv; BwZnvm I msKjb, c„. 22|

10 Ave`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, Av` `xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj Dj~g, 1982 wLª.), c„. 92|

11 W±i gynv¤§` Ave`yj gvey`, Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfv (XvKv: Avnmvb cvewj‡Kkb, 2003 wLª.), c„. 123|

12 xIqvby ÔAve yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, m¤úv bv: W. Iqvwj` wKmve (†m․w` Avie: `viæj Dj~g, 1982wLª.), c„. 153|

13 ÔAvjx Beb Avwe Zvwje, Av` `xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZywej ÔAvivex, 2005 wLª.), c„. 105|

14 W. BDmyd dvinvZ, kviû `xIqvwbj Bgvg ÔAvjx Beb Avwe Zvwje (iv.) (•eiƒZ: `viæj wKZvwej ÔAvivex, 2005

wLª.), c„. 55|

15 Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfv, c„. 89|

16 `xIqvb-B-ÔAvjx, fvlvšÍi: gynv¤§v` nvmvb ingZx, 1g LÐ (XvKv: i¨vgb cvewjkvm©, 2016 wLª.), c„. 95|

17 ÔAvjx Beb Avwe Zvwje, Av` `xIqvb, c„. 105|

18 `xIqvby ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, c„. 132; Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨ cÖwZfv, c„. 87|

19 `xIqvby ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, c„. 147; nvqvZzm mvnvev, 1g LÐ, c„. 529-30; Avmnv‡e ivm~‡ji Kve¨

cÖwZfv, c„. 88|

20 Aveyj dvivR Avj-Bmdvnvbx, wKZveyj AvMvbx, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: gyÔAvmmvmvZz Rv¤§vj, Zv.we.), c„. 175|

21 `xIqvby ÔAve`yjøvn Beb ivIqvnv, c„. 144; Avj-KziZzex, Avj-BmZxÔAve UxKv: Avj Bmvev dx Zvgqxh Avm mvnvev,

1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, 1978wLª.), c„. 362|

22 nvmmvb Beb QvweZ, Av` `xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZywej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1966wLª.), c„. 242|

23 Z‡è, c„. 20; wKZveyb AvMvbx, 4_© LÐ, c„. 163; Bebyj AvQxi, Dm`yj Mvev, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvÕ AvZ-

ZzivQ Avj-Avivex 1963wLª.), c„. 117|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi Kv‡e¨ Ak¦e›`bv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. Qv‡jKz¾vgvb Lvb

Abstract: Poetry of Jahily is unfading peace of Arabic literature. Poets portrayed the

society in sensible contexture through those poems. Poetry has a trace or every walk of

Arablife along with peace, warfare and so more. Since Arabs were nomad travelers on

the desert, pets were daily part of their sustentation. Horse had very vital importance to

them among the benevolent animals. Therefore, the objects related to horse like prides

for it, benefits and necessities to it are well defined. Rearing of horses, giving diverse

names to them, regarding as blessed, use of them as transportation and war equipments

along with other salutary things have been immortalized precisely through these ancient

poems. These worth very high rhetorical values in the Arabic literature. About all the

poets of Jahily explained nicely about their homesteads, carriages and most beloved.

They poured very great wisdom on the illustrations of vehicles horses, camels and asses.

They showed no thrift to furhish with unique analogies and examples. Imru’l Qais and

‘Antara got specialities in their poems in depiction of horses. The poems of these two

scholars about horses bear definite praises. They presented all about horses from physical

structures to good qualities excellently and nicely.

f‚wgKv

Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweZv Aviex mvwn‡Zï Agi m„wó| KweMY Zuv‡ì RxebvPvi wbc~Yfv‡e KweZvi gva¨‡g

Zz‡j a‡ib| KweZv ZrKvwjb Avie mgv‡Ri cÖwZwe¤^| hv‡Z Zuv‡ì kvwšÍ I hy×-weMÖnmn Rxe‡bi

cÖwZwU welq cÖwZdwjZ nq| Rvwnjx Avieiv giæPvix wQj e‡j Zuv‡ì Rxeb-RxweKvi mv‡_ M„ncvwjZ

cÖvYxi m¤úK© wQj Acwimxg| Avi wewfbœ DcKvix cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q Ak¦ ev †Nvov wQj LyeB

¸iæZ¡c~Y© I AZ¨vek¨Kxq m¤ú`| d‡j Aviex KweZvq †Nvovi m¤§vb, DcKvwiZv, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv,

cÖwZcvjb, wewfbœ bv‡g bvgKiY, eiKZgq nIqv, hy× Ges cwien‡Y eënvi BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv

PgrKvifv‡e wea„Z n‡q‡Q| mvwn‡Zï AvjsKvwiK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G¸‡jv LyeB D”P gv‡bi| G cÖe‡Ü

Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi KweZvq †Nvov cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kivi Avkv ivwL|

†Nvovi cwiPq

†Nvovi Aviex cÖwZkã nj فشط| G kãwU cyiæl I ¯¿x Dfq wj‡½i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| فشط Gi eûePb

Iافشاط | فشط1 †Nvovi Av‡ivnx‡K فبسط ejv nq| GwU eûeP‡b فشعب I فاسط eëüZ nq|

2

Aviex fvlvq mvaviY †Nvov, eo †Nvov, †QvU †Nvov, mv`v, Kv‡jvmn wewfbœ AvKvi I i‡Oi †Nvovi

Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ kã i‡q‡Q| h_v bi †Nvov‡K ejv nq دصب| Gi eûePb دص| Avi gv`x †Nvov‡K

ejv nq دجش| hvi eûePb ادجش (AvnRvi) I دجش (ûRi)|3 A‡bK¸‡jv †Nvov eySv‡Z Aviex‡Z

|خيي I enyePb nj خبئ kã eëüZ nq| Kv‡iv g‡Z Gi GKePb اخي4 †Nvovi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã

nj Horse.5 †Nvovi Dcvwa nj اث شجبع (mvnmxi wcZv) اث عبت (Zv‡j‡ei wcZv) اث , اث ذسن

اث ضبء ,اث اضبس,اج BZ¨vw`6|



174

Avj-KziAvb I Avj-nv`x‡m †Nvovi eY©bv

Avj-KyiAv‡bi GKvwaK ¯’v‡b †Nvovi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv G‡m‡Q| hv †_‡K eySv hvq †Nvov Avjøvni cÿ

†_‡K gvby‡li cªwZ we‡kl GKwU †bqvgZ| Avjøvn †Nvov‡K w`‡q‡Qb gh©v`v, kw³ Ges Zvui iv Ívq

gyRvwn`‡ì Rb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix evwb‡q‡Qb| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb:7

. ب لا رؼ يخك صيخ ب يش زشوج اذ اجغبي Ò†Zvgv‡ì Av‡ivn‡Yi Rb¨ Ges اخي

†kvfvi Rb¨ wZwb †Nvov, L”Pi I Mvav m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Avi wZwb Ggb wRwbm m„wó K‡i‡Qb hv †Zvgiv

Rvb bvÓ| GB Avqv‡Zi Zvdmx‡i Bgvg KziZzex e‡jb Ò†Nvov, L”Pi I Mvav‡K DËg gvwjKvbvq

ivLv, DËgiƒ‡c hZœ †bIqv, G¸‡jvi cÖwZ AbyMÖnkxj nIqv Ges AwZwi³ Kó bv w`‡q evn‡bi Kv‡R

eënvi Kiv DwPZ|8 Ab¨Î Bikv` n‡q‡Q:

9

. و ػذ ا ػذ ث ج رش سثبط اخي ح ل ب اعزغؼز أػذا ÒAvi cÖ¯‘Z Ki Zuv‡ì

mv‡_ hy‡×i Rb¨ hv wKQz msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi, wb‡Ri kw³ mvg‡_©ï g‡a¨ †_‡K Ges cvwjZ †Nvov †_‡K,

†hb cÖfve c‡o Avjøvni kÎæ‡ì Dci Ges †Zvgv‡ì kÎæ‡ì Dci| Avj-KyiAv‡b †Nvov‡K hy×v‡¯¿i

gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Dci †kªôZ¡ `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j gymjgvbMY †Nvov‡K

Bmjv‡gi kÎæevwnbxi weiæ‡× hy‡×i †ÿ‡Î eënvi K‡i| Zvuiv GwU‡K DËg evnb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|

Avi †Nvovi wel‡q Zuviv AwaK hZœkxj nq| KyiAv‡b †hgb †Nvovi wel‡q eY©bv G‡m‡Q †Zgwb bex

(mv.) Gi nv`x‡QI †Nvovi †kÖôZ¡, †Nvovi eiKZgq nIqv Ges †Nvovi cÖwZ hZœkxj nIqvi wb‡ ©k

Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mv.) e‡jb: 10

ÔÔ†KqvgZ ch©šÍ †Nvovi اخي ف اصيب اخيش ا ي اميبخ

Kcv‡ji †Kk¸‡”Q Kj¨vY wbwnZ i‡q‡Q|ÕÕ gnvbex (mv.) Ab¨ nv`x‡Q e‡jb:11

.لارمصا اص اخي لا ؼبسفب لا أربثب، فإ أربثب زاثب ؼبسفب دفبإب اصيب ؼمد فيب اخيش

ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, GK mgq †Nvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi gZ e‡b R½‡j ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxeb hvcb KiZ| Avi

gvby‡liv Bnvi †MvkZ fÿY Ges Zuvi Pvgov Øviv DcKvi jv‡fi Rb¨ GwU‡K wkKvi KiZ| ZL‡bv

mvIqvix wnmv‡e †Nvovi eënvi wQjbv| AZ:ci Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv gvby‡li †L`g‡Z †Nvov‡K AbyMZ

K‡i w`‡jb| d‡j BmgvCj (Av.) G †Nvovi Dci mIqvi nb Ges wb‡Ri Aaxb K‡i iv‡Lb|12

Bebyj Kvjex e‡jb:13

أي سوت اخي ارخزب اعبػي اث اثشاي، اب وبذ دشب لارغبق

Ò BmgvCj Beb Beªvnxg (Av.) cÖ_g †Nvovq Av‡ivnY K‡ib| BZ:c~‡e© †Nvov دز عخشد لإعبػي

eb¨cÖvYx wQj, GwU‡K BmgvCj (Av.)-Gi Rb¨ AbyMZ K‡i †`qv nq|Ó Avjøvni bex (mv.) e‡jb:14

Ò†Zvgiv †Nvovi Dci Av‡ivnb Ki, KviY GwU †Zvgv‡ì اسوجا اخي فإب يشاس أثيى إعبػي

wcZv BmgvB‡ji (Av.) Iqvwik|Ó

Aviex KweZvq †Nvovi eY©bv

Avie‡ì Rxe‡b †Nvov ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Zuviv †Nvov‡K AZ¨waK fvjevmZ, Gi hZœ

wbZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ me cÖvYxi Dci cÖvavb¨ w`Z| Rvwnjx Avieiv †Nvovi KyjwRaviv ev es‡ki BwZnvm

msiÿY Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc KiZ| Zuv‡ì †Nvovi wfbœ wfbœ bvg _vKZ| hv cieZ©x‡Z Òbvmveyj LvqjÓ

ev †Nvovi esk ZvwjKv bv‡g MÖš’I iwPZ nq|15

Avieiv †Nvov‡K Zuv‡ì evnb Ges gvj cwien‡Yi

Kv‡R eënvi KiZ| cieZ©x‡Z Bmjv‡gi weR‡qi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e GwU M„nxZ nq|

ZrKvjxb Avi‡e †Nvovi gvwjK KL‡bv †Nvov‡K Zuvi ¯¿x, mšÍvb GgbwK wb‡Ri DciI cÖvavb¨ w`Z|

†m ÿzavZ© Ae¯’vq _vK‡jI †Nvov‡K D‡cvl ivLZbv| †m †Nvovi Rb¨ kxZKv‡j Mig cvwb I

MÖx®§Kv‡j VvÐv cvwbi eë¯’v KiZ| VvÐv †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †Nvovi kix‡i Kvco cwo‡q w`Z| Zv‡K


175

`vgx †LRyi LvIqvZ|16

Bmjvg AvMg‡bi c‡i Avj-KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z †Nvovi m¤§vb, †kÖôZ¡,

hy‡×i Rb¨ †Nvov‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv ewY©Z nq| Avjøvni bexi (mv.) nv`x‡QI †Nvov

m¤ú‡K© weeiY cvIqv hvq| Avjøvni bex (mv.) †Nvov‡K eiKZgq e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb me

cïi g‡a¨ hvKvZ wba©vib K‡ib| wKš‘ †Nvovi e¨vcv‡i e‡jb:17

يظ ػ اغ صذلخ ف ػجذ لا

.ف فشع Ògymjgv‡bi Dci Zuvi `vm I †Nvovi hvKvZ dih bqÕÕ| d‡j Avieiv †Nvovi cÖwZ AwaK

hZœkxj nq| Avie‡ì mgvR Rxe‡bi `c©Y wQj KweZv| ZvB KweZvq Zuv‡ì †Nvovi cÖwZ fvjevmv,

hZœkxj nIqv, wewfbœ bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv Ges †Nvovi esk ci¤úivmn wewfbœ w`K dz‡U D‡V|18

Bmjv‡g †Nvov‡K m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kivi g~j KviY nj gywgb‡ì Rb¨ hy‡×i gq`v‡b GwU evnb wn‡m‡e

KvR Ki‡e| GwU Avjøvni Rwg‡b Avjøvni Kvwjgv cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e|19

G Kvi‡Y Avjøvni

bex (mv.) †Nvov‡K wZbwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| (K) Avjøvni †Nvov (L) gvby‡li †Nvov (M)

kqZv‡bi †Nvov| Zb¥‡a¨ Avjøvni †Nvov nj †mB †Nvov hv Avjøvni iv Ívq eëüZ nq Ges hvi Dci

P‡o Avjøvni kÎæ‡ì nZ¨v Kiv nq|20

Avieiv Zuv‡ì †Nvovi esk ci¤úiv ¯§iY ivLZ| Zvuiv Zuv‡ì

†Nvov‡K wewfbœ bv‡g bvgKiY KiZ| ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, gnvbex (mv.) Gi mvZwU †Nvov wQj, cÖ‡Z¨KwU

wewfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Zb¥‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj ÔاغىتÕ hvi Dci Av‡ivnY K‡i Avjøvni bex (mv.)

hy‡× Ask MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|21

wReivBj (Av.) Gi †Nvovi bvg nj nvqh~g|22

nvmvb Beb Avjx Beb

Avex Zvwje (iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Bqvng~g|23

Ave~ hvi wMdvix (iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Avj

AvR`vj|24

mvnvex Lvwj` Beb Iqvjx` (iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Avj AvBqvi|25

ÔDgvi Bebyj LvËve

(iv.) Gi †Nvovi bvg Avj Iqvi`| GwU Zvgxg `vix bex (mv.) †K nvw`qv w`‡qwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z bex

(mv.) GwU ÔDgvi (iv.) †K nvw`qv †`b| ÔDgvi (iv.) Gi Dci Av‡ivnY K‡i hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib|26

G mKj †Nvovi bvg I eskZvwjKv BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq| mgKvjxb KweMY Zuv‡ì

KweZvq wb‡R‡ì †Nvovi bvg D‡jøL K‡i KweZv iPbv Ki‡Zb| †hgb Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvq‡mi

†Nvovi bvg Avj RvDb|27

ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv` Gi †Nvovi bvg AveRvi|28

Dfq KweB Zuv‡ì

†Nvovi bv‡g Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|

Aviex KweZvi mv‡_ †Nvovi m¤úK©

Rvwnjx Avie‡ì Rxe‡b †Nvov AZ¨šÍ g~jëvb I cÖ‡qvRbxq GK e¯‘i bvg| †Nvovi cÖwZ Zuv‡ì

fvjevmv wQj AK…wÎg| KL‡bv Zuviv †Nvov‡K Zuv‡ì Rxe‡bi gZB fvjevmZ| Avevi KL‡bv Zuviv

wb‡Ri †P‡qI †ewk fvjevmZ|29

Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q Akv‡ivnY wQj kw³ cÖ`k©b I exiZ¡ cÖKv‡ki Ab¨Zg

gva¨g| Zuv‡ì A‡b‡KB Akv‡ivn‡Y AwaK AvMÖnx wQj| Akv‡ivnY wb‡q Zuviv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KiZ|

G‡Z hviv kw³ I cvwÐZ¨ cÖ`k©‡b GwM‡q _vKZ Zuviv Avie‡ì Kv‡Q m¤§vb I myL¨vwZi Avm‡b

mgvmxb nZ| cÖvPxb Aviex Kwe‡ì †Ìqv‡b Akv‡ivnY wel‡q KweZvi e¨vcKZv jÿ Kiv hvq|30

wb‡¤œv³ KwZcq Kvi‡Y Avie‡ì KweZvq †Nvovi ¸iæZ¡ dz‡U D‡V|

(K) hy×-weMÖn

Avie‡ì gv‡S Zz”Q welq wb‡qI hy× †j‡M _vKZ| Avi Gme hy‡× kÎæi gyKv‡ejvq wb‡R‡K

AvZ¥iÿv Ges cÖwZcÿ‡K `ªæZ civwRZ Ki‡Z Zuviv †Nvov‡K Ab¨Zg evnb wn‡m‡e eënvi KiZ|

†Nvov wQj Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q m¤ú`kvjx I `vwqZ¡ cÖvwßi Ab¨Zg KviY| †Nvovi gva¨‡g Zuviv hy‡× weRq


176

jvf K‡i m¤§vb I m¤ú` jv‡f mÿg nq| cÿvšÍ‡i civwRZ †Mv‡Îi Rb¨ Afve I ¯¿x-mšÍvb †Q‡o

Ab¨Î cvwj‡q †eov‡bvi KviY nq|31

Kwe mvjvgv Bebyj Rvb`vj e‡jb: 32

أر داس ذشة* و فميش ثؤر الله لذ ججشد ر غ ث

ÒAvjøvni B”Qvq KZ `wi ª abx n‡q‡Q| Ges KZ abx‡K K‡i‡Q `wi ª|Ó

(L) wkKvi Kiv

Rvwnjx hy‡Mi Avie‡ì AwaKvskB wkKvi cQ›` KiZ| Zuviv wkKv‡i †Nvov‡K evnb wn‡m‡e MÖnY

KiZ| kw³kvjx I `ªæZMvgx †Nvov‡K wb‡R‡ì Rb¨ DuPz-wbPy cvnvwo I mgZj me ¯’v‡b DËg evnb

wn‡m‡e MÖnY KiZ| G Kvi‡YB ZrKvjxb cÖvq me Kwe‡ì KweZvq wkKvi I Zv‡Z eëüZ evnb

m¤ú‡K© eY©bv cvIqv hvq| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb: 33

ثجشد ليذ الأاثذ يى* لذ اغزذ اغيش ف وبرب

ÒAvwg AwZ cÖZz¨‡l wkKv‡i †ei nB hLb cvLxiv Zuv‡ì bx‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| Avwg wkKv‡i †ei nB

Ggb †Nvovq P‡o hv n«¯ ckg wewkó, myVvg †`nx, ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ|Ó

(M) cvi¯úwiK Me© I AnsKv‡ii e ‘

‡Nvov Avie‡ì Rxe‡b Zuv‡ì Av‡jvPbv I gRwj‡m cvi¯úwiK Me© I AnsKv‡ii Ab¨Zg DcKiY

wQj| DËg †Nvovi gvwjK nIqv Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q wQj m¤§v‡bi welq| d‡j Zuv‡ì KweZvq Akv‡ivnY,

†Nvovi cÖwZ hZœkxj nIqv Ges G wel‡q Zuv‡ì AwfÁZv A‡bï mv‡_ wewbgq Kivi cÖmsM DVZ|

Zuv‡ì Av‡jvPbvi gRwj‡m †Nvovi welq †m․›`h©¨ ea©b KiZ|34

Kwe AvjKvgvn e‡jb: 35

يذ ثب غت ف اذ ؼ* لذ الد أب اذ عجخ

ÒAvwg `xN©‡`nx †Nvovi Dci P‡o †Mv‡Îi †jvK‡ì †bZ…Z¡ †`B| hvi Øviv D”P es‡ki cÖwZ Bw½Z

enY K‡i|Ó Kwe Avj gyivw°ïj AvmMvi Zvui †Nvovi eY©bvq e‡jb: 36

خبيلا أسثخ * ػ ث ار اذ أش اغض عشا أ

ÒAvwg Avgvi evn‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i gRwj‡m Mgb Kwi, Gi Øviv Avwg Ab¨‡ì (†Mv‡Îi) Dci

m¤§vwbZ †eva Kwi|Ó

Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZvivi KweZvq †Nvov

(K) †Nvovi •`wnK KvVv‡gv

Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweMY Zuv‡ì KweZvq †Nvov‡K PgrKvi fv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuviv KweZvq †Nvovi

•`wnK KvVv‡gv, A½-cÖZ¨½, wÿcÖZv Ges Mv‡qi is mn wewfbœ wKQz eY©bv K‡ib| Zuviv †Nvov‡K KL‡bv

_vjv, bvjv, jvwV I ek©vi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib‡Qb| Avi G¸‡jv Zuviv Zuv‡ì †Nvovi kw³, „pZv I

kxb©Zv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ K‡ib|37

KviY †Nvov n‡jv Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg eÜzmyjf evnb| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj

Kvqm e‡jb: 38

ويذ وؤب شاح اي* ثؼجضح لذ ارضس اجش ذب

ÒAvwg jvj‡P Kv‡jv i‡Oi †Nvovi gva¨‡g c_ AwZµg Kwi, hv yªZMvgx Zvu‡Zi jvwVi gZ ªæZ P‡j|Ó

Kwe ÔAvbZviv Zvui KweZvq `xN©‡`nx I n«¯ ckg wewkó †Nvovi eY©bv K‡i e‡jb: 39


177

اخي رمزذ اخجبس ػاثغب * ثي شيظخ اخش شيظ

ÒhLb kÎæc‡ÿi `xN©‡`nx †NvUKx Ges n«¯ ckg wewkó †NvUK¸‡jv big gvwU‡Z AvµgY Pvjv‡Z

wM‡q Ngv©³ n‡q D‡VwQj|Ó

Rvwnjx KweMY Zuv‡ì KweZvq wcÖq evnb †Nvov m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Zvuiv Gi wKQzB

ev` †`qwb| A‡bK Kwe Zuv‡ì †Nvov‡K c½cvj, CMj, evRcvwL Ges wP‡ji mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡ib|40

†h mKj Rvwnjx Kwe †Nvovi PgrKvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm Ab¨Zg| wZwb

cÖ_g Kwe whwb †Nvov‡K nwiY, †bK‡o I DUcvwLi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ibb, cieZ©x KweMY G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi

AbymiY K‡ib|41

wZwb Zuvi †Nvovi ‣`wnK MVY Ges kw³i e¨vcv‡i e‡jb: 42

ثجشد ليذ الأاثذ يى* لذ اغزذ اغيش ف وبرب

اسخبء عشدب رمشيت رزف* أيغلا ظج عبلب ؼبخ

ÒAwZ cÖZz¨‡l hLb cvLxiv evmvq Ae¯’vb K‡i Avwg Avgvi n«¯^ ckg wewkó myVvg †`nx, ªæZMwZ

m¤úbœ wkKvix Ak wb‡q †ei n‡q cwo| Zuvi cvuRi nwi‡Yi g‡Zv, cv DU cvLxi g‡Zv, MwZ †bK‡o

ev‡Ni g‡Zv, Avi †`․o †LKwkqv‡ji g‡Zv|Ó

(L) †Nvovi wÿcÖZv

†Nvov GKwU ªæZMvgx cÖvYx| GwU Zuvi MšÍ‡e¨ wÿcÖZvi mv‡_ GwM‡q hvq| d‡j Akv‡ivnx Avieiv ªæZMvgx

†Nvov‡K Zuv‡ì evnb MÖnY K‡i| Zuviv ªæZMwZi eY©bvq †Nvov‡K wewfbœ cÖvYxi mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡ib|43

†Nvovi wÿeªæZvi Rb¨ KL‡bv Zuviv GwU‡K cvwL, nwiY, †bK‡o, †LuKwkqvj, cvwbi Xj, evjwZ, Av¸b I

Zx‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb:44

وجد صخش دغ اغي ػ* ىش فش مج ذثش ؼب

ارا جبػ في دي غ شج* ػ ازث جيبػ وؤ ازضا

اثش اغجبس ثبىذيذ اشو* غخ ار ب اغبثذبد ػ ا

رزبثغ وفي ثخيظ ص* دسيش وخزسف ايذ اش

Ò†mB Ak Avµg‡Yi mgq GKB m‡½ Wv‡b, ev‡g, A‡MÖ, cðv‡` ZxeªMwZ‡Z avweZ nq, g‡b nq †hb

†Kvb cÖ¯Íi LÐ †Kvb D”P¯’vb n‡Z †¯ªv‡Zi †e‡M bx‡P wQU‡K co‡Q|Ó

ÒZvi (•`wnK) K¬vwšÍ m‡Ë¡I †m Zxeª †e‡M †`․uovq, hLb †m Zuvi wkKv‡ii cðv×veb K‡i Zuvi kix‡ii

DËvc †WKPxi g‡a¨ dzUšÍ cvwbi DËv‡ci gZ n‡q hvq|Ó

ÒGwU GKwU `ªæZMwZ wewkó Ak, hLb Ab¨ Ak^ j †`․u‡o K¬všÍ n‡q c‡o ZLb †m Zuvi Ly‡ii AvNv‡Z

ay‡jv Dwo‡q Zuv‡ì c``wjZ K‡i|Ó

Ò†m †Kvb evj‡Ki jvwU‡gi gZ wÿcÖMwZ m¤úbœ, hv‡K GKwU cvKv‡bv myZvi mvnv‡h¨ Z¡wiZMwZ n Í

Øviv †Nviv‡bv n‡q‡Q|Ó

Kwe ÔAvbZviv Zvui gyÔAvjøvKvq †Nvovi eY©bv PgrKvifv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| KviY Zvui †NvovwU wQj

hy‡× Zuvi Rb¨ DËg evnb| Zuvi †Nvov wQj `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ I myVvg †`nx hvi Øviv wZwb kÎæc‡ÿi

Dci Svwc‡q co‡Zb| Kwe e‡jb: 45


178

ا وذ جبخ ثب رؼ* لا عؤذ اخي يب إثخ به

ذ رؼبس اىبح ى* اصاي ػ سدبي عبثخ إر لا

Ò†n gvwjK bw›`bx! Zywg hw` Avgvi (exiZ¡) m¤^‡Ü AÁ nI Zvn‡j Zywg hv AeMZ bI †mB wel‡q

Akv‡ivnx ‣mb¨‡ì wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cvi|Ó

ÒKviY hLb exi †mbvMY Avgvi `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ, myVvg †`nx I AvnZ Ak‡K evievi AvNvZ nv‡b

ZLbI Avwg (wbf©‡q) Ak^c„‡ô mgvmxb _vwK|Ó

(M) †Nvovi iO

Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweMY Zuv‡ì KweZvq †Nvovi iO Gi eY©bv w`‡ZI Kvc©Y¨ K‡ibwb| Zuviv †Nvovi

Z¡‡Ki wbg©jZv, PvKwPK¨ I D¾¦jZvi eY©bv Zy‡j a‡ib| Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q myVvg †`nx I my›ì Pzj wewkó

†Nvov AwaK wcªq|46

Av`nvg (اد) Mvp Kv‡jv iO Gi †Nvov‡K e‡j| Ges Kv‡jv iO Gi g‡a¨

jv‡ji cªvavb¨ n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq KzgvBZ (ويذ)|47

Avi G ywU kãB Kwe ÔAvbZviv I ÕBgiæÕDj

Kvq‡mi KweZvq eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb: 48

وب صذ اصفاء ثبزضي* ويذ يضي اجذ ػ دبي ز

Ò†m GKwU i³e‡Y©i Ak, hvi c„ô‡`k n‡Z Zuvi wRb wcQ‡j c‡o, wVK evwiavivq Mwo‡q cov gm„Y

Dcj L‡Ði gZ|Ó Kwe ÔAvbZviv hy×‡ÿ‡Î eëüZ Zuvi K…òKvq †Nvovi eY©bvq e‡jb: 49

اشغب ثئش ف جب الأد* يذػ ػزش اشبح وؤب

ÒZviv WvKwQj ÔAvbZviv (e‡j), Avi ZLb Avgvi K…òKvq A‡kî †`‡n ek©v¸‡jv (we× n‡q) K‚‡ci

cvwb D‡Ëvjb Kiv iwki gZ SzjwQj|Ó اد A_© Mvp Kv‡jv| Kwe ÔAvbZvivi †Nvovi iO wQj Mvp

Kv‡jv i‡Oi|

G hy‡Mi KweMY †Nvovi †`‡ni Ggb †Kvb A½ †bB hv m¤ú‡K© Zuviv Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ibwb| †Nvovi

†Pnvivq Kg †Mv Í wewkó nIqv Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖksmbxq wQj| †Nvovi †Pv‡Li ZxÿœZv I `yi`„wó m¤úbœ

nIqv GwU AwaK eyw× m¤úbœ nIqvi Bw½Z K‡i| †Nvovi †`‡ni MVb I AvK…wZi eY©bv Aviex KweZvq

we`¨gvb| KweMY `x©N I D”P †`‡ni †Nvov‡K Ab¨ †Nvovi Dci cÖvavb¨ w`‡Zb|50

†Nvovi eY©bvi •kwíK g~j¨vqb

(K) Dcgv (التشبيه)

Zvkexn Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb| GwU Aviex AjsKvi kv‡¯¿i Ab¨Zg

kvLv| GwU GKwU PgrKvi I DbœZ gv‡bi evKixwZ| Gi gva¨‡g e³‡e¨ bZzb gvÎv †hvM nq| e³e¨

AwaK ¯úó nq Ges evK¨ †m․›`h©c~Y© nq| Aviex KweZvq Gi me©vwaK eënvi cwijwÿZ nq| GKwU

welq‡K Ab¨ GKwU wel‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb ¸‡Yi w`K w`‡q, †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ Zyjbv Kiv‡K Zvkexn

|e‡j (ازشجي)51

gbxlxMY Zvkexn Gi msÁv wewfbœ fv‡e cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|

Avie DcØx‡c GKRb Avie Zuvi MšÍ‡e¨ †c․Quvi Rb¨ kw³kvjx I e„nr AvKv‡ii †Nvov‡K evnb

wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva KiZ| d‡j Rvwnjx hy‡Mi KweMY Zuv‡ì †Nvov‡K KL‡bv eo jvwV,

KL‡bv ivLv‡ji nv‡Zi jvwV Avevi KL‡bv weivU DuPz AUªvwjKvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib‡Qb| KL‡bv Zuviv


179

†Nvov‡K kw³kvjx eb¨Miæi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib‡Qb| Kwe ÔAvbZviv Zuvi evnb‡K evZv‡mi mv‡_ Zyjbv

K‡ib: 52

ا أشت ػب اغب ا اشمش* و أد وبشيبح إرا جش

D³ KweZvq Kwe ÔAvbZviv kw³ I `ªæZMvwgZvq Zuvi †Nvov‡K evZv‡mi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ibb| KviY

evZvm †hfv‡e fvix †gNgvjv‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq mwi‡q wb‡q hvq †mfv‡e †Nvov I Zuvi gvwjK I Zuvi

KI‡gi †jvK‡ì Rb¨ mybvg I myL¨vwZ e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm Zuvi †Nvov‡K eo

jvwVi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib e‡jb: 53

ويذ وؤب شاح اي* ثؼجضح لذ ارضس اجش ذب

D³ KweZvq ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb, wZwb jvj‡P Kv‡jv i‡Oi †Nvov‡K evnb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib †h

wKbv `ªæZMvgx Zvu‡Zi jvwVi gZ| GLv‡b Kwe Zuvi †Nvov‡K Kvco †evbvi h‡š¿i jvwVi mv‡_ Zzjbv

K‡ib‡Qb| Kwe Zvui †Nvovi `yBwU ¸Y Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb GKwU `ªæZMvgx Ab¨wU jvwVi gZ kw³kvjx,

KviY jvwV k³ I gReyZ KvV w`‡q •Zix Kiv nq|

(L) iƒcKvj¼vi (الاستعارة)

Aviex AjsKvi weÁv‡bi cwifvlvq †Kvb kã‡K cªK…Z A_© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ A‡_© Ggb fv‡e الاعزؼبسح

eënvi Kiv hv‡Z GKwU Zzjbv Av‡ivc Kiv nq|54

mvB‡q` Avng` Avj nvwkgx e‡jb:55

. اعزؼبي افظ ف غيش ب ضغ ؼلالخ اشبثخ غ لشيخ صبسفخ ػ اسادح اؼ الاص: الاعزؼبسح

†gvU K_v: الاعزؼبسح Ggb GKwU kã hvi cÖK…Z A_© I eëüZ A‡_©i g‡a¨ me©`v Gi m¤úK© we`¨gvb

_vKvq cÖK…Z A_© MÖn‡Y evav cÖ`vbKvix Kvi‡Y Zv wfbœ A‡_© eëüZ nq| D‡jøL¨ GLv‡b غزؼبس I

:Gi †h †Kvb GKwU D‡jøL _v‡K| Aewkó meB En¨ _v‡K| Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm e‡jb غزؼبس 56

ذان ػشط اصلايخ دظ* وؤ ػ ازي ارا ازذ

Ò(†NvovwU) M„‡ni cv‡k `Ðvqgvb Ae¯’vq Zuvi c„ô‡`k †`‡L g‡b nq K‡bi Rb¨ myMwÜ P‚Y© Kivi

cv_‡ii (cvUv) gZ A_ev gmjv (nvbRvj dj) †clv wk‡ji gZ|Ó

DwjøwLZ KweZvq Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm Zuvi †Nvovi c„ô‡`k‡K D¾¡jZv I wcw”QjZvi †ÿ‡Î gm„Y I

cwi¯‥vi cvUvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ibb| A_ev †Nvovi c„‡ôi gm„YZv †jey RvZxq nvbhvj dj hvi Øviv

†Zj †ei Kiv nq Zuvi gZ| Avi †Nvovi c„ô‡`‡ki gm„YZv I wcw”QjZv †Nvovi myVvg †`n, kw³kvjx

I †m․›`‡h©i mvÿ¨ enY K‡i|

(M) c‡ivÿ D‡jøL (الكنايت)

Aviex AjsKvi weÁv‡bi GK Ab¨Zg kvLv nj اىبيخ| Avi اىبيخ A_© BswMZ I c‡ivÿfv‡e D‡jøL

Kiv|57

cwifvlvq اىبيخ H kã‡K ejv nq hvi Avmj A_© (ؼ دميم) ev` w`‡q Avewk¨K A_©

|MÖnY Kiv nq| Z‡e Zuvi Avmj A_© MÖnY KivI •ea (ؼ لاص)58

Aviex KweZvq اىبيخ Gi

eënvi cwijwÿZ nq| Avi اىبيخ Aviex evjvMv‡Zi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Aa¨vq| †hgb Kwe

ÔAvbZviv Zuvi KweZvq اخي (†Nvov) kã eënvi K‡i افشعب Akv‡ivnxi cÖwZ BswMZ K‡i‡Qb|

Kwe e‡jb: 59

إ وذ جبخ ثب رؼ* لا عؤذ اخي يب إثخ به


180

Ò†n gvwjK bw›`bx! Zywg hw` Avgvi (exiZ¡) m¤^‡Ü AÁ nI Zvn‡j Zywg hv AeMZ bI †mB wel‡q

Akv‡ivnx ‣mb¨‡ì wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cvi|Ó

DwjøwLZ KweZvq Kwe Zuvi †cÖqmx gvwjK Kb¨v PvPvZ †evb Avejv‡K m‡¤vab K‡i e‡jb| †n Avejv

Zzwg hw` hy‡×i gq`v‡b Avgvi mvnwmKZv I exiZ¡ m¤ú‡K© bv Rvb Zvn‡j (†Nvov) †K wRÁvmv Ki|

GLv‡b Kwe †Nvovi Øviv †Nvovi Av‡ivnx‡K BswMZ K‡i‡Qb| Zv Qvov †Nvov‡K †Zv wKQz wRÁvm Kiv

hvq bv| GLv‡b اخي D‡jøL K‡i Akv‡ivnxi cÖwZ BswMZ Kiv nj AjsKvi kv‡ ¿i fvlvq †Kbvqv

(وبيخ) |

Dcmsnvi:

Rvwnjx hy‡Mi cÖvq me KweB Zuv‡ì KweZvq wb‡R‡ì evnb, †cÖqmx I ev¯‘wfUvi eY©bv PgrKvi fv‡e

Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Zuviv evn‡bi eY©bvq †Nvov, DU I Mvavi Av‡jvPbvq cvwÐZ¡ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| Zuviv

my›ì Dcgv-D`vniY ¯’vc‡b K…cYZv K‡ibwb| †Nvovi eY©bvq Kwe ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm I ÔAvbZviv Ab¨

me Kwei Dci we‡klZ¡ jvf K‡ib| †Nvov m¤ú‡K© G `yRb Kwei KweZv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi| Zuviv

†Nvovi •`wnK MVb ej‡Z Gi A½-cÖZ½mn hveZxq wKQy eY©bv K‡ib| Zuviv †Nvov‡K jvwV I ek©vi

mv‡_ Zyjbv K‡ib| Zuviv Zuv‡ì †Nvovi kw³, `„pZv I kxb©Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z A‡bK wKQyi mv‡_ mv`„k¨

¯’vcb K‡ib| †Nvovi `ªæZMwZi eY©bvq Zuviv KL‡bv nwiY, cvwL, †bK‡o I †LuKwkqv‡ji mv‡_ GwU‡K

Zzjbv K‡ib| Zuviv †Nvovi i‡Oi eY©bvq we‡kl K‡i jvj‡P Kv‡jv I Mvp Kv‡jv i‡Oi D‡jøL K‡ib|

Zuv‡ì eY©bvq mvwn‡Zï im I AjsKvi we`¨gvb|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 Avh hyevB`x, ZvRyj ÔAviæm, 16k LÐ (Kz‡qZ: gvZevÔAvZz ûKzgvwZj Kz‡qZ, 1396 wn./1976 wLª.), c„. 323. Beb

gvbh~i, wjmvbyj ÔAvive, 6ô LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæmvwì, Zv. we.), c„. 159|

2 Avj RvInvix, Avmwmnvn, 3q LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj Bjwg wjj gvjvBb, 1399 wn./1979wLª), c„. 957; jyqBm gvÔj~d,

Avj gybwR` wdj jyMvn (•eiæZ: Avj gvZevÔAvZzj KvjvwmwjwKq¨vn, Zv. we.), c„„. 575; Avj dvBiæhvev`x, Avj

Kvg~myj gynxZ (•eiæZ: gyAvmwmmvZzi wimvjvn, 1426 wn/ 2005wLª.), c„. 562|

3 kv‡Ki nv`x kv‡Ki, Avj nvqIqvb wdj Av`vwej ÔAvivex, 2q LÐ (•eiæZ: gvKZvevZzb bvnhvwZj ÔAvivweq¨vn,

1405wn./1985wLª.), c„. 28; m¤ú`bv cwil`, Bmjvgx wek‡Kvl, 14k LÐ (BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1414

wn./1993wLª.), c„. 716-717|

4 mvbv` Beb gyZjvK Avm mvweC, Avj Lvqj gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvmxnvj Lvqi (wiqv`: gvKZvevZzj AvweKvb,

1424wn./2004wLª.) c„. 13| `ªæZMvgx DbœZ Rv‡Zi †Nvov‡K اؼشة ejv nq| †h †Nvovi gv-evev Aviexq Zv‡K

ejv nq | Avi G RvZxq †Nvov m¤§vwbZ, kw³kvjx, AwaK IRb enbKvix Ges wec`vc‡` •ah©¨ avibKvix| †h اجاد

†Nvovi gv-evev Abvie es‡kv™¢‚Z Zv‡K اجشص ejv nq| †h †Nvovi evev Aviex Ges gv Abviex Zv‡K اجي ejv

nq| (`ª: Avj Lvqj gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvwmnvj Lvqi, c„. 14)

5 HANS WEHR, A DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC (LONDON: MACDONALD &

EVANS LTD, 1980), P. 704.

6 KvgvjyÏxb AvÏvwgix, nvqvZzj nvqIqvb, 3q LÐ (`vwgkK: `viæj evkvBi, 1426wn./2005wLª.), c„. 373|


181

7 m~ivn Avb bvnj, AvqvZ: 8

8 Bgvg Avj KziZzex, Avj RvwgD wjAvnKvwgj KziAvb, 12k LÐ (•eiæZ: gyAvmvwmmvZzi wimvjvn, 1427wn./

2006wLª.), c„. 286|

9 m~ivn Avj Avbdvj, AvqvZ: 60; DwjøwLZ AvqvZ `ywU e¨wZZ Av‡iv A‡bK Avqv‡Z †Nvov m¤ú‡K© eY©bv G‡m‡Q| h_v

(1) m~ivn Avj Bgivb, AvqvZ: 14; ت از مغشح امبعيش ا اجي اغبء اد بط دت اش صي

آة ا دغ ػذ ا يب زبع اذيبح اذ اذشس ره ؼب الأ خ غ ا اخي .افضخ (gvbeKzj‡K †gvnMÖ¯’ K‡i‡Q

bvix, mšÍvb-mš‘wZ, ivwkK…Z ¯^Y©-†i․c¨, wPwüZ Ak, Mevw` cïivwR Ges †ÿZ-Lvgv‡ii gZ AvK©lbxq e¯‘ mvgMÖx|

GmeB n‡”Q cvw_©e Rxe‡bi †fvM¨ e¯‘| Avjøvni wbKUB n‡jv DËg AvkÖq|) (2) m~ivn Avj Bmiv, AvqvZ: 64; (3)

m~ivn& Avj nvki, AvqvZ: 6; (4) m~ivn Avm †mvqv`, AvqvZ: 30-33; (5) m~ivn Avj ÔAvw`qvZ, AvqvZ: 1-3.

10 mnxûj eyLvix, wKZveyj wRnv`, nv`xm bs 2849|

11 myjvqgvb web AvkAvQ Avj Avm`x Avm wmwRmZvbx, mybvby Avex `vD` (wiqv`: `viæj nvhvivn, 1436wn./ 2015wLª.),

wKZveyj wRnv`, c„. 325|

12 Avj Lvqjy gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvwmnvj Lvqi, c„. 39|

13 Bebyj Kvjex, bvmveyj Lvqj wdj Rvwnwjq¨vn Iqvj Bmjvwg Iqv AvLeviænv (evM`v`: KzwjøqvZzj Av`ve,

1985wLª./1406wn.), c„. 24|

14 Avjøvgv Aveyj diR b~iæÏxb Avj nvjex Avk kvwdC, Bbmvbyj Dq~b dx mxivwZj Avgxwbj gvg~b (•eiƒZ: `viæj

KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, Zv. we.), c„. 30|

15 W. b~ix nvgy`x Avj Kvqmx, AvZ ZvexÔAvZz wdk wkÔwij Rvwnjx (•eiæZ: Avk kvwiKv Avj gyËvwn`vn wjZ ZvIhx,

1970 wLª./1390wn.), c„. 106; Avj AvmIqv` Avj ¸bw`Rvbx, AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmvwenv (w`gvkK:

gvKZvevZzj ¸bw`Rvj Zv: we:), c„. 15-16.

16 cÖv¸³, c„. 108; Avj Lvqjy gvK‚`yb dx bvIqvwmnvj Lvqi, c„. 16-17|

17 Bebyj AvQxi, RvwgÔDj Dm~j dx Avnv`xwQi ivm~j, 4_© LÐ (gvKZvevZz `vwij evqvb, 1390wn./ 1970wLª.), c„. 623

nv`xQ bs 2708|

18 Bebyj Kvjex, bvmveyj Lvqj, c„. 21-22; Avj Lvqjy gvÔK~`yb dx bvIqvmxnvj Lvqi, c„. 27|

19 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 22-23|

20 nv‡dR Avj gvbwhix, AvZ ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe wdj nv`xwQm kixd, 2q LÐ (`viæ BnBqvBZ Zzivwmj ÔAvivex,

1388wn/1968wLª.), c„. 261|

21 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 127; nvqvZzj nvqIqvb, 3q LÐ, c„. 400-401|

22 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 71|

23 cÖv¸³, c„. 270|

24 cÖv¸³, c„. 30|

25 cÖv¸³, c„. 171|


182

26 cÖv¸³, c„. 262; nvqvZzj nvqIqvb, 3q LÐ, c„„. 401|

27 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 65; bvmveyj Lvqj, c„. 53|

28 AvmgvÕD Lvqwjj ÔAvive Iqv Avbmveynv, c„. 29; bvmveyj Lvqj, c„. 46|

29 Beb ûhvBj, wnjqvZzj dzimvb Iqv wkÔAviæk ïRÔAvb (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, 1949wLª.), c„. 43|

30 b~iæÏxb Avivgx, myivZzj Lvqj wdkwkÔwij Rvwnwj, wÌqvby ÔAvbZvivZzeby kvÏv` (gv÷vim wWMÖx mb` cÖvwßi

Rb¨ Dc¯’vwcZ, ZZ¡veavb: nvqvZ gvÔAvk, wemKvivn gynv¤§` Lvq`vi wek^we`¨vjq, Avj‡Rwiqv| 2012-

2013wLª.), c„. 33|

31 hvq` Beb gynv¤§` Beb Mvwbg Avj Rynvbx, Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, 1g LÐ (g`xbv gybvIqvivn:

gvKZvevZz gvwjK dvnv` Avj IqvZvwbq¨vn 1425wn.), c„. 363|

32 mvjvgv Beb Rvb`vj, Av``xIqvb (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1987wLª./1407wn.), c„. 105|

33 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 32|

34 nvmvb gynv¤§v` Avbbvmx, Avj Lvqj wdj AvkÔAvwij ÔAvive (wiqv`: gvKZveZzj gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh Avj Av¤§vn,

1416wn.), c„. 18|

35 Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 364; mvB‡q` Avng` mvKvi, kviû `xIqvwb I Avj Kvgvn

Avj dvnj (Kvq‡iv: Avj gvZevÔAvZzj gvngyw`q¨vn, 1935 wLª.), c„. 70|

36 Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 364; `xIqvbyj gyivw°kvBb (•eiæZ: `viæmvwì, 1998 wLª.)

c„. 89|

37 AvZZvexÔAvZz wdk wkÔwij Rvwnjx, c„. 111; Avm m~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, c„. 365|


39 ÔAvbZviv Beb mvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 68; AvhhvIhvbx, kviûj gyAvjøvKvwZm mveÕ, c„. 167|

40 AvZZvexÔAvZz wdkwkÔwij Rvwnjx, c„. 114|

41 Be‡b Ave` ivweŸnx, Avj ÔBK`yj dvix`, 1g LÐ (•eiæZ: `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1983 wLª.), c„. 142|

42 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 53-59| AvkkvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi c„. 35-36| Avh hvIhvbx,

kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj mveÔ c„. 32-36|

43 Avmm~ivZzj dvwbœq¨vn wdj gydvÏvwjqvZ, c„. 369; AvZ ZvexAvZz wdkwkÔwij Rvwnjx, c„. 113|

44 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 54-56; Avk kvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi c„. 35-36|

45 ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 63; Avk kvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi, c„. 159|

46 AvZZvexÔAvZz wdkwkÔwij ÔAvivex, c„. 114

47 wnjqvZzj dzimvb I wkÔAviæk ïRÔAvb, c„. 84|

48 ÕBgiæÕDj Kvqm, Av``xIqvb, c„. 55; AvkkvbKxZx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj ÔAvkvi, c„. 35|


183

49 ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 67|

50 gvIm~AvZzm m~ivwZj dvwbœBq¨v wdj gydvÏvwjq¨vZ, c„. 378-379; AvZZvexÕAvZz wdkwkÕwij Rvwnjx, c„. 108|

51 cÖ‡dmi W. bwKeyjøvn; Aviex AjsKvi weÁvb (ivRkvnx: 2014 Lªªx.), c„. 159; kvqL bvmxd Avj BqvwhRx Avj

jyebvbx e‡jb: ازشجي اذلاخ ػ شبسوخ اش لأدذ ف ؼ ػ غيش اعزؼبسح لا رجشيذ Òرجشيذ I اعزؼبسح

Qvov †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU welq‡K GwK A‡_© Zzjbv Kiv‡K Zvkexn e‡j|Ó `ª: kvqL bvmxd Avj

Bqvwhnx Avj jyebvbx, gvRg~Dj Av`ve dx dzbywbj ÔAvive (•eiæZ: Avj gvZevÔAvZzj D¤§vn, 1932 wLª.), c„. 100;

mvB‡q` Avng` Avj nvwkgx e‡jb: ازشجي ػذ ػبء اجيب شبسوخ اش ف ؼ ثؤداد ؼبد, `ª: mvB‡q`

Avng` Avj nvwkgx, RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn wdj gvAvbx Iqvj evqvb Iqvj ev`x (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj Av`ve,

2005wLª.), c„. 206|

52 ÔAvbZviv Beb kvÏv`, Av``xIqvb, c„. 114|


54 Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` knx yjøvn, Aviex AjsKvi I Q›`cÖKiY (KwjKvZv: 17, evbx gbwhj, 1976 wLª.), c„. 6|

55 RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 189; D`vniY: gnvb Avjøvni evYx: وزبة اضب ايه زخشج ابط اظبد ا اس

(ا اضلاخ ا اذ) `ª: m~ivn Beivnxg, AvqvZ: 1 )Avwg Avcbvi cÖwZ GKwU wKZve AeZx©Y K‡iwQ, †hb

Avcwb gvbyl‡K AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jvi w`‡KZ_vÑ †Mvgivnx n‡Z †n`vqv‡Zi w`‡K) †ei K‡i wb‡q Av‡mb| Av‡jvP¨

Avqv‡Z Kvixgvq ظبد I I ظبد Gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Ges رشجي ¨Gi g‡a ذايخ I س Ges ضلاخ cªK…Z س

A‡_© eëüZ bv n‡q wfbœ A‡_©© (c_åóZv I †n`v‡qZ) eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi cªK…Z A_© MÖn‡Y evav cÖ`vbKvix

KviY †KD gvbyl‡K wKZve Øviv AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jvi w`‡K wb‡q | وزبة اضب n‡jv ev‡Kï cÖ_g Askلشيخ

Av‡mbv| eis c_åóZv n‡Z †n`v‡q‡Zi w`‡K wb‡q Av‡m| `ª: mvB‡q` Avãyj Avnv` Avj Kvwmgx, `yiæmyj evjvMvn

D`~© e¨vL¨vmn (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi, Zv.we.), c„. 150|

56 AvhhvIhvbx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZj mveÔ (Kvq‡iv: `viæj Mv`` Avj Rv`x`, 2006wLª./1427wn.), c„. 37|

57 Avj gyÔRvgyj IqvmxZ, c„. 802; Avãyj nvwdh wejqvex, wgmevûj jyMvZ (w`jøx: gvKZvevZz eyinvb, 1986), c„.

754|

58 ª: gvRgvÔDj Av`ve, c„. 137; mvB‡q` Avng` Avj nvwkgx` اىبيخ فظ اسيذ ث لاص ؼب غ جاص اسادر ؼ

e‡jb: رغ اسادح اؼ الاص فظ اعك اسيذ ث لاص ؼب غ لشيخ لا `ª: RvIqvwniæj evjvMvn, c„. 273|

59 Avh hvIhvbx, kviûj gyÔAvjøvKvwZm mveÔ, c„. 160|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨: DrcwË I weKvk

†gvt Kvgviæ¾vgvb

Abstract : In Arabic prose literary field, Biographical Literature is one of the impeccable

additions that entertain the readers entirely. The preprimary and present conditions of

Arabic Biographical Literature have flourished as a ground work pertinently. Different

aspects of Arabic literature have been discussed with much importance but the compendium

of Biographical Literature has supplied less foraging to expatiate. This is an important

branch of literature though it has not extended like poetry or dramaturgy. There has been an

attempt to discuss about the origin and development of Arabic Biographical Literature. In

this regard, some distinguished literatures and their literary works have also been discussed

here. References have been used properly. It is hoped that, this article will add a new

dimension to Arabic gens de letters.

f‚wgKv

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mvwnZ¨, bvUK I Dcb¨v‡mi b¨vq AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZÏ AvR cvVK mgv‡R †ek mgv „Z| hwÌ mvwn‡Zï

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cwifvlvwUi eqm gvÎ yB kZvãxi gZ| Aviex mvwn‡Zï cvkvcvwk evsjv mvwn‡ZÏ Gi cÖPjb

jÿYxq| Z‡e Dwbk kZ‡Ki Av‡M evsjv fvlvq †Kvb AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv nqwb| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi

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Kv‡e¨ AvZ¥cwiPq A‡bKUv we Í…Z AvKv‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q| PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨ gyKz›ìvg PµeZx© I cÙveZx

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†evSvq G¸‡jv Zvi g‡a¨ c‡o bv| cÖL¨vZ Aviex mvwnwZ¨K‡ì A‡b‡KB AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ iPbv

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mvwnwZ¨K W. Z¡nv ûmvBb| wZwb Zuvi †jLv AvZ¥RxebxMÖš’ ÔAvj AvBq¨vgÕ Gi gva¨‡g cvVK‡ì

g‡bviÄb Ki‡Z cwic~Y© mÿg n‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk wgk‡ii Ab¨ GKRb cÖwm× mvwnwZ¨K Avngv`

Avgxb| wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK حياتي (nvqvZx) Gi g‡a¨ AvaywbK ixwZbxwZ Aej¤b K‡i Zuvi

Rxe‡bi mg Í wel‡qi PgKcÖ` eY©bv †ck K‡ib|

AvZ¥Rxebx ( الذاتية السيرة ) mvwn‡Zï cwiPq

AvZ¥Rxebxi Aviex cÖwZkã الذاتية السيرة | GwU †h․wMK kã| cÖ_gwU السيرة Ab¨wU السيرة |الذاتيةGi

AvwfavwbK A_© والطريقة السنة (A_©vr-ixwZ, bxwZ, c×wZ)|1

Avi cwifvlvq-



186

2 للأفراد الحياة تاريخ على تدل ىى .

Òe¨w³ Rxe‡bi BwZnvm eY©bv‡K AvZ¥Rxebx e‡j|Ó

cweÎ KziAv‡b Bikv` n‡q‡QÑ

هاذ خ

ى سيرتها سنعيدها

و 0

3

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GQvov ÔAvãyjøvn nvK¡xj AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e-

وما تعاملو، وأساليب وتربيتو حياتو ويعرض نفسو خبايا عن يكشف كاتبها بأن تتميز وانها الأدب، أنواع من انهانوع

وكذا مثيرة، طريقة ىواقف من صادفو وما متاعب من واجهو وما وممارسات وذكريات وخبرات تجارب من حياتو اعترى

.عملو مسيرة لازمت التى والسياسية والإقتصادية الإجتماعية الظروف توضيح4

ÒAvZ¥Rxebx GK cÖKvi mvwnZ¨| Gi •ewkó¨ n‡jv- Gi †jLK wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi bv ejv welq‡K

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AwfÁZv, Mw”QZ ¯§„wZ, wewfbœ wel‡qi Abykxjb Ges Rxe‡b †h mg Í mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb Zvi

weeiY †`b| mv‡_ mv‡_ Rxe‡b msNwUZ Avb›``vqK welqvewj‡KI D‡jøL K‡ib| Avi †h mg¯Í

mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK Kvh©KviY Zuvi Pjvi c‡_ wg‡k wQj †m¸‡jv cÖKvk K‡ib

AvZ¥Rxebxi gva¨‡g|Ó

Avieiv cÖ_‡g السيرة kãwU ïay ivm~j (mv.)Gi Rxeb-Pwi‡Îi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM KiZ| c‡i Gi eënvi

µgvš‡q we Í…wZ jvf K‡i| Zviv ivm~j (mv.) QvovI AviI wKQz e¨w³i Rxebx‡Z السيرة kãwUi eënvi

K‡i| †hgb الأيوبي الدين صلاح سيرة (mvjvn DÏxb Avj-AvBqyexi mxivZ) Ges طولون بن دحمأ سيرة

(Avngv` Beb Zzjyb Gi mxivZ)| ivm~j (mv.) Gi Dci mxivZ iPbvi c‡i me©cÖ_g Rxebx iPbv

K‡ib الكلبى عوانة (ÔAvIqvbvn Avj-Kvjex)| Be‡b bv`xg Zuvi wjwLZ ست الفهر G أمية وبنى معاوية سيرةwk‡ivbv‡g †mwU D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

5 Z‡e G ai‡Yi mxivZ‡K الغريبة السيرة ev الذتية غير السيرة ev

Biography e‡j|6

Dc‡i ewY©Z الذاتية غير السيرة GwU Avgv‡ì‡K Ab¨ GK mxiv‡Zi w`‡K Bw½Z †`q| †mwU nj السيرة

ev Autobiography ev AvZ¥Rxebx| bv‡gi cv_©‡Kï mv‡_ mv‡_ Dfq cÖKvi mxiv‡Zi gv‡SI الذاتية

cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| hwÌ †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb D‡Ïk¨, MVb I welqe¯‘i w`‡K †_‡K Df‡qi g‡a¨ †Zgb

cv_©K¨ †bB| ïay cv_©K¨ GUzKz †h, الذاتية السيرة Rxeb-PwiZ †jLv nq DËg cyiæ‡li eënv‡i Avi

AvZ¥Rxebx †jLv nq bvg cyiæ‡li eënv‡i| Z‡e ev Í‡e †`Lv hvq wKQz wKQz AvZ¥Rxebx bvgcyiæ‡li

eënv‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- Z¡nv ûmvB‡bi cÖwm× AvZ¥Rxebx Avj-AvBqvg| GRb¨ AvaywbK Aviex

mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPKMY e‡j‡Qb, Dfq mxivZ ûeû GK bq cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ aviY K‡i| G Kvi‡Y

Zviv kvwãKfv‡e Dfq‡K Avjv`v bvg w`‡q‡Qb| A_©vr الذاتية غير السيرة ev Biography Ges السيرة


187

|ev Autobiography ev AvZ¥Rxebx bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i الذاتية7 wb‡¤œ Df‡qi mswÿß cwiPq Zz‡j aiv

nj|

Rxebx mvwnZ¨ I AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï cv_©K¨

الذاتية غير السيرة Gi mswÿß cwiP‡q ejv n‡q‡Q-

والأحداث عاشها، التيى حياتو ظروف من واسرارعبقريتو مواىبو عن والكشف فذ، انسان حياة فى الحقيقة عن البحث

.جيلو فى خلفو الذى والأثر محيطو، واجهها التى8

ÒA_©vr الذاتية غير السيرة nj †Kvb ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³i Rxe‡bi ev Íe welq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv, Zuvi Rxeb

hvc‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©vejx †_‡K Zvi †gav I cÖwZfvi wewfbœ w`K D‡b¥vPb Kiv, Zuvi RxebKv‡j †h mg¯Í

NUbvejxi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb Zvi weeiY Zz‡j aiv Ges †m hy‡M Zuvi †i‡L hvIqv wb`k©bvejx D‡jøL

Kiv|Ó

†gvÏvK_vq †Kvb cÖwm× e¨w³i DbœZ e¨w³Ë¡ I DbœZ gh©v`vi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ Zuvi m¤ú‡K©

A‡bï wjwLZ eY©bv‡K الذاتية غير السيرة e‡j|

cÿvšÍ‡i AvZ¥Rxebxi )الذاتية السيرة( cwiPq wewfbœ Awfavb‡eËv, mvwnwZ¨K, mgv‡jvPK I HwZnvwmK

wewfbœfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì GB gZv‣b‡Kï KviY AvZ¥Rxebx wk‡íi DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki

BwZnv‡mi Dci wfwË K‡iB n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mnRfv‡e Gi msÁv wb¤œiƒc-

.الماضية حياتو عن ما شخص يكتبو متواصل سرد وىو الذاتية السيرة9

Ò†Kvb e¨w³ KZ…©K Zuvi AZxZ Rxe‡bi avivevwnK wjwLZ eY©bv‡K AvZ¥Rxebx e‡j|Ó

GK K_vq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †Kvb cÖwm× e¨w³i DbœZ e¨w³Z¡ I DbœZ gh©v`vi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡j aivi

Rb¨ Zuvi m¤ú‡K© A‡bï wjwLZ eY©bv‡K الذاتية غير السيرة ev Rxebx e‡j| Aciw`‡K †Kvb e¨w³ KZ…©K

Zuvi Rxe‡bi avivevwnK wjwLZ eY©bv‡K AvZ¥Rxebx e‡j|

AvZ¥Rxebx ( السيرةالذاتية ( cwifvlvi DrcwË

hwÌ mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi Zzjbvq AvZ¥Rxebx )الذاتية السيرة( †ekx e¨vcKZv jvf K‡iwb| Ges

KweZv ev bvU¨wk‡íi gZ GwU ZZUv cÖmvwiZ nqwb, ZeyI GwU mvwn‡Zï GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv|

mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi b¨vq e¨cKZv jvf bv Kivi Ab¨Zg KviY GwU mvwn‡Zï bZzb GKwU kvLv|

G cwifvlvwUi eqm gvÎ `yB kZvãxi gZ|

G Kvi‡Y mgv‡jvPKMY GL‡bv ch©šÍ AvZ¥Rxebxi cwic~Y© I MÖnYxq msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Z‡e Zuviv G cwifvlvwUi DrcwËi BwZnvm wba©vi‡Yi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| G †ÿ‡Î mvwgqvn&& AvmÔAv`

g‡b K‡ib الذاتية السيرة ev AvZ¥Rxebx k‡ãi cÖPjb me©cÖ_g Dwbk kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z Bs‡iwR fvlvq

Autobiography bv‡g ïiæ nq| Gici BD‡iv‡ci AwaKvsk fvlvq Gi eënvi Qwo‡q c‡o| AviI

wbw`©ó K‡i wZwb Gi DrcwË AvV‡iv kZ wLª÷v‡ãi w`‡K e‡j gZ w`‡q‡Qb|10


188

Avevi †KD †KD e‡jb الذاتية السيرة ev e¨w³ KZ…©K wbR Rxeb Kvwnbx iPbvi BwZnvm ïiæ n‡q‡Q

1809 wLª÷v‡ã| Beivnxg Avj-mvgivqx e‡jb, Aviex الذاتية السيرة cwifvlv divwm kã Autobiography

Gi Abyev` †hgbwU Bs‡iwR‡ZI eëüZ nq| g~jZ GwU cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨ †kÖYxi GKwU cÖKvi| GwU

†Kvb e¨w³i Rxeb-PwiZ eY©bv, hvi iPwqZv †m wb‡RB| GLv‡b wZwb Zvi c‡ÿi ev wec‡ÿi mKj

welq Zz‡j a‡ib|

Aciw`‡K W. Bqvwnqv Ave`y`& `v‡qg Gi g‡Z, AvR‡Ki cÖPwjZ I ¯^xK…Z cwifvlvwUI me©cÖ_g

cÖKvwkZ nq mß`k kZvãx‡Z| Avi Gi cÖK…Z µgweKv‡ki hyM n‡jv Aóv`k kZvãx| G hy‡Mi

†k‡li w`‡Ki iwPZ Rxe~b )جيبون( bvgK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’I GB wk‡íi MVbMZ cwic~Y©Zv Av‡m|

1796 wLª÷v‡ã GwU cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g mvwn‡Zï ¯^Zš¿ kvLv wn‡m‡e AvZ¥Rxebxi AvZ¥cÖKvk nq|

Aviex‡Z AvZ¥Rxebxi K‡qKwU cwifvlv eëüZ nq| †hgb الذاتية السيرة A_ev الذاتية الترجمة A_ev

الشخصية الترجمة Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ الذاتية السيرة me‡P‡q †ekx †ekx cÖPwjZ|

GLb Avgiv AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï DrcwË I µgweKvk Gi w`‡K `„wó wbe× Kie Ges HwZnvwmK I

mgv‡jvPKMb Gi weKvk‡K wKfv‡e wPÎvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi GKwU cÖgvY¨ wPÎ AsKb Kie|

AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï DrcwË

AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwËi BwZnvm wb‡q A‡bK gZ‡f` we`¨gvb| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib GwU mvwn‡Zï

cÖvPxb kvLvi GKwU| Avevi †KD †KD e‡jb, GwU AvaywbK mvwn‡Zï GKwU kvLv| Avi GB weZ‡K©i

cÖavb KviY nj AvZ¥Rxebxi mwVK cwiPq m¤ú‡K© Df‡qi wPšÍvi cv_©K¨| hviv cÖvPxb kvLv g‡b K‡ib

Zv‡ì hyw³ nj cÖwZwU M`¨-†jLv †hLv‡b †jLK wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi †Kvb wKQz eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †mwUB

AvZ¥Rxebx| Avi hviv GwU‡K AvaywbK kvLv g‡b K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡Z AvZ¥Rxebxi wbR¯ •ewkó¨

Av‡Q| G mg¯Í •ewk‡óï weeiY Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K|

hviv cÖvPxb cš’x Zuv‡ì A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib GwU cÖvPxb wgmixq mf¨Zvi GKwU m„wó| G‡ì g‡a¨ Avj

IqvBixj w`Div›U Gi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zuvi g‡Z wLª÷c~e© 2000 mv‡j cÖvPxb wgkixq mvwn‡Z¨ علم

ev Papyrology bv‡g GK ai‡Yi mvwnZ¨ we`¨gvb wQj| Gi wKQz wKQz Ask AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK البرديات

wQj| †hgb †mLv‡b GK bvwe‡Ki NUbv we`¨gvb, hvi †b․Kv mvgyw`ªK †XD‡qi AvNv‡Z aŸsm n‡q

wM‡qwQj| GLv‡b Rxeb I Av‡eM Abyf‚wZ we¯ÍvwiZ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|11

w`Div›U Gi g‡Z my‡gixqiv

I e¨vwejbxqiv wb‡R‡ì m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q wKš‘ †mwU HwZnvwmK Av‡jvPbv wgkixq‡ì gZ

Kvwnbxg~jK bv|12

Ab¨w`‡K W. kvIK¡x `vwq¨d e‡jb, AvZ¥Rxebxi cÖvPxb iƒc n‡jv †m mg‡qi gvbyliv g„Z e¨w³‡ì

mgvwa dj‡K hv wPwÎZ KiZ †mwUB| †diÔAvDbx hy‡M wgmi mgvwa‡m․a I wcivwg‡W Zv‡ì BwZnvm,

HwZn¨ I Kvh©vejxi wewfbœ welq wPwÎZ KiZ|

Z‡e AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© gvwni nvmvb dvn&&gxi gZwU AviI we¯ÍvwiZ| wZwb e‡jb-

أجل من و الحقيقة، عن البحث أجل من انها مغامر فى الإنسانية العقلية من صورة حدكبير إلى ىو الذاتية السيرة تاريخ

.ىا وغير والهلينية والبابلية كالمصرية ، القديمة الحضارات فى متشعبة كانت جذورىا كانت ذلك13


189

ÒAvZ¥Rxebxi BwZnvm †ekxifvM †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li gvbwmKZvi †mB wPÎ‡K eySvq, cÖK…Z welq

Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ hvi D‡`¨vM †m MÖnY K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Gi g~j cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wewfbœ kvLvq kvLvq

wefw³ wQj| †hgb wgmixq, e¨vwejbxq, †n‡jbxq cÖf…wZ|Ó

hviv e‡jb AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwË AvaywbKKv‡j, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖwm× n‡jb, RR© gvB| Zuvi

g‡Z, AvaywbK nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvZ¥Rxebxi msÁv wba©viY Kiv LyeB KwVb| W. ïKix Avj-gvLeyZ Zuvi

gZ‡K mg_©b K‡i e‡jb-

.الأدبية الأجناس أحدث لعلو بال نسبيا حديث الأدبى الجنس ىذا14

Òmvwn‡Zï G kvLvwU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvaywbK, eis m¤¢eZ GwU mvwn‡Zï me©vwaK †kÖYx|Ó

Z‡e ïKix ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, Gi Av‡M ¯^xKv‡ivw³ ev Revbe›`x ( افات الاعتر ) Gi Dcw¯’wZ we`¨gvb

wQj| †hwU Aóv`k kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K Ru¨vb R¨vK iæ‡kv (1712-1778) wj‡LwQ‡jb| iæ‡kvi

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AvZ¥Rxebxi Dcvwa w`‡q _v‡K|

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gva¨‡gB| Avm‡j AvZ¥Rxebxi DrcwË BwZnvm wb‡q weZ‡K©i MÖnYxq mgvavb LyeB KwVb| KviY

AvZ¥Rxebxi ‣kwíK •ewk‡óï we‡ePbvq Avgiv hw` iæ‡kvi الاعترافات (Revbe›`x) †K AvZ¥Rxebxi

m~Pbv wn‡m‡e awi Z‡e †mwU c~Y©v½fv‡e mwVK n‡ebv| Zuvi الاعترافات Gi g‡a¨ iæ‡kv cÖavbZ Zuvi

Rxe‡bi fzjåvwšÍ I Aciv‡ai wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| A_P AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Rxe‡bi mKj w`‡Ki weeiY

Avmv AZ¨šÍ Riæix| Aciw`‡K wLª÷xq PZz_© kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Z iwPZ Saint Augustine Gi

K hwÌ AvZ¥Rxebxi MVb cÖYvjx †_‡K A‡bK ~‡ii g‡b Kwi, Z_vwc iæ‡kv I AMvw÷‡bi† الاعترافات

gaëZ©x mg‡q eû mvwnZ¨Kg© cvIqv hvq, hv AvZ¥Rxebxi mv‡_ Mfxi m¤úK©hy³| †hgb

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cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z Margery Kampe bv‡g GK gwnjvi nv‡Z| whwb Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡q G‡m Rxe‡bi

wewfbœ wel‡qi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b Zvi ag©xq AwfÁZv, e¨w³MZ I gvbweK w`K

Ggbfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, hv †m mg‡qi A‡b‡Ki Dci cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|15

Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï µgweKvk

B‡Zvc~‡e© AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï DrcwË BwZnvm wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gevi A‡jvKcvZ Kiv

n‡e Gi µgweKvk wb‡q| ïKix gvLeyZ Ges RR© gvB Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebxi g~j Dr‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡

¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Zv‡ì g‡Z AvZ¥Rxebx Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki GKwU c×wZ, †hwU cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi

mv‡_B m¤ú„³| ïKix gvLeyZ e‡jb-

.بثقافتهم متأثر ، لهم مقلد ىو إنما الغربيين غير من ذاتية سيرة يكتب من وكان16

Òcwðgv †jv‡Kiv Qvov †h AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb †m Zv‡ì AbyKiYKvix gvÎ Ges Zv‡ì mf¨Zv-

ms¯‥…wZ Øviv cÖfvweZ|Ó


190

Z‡e G e¨vcv‡i m‡›`n †bB †h, Dchy©³ gZwU m‡Zï gvcKvwV‡Z mwVK bq| KviY Aviex mvwn‡Z¨

AvZ¥Rxebxi g~j wfwË cvIqv hvq wnRix cÖ_g kZvãx‡Z| A_©vr wLª÷xq mßg kZvãx‡Z| Avi AaywbK

hy‡M G‡m GKwU cvðvZ¨ AvZ¥Rxebx MÖ‡š’i Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Avieiv G †ÿ‡Î

Zv‡ì Aviex HwZn¨ cwiZ¨vM K‡iwb| G Rb¨ Avgiv hw` Encyclopedia of Britannica Gi gZ

MÖnY K‡i cvðv‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï DrcwË wLªw÷q cÂ`k kZvãx wn‡m‡e awi, Zvn‡j GwU ejv

hvq †h, cvðv‡Zï Av‡MB Avie‡ì wbKU Gi DrcwË nq| G gZwU A‡bK M‡elK eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|

Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb n‡”Qb jyBm eyIqvhwen wZwb e‡jb-

خلدون لابن التعريف وكتاب الميلادي، عشر الثانى الهجرى السادس القرن فى منقد بن الأسامة الاعتبار كتاب كان ربما

بمعناه المذكور الفن إلى الوسطى القرون فى الأثرين أقرب الميلادى عشر الرابع الهجرى الثامن القرن أواخر فى

عشر السابع القرنين فى مؤخرا إلا الغربى الأدب فى كثيرا يفتشر لم الفن ىذا أن بالذكر الجدير ومن المحصور الاصطلاحى

.الميلديين والثامن17

Òm¤¢eZ wLªw÷q Øv`k kZvãx‡Z iwPZ Dmvgvn web gybwK¡R Gi MÖš’ wKZveyj BÔwZevi Ges PZz`©k

kZvãx‡Z iwPZ Beb Lvj y‡bi MÖš’ ÔwKZveyZ ZvÔixdÕ AvZ¥Rxebxi wba©vwiZ cvwifvwlK A‡_©I

we‡ePbvq me‡P‡q KvQvKvwQ wb`k©b| Avi GwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †h, G wkí cvðvZ¨ mvwn‡Z¨ Aóv`k Ges

Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i|Ó

Av‡MB e‡jwQ M‡elK‡ì g‡a¨ GK`j g‡b K‡ib, AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ AvaywbK m„wó| Avevi †KD

†KD g‡b K‡ib, GwU cÖvPxb m„wó; Z‡e Zv Avie‡ì w`‡q bq| †hgb Avãyi ingvb ev`vfxi g‡Z,

mvgx RvwZ AvZ¥Rxebx wjL‡Z mg_© bq| Z‡e G K_vwU cÖgvY Kiv LyeB KwVb †h, Avie‡ì Abyf~wZ

LyeB `ye©j wQj Ges Zviv AvZ¥Rxebx wjL‡Z mg_© bq| Z‡e G K_vwU cÖgvY Kiv LyeB KwVb †h,

Avie‡ì Abyf~wZ LyeB ye©j wQj Ges Zviv AvZ¥Rxebx wjL‡Z Aÿg wQj| KviY gvbyl memgq bZzb

bZzb welq I bZzb bZzb Ávb-weÁv‡bi Avwe®‥v‡ii cÖwZ AvMÖnx _v‡K, ZvB †m †h RvwZiB †nvK bv

†Kb| Zviv †h mgv‡R emevm K‡i †m mgv‡Ri cÖfv‡e mgv‡Ri wewfbœ i‡O wb‡R‡ì ivOv‡Z †Póv

K‡i| Avieiv Gi e¨wZµg bq|

Avgiv Rvwb Avie‡ì g‡a¨ †MvÎ cÖxwZ Lye cÖej wQj| cÖ‡Z¨K †MvÎ A‡bï Dci wb‡Ri †kÖôZ¡ cÖKvk

Ki‡Zv| G Kvi‡Y Zviv wbR wbR †Mv‡Îi esk cwiPq, BwZnvm Ges M‡e©i welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiZ|

†Mv‡Î †Mv‡Î hy× †k‡l weRqx †Mv‡Îi KweMY Zuv‡ì weRqMv_v Zz‡j a‡i KweZv iPbv Ki‡Zb| Avi

GwU Ki‡Z wM‡q KweMb †Mv‡Îi cvkvcvwk wb‡Ri esk cwiPq, †k․h©-exh©, gvb-gh©v`vi Kvwnbx eY©bv

KiZ| †Mv‡Îi †jvKRb GwU Lye cQ›` KiZ| GgbwK wb‡Ri †MvÎ b¨vq-Ab¨vq hvB KiæK bv †Kb

Zv‡K mg_©b Kiv KZ©e¨ g‡b KiZ| Zv‡ì G †MvÎcÖxwZ Zv‡K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv GwU cÖgvY K‡i

†h, Avieiv cÖLi Abyf~wZ m¤úbœ, AvZ¥‡M․ie I gh©v`v‡eva m¤úbœ RvwZ wQj| GRb¨ A‡b‡K g‡b

K‡ib, Avie‡ì Kv‡Q AvZ¥Rxebxi exR ecb Kiv nq Rvwnjx hy‡M| †m mgq Zviv Zv‡ì

c~e©cyiæl‡ì KxwZ©, w`bvwZcvZ, esk cwiPq I esk gh©v`v cÖf…wZ D‡jøL K‡i Mí KiZ|18

Z‡e cÖkœ RvM‡Z cv‡i †Kb Rvwnjx hy‡Mi †jvK‡ì Øviv wjwLZ Zv‡ì Rxeb-Kvwnbx m¤^wjZ †Kvb

M`¨ †jLv Avgv‡ì Kv‡b †cu․Qvqwb? Gi DËi n‡”Q ZLb †jLvi cÖPjb LyeB Kg wQj| Kweiv Zuv‡ì

Rxebvbyf‚wZ gvb-gh©v`v, †Mv‡Îi gh©v`v cÖf…wZ welq Zz‡j ai‡Zb KweZvi gva¨‡g| ¯^vfvweK Kvi‡Y


191

KweZvB Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q‡Q| Avi eY©bvKvix‡ì Rb¨ KweZv gyL¯Í Kiv I Dc ’vcb Kiv M‡`ï

†P‡q mnR wQj|

Bmjvgx hy‡Mi me©cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxebxi †h Ask Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q‡Q Zv nj, nhiZ mvjgvb dvimx

KZ…©K ewY©Z wbR Rxe‡bi wKQz K_v| Avj-LZxe Avj evM`v`x Dc‡iv³ AskwU Zvi ÔZvixLy evM`v`Õ

bvgK MÖ‡š’ nhiZ Beb AveŸvm (iv.) Gi mb‡` eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|19

GLv‡b nhiZ mvjgvb dvimx (iv.)

Zuvi esk cwiPq, Zuvi cÖwZ wcZvi fvjevmv, wcZvi cÖwZ Zuvi Avk¼v, Zuvi AwMœc~Rv Z¨vM Kivi KviY,

wLª÷vb ag© cvjb cf…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ wLª÷vb ag©hvRK KZ…©K Zv‡K bZzb

bexi mvÿvZ jv‡fi mymsev` `vb, wLª÷vb ag©hvRK KZ…©K †mB bexi •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Ges †m mg Í

•ewkó¨ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi g‡a¨ cvIqv BZ¨vw` welq eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wnRix cÖ_g mv‡j iwPZ nhiZ

mvjgvb dvimx (iv.) GB As‡ki gva¨‡gB AvZ¥Rxebxi exR ecb nq| GQvov AvZ¥Rxebxi AviI

wKQz wewÿß Ask cvIqv hvq Aveyj dvivm Avj-B¯úvnbx Gi MÖš’ ÔwKZveyj AvMvbxÕ- Gi g‡a¨|

GLv‡b DgvBqv Kwe bymvBe Gi AvZ¥Rxebx D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GLv‡b wZwb KweZvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zv I

KweZvq Zuvi cvi`wk©Zv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| G †ÿ‡Î Zuvi mv‡_ Avj-dvivh`vK, AvBgvb Beb LyivBg (g„.

700 wLª.) mn AviI wKQz Kwei wnsmvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ Avãyj ÔAvRxR Beb gviIqvb

Gi mv‡_ Zuvi NwbôZv Zz‡j a‡i wZwb Zuvi †evb‡K e‡jb-

مرموقا كان ومن وأمك، بو وجل عز الله يعتفك أن وأرجو مروان، بن العزير عبد أريد وأنا شعرا، قلت قد إنى أخيو، أي

20قرابتى أىل من

Ò†evb Avgvi, Avwg KweZv iPbv Kijvg Avãyj ÔAvRxR Beb gviIqvb Gi Rb¨, Avwg Avkv Kwi

Avjøvn Gi Øviv †Zvgv‡K I †Zvgvi gv‡K Ges Avgvi AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi cwievi‡K `vmZ¡ †_‡K gy³

Ki‡eb|Ó

wKZveyj AvMvbx‡Z AviI †h mg Í AvZ¥Rxebx cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ Beªvnxg Avj-†g․wQjx (g„. 806

wLª.) Gi Rxebx Ab¨Zg| wnjvix wKjc¨vwUªK g‡b K‡ib, GwU AvZ¥Rxebx kv‡¯¿i mv‡_ A‡bK

mvgÄm¨c~Y©| GwU AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK A‡bK¸‡jv wewÿß As‡ki mgwó hwÌ Gi GK As‡ki mv‡_

Acivsk ZZUv m¤ú„³ bq| Zvic‡iI GLv‡b Beªvnxg Avj-†g․wQjxi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi wKQz welq

wZwb wb‡RB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Qvov ivRv-ev`kv‡ì mvg‡b Zuvi mvnwmKZvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|

Zv‡ì ûKzg Agvb¨ K‡i Zv‡ì ìevi Z¨vM Kivi †P‡q g` cvb Z¨vM Kiv Zuvi Rb¨ †h KwVb KvR,

†mwU Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i e‡jb-

جئتو فإذا ، الأيام عنو أغيب وكنت عليو، فأبيت الشرب وترك ملازمقو، على ادنى فأر يشرب، لا المهدى وكان

.وحبسنى فضربنى منى ذلك فغاظو منتشيا،21

Ògvn`x g` cvb Ki‡Zb bv, ZvB Avgv‡K g` Z¨vM Ki‡Z I Zuvi mv‡_B _vK‡Z ej‡jb| Avwg †mwU

A¯xKvi Kijvg| Zuvi KvQ †_‡K A‡bKw`b ~‡i _vKjvg| Zvici Zuvi Kv‡Q Avmjvg gvZvj n‡q|

ZLb wZwb ivMvwšZ n‡q Avgv‡K cÖnvi Ki‡jb Ges e›`x Ki‡jb|Ó

GQvov wKZveyj AvMvbx‡Z BmnvK Beb Beªvnxg Avj-†g․wQjxi (769-849 wLª.) AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz

AskewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wZwb AveŸvmx Avg‡ji GKRb m½xZ wekvi` I m½xZ wkíx wQ‡jb| Zuvi m½xZ

wkÿvi †cQ‡b wcZvi Ae`v‡bi K_v wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GQvov wZwb †hme


192

NUbv, mgm¨v I Ae¯’v Zuvi Rxe‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K AvZ¥Rxebxi fw½‡Z eY©bv

K‡i‡Qb| wKZveyj AvMvbx Qvov Ab¨ †h mg Í MÖ‡š’ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Ask we`¨gvb Z¤§‡a¨ Beb Avex

DmvBevÔAvn (g„. 668 wn.) KZ…©K iwPZ الأطباء طبقات فى الأنبيء عيون | GLv‡b ûbvBb Beb BmnvK (g„.

260 wn.) Gi AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz Ask Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| ûbvBb Beb BmnvK Zuvi Ávb-weÁv‡b DbœwZ

I D”P gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y Zuvi mv‡_ mgmvgwqK Ab¨vb¨‡ì, GgbwK Zuvi AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡ì wnsmvi K_v

eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov GLv‡b AviI GK `vk©wbK Gi AvZ¥Rxebxi K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q| Avi †mwU nj

417 wnRix‡Z †jLv Bebyj nvBmvg (g„. 430 wn.) Gi AvZ¥Rxebx| Bebyj nvBmvg MÖxK cwÐZ

Øviv Zvi cÖfvweZ nIqv| Zuvi gZ wbR Rxe‡bi Ae¯’vi weeiY cÖf…wZ wel‡q (.g„. 199 wLª) جالينوس

wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| W. Bnmvb AveŸvm g‡b K‡ib, Bebyj nvBmvg Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Lye ¯úófvlx

wQ‡jb| hvi Øviv gvby‡li gv‡S mybvg myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|22

GQvov Beb Avex nvBmvg Gi MÖ‡š’ AviI hv‡ì AvZ¥Rxebxi Ask-we‡k‡li Aw ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq Zviv

n‡jb Be‡b mxbvn (g„. 428 wn.) Ges Avãyj jZxd Avj evM`v`x (g„. 629 wn.)| Beb mxbvn Zuvi

AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Zuvi Ae¯’vb Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb `vex K‡ib wPwKrmv,

cÖ‡K․kj I cÖhyw³ we`¨vq wZwb me‡P‡q †ekx Ávbx| GLv‡b wZwb Zuvi Rxe‡bi fvj-Lvivc Dfq

w`‡Ki eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, ÁvbvR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wZwb ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax cš’v AbymiY

K‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K Avjøvn ZvÔAvjvi mvnvh¨ †P‡q‡Qb bvgv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ab¨w`‡K covïbv I M‡elYvi

Rb¨ ivwÎ RvMi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wZwb g` cvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb,

Ò†Kvb wel‡q Avwg hLb w`‡knviv n‡q coZvg Ges Gi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviZvg bv ZLb Avwg evievi

gmwR‡` †hZvg, bvgvR Av`vq KiZvg, mKj wel‡qi Avwe®‥vi‡Ki wbKU Abybq-webq KiZvg,

hZÿY bv wZwb Avgvi Rb¨ c_ Ly‡j †`b Ges KwVb welq‡K mnR K‡i †`b| Gici iv‡Z Avwg

Avgvi N‡i wdiZvg, Av‡jv R¡vjvZvg, co‡Z I wjL‡Z wbgMœ nZvg| AZtci hLb Nyg Avgv‡K

civwRZ KiZ A_ev †Kvb iKg `ye©jZv Abyfe KiZvg ZLb g‡ì †cqvjvi AvkÖq wbZvg, hZÿY bv

Avgvi KvR Kivi kw³ wd‡i Av‡m| Gici Avevi covq wdiZvg|Ó23

GQvov Rxeb-e„ËvšÍg~jK †h mg¯Í MÖ‡š’ AvZ¥Rxebxi Ask we‡kl cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ ياقوت الحموى

Gi gyÔRvgyj D`vev GKwU| GLv‡b MÖš’vKv‡i Avjx Beb hvq` Avj-evqnvKx (g„. 565 wn.) Gi

AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz Ask D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| g~jZ GwU evqnvKxi wb‡Ri †jLv MÖš’ ÔgvkvwieyZ ZvRviæeÕ

Gi wKQz Ask, hv BqvK‚Z Zuvi MÖ‡š’ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| hwÌ evqnvKxi MÖš’wU cvIqv hvq bv| evqnvKx

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ivmvBj iwPZ| †hgb gynv¤§` Beb hvKvwiq¨v Avj-ivRx (g„. 313 wn.) Gi wimvjvn| GLv‡b wZwb

Zuvi Rxebx Ges `vk©wbK „wófw½ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|24

GQvov Avey nvBq¨vb AvZ-ZvInx`x (g„.

414 wn.) Gi wimvjvn ÔAvm mv`vK¡vn Iqvm mv`xK¡Õ Gi g‡a¨ iPwqZvi AvZ¥Rxebxi wKQz bgybv cvIqv

hvq| GLv‡b wZwb Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Abyf‚wZ Ges Zuvi nZvkvi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wb‡RB

e‡jb ÒAvwg Avgvi g‡bi g‡a¨ †h e¨_v, †e`bv, R¡vjv, `ytL, nZvkv, †µva Ges welYœZv Av‡Q †m

mg Í welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i GwU wj‡LwQ|Ó25

GQvov Bebyj RvIRx (g„. 597 wn.) Gi iwPZ ÔjydZvZzj Kvev` Bjv bvwmnvwZj Iqvjv`Õ MÖš’wUI

AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK| GLv‡b wZwb Zuvi cyÎ‡K wewfbœ Dc‡`k I w`Kwb‡ ©kbv w`‡Z wb‡Ri Rxeb Kvwnbx


193

Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi wewfbœ welq eY©bv K‡i iwPZ cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ m‡e‡Pq cÖwm×

nj Beb nvh&g Avj-Av›`vjymx (g„. 456 wn.) Gi iwPZ ÔZvIKzj nvgvgvn wdj AvjdvwZ Iqvj

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hv wZwb Zuvi MÖš’ ÔZvIKzj nvgvgvnÕ‡Z GKwÎZ K‡i‡Qb|26

GLv‡b we‡kl K‡i Zuvi Rxe‡bi

fvjevmvi w`‡Ki PgrKvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk Zuvi e¨w³MZ wewfbœ Ae¯’vi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|

Ab¨w`‡K wbR Rxe‡bi ivR‣bwZK w`‡Ki eY©bv Zz‡j a‡i wj‡L‡Qb Avj-gyIqvwq¨` wd`-Øxb `vÔwqD`

`yÔAvZ (g„. 470 wn.)| GLv‡b dv‡Zgx wLjvdZ cÖmv‡i Zvi cÖ‡Póvi K_v Ges AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi

cÖwZ Zuvi AvµgYvZ¥K `„wófw½i K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i myjZvb Avey KvwjRvi mv‡_ Zuvi †h

mg Í Kvwnbx RwoZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi wPÎ GLv‡b Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| GQvov we`¨gvb

ivR‣bwZK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK †jLbxi g‡a¨ MÖvbvWvi eby hvBix †Mv‡Îi †kl ev`kvn Avãyjøvn Beb

evjKxb (g„. 483 wn.) Gi †jLv ÔAvZ-wZeBqvby ÔAvwbj nv`xQvn Avj Kvwqbvn we `vIjvwZ evbx

hvBix dx MÖvbvZ¡vnÕ bvgK MÖš’ Ab¨Zg| GwU MÖ‡š’i g~j bvg| hv cieZx©‡Z Ôgyhvw°ivZz Avgxi

AvãyjøvnÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| GLv‡b wZwb Zuvi cwievi, ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ cÖf…wZi eY©bv Zz‡j a‡i H

mg Í †jvK‡ì mgv‡jvPbvi Reve †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb hviv Zuv‡K MÖbvWvi cZ‡bi Rb¨ `vqx

K‡ib|27

†m mg‡qi AvZ¥wee„wZg~jK MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Bgvg Mvhhvjx Gi ÔAvj gybwK¡R wgbv` ØvjvjÕ Ab¨Zg|

†hLv‡b wZwb m~dxev` I AvZ¥mshg welqK wewfbœ eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ Ava¨vwZ¥K mgm¨v

mg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Kvjvg I `k©bkv¯¿we`‡ì wewfbœ ZixKv m¤ú‡K©|

m~dxev`x RxebKvwnbx eY©bvi cvkvcvwk Rxe‡bi wewfbœ AwfÁZvi K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Zuvi †jLvq|

Z‡e G ai‡bi †jLv¸‡jv cwic~Y© AvZ¥Rxebx bq|28

GQvov m~dxev`x RxebPwiZ iPwqZv‡ì g‡a¨

Beb Avivex (g„. 638 wn.) Gi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| hvi cÖvq me MÖš’ Zuvi m~dxZvwË¡K RxebwPÎ †Kw›`ªK|

GLv‡b Kvkd Ges Iqvn`vZzj Dhy` m¤ú‡K©I Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi gva¨‡g A`„k¨ RM‡Zi

c ©v D‡b¥vwPZ nq|29

GQvov †m mgqKvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ ÔAvgvivZzj Bqvgvbx (g„. 527 wn.) Gi †jLv ÔAvb-

byKvZzj AvQwiq¨vn dx AvLevwij DRviv Avj wgQwiq¨vnÕ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †hLv‡b wZwb Zuvi ivR‣bwZK

AwfÁZvi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zuvi cwievi, esk gh©v`v, cov‡kvbv, eëmv-evwYR¨ I wgk‡ii

gš¿x‡ì gv‡S msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbvejxi weeiYI w`‡q‡Qb G MÖ‡š’| Z‡e †h‡nZz †m mg‡q Avm mxivn

AvR hvwZq¨vn cwifvlv cÖPwjZ wQj bv, †m‡nZz ÔAvgvivn Zuvi MÖ‡š’i aiY m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒG iPbv

w`‡q Avwg we‡kl †Kvb welq‡K eySvBwb Ges we‡kl †Kvb kv ¿‡KI wb‡ ©k Kwiwb, eis GwU wKQz

Kvwnbx, hvi Øviv Avwg wewfbœ welq‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡iwQ †h¸‡jv m‡Zï gvcKvwV‡Z hvPvBK…Z|Ó30

ÔAvgvivn Avj Bqvgvbxi AvZ¥Rxebxi c‡i Avgiv Dmvgvn Beb gybwK¡R (g„. 1188 wLª.) Gi †jLv

AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ cvB| hvi bvg ÔAvj BÔwZeviÕ| GLv‡b wZwb AwfÁZvq cwic~Y© GK Rxe‡bi

Kvwnbx Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡š’ †jL‡Ki •kke, mgi cixÿv, Zuvi exiZ¡ Ges gymjgvb I wLª÷vb bvix-

cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvK…wZK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`Kmg~‡ni weeiY Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|31

GLv‡b AviI BwZnvm,

g‡bvweÁvb, mgvR weÁvb, cwi‡ek weÁvb Ges cÖvYx RM‡Zi cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Gme Av‡jvPbv K‡_vcK_‡bi fw½‡Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| G K‡_vcK_b KL‡bv Ac‡ii mv‡_ Avevi KL‡bv

wb‡Ri mv‡_ wb‡R K‡i‡Qb| †hgb wZwb e‡jb-


194

.الموصل إلى وأسير الحصار فى وأىلى وإخوتى ، أولادى أترك وقلت ، عظيم ىم ىذا من قلبى على فورد32

ÒGRb¨ Avgvi ü`‡q A‡bK eo `ywðšÍv †b‡g G‡mwQj| Avi Avwg e‡jwQjvg, Avgvi mšÍvb-mšÍwZ,

fvB †evb I cwievi wnQv‡i †i‡L Avwg g~m‡j P‡j hv‡ev|Ó

cÖvPxb Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebxi me©‡kl Drm cvIqv hvq Beb Lvj yb (g„. 808 wn.) Gi MÖš’ ÔAvZ

ZvÔixd we Be‡b Lvj ~j Iqv winjvZzû kviK¡vb Iqv MvievbÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’| GwU wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ

ÔZvwiLÕ Gi cwiwkó wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b wZwb cwðg B‡q‡g‡b Aew¯’Z Zuvi cwiev‡ii

esk cwiPq w`‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb-

.العرب أقيال من حجر بن وائل إلى ، اليمن عرب من حضرموت فى ونسبنا33

ÒnvìvgvD‡Z Avgv‡ì esk nj, B‡q‡gbx Avi‡ei AšÍfz©³| †mwU Avie m`©vi Iqv‡qj Beb nvhi

ch©šÍ †c․u‡Q‡Q|Ó

GQvov wZwb GLv‡b Zuvi cwiev‡ii Bmv‡ejvq Ae ’vb, cieZx©‡Z wZDwbwkqvq ’vbvšÍi †hLv‡b Zuvi Rb¥

732 wnRix‡Z| Gici Zuvi †e‡o IVv I ÁvbvR©bmn cÖf…wZ wel‡q eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Gici Zuvi Kg© I

wZDwbwkqv †_‡K †¯ú‡b ågY, AZtci Avwd«Kvq cÖZ¨veZ©b, Av‡jK‡Rw› ªqvq ågY Ges Kvq‡ivq

Ae ’vbmn AviI A‡bK åg‡Yi K_v GLv‡b eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avm‡j Zuvi G MÖš’ †jLvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨B

nj Zuvi ÔZvix‡LÕ D‡jøwLZ NUbvmg~n‡K my „pfv‡e cÖwZwôZ Kiv| Ab¨w`‡K AvãyQ Qvjvg g‡b K‡ib,

Beb Lvj y‡bi ÔAvZ ZvÔixd we Be‡b Lvj ybÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ AvZ¥Rxebx kv ¿ G‡m‡Q GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ

D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e| GLv‡b †jLK Zuvi ivR‣bwZK åg‡Yi welq D‡jø‡Li gva¨‡g G¸‡jv Dc ’vcb

K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z Zuvi weiæ‡× wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb I we‡ ªvn Kivi †h mg Í Acev` †`qv

n‡Zv Zvi Reve †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_ ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK A½‡b Zuvi Ae ’vb I

AR©bmg~‡ni weeiY w`‡q‡Qb Gi gva¨‡g|34

AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡ZÏ A‡bK •ewkó¨ aviY Kivi Rb¨ Beb

Lvj y‡bi D‡jøwLZ MÖš’‡K cÖvPxb Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg „óvšÍ wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq Ges

AvaywbK AvZ¥Rxebxi g~j Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

Avi †h hy‡M Avi GK ai‡bi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ iPbv n‡qwQj, †hLv‡b ïay iPwqZv Zuvi Rb¥-e„ËvšÍ,

kv‡qL‡ì bvg, Zuvi cwVZ I iwPZ MÖš’mg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| Gi w`‡K Bw½Z K‡i GKRb

cwðgv †jLK e‡jb, ÒAviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwn‡Zï A‡bK¸‡jv ïaygvÎ †jL‡Ki Rb¥, wkÿv I K‡g©i

w`b ZvwiL D‡jø‡Li g‡a¨ mxgve×, wKš‘ Zuvi NUbvejxi †cQ‡b Zuvi jyKvwqZ mË¡v A¯úó I ARvbv

i‡q †M‡Q|Ó †h hy‡M wjwLZ G RvZxq MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ Avey mvgvn Avj gyK¡vÏvmx Gi †jLv ÔZvivwRgyj

K¡vibvBb Avm mvw`m Iqvm mvweÕ GKwU| †hLv‡b †jLK 599 wnRix‡Z msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbvejxi

weeiY w`‡Z wM‡q Zvi Rb¥, wkÿv Rxeb, wkÿK‡ì msL¨v I bvg, cwVZ MÖš’mg~n cÖf…wZ wel‡qi

BwZnvm Zz‡j a‡ib| Z‡e G m‡ei mv‡_ Ave~ mvgvn Zuvi Rxe‡bi wKQz •ewkó¨ I mviv Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ-

mvabvi eY©bvI w`‡q‡Qb|

†m mg‡q G ai‡bi MÖš’ GZ †ekx cwigv‡Y cÖPvwiZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡qwQj †h Kvi‡Y A‡bK HwZnvwmK I

nv`xm‡eËv G ixwZ‡Z Zv‡ì MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| G m¤ú‡K© RvjvjyÏxb Avm-myq~Zx (g„. 991 wn.)

e‡jb-35

.فيو ترجمتو وذكر ألا تاريخا منهم أحد ألف أن فقل ، قبلى بالمحدثين افتداء ، الكتاب ىذا فى ترجمتى ذكرت انما


195

ÒG MÖ‡š’ Avwg‡Zv Avgvi Rxeb e„ËvšÍ eY©bv K‡iwQ Av‡Mi gynvwÏmM‡Yi AbymiY K‡i| Avi Zv‡ì

g‡a¨ Lye Kg HwZnvwmK Av‡Qb, hviv Zuv‡ì MÖ‡š’ wb‡Ri Rxeb Kvwnbx †jLbwb|Ó

Zviv BwZnvm msµvšÍ MÖ‡š’ wb‡R‡ì Rxeb Kvwnbx wj‡L‡Qb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wjmvbyÏxb Bebyj LvwZ¡e (g„.

776 wn.) Ab¨Zg| wZwb Zuvi ÔAvj BqvZ¡vZz dx AvLe&wi MvivbvZ¡vnÕ MÖ‡š’i †klvs‡k wb‡Ri Rxeb

e„ËvšÍ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GwU wZwb G Rb¨ K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z wPiw`b gvbyl Zuv‡K ¯§iY K‡i|36

G

AvZ¥Rxebx‡Z †jLK Zuvi •kke, †jLvcov, wkÿK‡ì bvg, Zuvi iwPZ KweZvi Dcgv cÖf…wZ wel‡q

wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| †Zgwbfv‡e wnRixi cÂg kZ‡Ki Av‡M ïaygvÎ AvZ¥Rxebx m¤^wjZ Avjv`v †Kvb

MÖš’ wQj bv| eis wKQz wKQz MÖš’ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡š’i wKQz wKQz •ewkó¨ aviY KiZ|

Dcmsnvi

cwi‡k‡l GK_v cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ gvÎ yB kZvãx c~‡e© AvMZ mvwn‡Zï

GKwU bqv w`MšÍ| GwU g~jZ Rxebx mvwn‡Zï AbyKi‡YB iwPZ nq| Ggwbfv‡e Avgiv †`wL cÖvPxb

Aviex mvwn‡Z¨ AvZ¥Rxebx iPbvi „óvšÍ we`¨gvb| hwÌ ÔAvm mxivn Avh hvwZq¨vnÕ cwifvlv †m

mg‡q cÖPwjZ wQjbv| Aviex Rxebx mvwn‡Zï fvÐvi A‡bK cyivZb| ivm~j (mv.) Gi Rxebxi Dci

AmsL¨ mxivZ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ ivm~j (mv.) Gi g„ZzÏ cÖvq 130 eQi c‡i Be‡b BmnvK (in.)

Òmxiv‡Z Be‡b wnkvgÓ bvgK wbf©i‡hvM¨ GKLvbv mxivZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Aci GKwU

wbe©vwPZ, myweL¨vZ, mnxn I cyi¯‥vicÖvß mxivZ MÖš’ n‡”Q ÒAvi ivnxKzj gvLZzgÓ| G RvZxq MÖ‡š’i

AbyKi‡YB Aviex AvZ¥Rxebx mvwnZ¨ Zvi wbR Kÿc‡_ cvqPvix ïiæ K‡i eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK Aviex

mvwn‡Zï Awe‡”Q`¨ GKwU As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 gvR`yÏxb gynv¤§` Beb BqvÔK‚e Avj-wd‡ivR Avev`x, Avj-K¡vgym Avj-gynxZ (evBiæZ: gyAvm&&mvZzi wimvjvn, 2q

ms¯‥iY, 1987wLª.), c„. 528|

2 nvbx Avj ÔAvg`, wìvmvZ‚b dx KzZze Avj-ZvivwRg Iqv Avj-wmqvi (R`©vb: Av¤§vb, 1981wLª.), c„. 73|

3 m~iv Z¡nv, AvqvZ 21|

4 Avãyjøvn Avj nvKxj, ÔAvjv gvwq`vwZj Av`ve (wiqv` : dvivh`vK cÖKvkbx, 1992), c„. 163-164|

5 wìvmvZzb dx KzZze Avj-ZvivwRg Iqv Avj-wmqvi, cÖv¸³, c„. 73|

6 gynv¤§` gywnDÏxb ÔAve`yj nvgx`, ZvnKxK AvI`vn Avj gvmvwjK Bjv Avjwdq¨vwZ Be‡b gvwjK (evBiæZ: `viæj

RvBj, 1979), c„. 111|

7 W. ÔAvãyj ÔAvRxR kvid, Av`ve Avj-mxivn Avj hvwZq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevn jyebvb, 1992), c„. 3|

8 cÖv¸³, c„. 3-4|

9 gvR`x Iqvnevn Iqv Kvwgj Avj gynvbw`m, g yÔRvgyj gymZ¡vjvnvwZj ÔAvivweq¨vn dxj jyMvwZ Iqvj Av`ve (†jevbb:

gvKZvevZz jyebvb, 1984wLª.), c„. 94|

10 W. mvwgqvn Avngv` AvmÔAv`, Av`veym mxivwZR (gvRvjøvZzj dvBmvj, msL¨v 67, gynviivg 1400 wn.), c„. 78|


196

11

Avj IqvBixj w`Div›U, wKQ&QvZzj nv`vivn, Ab~.hvKx bvRxe gvngy` (evBiæZ: `viæj RvBj, 1g LÐ, 1988 wLª.),

c„. 111|

12 cÖv¸³, c„. 3-4|

13 W. gv‡ni nvmvb dvngx, Avm mxivZzZ ZvwiL Iqvj dvbœ (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzb bvn`vn Avj wgmix, 1970wLª.), c„. 225|

14 ïKix Avj gvLeyZ, mxivZzj Mvwqe mxivZzj AvZx (wZDwbm: `viæj Rybye, 1992wLª.), c„. 10|

15 Helen Hminngway, The new Encyclopedia of Britannica (Benton, Publisher, 1973-74), p. 1010.

16 mxivZzj Mvwqe mxivZzj AvZx, c„. 19|

17 jyBm eyhIqvBn, gvRvwniæm mxivwZR hvwZq¨vn (evBiæZ: nvIwjq¨vZzj RvwgÔAvn Avj BmyÔBq¨vn, 1981wLª.),

c„. 25|

18 Kvj© eª‡Kjgvb, gv Qvbœvdvj ÔAvie wgb AvnIqvwj Avbdzwmwng, LÐ 1, c„. 3|

19 Avj LZxe Avj evM`v`x, ZvixLy evM`v` (evBiæZ: `viæj KzZzwej Bmjvwgq¨vn), c„. 177|

20 Aveyj dvih Avj Bmevnvbx, Avj AvMvbx (evBiæZ: `viæ Bn&BqvwqZ ZzivQ, LÐ 1, 1994 wLª.), c„. 59|

21 Avj AvMvbx, LÐ 6, c„. 109|

22 W. Bnmvb ÔAveŸvm, dvbœym mxivn (evBiæZ: `viæm mvK¡vdvn Zv: we:), c„. 136|

23 Beb Avex DmvBweÔAvn, ÔDq~byj Avw¤^qv dx ZvevK¡vwZj AvwZeŸv, c„. 438|

24 W. kvIK¡x `vwq¨d, AvZ ZviRvgvZzZ kvLwQq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: `viæj gvÔAvwid, 1987 wLª.), c„. 15|

25 Avãyi ingvb Bebyj RvIhx, jydZvZzj Kvev` Bjv bvwQnvwZj Ajv` (wgmi: Avm mvjvwdq¨vn, 1397 wn.), c„. 46|

26 dvbœym mxivn, c„. 121|

27 Avãyjøvn Beb evjK¡xb, gyRvwK¡ivZzj Avgxi Avãyjøvn (wgmi: `viæj gvÔAvwid Zv: we:), c„. 82|

28 AvZ ZviRvgvZzZ kvLwQq¨vn, c„. 177|

29 cÖv¸³, c„. 78|

30 ÔAvgivZzj Bqvgvbx, Avb byKvZzj AvQwiq¨vn dx AvLevwij Dhviv Avj wgQwiq¨vn (Kvq‡iv: gvèyjx, 1991wLª.), c„. 6|


32 Dmvgvn Beb gybwK¡R, Avj BÔwZive (`vwgkK: IhvivZzQ QvK¡vdvn), c„. 5|

33 Avãyi ingvb Beb Lvj`yb, AvZ ZvÔixd we Beb Lvj`yb Iqv winjvZzû kviK¡vb Iqv Mvievb (Kvq‡iv: jvRbvZzZ

Zvjxd IqvZ ZviRvgvwZ Iqvb bvki, 1951wLª.), c„. 1|


35 RvjvjyÏxb Avm myqxZx, ûmbyj gynv`vivn dx AvLevwi wgQi Iqvj K¡vwnivn (wgki: gvZevÔAvZzj gvImyÔAvZ, 1321

wn.), c„. 155|

36 wjmv yÏxb Bebyj LvwZ¡e, Avj BnvZ¡vZz dx AvLevwi MvivbvZ¡vn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj LvbRx, 1977 wLª.), c„. 438|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Zvdmxi PP©v

W. Avey †bvgvb gynv¤§` gvmD`yi ingvb

Abstract: Al-Quran is the latest and the true constitution for mankind. To understand the

Quran many steps have been taken. One familier step is translation and Tafsir of the

Quran. When a companion of Muhammad (SM.) did not understand any verse of the

Quran, then he would go to the Prophet (SM.) and he explained the spirit of the verse. By

this way, the Tafsir of the Quran started in Arabic. Later Muslims understood that, there

are no alternatives but to understand the Quran through mother language. In this

connection some Bengali Muslim scholars took some steps to spread the knowledge of

the Quran through Bengali language. They wrote some books of Tafsir in their mother

language. One of the famous writer is Maulana Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (R.). He wrote

five books in this connection. Those are Surah Yasin Sharif, Haqqani Tafsir (Panj

Surah), Tafsir-e-Surah Fatiha, Haqqani Tafsir (Alif-Lam-Mim), Haqqani Tafsir

(Ampara). These five books are valuable works and important to understand the Quran.

This article tries to focus on contribution of Maulana Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (R.) to

Tafsir and it is also an attempt to review his said works.

f~wgKv

Avj-KziAvbyj Kvixg eySvi Rb¨ ivmyjyjøvn (m.)-Gi hyM †_‡KB wewfbœ c×wZ Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| Zuvi

hy‡M hLb †Kv‡bv mvnvex †Kv‡bv Avqv‡Zi gg© eyS‡Zb bv, ZLb Zuviv ivmyjyjøvn (m.)-Gi kiYvcbœ

n‡Zb Ges mswkøó Avqv‡Zi g‡g©v×vi Ki‡Zb| G fv‡eB ÔAviex fvlvq Zvdmxi kv‡¯¿i1 DrcwË

N‡U| Kv‡ji cwiµgvq evsjv fvlvq KziAv‡bi Abyev`, UxKvwUàwb I Zvdmxi iwPZ n‡q‡Q| G

Abyev` I Zvdmxi iPbvq †h mKj evsjvfvlx ÔAvwjg Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨

gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix2 (i.) (1898-1969) GKRb| whwb GKvav‡i gydvmwmi, gynvwÏm I

wewkó ÔAvwjg wQ‡jb| wZwb wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk Bmjvg cÖPv‡i †hgb Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb,

†Zgwb Zvdmxi iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q me©mvavi‡Yi wbKU Hkx evYxi e¨vL¨vI †cu․‡Q w`‡q‡Qb| KziAvb

PP©vq wZwb G‡ZvB `vwqZ¡kx‡ji f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib †h, wkÿKZv I cvwievwiK e¨¯ÍZvi g‡a¨ †_‡KI

wZwb Avj-KziAv‡bi Zvdmxi K‡ib| wZwb KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨vq cuvPwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖš’ cuvPwU n‡jv

Q~iv BqvQxb kixd, n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ myiv), Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv), nv°vbx Zdmxi

AvwjdÑjvgÑgxg cviv (myiv dv‡Znvmn) I nv°vbx Zdmxi (Avgcviv)| DwjøwLZ MÖš’mg~n LÐvKv‡i

iwPZ| Avj-KziAvb gvbe RvwZi GKgvÎ cv‡_q nIqvq GwUi Zvdmxi Rvbv Avek¨K| G †ÿ‡Î

evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ MÖš’¸‡jv Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| KviY MÖš’¸‡jv we‡kl aviv I cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i

iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GB cÖe‡Ü Zvdmxi PP©vq gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Ae`vb Ges Zuvi

iwPZ MÖš’mg~‡ni ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Zvdmxi PP©vq gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.)-Gi Ae`vb

evsjv fvlvq iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GK Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| gvIjvbv kvgQzj

nK dwi`cyix (i.) evsjvfvlx gymjgvb‡ì K_v wPšÍv K‡i Ggb wKQz m~ivi Zvdmxi iPbv K‡ib

mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|


198

†h¸‡jv cÖwZwbqZ bvgv‡h wZjvIqvZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wZwb Zuvi G mKj MÖ‡š’ me©‡gvU AvUPwjøkwU

m~ivi Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ G mKj MÖ‡š’i mswÿß cwiwPwZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

1. Q~iv BqvQxb kixd

ÔQ~iv BqvQxb kixdÕ MÖš’wUi cÖKvkK †gvnv¤§` Avãyj Kwig, cÖKvkbvq: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi,

XvKv| Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q Zv cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi| cÖKvkKvj 30†k b‡f¤î 1979 wLª÷vã|

me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 61| eBwUi weµq g~j¨ 30.00 UvKv| MÖš’wUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc:

e½vbyev` I ZdQximn

Q~iv BqvQxb kixd

n°vbx ZdQxi

QzdxK‚j wk‡ivgwY, wPšÍvwe` Av‡j‡g n°vbx,

gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (it) dwi`cyix

f~Zc~e© wcÖwÝc¨vj Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv|

Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix t PKevRvi t XvKv|

2. n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ myiv)

MÖš’wU gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.) I gvIjvbv AvwRRyj nK3 (i.) †h․_fv‡e iPbv K‡ib|

1966 mv‡j MÖš’wU XvKvi nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ nq| GwUi me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 156 Ges

weµq g~j¨ 3.50 UvKv| AZtci 1981 mv‡ji b‡f¤i gv‡m XvKvi Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix GKwU gy`ªY

cÖKvk K‡i| AZtci cybivq D³ ms¯’v cÖ_g gy`ªY bv‡g 1982 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m AviI GKwU ms¯‥iY

†ei K‡i| GwUi c„ôv wQj 153 Ges weµq g~j¨ wQj 29.50 UvKv| Avi Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †h MÖš’wU

Av‡Q Zv Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix KZ„©K cÖKvwkZ| GwU Zv‡ì cÖ_g ms¯‥i‡Yi 2q gy`ªY| cÖKvkKvj 2002

mv‡ji gvP© gvm| GwUi c„ôv msL¨v 146, weµq g~j¨ 70.00 UvKv| G MÖš’wU‡Z †h mKj m~iv ¯’vb

†c‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv- m~iv Bqvmxb, m~ivZzi-ingvb, m~ivZzj IqvwKÔAvn, m~ivZzj g~jK I m~ivZzj

gyh&hvw¤§j| GwUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-

evsjv ZiRgv I e¨vL¨vmn

n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv)

nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (i.)

cÖv³b wcÖwÝc¨vj, Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv|

I

gvIjvbv AvwRRyj nK mv‡ne

†gvnv‡ÏQ, Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv

Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix

PKevRvi, XvKv|


199

3. Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv)

Mªš’wU me©cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1966 wLª÷v‡ã| cÖKvkK XvKvi Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix| GwUi 2q gy ªY

cÖKvk K‡i GKB ms¯’v 1974 wLª÷v‡ãi 16 Rvbyqvwi| me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v wQj 170 Ges weµq g~j¨

wQj 36. 00 UvKv| G MÖš’wU Avgiv BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb evsjv‡`k, evBZzj †gvKviig, jvB‡eªwi‡Z

†`‡LwQ| Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q Zvi cÖKvkK wQ‡jb †gvt Avãyj nvwg` I †gvt Avãyj nvwjg|

cÖKvkbvq Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, PKevRvi, XvKv| cÖKvkKvj 1998 gvP©, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY| GwUi me©‡gvU

c„ô msL¨v 177 Ges weµq g~j¨ 100.00 UvKv| G MÖš’wU‡Z †gvU cvuPwU m~ivi Zvdmxi Kiv n‡q‡Q

e‡j G‡K cvÄm~iv bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvdmxiK…Z cuvPwU m~iv n‡jv m~ivZzj dvwZnv, m~ivZzj

ûRyivZ, m~iv K¡vd, m~ivZzm Qd I m~ivZzj RygyÔAvn|

GwUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-

Zdmx‡i m~iv-dv‡Znv

(cvÄ myiv)

nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (i.) dwi`cyix

cÖv³b wcÖwÝc¨vj, Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv, XvKv|

Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix

PKevRvi t XvKv|

4. nv°vbx Zvdmxi

AvwjdÑjvgÑgxg cviv

(myiv dv‡Znvmn)

MÖš’wU me©cÖ_g KLb cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Zv Rvbv hvqwb| Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q Zv wØZxq

ms¯‥i‡Yi| cÖKvkK †Mvjvg dviæK, cÖKvkbvq nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW, 65, PK mviKzjvi †ivW,

XvKv-1211| cÖKvkKvj RyjvB 2003 wLª÷vã| me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 272, weµq g~j¨ 150.00 UvKv|

MÖš’wUi AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-

nv°vbx Zvdmxi

Avwjd-jvg-gxg-cviv

(m~iv dv‡Znvmn)

gyRvwn` Avhg

Avjøvgv nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (int)

(Qì mv‡ne ûhyi)

cÖwZôvZv wcÖwÝc¨vjt

Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv Avivweqv

jvjevM, XvKv|

cÖwZôvZv t `viæj Djyg Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg

MvInviMÄ, dwi`cyi|


200

nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW

65, PK mviKzjvi †ivW, XvKv-1211|

5. nv°vbx Zvdmxi

(Avgcviv)

MÖš’wUi cÖ_g cÖKvkKvj KZ wQj Zv Rvbv hvq wb| Avgv‡ì nv‡Z †h KwcwU Av‡Q PZz_© ms¯‥i‡Yi|

cÖKvkKvj 2004 †d«eªæqvwi| cÖKvkK †Mvjvg gviæd, cÖKvkbvq t nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW, 65,

PK mviKzjvi †ivW, XvKv-1211| me©‡gvU c„ôv msL¨v 245 Ges weµq g~j¨ 150.00 UvKv| MÖš’wUi

AvL¨vcÎ wbgœiƒc-

nv°vbx Zvdmxi

Avgcviv

gyRvwn‡` Avhg

Avjøvgv nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (in.)

(Qì mv‡ne ûhyi)

cÖwZôvZv: wcÖwÝc¨vj

Rv‡gqv †KviAvwbqv Avivweqv

cÖwZôvZv t `viæj Djyg Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg

MvInvi Wv½uv, dwi`cyi|

nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW

65, PK mviKzjvi †ivW, XvKv-1211|

iwPZ MÖš’mg~‡ni ch©v‡jvPbv

gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.) iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv †h mKj •ewkó¨

cvB wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

K. MÖš’ iPbvi †cÖÿvcU D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi MÖš’ iPbvi KviY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv) iPbvi

†cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, Òm~iv dv‡Znv‡K ejv nq D¤§yj KziAvb| GB m~ivwU cÖ‡Z¨K bvgv‡hi

cÖ‡Z¨K ivKvÔAv‡Z GKevi wZjvIqvZ Kwi‡Z nq| GB m~iv cvV bv Kwi‡j bvgvh weï× nq bv| ZvB

GB m~ivi ¸iæZ¡ Ab¨vb¨ m~ivi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| hw` gymjøxMY GB m~ivi A_© I Zvdmxi m¤ú‡K©

AeMZ nB‡Z cv‡ib Z‡e Zvnviv bvgv‡h Av‡ivI gb‡hvMx nB‡eb| G Avkvq Avwg m~iv dv‡Znvi

Zdmxi iPbvq gbwb‡ek Kwi|Ó4

L. Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq AvqvZ D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi GKwU Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Av‡iKwU AvqvZ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 65 bs

AvqvZ ب وبا ىسج ث ذ أسج رش ذ ب أ رى ا عى أف خز ÔAvR Avwg Zv‡ì- ا


201

gyLmg~‡n †gvni †g‡i †è Ges Zv‡ì nvZmg~n Avgvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡e I Zv‡ì cv-mg~n mv¶¨ †`‡e

hv Zviv AR©b KiZÕ Gi e¨vL¨vq MÖš’Kvi m~iv nv-gxg mvR`vi 20 bs AvqvZ ذ ب ش ب جبء دزى إرا

ب وبا ع ث جد أثصبس ع س ,ÒAe‡k‡l Zviv hLb Rvnvbœv‡gi Kv‡Q †c․uQ‡e- ع

ZLb Zv‡ì Kvb, Zv‡ì †PvL I Zv‡ì Pvgov Zv‡ì weiæ‡× Zv‡ì K…ZKg© m¤ú‡K© mv¶¨ †`‡eÓ

Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|5

M. Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq nv`xm D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq nv`xm D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 65 bs Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq †h

nv`xm6 D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡jv دا، لبي: فمي ش اىبرج ثبىشا ذا، ه ش ع : وفى ثفسه ا

، فمبي أسوب عى ف طم، لبي: فخز ، لبي: ا ب طك ثأع ، لبي فمي: فز اىب ث خى ث : ث

ذ أبض و ى سذمب، فع ÒAvjøvn ej‡eb, mb¥vwbZ †jLKØ‡qi mvÿ¨ †Zv Av‡QB, GwU- ثعذا ى

Qvov AvR †Zvgvi mvÿ¨B h‡_ó n‡e| AZtci Zvi gy‡L †gvni gviv n‡e Ges Zvi A½-cÖZ¨½‡K

mvÿ¨ †`qvi Rb¨ ejv n‡e| Zviv e¨w³i Kg© m¤ú‡K© K_v ej‡Z _vK‡e| AZtci hLb Zvi evKkw³

cybivq †`qv n‡e ZLb †m ej‡e, †Zvgiv f®§ n‡q hvI, `~i n‡q hvI| (`ywbqv‡Z) Avwg †Zvgv‡ì

Rb¨ KZB bv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv KiZvg|Ó7

M. MÖš’mg~‡ni fvlv

MÖš’Kvi cÖwZwU MÖš’ mvay fvlvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzj gyj‡Ki Zvdmxi Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb,

Ò(KZ gnvb) KZ Amxg AbšÍ eiK‡Zi fvÐvi Zuvnvi (KZ AdzišÍ Kj¨vYgq, g½jgq wZwb, huvnvi

nv‡Z mviv we‡k¦i ivRZ¡ I Zvnvi cwiPvjb fvi, AwaKš‘ wZwb me©kw³gvb| wZwbB m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb

g„Zy¨‡K Ges Rxeb‡K, GB Rb¨ †h, wZwb †Zvgvw`M‡K cixÿv Kwi‡eb, †K †Zvgvw`‡Mi g‡a¨ fv‡jv

cÖgvwYZ nq Kv‡Ri †ejvq, A_P wZwb ÿgZvkvjx I ÿgvkxj|Ó8

N. m~ivi cÖvi‡¤¢ AvqvZ, kã I Aÿi msL¨v D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv m~ivi Zvdmxi Kivi cÖvi‡¤¢ m~ivwUi AeZx‡Y©i ¯’vb, AvqvZ, kã I A¶i msL¨v D‡jøL

K‡i‡Qb| AZtci AvqvZgvjv ÔAviex‡Z D‡jøL K‡i †m¸‡jvi Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY ¯îƒc

m~ivZzi ingv‡bi cÖvi¤¢ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

اشد اشد ا ثسcig `qvjy `qvgq Avjøvni bv‡g

m~iv ingvb

g`xbvq AeZxY© t AvqvZ 78 t iæK‚ 3 t kã 351 t A¶i t 1636

(1)اشد امشآ (2)ع سب (3)خك اإ اجب (4)ع

1. `qvgq| 2. wZwbB wk¶v `vb Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K †KviAvb| 3. wZwbB m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K| 4.

wZwbB gvbyl‡K wk¶v w`qv‡Qb fvlv-g‡bi fve e¨³ Kwievi Rb¨|9

O. e½vbyev` D‡jøL


202

MÖš’Kvi ¯^xq ZvdmxiK‡g© cÖwZwU m~ivi Abyev‡ì c~‡e© ÔAviex‡Z Zvmwgqv (wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi

ivnxg) wj‡L ‡mwUi e½vbyev` K‡i‡Qb| cÖKvwkZ KziAv‡bi c„ôvi Wv‡b g~j ÔAviex I ev‡g e½vbyev`

cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q| D`vniY ¯iƒc m~ivZzb bvevi K‡qKwU AvqvZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

78-m~iv bvev g°veZxY© (78) سورة النبا مكيت

iæKz-2

AvqvZ-40

اشد اشد ا ثس

cig `qvjy `qvgq Avjøvni bv‡g

kã-173

A¶i-770

1. †Kvb& wel‡q Zvnviv ci¯úi wRÁvmvev` Kwi‡Z‡Q? 1 . زسبء .ع

2. †mB fxlY msev` m¤‡Ü? 2 . اجإ اعظ .ع

3. †h wel‡q Zviv gZ‡f` Kwi‡Z‡Q? 3 . خزف ف .ازي

4. wKQz‡ZB b‡n, kxNÖB Zvnviv Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡e| 4 . .وب سع

5. cyYt ewj‡ZwQ, wKQz‡ZB b‡n, kxNÖB Zvnviv Rvwb‡Z cvwi‡e| 5 . وب سع .ث

P. Zvdmxihy³ Abyev` D‡j øL

MÖš’Kvi wewfbœ UxKv-wUàwb D‡jøL Ki‡jI Avjv`vfv‡e we¯ÍvwiZ Zvdmxi K‡ibwb| eis Abyev‡ì ci

ÔZdmxihy³ ZR©gvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g eÜbxi g‡a¨ mswkøó Avqv‡Zi A_© D‡jøL K‡i cvkvcvwk †m¸‡jvi

Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzi ingv‡bi cÖ_g PviwU Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq e‡jb,

Zd&mxihy³ ZR©gv

Ò(`qvgq) Avjøvn| Zvunvi gvb‡ei cÖwZ me‡P‡q eo `qv GB- (wZwbB wk¶v `vb Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K

†KviAvb| wZwbB m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K) A_v©r Aw ÍZ¡ `vb Kwiqv‡Qb gvbyl‡K, †mB m„wóinmÏ AwZ

gvnvZ¥¨c~Y©| wbRx©e gvwUi mvi wbhv©m Øviv m„wó K‡ib gvby‡li Lv`¨‡K| Lv‡`ï mvi wbhv©‡mi Øviv m„wó

K‡ib ïµwe› y‡K| K`h© Kzrwmr ïµ Øviv m„wó K‡ib gvby‡li AwZ my›ì my‡Kvgj †`n‡K| †`‡ni

g‡a¨ m„wó K‡ib P¶z, KY©, wRnŸv BZ¨vw` Bw›`ªq‡K| †K wek¦vm Kwi‡Z cv‡i †h, Ggb bMY¨ gvwUi

g‡a¨ Ggb my›ì †PvL, Ggb my›ì Kvb, Ggb my›ì wRnŸv ivLv Av‡Q? Zvici GB Rowc‡Ði

Af¨šÍ‡i m„wó K‡ib KZ mnmª mnmª eyèy‡ì g‡bve„wË I g‡bi fve‡K| Zvici Avevi m„wó K‡ib †mB

me fve‡K evB‡i e¨³ Kivi Rb¨ fvlv|Ó10

Q. m‡›`‡ni wbimb

MÖš’Kvi Zvdmx‡ii †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Ôm‡›`n fÄbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g ev Íe D`vniY Dc¯’vcb K‡i

m‡›`‡ni wbimb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 38-40 bs Avqv‡Zi11

e¨vL¨vq m~h© Ny‡i bvwK c„w_ex

Ny‡i Gi my›ì mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| ÒBD‡ivcxq •eÁvwbKMY G K_v e‡jb †h, m~h© Ny‡i bv eis

c„w_exB m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Ny‡i| MÖš’Kvi G K_vi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb gvby‡li Ávb hZUzK z

ZZUzKzB †m †`L‡Z cvq| †hgb †÷k‡b Avgiv hw` GKwU _vgv‡bv Mvox‡Z _vwK, Avgv‡ì Mvoxi

cv‡k¦©I Avi GKwU Mvox _vwg‡q Av‡Q| hw` wØZxq MvoxwU Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i ZLb g‡b nq Avgv‡ì

MvoxwUB Pj‡Q| wKš‘ ev Í‡e Zv nqbv| Avgv‡ì MvoxwU P‡jwb| ZvB eyS‡Z n‡e gvbyl c„w_ex bvgK

_vgv‡bv Mvox‡Z evm Ki‡Q| ZvB Zviv c„w_ex Ny‡i G K_v wek¦vm Ki‡Z Pvb bv|Ó12


203

R. dhxjZ D‡jøL Kiv

MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~iv cvV Kivi dhxjZ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmxb cvV Kivi dhxjZ

eY©bv K‡i †gvU mvZwU nv`xm Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| nv`xmmg~‡ni mvigg© GB‡h, m~iv Bqvmxb KziAvb

gvRx‡ì g‡a¨ †kªô m~iv| G m~iv hviv cvV K‡ib gnvb Avjøvn nvk‡ii gv‡V Zv‡ì‡K mycvwik Kivi

¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| m~ivwUi †ek K‡qKwU bvg Av‡Q| Z¤§‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv ÔAvhxgvÕ| †h‡nZz

KziAvb gvRx‡ì g‡a¨ gnvb m~iv ZvB Zv‡K ÔAvhxgvÕ ejv nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e G m~ivwU‡K ÔKvjeyj

KziAvbÕ ev KziAvb gvRx‡ì cÖvY ejv nq| †h‡nZz G m~iv cv‡Vi dhxjZ A‡bK ZvB GwU‡K ÔKvjeyj

KziAvbÕ ejv nq| ivm~jyjøvn (m.) Bikv` K‡ib, Ôgvby‡li kix‡i GKwU †Mv ÍwcÐ Av‡Q, hw` †mwU my¯’

_v‡K Z‡e Zvi ‡MvUv kixi my¯’ _v‡K| Avi hw` †mwU bó n‡q hvq Z‡e Zvi †MvUv kixi bó n‡q

hvq| Avi †m †Mv ÍwcÐwU n‡jv Kvje ev AšÍi|Õ13

ZvB m~iv Bqvmxb †h‡nZz KziAvb gvRx‡ì AšÍi,

ZvB G m~ivi cvV me© v Pvjy ivLv Riæix|14

Abyiƒcfv‡e m~ivZzj gyj‡Ki dhxjZ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb nv`x‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q, m~iv gyjK cÖwZ iv‡Z

cvV Ki‡j Kei ÔAvhve †_‡K bvRvZ cvIqv hvq|Õ15

S. kv‡bbyh~j D‡jøL

Abyiƒcfv‡e we‡kl †Kv‡bv m~iv ev Avqv‡Zi kv‡b byh~j _vK‡j MÖš’Kvi Zv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb

m~ivZzj ÔAvjv‡Ki cÖ_g cuvPwU AvqvZ †Kvb †cÖÿvc‡U AeZxY© nq Zv wZwb eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|16

T. ÔDc‡`kÕ wk‡ivbv‡g e³e¨ D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~ivi Zvdmxi †k‡l ÔDc‡`kÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wKQz e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb

m~ivZzZ ZvKvmyi (سسح ازىبثش)17

Gi Zvdmxi †k‡l Dc‡`k wk‡ivbv‡g †h e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb

Zvn‡jv:

ÒAvgiv hZ eo abx, m¤§vbxZ A_ev D”P c`¯’ ivR Kg©Pvix nBbv †Kb, ag© I AvwLivZ‡K ev` w`qv

†Kv‡bvfv‡e gyw³i Avkv Kwi‡Z cvwi bv| ag© cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB wVK ivwL‡Z nB‡e| wKš‘ a‡g©i wfwË

ag©we`¨vi Dci| Kv‡RB ag©we`¨vi DbœwZi †Póv Kiv Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB GKvšÍ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|Ó18

U. f~wgKv I m~wPcÎ D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi cuvPwU MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ PviwU‡Z †jL‡Ki Avih, gyLe×, f~wgKv, `yÕwU K_vÕ cÖf…wZ wk‡ivbv‡g

f~wgKv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ‡Kej n°vbx Zd&mxi (cvÄ m~iv) MÖ‡š’ †Kv‡bv f~wgKv D‡jøL K‡ibwb| G

QvovI wZwb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡š’ m~wPcÎ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Avevi †Kv‡bvwU‡Z m~wPcÎ D‡jøL K‡ibwb|

V. k‡ãi MVb cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ãi MVb cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzj dvwZnvi Zvdmxi

eY©bvq k‡ãi MVb cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges G e¨cv‡i wewfbœ gbxlxi AwfgZ Dc¯’vcb الله

K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ب ا (A_© (رذش) ا ب avZz nB‡Z (عجذ عجذ avZz nB‡Z ا kã (A_©

ب-عجد ) MwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges الله hvM Kwiqv† اي k‡ãi mwnZ ا kã MwVZ nBqv‡Q|19

W. ÔAviex e‡Y©i D”PviY c×wZ D‡jøL

‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡š’i cÖvi‡¤¢ MÖš’Kvi ÔAviex e‡Y©i D”PviY c×wZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv dv‡Znvi

Zvdmx‡ii ïiæ‡ZB wZwb ÔAviex e‡Y©i D”PviY c×wZ wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, Ôevsjv fvlvq ق

GB A¶i¸‡jvi D”PviY wVKgZ Kiv hvq bv| G‡ì D”PviY c„_K c„_K| Dchy³ ن ح ر ظ ر ع غ


204

Kvix I I¯Ív‡ì wbKU gkK K‡i wk‡L †bqv ìKvi| wZwb صر ظ †K ÔhÕ Øviv Bs‡iRx‡Z z Ges K† ج

ÔRÕ Øviv Bs‡iRx‡Z j Øviv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb AÎ wKZv‡e|20

X. Avqv‡Zi k‡ã k‡ã A_© D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~ivi Zvdmxi eY©bvKv‡j Avqv‡Zi ga¨Kvi cÖwZwU k‡ãi A_© Avjv`v Avjv`v

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv dv‡Znvi Zvdmxi eY©bvq k‡ã k‡ã A_© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY

¯îƒc cÖ_g Avqv‡Zi k‡ã k‡ã A_© wb¤œiƒc:

ذ ذ mg-ا Í cÖksmv, ي-Rb¨, لله-Avjøvni Rb¨, سة-cÖwZcvjK, ,mvivRvnvb-اعب

qvgq`-اشد

به ,AZ¨šÍ `qvjy-اشد -GK”QÎ gvwjK, GK”QÎ AwacwZ, -w`b, wèm, اذ -

Kg©dj|21

Y. mvigg© I mvims‡ÿc D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi †k‡l Zvi mvigg© A_ev mvims‡ÿc D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb سورة النبا

(m~ivZzb bvev)-Gi 6-14 bs Avqv‡Zi †h Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb Zvi mvims‡¶c wbgœiƒc:

ÒwKqvgZ Ges Kg©d‡j hvnviv wek¦vm K‡ibv ev m‡›`n K‡i Zvnv‡ì wPšÍv Kiv DwPr †h, Avjøvni

¶gZv KZ Amxg, Avjøvni m„wó inm¨ KZ Mfxi| Zvn‡j Zvnviv AwZ mn‡R eywS‡Z cvwi‡e †h,

wekvj emyÜiv‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, GB weivU ce©Zgvjv‡K whwb m„wó Kwi‡Z m¶g nBqv‡Qb, bi-

bvix gvbyl‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, we`¨v‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, ivÎx-wèv‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb,

wekvj my`„p mß AvKvk‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, m~h©‡K whwb m„wó Kwiqv‡Qb, †gN‡K whwb m„wó

Kwiqv‡Qb, wZwb wK gvbyl‡K g„Zz¨ w`qv cybivq m„wó Kwiqv Zvnv‡K Zvnvi Kg©dj w`‡Z cvwi‡eb bv?22

wbðqB cvwi‡eb, Zvnv‡Z we› ygvÎ m‡›`n bvB| Avi cwifvlvq BnvB wKqvgZ ev AvwLivZ| Bnv‡K

e‡j †kl wePvi wèm23

ev gxgvsmvi w`b|Ó24

Abyiƒcfv‡e wZwb m~iv Bqvmxb25

I m~iv gyh&hvw¤§‡ji26

mvigg©I D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

Z. Avqv‡Zi wkÿv D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi Zuvi MÖ‡š’i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ÔAvqv‡Zi wkÿvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g mswkøó AvqvZ I m~ivi wkÿvmg~n

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi cÖ_g iæKzi wkÿv Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|27

_. KweZvi D×…wZ D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi Zvdmx‡ii †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b KweZvi D×…wZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~ivZzj dvwZnvi †kl

Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi Ki‡Z wM‡q MÖš’Kvi Kwe †Mvjvg †gv Ídv iwPZ wb‡¤œv³ KweZvi D×„wZ Dc¯’vcb

K‡i‡Qb|

Ômij mwVK cyY¨ cš’v

†gv‡ì `vI †Mv ewj,

PvjvI †m c‡_ †h c‡_ †Zvgvi

wcÖqRb †M‡Q Pwj;


205

†h c‡_ †Zvgvi wPi Awfkvc

†h c‡_ åvwšÍ wPi-cwiZvc,

†n gnvcwiPvjK! †gv‡`‡i KL‡bv

K‡iv bv †m c_MvgxÕ|28

G QvovI Avjøvni ev›`vM‡Yi mn¨¸Y m¤ú‡K© eY©bvKv‡j MÖš’Kvi e‡jb,

mwn‡Z G‡mwQ †gviv mwnqv hvBe,

R¡wj‡Z G‡mwQ †gviv cywoqv gwie|29

`. wdKnx gZvgZ Av‡jvPbv

Bgv‡gi wcQ‡b gy³vw`‡K myiv dvwZnv cvV Ki‡Z n‡e wKbv, G myiv cvV †k‡l ÔAvwgbÕ Av‡¯Í bvwK

mk‡ã ej‡Z n‡e Zvi we‡ivac~Y© Av‡jvPbv †k‡l MÖš’Kvi wbi‡c¶ mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|30

a. wemwgjøvn m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv

wemwgjøvn ( myiv dvwZnvi Ask wKbv †m wel‡qI wZwb Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wm×v‡šÍ (بسم الله

†cu․‡Qb †h, GwU myiv dvwZnvi †Kv‡bv AvqvZ bq eis myivZzb bvg‡ji GKwU AvqvZ|31

b. cwiwkó D‡jøL

MÖš’Kvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~ivi cwiwkó D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hLv‡b mgMÖ m~ivi g~jfve I Zvrch© ewY©Z

n‡q‡Q| †hgb m~iv Bqvmx‡bi cwiwkó D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|32

c. mnvqK MÖš’vejx

MÖš’Kvi Zuvi MÖš’mg~n †h mKj MÖ‡š’i mnvqZvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡jv, Zvdmx‡i Beb ÔAveŸvm,

Zvdmxiæj Kvexi, Av`-`yiiæj gvbQyi, Zvdmxi Beb Kvwmi, iæûj gvÔAvwb, Avj-evniæj gynxZ,

Zvdmx‡i RvjvjvBb, Avj-gydiv`vZ dx Mvixwej KziAvb, Avj-wgmevûj gybxi, Avj-gvIwi`, Avj-

Kvgymyj gynxZ, wjmvbyj ÔAvie cÖf…wZ|

Dcmsnvi

gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i.) KziAvb †cÖgx‡ì Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb| wZwb KziAvb Gi Dci †h

M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb ZviB cÖwZ”Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zuvi msw¶ß Zvdmxi MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z| wZwb Zvui DwjøwLZ

cvuPwU cy¯Í‡K KziAvb gvRx‡ì cÖvq Aa©kZ m~ivi Zvdmxi K‡i‡Qb| hwÌ m~iv¸‡jv †QvU, wKš‘

G¸‡jvi gg©v_© LyeB Zvrch©gwÐZ| we‡kl K‡i wÎkcvivi g‡a¨ †h mKj m~ivi Zvdmxi Kiv n‡q‡Q

Zv‡Z cÖwZwU cvV‡Ki ü`q weMwjZ n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cÖvZ¨wnK bvgv‡h G m~iv¸‡jvB cvV Kiv n‡q _v‡K

Ges evsjvi N‡i N‡i dRi bvgvh †k‡l hLb KziAvb gvRx` †ZjvIqvZ Kiv nq ZLbI G m~iv¸‡jv

†ewk †ewk cvV Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB Zvui Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n mK‡ji Kv‡Q MÖnYxq n‡q‡Q Ges cvV‡Ki

ü`q Rq K‡i‡Q| Zuvi G mKj MÖš’ cvVKv‡j cvVKM‡Yi wbKU Kg-†ewk gy`ªYMZ ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ bR‡i

c‡o| hv Abyev` I e¨vL¨vi gvb ÿzbœ K‡iwb Ges Zv‡Z cvVKMY weåvšÍ nIqvi †KvbI AvksKv †bB|

d‡j Zuvi iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖš’mg~n mKj †kªYxi cvV‡Ki wbKU mgfv‡e mgv`„Z| hw` †m mKj gy`ªYMZ

ÎæwU ms‡kvab Kiv hvq Z‡e MÖš’mg~‡ni gvb Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e e‡j Avgv‡ì wek¦vm| MÖš’mg~‡ni †Kv‡bv

†Kv‡bvwU evRv‡i cvIqv hvq, Avevi †Kv‡bv †KvbwU cvIqv hvq bv| hw` †Kv‡bv cÖKvkbv ms¯’v G mKj

MÖš’ cybivq cÖKvk Ki‡Zv, Z‡e KziAvb †cÖgx evsjvfvlx cvVKMY Av‡iv DcK…Z n‡Zv| Aciw`‡K

MÖš’mg~n LÐvKv‡i iwPZ nIqvq cvVKMY Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wbav©wiZ Kwc µq K‡ib AwZ


206

mn‡R| †Kbbv, mKj †kÖwYi cvVK we‡kl K‡i hviv Zvdmxi wel‡q D”PZi M‡elYv Ki‡Z Pvb Zv‡ì

Rb¨ G mKj MÖš’ gnvg~jëvb m¤ú`|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 wewkó ZvdmxiKviK Avey nvBq¨vb (654Ñ745 wn.) e‡jb, ب أدىب ب، ذبر وفخ اطك، جذث ع ع

رزبد زاه ت، ب دبخ ازشو ع ب ازى رذ عب .الإفشادخ ازشوجخ، -ÔZvdmxi Ggb GKwU kv¯¿ hv‡Z

KziAv‡bi kãvejxi D”PviY c×wZ, †m¸‡jvi A_© Ges ev‡Kï AšÍM©Z wewfbœ kã I ev‡Kï we‡køl‡Yi `„wó‡Z

Avqv‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq welqvejxi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|Õ `ª. Ave~ nvBq¨vb, AvjÑevniæj gynxZ,

1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdKi, 1412/1992) c„. 13|

2 gvIjvbv kvgmyj nK dwi`cyix (i.) †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi MIniWv½v MÖv‡g 1898 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi

bvg gynv¤§` Avãyjøvn I gvZvi bvg Av‡gbv LvZzb| cÖv_wgK wk¶v ïiæ nq ¯’vbxq cvUMwZi GK wn›`y cwÐ‡Zi Kv‡Q|

AZtci wZwb Uzw½cvov I ewikv‡ji mywUqvKvwV ¯‥zj n‡Z cÖv_wgK wk¶vi mgvß K‡i 1915 mv‡j †bvqvcvovi evNwoqv

nvB¯‥zj †_‡K cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i lô †kªYx cvm K‡ib| AZtci 1919 mv‡j KjKvZv ÔAvwjqv gv`ªvmvq G¨vs‡jv

cvwm©qvb wefv‡M fwZ© n‡q †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶vq DËxY© nb| AZtci `viæj Djyg †Ìe›` gv`ªvmvq gvIjvbv

ûmvBb Avng` gv`vbx (1878-1957), gvIjvbv AvbIqvi kvn Kvkwgix (1875-1933), gvIjvbv •mq` bexi

Bmjvwgqv (1805-1902) cÖgy‡Li wbKU Av‡iv Pvi eQi a‡i KziAvb nv`xmmn wewfbœ gvmÕAvjv-gvmv‡qj wk¶v †k‡l

m‡e©v”P mb` AR©b K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z gvIjvbv Avkivd ÔAvjx _vbfx (i)-Gi ìev‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Zvi KvQ †_‡K

ZwiK‡Zi wLjvdZ jvf K‡ib| cÖvwZôvwbK I Ava¨vwZ¥K wk¶v MÖn‡Yi ci †`‡ki gvbyl‡K Øx‡bi wk¶v †`qvi Rb¨

1928 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i eªv²bevoxqvi BDbywmqv gv`ªvmvi †gvnZvwgg wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| AZtci 1935 mv‡j

ev‡Minv‡Ui MRvwiqv 1936 †_‡K 1949 ch©šÍ XvKvi jvjev‡Mi nv‡gAv †KviAvwbqv‡Z †gvnZvwgg wnmv‡e Kg©iZ

wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_I wZwb cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ wQ‡jb| L„óvb wgkbvix‡ì Bmjvg we‡ivax

Kg©Kv‡Ði weiæ‡× 1962 mv‡j ÔAvÄygv‡b Zvejx¸j KziAvbÕ bv‡g GKwU AivR‣bwZK msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| Bmjvgx

mvwnZ¨ PP©vq Zvi Ae`vb Acwimxg| wZwb cÖKvwkZ I AcÖKvwkZ cÖvq †ò kZvwaK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| wZwb 1969

mv‡ji 21 Rvbyqvix BwšÍKvj K‡ib| `ª. gvIjvbv Avãyi iv¾vK, mgvR ms¯‹viK Avjøvgv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyixi (in)

Rxebx (XvKv: Lv‡`gyj Bmjvg cvewj‡KkÝ, 1g cÖKvk, 1998), c„. 23-153|

3 gvIjvbv AvwRRyj nK evsjv‡`‡k ÔkvqLyj nv`xmÕ bv‡g mK‡ji wbKU mgwaK cwiwPZ| wZwb mnxn eyLvix c~Y©v½iƒ‡c

e½vbyev` K‡ib| wZwb XvKvi Rvwgqv ‡KviAvwbqv gvìvmvmn wewfbœ KvIgx gvìvmvq wkÿKZv K‡ib Ges XvKvq

BwšÍKvj K‡ib|

4 gvIjbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix, Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv) (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, 3q gy`ªY, 1998) c„. 1|

5 nhiZ gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK, n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv) (XvKv: Gg`vwgqv jvB‡eªix, 2q gy`ªY, gvP© 2002), c„. 43|

6 gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj-Kzkvqix, Avm-mnxn, wKZveyh hyn` Iqvi wiKvK, 4_© LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæ BnBqvBZ Zzivwmj

Avivex, Zv.we), c„. 2280|

7 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 44-45|

8 Z‡è, c„. 119|

9 Z‡è, c„. 76|

10 Z‡è, c„. 77-78|


207

11. AvqvZ¸‡jv n‡jv: ب ره رمذش اعضض اع سزمش س رجشي .اش بصي دزى عبد وبعشج ش لذسب ام

. امذ ف فه سجذ و بس سبثك ا ب ا ش رذسن ام ب أ جغ س .ب اش Ôm~h© Zvi wbw`©ó MwZc‡_

AveZ©b K‡i| GUv civµgkvjx me©Á Avjøvni wbqš¿Y| P‡›`ªi Rb¨ Avwg wewfbœ gbwhj wbav©wiZ K‡iwQ| Ae‡k‡l †m

cyivZb LRy©i kvLvi b¨vq n‡q hvq| m~h© bvMvj †c‡Z cv‡i bv P‡›`ªi Ges ivwÎ A‡MÖ P‡jbv w`‡bi| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avcb

Avcb K¶c‡_ mšÍiY K‡i|Õ

12 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 28-29|

13 g~j nv`xmwU n‡jv: امت ، اب ارا فسذد فسذ اجسذ و ضغخ ارا صذذ صخ اجسذ و اجسذ ف ا .اب

`ª. gynv¤§` Be&b BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxûj eyLvix, 1g LÐ, wKZveyj Cgvb (mvnvivbcyi: gvKZvevB ivwkw`q¨vn, Zv

we.), c„. 13|

14 gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK (i) dwi`cyix, Q~iv BqvQxb kixd (XvKv: Gg`vw`qv jvB‡eªix, 1g ms. 1979), c„. 1-2|

15 n°vbx Zdmxi (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 132|

16 gvIjvbv kvgQzj nK dwi`cyix (i), nv°vbx Zvdmxi, Avgcviv (XvKv: nvwgw`qv jvB‡eªix wjwg‡UW, 4_© ms. 2004),

c„. 214|

17 m~ivZzZ ZvKvQzi KziAvb gvRx‡ì 102 bs m~iv|

18 nv°vbx Zvdmxi, Avgcviv, c„. 214|

19 nv°vbx Zvdmxi (Avwjd-jvg-gxg), c„. 38|

20 Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv) c„. 1|

21 Z‡è c„. 3|

22 Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, رشجع إ ث ذى ث زى ث ارب فأدبو أ ز و ثب ف رىفش .و -Ô†Kgb K‡i

†Zvgiv Avjøvn‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cvi? A_P †Zvgiv wQ‡j cÖvYnxb| AZtci wZwbB †Zvgv‡ì‡K cÖvY `vb K‡i‡Qb,

Avevi g„Zz¨`vb K‡ib| cybivq †Zvgv‡ì‡K Rxeb `vb K‡ib| AZtci ZviB cÖwZ cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡e|Õ `ª. m~ivZzj

evKviv 2:28|

23 Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, اذ ب ب أدسان . اذ ب ب أدسان ئز . ث ش اأ ئب فس ش ه فس ب ر

. -ÔAvcwb Rv‡bb wePvi wèm Kx? AZtci Avcwb Rv‡bb wePvi wèm Kx? †h w`b †KD KviI †Kv‡bv DcKvi Ki‡Z

cvi‡e bv Ges †m w`b me KZ…©Z¡ n‡e Avjøvni|Õ `ª. m~ivZzj BbwdZvi, 82:17-19

24 nv°vbx Zvdmxi, Avgcviv, c„. 11|


26 Z‡è, c„. 133|

27 Z‡è, c„. 13|

28 Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv), c„. 47|


30 MÖš’Kvi bvgv‡R myiv dvwZnv cv‡Vi ci Avwgb Av‡¯Í I mk‡ã ejv Dfq c‡¶iB nvw`m Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Ges

mgvavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †h, Avwgb Av‡¯Í Ges mk‡ã Dfq cÖKvi covB ‣ea| ª. Zdmx‡i m~iv dv‡Znv (cvÄ m~iv), c„.

26|


208

31 Z‡è, c„. 12; AvqvZwU n‡jv, اشد اشد ا ثس إ ب س Ôwbðq GUv myjvBgv‡bi c¶ †_‡K| Avi- إ

wbðq GUv cig KiæYvgq cig `qvjy Avjøvni bv‡g|Õ `ª. m~ivZzb bvgj, 27:30|



27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Tasawuf in the light of the Qur’an and Hadith : An

Overview

Dr. Shah Mukhtar Ahmad

Abstract : Tasawuf is one of the important branches of Islam. It has been defined as „the

apprehension of divine realities. Its main sources are the holy Qur‟an and the Hadith but

some Western Scholars have tried to trace Tasawuf from other sources. However, Islamic

scholars strongly state that Tasawuf was originated during the period of the Prophet

Muhammad (sm) and has been gradually developed till today. Although at the time of

Prophet (sm) and his companions, the term Tasawuf was not exist as a distinct discipline.

Rather, it was inseparably and essentially present in the spirituality of Islam. It was a reality

without a name which was practiced in the daily lives of the companions through their

spiritual initiations at the hand of the Prophet (sm). He was their „living model‟ and their

source of inspiration. The companions of the Prophet (sm) could historically be regarded as

the first Sufis, because they regularly held gatherings of invocation (Zikr) and they were a

living example of this Qur‟anic verse: “Restrain yourself together with those who pray to

their Rabb morning and evening, seeking His Face. Do not turn your eyes away from them

in the quest for the good things of this life; nor obey anyone whose heart we have made

heedless of our remembrance, who follows his own lust and gives loose reign to his

desires.” (Qur‟an, Al-Kahaf 18:28). This paper is a humble attempt to fill up the gap on this

point and focus on Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith.

Tasawuf is a term which is used for the inner or esoteric dimension of Islam that is

also supported and complemented by outward or exoteric practices of Islam, such as

Sharia. It can also be explained from the perspective of the three basic religious

attitudes mentioned in the Qur‟an. These are the attitudes of Islam, Iman and Ihsan.

Islam means Submission to the Will of Allah which is the minimum qualification for

being a Muslim.1 Technically, it implies an acceptance, even if only formal, of the

teachings contained in the Qur‟an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (sm).

Iman is a more advanced stage in the field of religion than Islam. It designates a

further penetration into the heart of religion and a firm faith in its teachings.2 Ihsan is

the highest stage of spiritual advancement in Religion. At this stage the devotee has

such a realization of the religious truths which amounts almost to their direct vision.

This quality of Ihsan, is described in the Tradition by the Prophet (sm) as: أن ت عبد الله Ihsan is to adore Allah as though thou do see Him for even“ ه ت اا ه ن ت اا ه اا

if thou do not see Him, He nonetheless sees thee.”3 According to these three stages of

religiosity, Tasawuf may be defined as the spiritual progress of a devotee from the

initial stage of Islam to the final stage of Ihsan

Definition of Tasawuf

Tasawwuf is an Arabic word which is used for the process of realizing ethical and

spiritual ideals. Its literal meaning is "to become a Sufi"4 and it is generally translated

Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Rajshahi.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia


210

in English as Sufism. The etymologies for the term Sufi are various. The primary

meaning of the term comes from suf, "wool,"5 the traditional ascetic garment of

Prophets and Saints in the Near East. The term has also been connected

to safa˒ , "purity," or safwa, "the chosen ones," emphasizing the psychological

dimension of purifying the heart and the role of divine grace in choosing the saintly.

Another etymology links Sufi with suffa or bench, referring to a group of poor

Muslims contemporary to the Prophet Muhammad (sm), known as the People of the

Bench, signifying a community of shared poverty. Another view is that the word Sufi

is derived from the Arabic word saff, which means line or row, referring here to those

early Muslim contemporaries of the Prophet (sm) who stood in the first row during

prayer, having reached the mosque well in time.

The historian and philosopher Abu Rayhaan Al-Bayrooni (d.440 AH) mentioned that

the word “Sufi” springs from the Greek term “Sophia” meaning wisdom. Though one

cannot confirm nor deny the authenticity of this derivation, it is certain that Sufism

during its course of development was highly influenced by the Greek and Hindu

philosophies. This opinion is held by some important figures in Sufism like al-

Qushayriee and al-Hujwairi (d.456 AH). They say it is just a given title. Such a claim

is a strange and very weak one, because none of titles adopted by any sect lacks a

meaning associated with it. These were the most important sayings regarding the

origin of the word Tasawuf or Sufism. Such differences regarding this term is due to

the mystic nature that folds Sufism in esoteric concepts which is open to all kinds of

interpretations. Any Sufi master could add his own methodology and concepts based

upon his own experiences. However, the ideal qualities evoked by these derivations

are the key to the concept of tasawwuf as formulated by authors of the tenth century,

such as Sulami (d. 1021). While acknowledging that the term Sufi was not present at

the time of the Prophet (sm), Sufi theorists maintained that this specialization in

spirituality arose in parallel with other disciplines such as Islamic law and Qur‟anic

exegesies. But the heart of Tasawuf, they maintained, in the ideal qualities of the

Prophet Muhammad (sm) and his association with his followers. Many sufi scholars

define it in many ways. Each definition uncovers a different aspects of Tasawuf, each

correct in its proper context, and to grasp Sufism as a whole, one must consider as

wide a range of definitions as possible. In order to clarify the nature of Sufism,

therefore, the following definitions have been chosen and accumulated. A great

Islamic saint, Maruf al Kharki defines it as “The apprehension of Divine Realities”.6

Another Islamic scholar Zunayd al Bagdady defines it as “The purification of the

heart from associating with created beings, separation from natural characteristics,

suppression of human qualities, avoiding the temptations of the carnal soul, taking up

the qualities of the spirit, attachment to the sciences of the reality, using what is more

proper to the eternal, counseling all the community, being truly faithfully to God and

following the Prophet (saw) according to the law”.7 Allama Suhrawardi, a great sage

was asked about Sufism and replied, “Its beginning is God, but it has no end”.8 It is

also said that "Tasawuf or Sufism is to abandon one's own opinion and submit to

God's will”.9 Thus, the essence of Sufism lies in the purification of the senses and the

https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/islam/islam/islamic-law

Tasawuf in the light of the Qur‟an and Hadith : An Overview

211

will, the building up of inner and outer life and the attainment of eternal felicity and

blessedness by apprehending the Divine Realities. All definitions of Tasawuf

described ethical and spiritual goals and functioned as teaching tools to open up the

possibilities of the soul. In practice, the term Sufi was often reserved for ideal usage,

and many other terms described particular spiritual qualities and functions, such as

poverty (faqir, darvish), knowledge (˓ alim, ˓ arif), mastery (shaykh, pir), and so on.

Nature and Purpose of Sufism

• The goal of Sufism is not to acquire an intuitive knowledge of reality, but to be

a servant of God. There is no stage higher than the stage of servanthood

(abdiyat), and there is no truth beyond the Shari ‟ah.

• The object of Sufi Tariqah is nothing but to produce conviction in the beliefs of

the Shari ‟ah and to facilitate the observance of its rules.

• The experience of fana10

and baqa11

is the essence of walayat; its purpose is to

produce conviction.

• Visions and auditions are not the end of the Sufism; they are mere shadows, and

God transcends them absolutely.

Tasawwuf in the Qur’an and Hadith

Tasawuf is not a new concept in Islam. It has been originated from the teachings of the

Qur‟an and Hadith. Like other branches of Islam its main sources are the Qur'an and

Hadith. All Sufis obey the Holy Qur‟an implicitly and also follow the Prophet‟s

traditions (Hadith) rigidly. According to a great Islamic scholar Dr. Syed Nasr, Origin

of Sufism is the Qur‟an and Hadith that has been described earlier. The great Sufi of

Baghdad, Sheikh Shihabuddin Suharwardi also writes in his famous book on Sufism

entitled „Awariful Marif‟ that though the term „Sufi is not mentioned in the Holy

Qur‟an but the words Such: Mutawakkilin, Sadiqin, Salihin, Siddikin, Muqarribin, Aj-

Juhud, Ihsan and Tajkiatunnafs etc. connote the same meaning which is expressed by

Sufi. According to Dr. Yusuf Hussain Khan, all the mysticism is born in the bosom of

Islam.12

No Sufism without Islam. Sufism is the spirituality or mysticism of religion of

Islam. Mysticism makes its appearance, as an inward dimension. A great Sufi of

Baghdad, Zunaid Bagdadi says that Sufism has been originated from the Holy Qur‟an.

One who does not read the Holy Qur‟an and does not write the Hadiths, does not have

right to talk about Sufism. Zunaid Bagdadi also rightly remarks that the origin of Sufi

tendency in Islam, has been matter by wide divergence of opinion and Sufi has been

influenced by some external factors.

lbn Khaldun comments in his Muqaddimah that Sufism was one of the religious

sciences which was born in Islam.13

The way of the living of Sufis has been

appreciated by the companions of the Prophet (sm), the Successors and the

Successors of the Successors. The fundamental principles of Sufism are found in the

companions and in the earlier Muslims.


212

According to them, Tasawwuf means “absolute love of God and selfless service of

His creation under Shariat” because there is a clear indication in the Holy Qur‟an that

“God loves those who love Him”.14

When a Sufi reaches the pinnacle of his career, he

is above all worldly things. He then enters the domain of the “Spiritual World” the

existence of which is as certain as this material world, Ma‟arifat- Thus when the lover

and the „Beloved‟ are in divine harmony and unity, there is nothing else but a

peaceful happiness, a rare type of happiness which no man or human intellect can

describe on paper. It is this reciprocal link of divine love between God and man

which is called Ma‟arifat in Sufi vernacular.15

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad clarifies

this point nicely in his Tarjumaan-ul-Qur‟an. He says “Again and again the Qur‟an

has revealed the fact that the relation of God with man is nothing but a relation of

their „mutual love‟.16

However, a lot of people have misunderstandings about Tasawwuf. Some of them

think that it is something beyond the Qur‟an and Hadith. Some delinquent Sufis as

well as superficial Ulama, although on the opposite ends of the spectrum, are together

in holding this mistaken notion. Consequently the first group has shunned the Qur‟an

and Hadith while the second group has shunned Tasawwuf. Actually, although the

term Tasawwuf, like many other religious terms in use today, evolved later, the

discipline is very much part of the Shariah. The department of the Shariah relating to

external deeds like Salat and Zakat is called Fiqh while the one dealing with the

internal feelings and states of the heart is called Tasawwuf. Both are commanded in

the Qur‟an, “Verily, he who has purified the heart is successful and he who has

despoiled it has lost.”17

Thus while commanding Salat and Zakat, the Qur‟an also

commands gratefulness and love of Allah and condemns the evil of pride and vanity.

Similarly, in the books of Hadith, along with the chapters on Ibadat, trade and

commerce, marriage and divorce, are to be found the chapters on Riya, Takabbur,

Akhlaq etc. These commands are as much a mandatory requirement as the ones

dealing with external deeds.

On reflection it will be realised that all the external deeds are designed for the

reformation of the heart. That is the basis of success in the hereafter while its

despoiling is the cause of total destruction. This is precisely what is known

technically as Tasawwuf. Its focus is Tahzeeb-I-Akhlaq or the adornment of character;

its motive is the attainment of divine pleasure; its method is total obedience to the

commands of the Shariah. A great scholar lbn Khaldun comments in his Muqaddimah

that Tasawuf was one of the religious sciences which was born in Islam. The way of

the living of Sufis has been appreciated by the companions of the Prophet (sm), the

Successors and the Successors of the Successors. The fundamental principles of

Sufism found in the companions and the Muslims of old time are as follows.

i. Kashf is a source of knowledge.

ii. God is unique, eternal and all-pervading.

iii. The world is transitory.

iv. God is near to His creatures.18


213

All these principles are supported and recognised with the Qur‟anic verses and the

traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (sm). The following quotations from the holy

Qur'an and Hadith substantiate the claim that Tasawuf is reflected in the Qur'an and

Hadith.

Quotations from the Qur’an :

Allah said,

اا ا ا ن ب ا ا ا اع ه د ن ا ا ب ا يب أ ي ا ة ااده

“And when my servants ask you concerning Me. (tell them), I am nearby indeed, I

answer the prayer of the supplicant when he prays to me, so they should respond

to my call and believe in Me.”19

ي اا ه ات اا اا ااع ي ااع

“His knowledge and suzerainty extend over the heavens and the earth and the care of

them both tries Him not. He is the supreme, the Great.”20

م ب ي بي الله

“Soon Allah will produce a people whom He will love as they will love Him.”21

ا حة ن دن ه ا ن ادنه دا بدا ن ب ان آت

“So, they found one of our servants on whom we had bestowed mercy from ourselves

and whom we had taught knowledge from our own presence.”22

اا ه ات اا ثل ا شك ةم صب حب اا صب ح ف ز ةم اازي ة ه يب ا د ن ةم ب ةم ز ةم الله كل ءم اا ث ل ا ه س الله ا ا ن ش ء ض ب الله هةم غ هةم ك ا ز ض ء ا ل ت ن ب ب ى م د الله

ب

“Allah is the extensive light of the heavens and the earth. His light can be compared

to a pillar on which is a lamp. The lamp is inside a crystal globe. The globe of glass is

as if it were a glittering star. It is lit by (the oil of) a blessed olive tree which belongs

neither to the east nor to the west. Its oil is likely to glow forth of itself even if no fire

touch it. This lamp is a combination of many lights over and over. Allah guides

towards His light whoever desires (to be enlightened). And Allah sets forth excellent

parables for the people and Allah alone has full knowledge of everything.”23

تدا الله آآ ا ه لي ءم ا ب ه

“Call on no other god beside Allah. There is no God but He. Everything (that exists)

will perish - except His own Face.” 24

ب ا ن بل اا د ع ت س ن أ


214

“What dark suggestions his soul makes to him; for we are nearer to him than his jugular vein.” 25

نم ى اللل ال ا - لي ن بن - ب ا ن ف اا ه ات اا له م - ب آ ء ك تكذ . ف نم

“All that is on earth will perish but will abide (forever) the Face of thy Lord, full of

Majesty, Bounty and Honour. Then which of the favours of your Lord will you deny?

Of Him seeks (its need) every creature in the heavens and on earth. Every day in

(new) splendour doth He shine?” 26

اا هل ااآ اا ه ااب ان كل ءم ب

“He is the First and the Last, the Evident and the Immanent.” 27

ا اا , ااهذ ن د ا ا د ه ب نه الله

“And those who strive hard in Our cause We will certainly guide them in the ways

that lead to Us. Verily, Allah is always with the doers of good.” 28

, ا ا ت ب هل ا ت ب ل

“Or prolong it (a little more) and keep on reciting the Qur‟an distinctly and

thoughtfully well.” 29

, أ نه أ ا ء الله آ ب ز ن

“Behold! The friends of Allah, neither fear shall overwhelm them, nor shall they

(ever) remain in grief.” 30

آيت ز ع ااك ب الك ة ن ا ن بل ا ضللم ااهذ عث ف اا He it is Whohas raised among the Arabs a grand messenger (who hails) from“ ب م

among themselves, who recites to them His revelations to rid them of their impurities

and teaches them the Book and Wisdom, though before (the advent of the Prophet)

they…”31

ح ن ت ز هى ا ص هى د أ

“Verily, that person who purifies himself truly will succeed (both in this life and in

the hereafter), and remembers and extols the name of his Lord andoffers Prayers.”32

آيت ز ع ااك ب الك ة ن ا ن بل ى اا عث ن أ ا د نه الله ا ضللم ب م

“Verily Allah has bestowed a favour on the believers when He has raised amongst

them a great Messenger from amongst themselves who recites to them His Messages,

and purifies them and teaches them the Book and the wisdom; although before this

they were steeped in flagrant error.”33


215

يم م لب ن ه ن أتى الله ,

“The day when wealth will not avail, nor sons (be of any good), But (he alone will be

saved) who comes to Allah with a sound and pure heart.” 34

ا ااصه ا ي أ ي ااهذ ن آ ا ات ه ا الله

“O you who believe! keep your duty to Allah and be with the truthful.” 35

د ااشي داء ااصه ل ن أ ا ن اا هب ااص اا ه ل ا ااهذ ن أ ع الله , ن ط الله

“And those who obey Allah and this perfect messenger, it is these who are with those

upon whom Allah has bestowed His blessings (in this life and Hereafter) the Prophets, the

Truthful (in their belief, words and deeds), and the bearers of Testimony (to the truth of

thr religion of Allah by their words and deeds), as well as the Martyrs, and Rightious

(who stick to the right course under all circumstances), and how excellent companions

they are!”36

Quotations from the Hadith

The Prophet Muhammad (sm) said,

ت سع ااهذ ص ا ااهذ بص دا ااهت بطش : زال بد هب ه با ه ا ل ه أ به ا أ ب ب ب

God said: "My servant continues to draw near to me through works of suprogation

until I love him. And when I love him I am his ear so that he hears by Me and his

eyes so that he sees by me and his hands so that he takes by Me.37

ع أ ض س ا ع ي بد اا ن اا ه اا ه اا ااا اا ه

God said: "My earth and My heaven contain Me not but the heart of My faithful

servant containeth Me".38

. ت زا مخ ببت أن أ خ ت آ بي

God said: “1 was a hidden treasure and I desired to be known, I created the creation in

order that I might be known".39

ن د ه

O "Whosoever knows himself knows his Lord". 40

أ نه ف ال د ض ة ا ت ح ال د ي ا دت د ال د ي أ اا ي

Beware! There is a piece of flesh in the body if it becomes good (reformed) the whole

body becomes good but if it gets spoilt the whole body gets spoilt and that is the

heart. 41

اا عبد ف اا ات ااعدا- ث ن يخ اء


216

He used to go in seclusion in the cave of Hira where he used to worship (Allah alone)

continuously for many days. 42

ة ن اا ل ت ف اا ء خ ك ف ت ع ن ت ه ا اادي ات ه ا اا ء نه أ هل نه اادي ةب آض ةب نه الله

“The world is sweet and green (alluring) and verily Allah is going to install you as

vicegerent in it in order to see how you act. So avoid the allurement of women: verily,

the first trial for the people of Isra'il was caused by women.”43

ا اا ة ف اا ي ى اا ي ا بط اا ه س ا ا ب ب ء داء ل ثى أ ا ى عثن الله أ ا ب ب ل ي ل الله ا ع ل الم ن ف الله ن ب ال ه لا ه ي ع ن ى الله ذ

“May Allah send them resurrection on the Day of Resurrection in their faces light on the

platforms of pearls people are not captivated by Prophets nor martyrs said Fajti Arabi on

his knees and said, O Messenger of Allah Glahm to us know them said they are lovers of

God from various tribes and the various countries meet on the mention of God remind

him”44

م اس ااذ ف اا د : ن أ ل ااك ي ل الله ؟ ل : ع أ ل ال اا ن أ ل ااك ل

“The people of the day will know the people of the vineyard. He said: "Who are the

people of the vineyard, O Messenger of Allaah?" He said: "The people of the

masculine councils in the mosques.”45

If we think deeply and analyse the above mentioned Qur‟anic verses and the

traditions of the Prophet (sm) we can see that each of the verses and traditions

contains and expresses the spirit, theme and features of tasawuf directly and

indirectly. Examples include words like tajkiatun nafs, zikrullah, majaliszzikr,

taqwallah, sadiqeen, salihin, muhsinin, muttaqin and qalb-e-salim etc. among others

that have been quoted in the discussion above. In addition, we can also see that in

appreciation of man‟s own wonderful creation, God has expectation nothing but his

love and devotion only”. A true devotee of God thus becomes His true lover. And, at

this stage, the devotee is very near to God. Having attained the position of God‟s

“beloved”, he soars high in the spiritual World or the so-called “other- worldliness,

and this is the ultimate goal of a Sufi-the true meaning of all his devotion and

Mujaheds (strivings).The Qur‟an gives a central place to its religious principles in

order to guide the conduct of man in his life, and that is why all Sufis follow it

scrupulously to develop their love of God and win His pleasure and blessings. God

says: “O Mohammed (sm), we have given you the Book as well as the secrets of our

Hikmat (Divine knowledge) and we shall tell you those things which you never

knew.” As promised, the Prophet (sm) receive this divine wisdom or the secret

knowledge and in turn, imparted and passed it on to some of his very near associates,

especially to Hazrat Ali, who were indeed “the source of Light” or the guiding stars

of Tasawwuf for the succeeding generations of a particular class of Muslim ascetics

who played such a glorious role in the service of mankind at various critical junctures

of Islamic History.


217

Conclusion

In concluding remark, it can be certainly said that Tasawuf has played a tremendous

role in the formation of Muslim society for ages. It is a movement which aims at

making people good and better Muslims. It is a call to them to actualize truly and

internally those teachings of Islam they have accepted only formally or intellectually

as part of their inheritance. It is said that it is to Islam what the heart is to body. There

is no Sufism without Islam because Sufism is the spirituality or Mysticism of the

religion of Islam. So everybody should practice Tasawuf (Sufism) in their practical

lives.

Notes & References

1 Syed Mahmudul Hasan, Islam (Dhaka: Islamic Foundation, 2002), p. 46 2 Ibid, p. 50 3 Imam Muslim al Naisapuri, Sahih Muslim, Kitab al Iman, Hadith no. 40 4 Islam, Ibid, p. 307 5 Suhrawardi, The Awarif-ul-Ma’arif (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf T. L. Clark, 1973), p.8 6 Dr. Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari, Sufi Perspective on Experience and Reality (New Delhi: Markazi

Maktaba Islami Publishers, 2015), p. 9 7 Islam, Ibid, p. 307 8 The Awarif-ul-Ma’arif, Ibid, p.11 9 Dr. Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari, Sufism and Shariah ( New Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami

Publishers, 1997), p. 31 10 Fana: Literally, „extinction‟. In Sufism it means to die to the world and to subsist in God alone. This

state of subsisting in God is called baqa and is the end of the sufi journey. vide, Sufism, op.cit, p.

222 11 Baqa: Literally, „remaining‟, „subsisting‟. It is final stage of a mystic who has been annihilated (fana)

in God and lives in Him and through Him. vide, Ibid. 12 Sufi Perspective on Experience and Reality, Ibid, p. 30 13 Kamal Khalil Yazijee, As Sufiyyah baynal Ams wal Yawm, ( Lebanon: Dar al Kitab al Ilmiyyah,

1997), p. 112; Ibn Taimiyyah, Majmu al Fatawa, vol-10, pp. 366-67; Ibn al Jawzee, Tablees Iblees,

pp. 156-58 14 M.M. Sharif, A History o Muslim Philosophy (Delhi: Adam Publishers, 1961), p. 75 15 Ibid, p.81 16 Sufi Perspective on Experience and Reality, Ibid, p.11

Al Quran, Surah al Shams, vers no – 09-10 , د أ ح ن ز ه د آ ب ن ا ه 17

18 Sufism and Shariah, Ibid, p.33 19 Al Quran, 02 : 186 20 Al Quran, 02 : 255 21 Al Quran, 05 : 54 22 Al Quran, 18 : 65


218

23 Al Quran, 24 : 35 24 Al Quran, 28 : 88 25 Al Quran, 55 : 26 - 29 26 Al Quran, 50 : 16 27 Al Quran, 57 : 03 28 Al Quran, 29 : 69 29 Al Quran, 73 : 04 30 Al Quran, 10 : 62 31 Al Quran, 62 : 02 32 Al Quran, 87 : 14-15 33 Al Quran, 03 : 164 34 Al Quran, 26 : 88-89 35 Al Quran, 09 : 119 36 Al Quran, 04 : 69 37 Muhammad ibn Ismail al Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari (Egypt: Daru tawk an-najat, 1st edition 1422

hijri), vol-08, p.105, Hadith No 6502 38 Imam ibn Taimiyah, Majmu` al-Fatawa (Saudia Arabia: Majma` al-mulk Fahad, 1st edition 1995

CE), vol-02, p.384 39 Ismail Ibn Muhammad al-Ajaluni, Kasful khafa (Ciro: Maktabah al-Kudsi, 1st edition 1351 hijri),

vol-02, p.132, Hadith No 2016 40 Abu Nuaim Ahmad Ibn Abdullah Asbahani, Huleatul Awulia (Byrut: Darul Kitab al-Arabi, 1st

edition 1974 CE), vol-13, p.208 41 Sahih al-Bukhari, op.cit, vol-01, p.20, Hadith No 52 42 Ibid, p.07, Hadith No 3 43 Muslim Ibn Hajjaj an-Nisabury, Shahih Muslim (Byrut: Daru Ihya al-Turas al-Arabi, without date),

vol-04, p.2098, Hadith No 2742 44 Jakiuddin al-Munjeri, At-Targib wat-Tarhib (Byrut: Darul Kutub Ilmiah, 1st edition 1417 hijri), vol-

04, p.12, Hadith No 4573 45 Muhammad Ibn Hibban, Shahih Ibne Hibban (Byrut: Muassasah ar-Risalah, 1st edition 1988 CE),

vol-03, p.98, Hadith No 816


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

AvšÍtagx©q msjvc : jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ

W. †gv. Avãyj nvbœvb

Abstract: Religion is an important and sensitive matter in human life. All religions of the

world teach man to be logical, liberal and self-restrained and inspire to obtain perfection

of one's own character by gaining the highest values of life. All religions give message of

peace. It is not possible to gain peace without religion. So religion and peace is

complimentary to each other. But it is a matter of that amity and fellow-feeling is spoilt

everywhere by using great regret religion. In order to avoid this unstable environment, we

have to follow a way which will help us to build a stable society and state and each

other's love will enter in the depth of heart. So this desirable path is inter-religious

dialogue. It is an appropriate and important matter for age. It's actively is noticeable in

different countries including Bangladesh. In this article, introduction, aim and principles

of inter-religious dialogue have been highlighted.

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Av`BqvbÕ ( bv‡g cÖPwjZ| welqwUi DrcwË cÖvPxbKv‡j n‡jI eZ©gvb mg‡q Gi (الحوار بينالأديان

eënvi I weKvk jÿYxq| GwU gvbe mgvR I iv‡óªi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I cÖ‡qvRbxq welq|

Dbwesk kZvwãi †k‡li w`‡K AvšÍtagx©q msjvc AvbyôvwbKfv‡e hvÎv Avi¤¢ Ki‡jI wesk I GKwesk

kZvwã‡Z cÖvP¨ Ges cvðv‡Z¨ e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U|8 evsjv‡`‡kI Gi PP©v I Abykxjb we‡klfv‡e

jÿŸxq|

c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ ÔmsjvcÕ (Dialogue) cèvP¨wUi eënvi we‡klfv‡e `„k¨gvb|

evsjv fvlvq ÔmsjvcÕ GKwU we‡kl¨ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| hv `yÕwU kã (mg&+jc&+A) Gi mgwó| Gi

A_© Avjvc, K‡_vcK_b, bvU‡Ki PwiÎmg~‡ni ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ K_vevZ©v BZ¨vw`|9 msjvc k‡ãi

kvwãK A_© we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ÔmsÕ k‡ãi A_© mg ev mgvb|

Bs‡iwR‡Z msjvc Gi cÖwZkã 'Dialogue (dia+log) eëüZ nq| Gi A_© Conversation,

Discussion|10

GwU MÖxK yÕwU k‡ãi mgš‡q MwVZ| Dia A_© GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ

(Through) Avi Logos A_© e¨vL¨v Kiv (Interpreted)| A_©vr ejv I †jLvi gva¨‡g msjv‡c †Kvb

A_© •Zwi Kiv|11

Aviex fvlvq msjv‡ci cÖwZkã ÔAvj-wnIqviÕ (الحوار) eëüZ nq| wnIqvi (حوار)

kãwU Avj-nvIiæb (الحور) avZyg~j †_‡K wb©MZ| Gi A_© †Kv‡bv wKQz †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv, †Kv‡bv wKQz

e„w×i ci Zv Avevi K‡g Avmv A_©vr cybivq c~‡e©i Ae ’vq cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv|12

cwifvlvq, wewfbœ agx©q wek¦vmx‡ì cÖwZ Mfxi kÖ×v, m¤§vb cÖ`k©bc~e©K, D`vi, wbi‡cÿ I mnvbyf‚wZi

`„wó‡Z cvi¯úwiK †h agx©q welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, ZvB AvšÍtagx©q msjvc|13

wg. †hv‡md

wek¦vm Gi g‡Z, msjvc n‡jv wb‡Ri mZ¨Zv, agx©q g~j wek¦vm, b¨vh¨Zv Z_v mgy`q g~j¨‡eva eRvq

†i‡L Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡ì a‡g©i cÖwZ kÖ×v, m¤§vb I gnvbyfeZv cÖ`k©b K‡i cvi¯úwiK †h Avjvc

mnfvwMZv Kiv nq, ZvB msjvc|14

ag©ZË¡we` W. wjIbvW© myBWjvi Gi fvlvq,

'Dialogue' is a conversation on a common subject between two or more persons with

differing views, the primary purpose of which is for each participant to learn from the

other so that he or she can changed and grow.15

ÔmsjvcÕ n‡jv wewfbœ `„wófw½ wb‡q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ GKwU mvaviY welqvw` wb‡q

K‡_vcK_b| Gi cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKix A‡bï wbKU †_‡K wkL‡e, hv‡Z K‡i †m

(cyt/¯¿x) cwieZ©b I DbœZ n‡Z cv‡i|


221

dv`vi †Rg&m µzk g‡b K‡ib †h, msjv‡ci AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv GK m‡½ Avjvc Kiv, msev`

wewbgq Kiv| Avjvc n‡jv GKwU msev` Ges msjv‡ci gva¨‡g Rxeb msjvc nq| cvwifvwlK A‡_©

msjvc n‡jv ag©wfwËK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ges ag©vej¤^x‡ì mv‡_ åvZ…myjf m¤úK© ¯’vcb I eRvq

ivLv| ZvB wb‡Ri mZ¨, agx©q wek¦vm, b¨vh¨Zv Z_v mgy`q g~j¨‡eva AÿzYœ †i‡L Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i

Abymvix‡ì cÖwZ kÖ×v, m¤§vb I gnvbyfeZv cÖ`k©bc~e©K cvi¯úwiK †h Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq, ZvB

AvšÍtagx©q msjvc|16

G cÖm‡½ cvðvZ¨ ag©ZË¡we` Gd.Gb. gvgex-Gi fvl¨ wb¤œiƒc| wZwb e‡jb,

'Dialogue' is an encounter of people of different religions and faiths in an atmosphere of

freedom and openness for each partner to listen and understand himself and other. One

person speaks and another listens and responds and vice versa. Dialogue is no more than

this respectful communication of two different subjects.17

ÔmsjvcÕ n‡jv wewfbœ ag© I wek¦vmx †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ gy‡LvgyLx mvÿvr, †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki G‡K Ac‡ii K_v

kÖeY I Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ gy³ I Aeva cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| GK e¨w³ ej‡e Avi AciRb kÖeY Ki‡e I

muvov w`‡e, Avevi GKRb kÖeY Ki‡e Ab¨Rb ej‡e| Avi msjvc `yÕwU wfbœ wel‡q m¤§vbRbK m¤úK©

Qvov wKQzB bq|

AZGe, AvšÍtagx©q msjvc n‡jv we‡ivac~Y© †Kv‡bv wel‡q cwic~Y© A_ev KvQvKvwQ mgvav‡b †cu․Qvi

j‡ÿ¨ yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i gv‡S K‡_vcK_b|

AvšÍtagx©q msjvc †KejgvÎ agx©q cwigÐ‡j mxgve× bq; eis Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î Z_v mvgvwRK,

ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡eó‡b †h †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mgvav‡b cvi¯úwiK msjvc n‡Z

cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡eva, AvšÍwiKZv, fvjevmv, D`viZv, wbi‡cÿZv I

mnvbyf‚wZ|18

G cÖm‡½ we MvRvjxi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb,

It depicts, interaction and communication among people of different religions and

ethnicity in socio-economic activities that they have experienced over more than a

century ago as a form of Interreligious Dialogue.19

GwU (msjvc) wewfbœ a‡g©i †jvK I b„‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK gZ

wewbgq eY©bv K‡i| hv‡ì (b„‡Mvôx) GKwU AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci AeKvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e GK kZvwãi †ewk

AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q|

myZivs AvšÍtagx©q msjvc n‡jv wewfbœ gb-gvbwmKZvm¤úbœ e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ msjvc| GwU GKwU

avivevwnK c×wZ| †hLv‡b GKRb ïay Ab¨‡ì ag© m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf K‡i bv wKš‘ †mB mv‡_ wb‡Ri

ag© m¤ú‡K©I †k‡L| GwU †Kvbµ‡gB weZK© bq ev GKB g‡bi e¨w³‡ì GKwÎZ K‡i kw³kvjx K‡i

†ZvjvI bq|

3. AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ (Aim of Interreligious Dialogue)

gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m a‡g©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GwU gvby‡li agx©q wek¦v‡mi cÖvY‡K›`ª| ZvB wewfbœ

a‡g©i Abymvix‡ì cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv we‡køl‡Yi we‡kølY bq, Avevi we‡køl‡Yi mgšqI bq|

msjv‡ci gva¨‡g me©Rb MÖnY‡hvM¨ wm×v‡šÍ (Unanimity) †cu․Qv‡Z bv cvi‡jI †gvUv‡gvwU Kvh©Ki

H‡K¨ (Unity) †cu․Qv‡bv m¤¢e| G †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖKvi cÖfve we¯Ívi, evK-weZÐv, Ø›Ø-Kjn Kiv hv‡e

bv| ag©ZË¡we` Lvwj` gynv¤§` Avj-gyMvwgwm e‡jb, Ô†g․wjK m‡Z¨ †cu․Qv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó

wel‡q yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i gv‡S cvi¯úwiK Ggb Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, hv cÖÁvc~Y© cš’vq cwiPvwjZ

Ges SMov-weev` I RvwZ-ag©-eY© cÖxwZgy³ Ges ZvrÿwYK djvdj jv‡fi AvKvsLv wegy³|Õ20

e¯‘Z,

AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci bv‡g agx©q mwnsmZv I Aw¯ÍiZv m„wó bv K‡i mKj RbMY, QvÎ-QvÎx, wkÿK I


222

M‡elKe„›`‡K wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ me©vZ¥K jÿ¨ ivLv DwPr| bZzev AvšÍtag©xq msjvc

mvgwMÖKfv‡e KjswKZ I cÖkœwe× n‡e| mgv‡R kvwšÍi cwie‡Z© AkvwšÍ weivR Ki‡e| hv KviI Kvg¨

bq|

3.1 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv D`vi, wbi‡cÿ I mnvbyf‚wZi mv‡_ a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h mv „k¨ I

•emv`„k¨¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv cÖKvk Kiv I ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i Zv †g‡b †bqv| Ab¨ ag©‡K MÖnY Kiv Ges

Abä‡g© `xwÿZ nIqv bq, eis mK‡ji g‡a¨ AvwZ¥K m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv|21

G cÖms‡M †nbwWªK

†µBgvi e‡jb,

It is not a matter of regular conversion to discovering oneself somehow a 'spiritual

relative' of theirs.22

GwU (msjvc) wb‡R‡K wbqwgZ ag©cwieZ©‡bi welq wn‡m‡e cÖKvk K‡i bv; eis Zv‡ì (ag© ‡jvi g‡a¨)

GKwU AvwZ¥K m¤^Ü m„wó K‡i|

3.2 msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv mKj a‡g©i g‡a¨ m‡Zï AbymÜvb Kiv| GwU ïaygvÎ GKK I e¨w³MZ

†Kvb Kg©ZrciZv bq, eis GKwU †h․_ Kvh©µgI e‡U|23

`vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRx G cÖms‡M e‡jb,

It will enable us to understand the truth underlying other religions. Such a dialogue will

not undermine one's own religious faith, but will give the participants a deeper

understanding of their respective religions.24

GwU (msjvc) Ab¨vb¨ ag© ‡jvi AšÍwb©wnZ Dcjwä Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì‡K mnvqZv Ki‡e| G ai‡Yi msjvc

Kv‡iv wbR¯ agx©q wek¦vm‡K †nq Ki‡e bv, eis Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnYKvix‡ì ¯^ ¯^ ag© ‡jvi Mfxi

axkw³ `vb Ki‡e|

3.3 wewfbœ ag©‡K cwinvi K‡i GKwU wek¦Rbxb ag© cÖwZwôZ Kiv msjv‡ci jÿ¨ bq| †h‡nZz mKj

a‡g©i mvaviY mZ¨ GKB| ZvB †mLv‡b GKwU mvaviY †÷kb i‡q‡Q, hvi Dci ag©¸‡jv HKë× n‡Z

cv‡i|25

`vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRx e‡jb,

It should be noted at the outset that the aim of this dialogue is not to establish one

universal religion excluding the varieties of religion. The possibility of a dialogue

presumes the existance of many religions and yet at the same time it holds that as the

basic truth of all religions is the same, there is a common platform on which religions can

meet.26

ÔGwU cÖ_‡gB jÿ¨ Kiv DwPr †h, GB msjv‡ci jÿ¨ wewfbœ ag©‡K eR©b K‡i GKwU wek¦Rbxb ag© cÖwZôv

Kiv bq| msjv‡ci m¤¢vebv wewfbœ a‡g©i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Abygvb Kiv nq Ges GKB fv‡e GB AwfgZ

†cvlY Kiv nq †h, †h‡nZz mKja‡g©i mvaviY mZ¨ GKB, †mLv‡b GKwU mvaviY †÷kb cÖv½b i‡q‡Q,

hvi Dc‡i mKjag© wgwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|

3.4 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv `vk©wbK hyw³ Øviv ag©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m„wó Kiv wKsev axkw³

wb`k©b Øviv a‡g©i mvaviY Dcv`vb¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv bq| eis a‡g©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv mh‡Zœ

Ae‡jvKb I Abyaveb Kiv|27

G cÖm‡½ wbwbqvb ¯§vU© Gi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨|

wZwb e‡jb,

The Purpose of the dialogue which follows is not to settle abstruse philosophical

questions about Prim Movers and Necessary Beings. It is rather to show the kinds of

considerations - the reasons which are relevant in religions discussions. It is to show how

the great religions can differ and agree upon principles.28


223

msjv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ 'Prim Movers and Necessary Beings' m¤^‡Ü RwUj `vk©wbK cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv

bq| eis GwU we‡ePbv‡K cÖ`k©b K‡iÑ KviY¸‡jv hv agx©q Av‡jvPbvq mymsMZ| GwU AviI cÖ`k©b

K‡i, wKfv‡e ag©¸‡jv g~jbxwZi Dc‡i c„_K Ges Abyiƒc n‡Z cv‡i|

3.5 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv †h, ¯ ag© ev Ab¨ ag© m¤ú‡K© †Kvb ai‡Yi nVKvix gšÍe¨ Kiv hv‡e

bv| †Kvb cÖKvi AwZ mijxKiY (Over simplification) ev wg_¨v mvwe©KxKiY (illicit generalization)

a‡g©i †ÿ‡Î AvkÖq †`qv hv‡e bv| wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h mv „k¨ I •emv „k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv kÖ×vi m‡½ ¸iæZ¡

w`‡Z n‡e| ïay mv „k¨¸‡jvi DciB ¸iæZ¡ w`‡j GKcÖKvi k~b¨ me©RbxbZvi m„wó n‡e| d‡j cÖwZwU a‡g©i

¯vZš¿¨ I ¯KxqZv wewNœZ n‡e| Aciw`‡K, ïay •emv „k¨¸‡jvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ w`‡j GKcÖKvi msKxY©

AvÂwjKZvi D™¢e NU‡e| hv †gv‡UB †kvfbxq I Kvg¨ bq|29

3.6 AvšÍtagx©q msjvc cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv bq, Ab¨ ag©‡K kÖ×v Kiv I Avcb K‡i †bqv Gi jÿ¨|

hwÌ GwU mnR KvR bq| ZeyI Kiv DwPr| d‡j cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡eva, mnbkxjZv I mnvbf‚wZ

Z¡ivwšZ n‡e|30

3.7 msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv G‡K Aci‡K †Pbv I Rvbv| Abäg©‡K Rq Kiv A_ev †nq Kiv bq| wewfbœ

a‡g©i g‡a¨ †h we‡iva I weev` i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kiv Ges G¸‡jvi m¤§vbRbK mgvavb K‡i H‡Kï

cwi‡ek I eÜb iPbv Kiv|31

G cÖms‡M ivBgÛz cvwbKi Gi evZ©v cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb,

The aim of the interreligious dialogue is understanding. It is not win over the other or to

come to a total agreement or a universal religion. The ideal is communication in order to

bridge the gulfs of mutual ignorance and the misunderstanding between the different

cultures of the world, letting them speak and speak out their own insights in their own

languages.32

ÔAvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv ci¯úi‡K Rvbv| GwU Ab¨ ag©‡K Rq Kiv bq| Ab¨ a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤ú~Y©

GKgZ n‡q wek¦Rbxb ag© cÖwZôv Kiv bq| Gi Av`k© n‡jv, wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ AÁvbRwbZ †h we‡iva

i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †mZz eÜb iPbv Kiv Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ ms¯‥…wZ‡K Abyaveb Kiv| d‡j Zviv

cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì fvlvi wbR¯^ mvi e³e¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|Õ

3.8 we‡k¦i mKj agx©q wek¦vm I ag©g‡Zi Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨, mg‡SvZv I mnvbyf‚wZi evZ©v

†cu․‡Q †`qvB AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨| GwU 'Love of God and Love of the Neighbor, or

Love of the Good and Love of the Neighbor' A_©vr Ck¦‡ii fvjevmv Ges cÖwZ‡ekxi

fvjevmv, A_ev fv‡jvi fvjevmv Ges cÖwZ‡ekxi fvjevmvÑ Øviv mKja‡g©i gvbyl‡K cvi¯úwiK

Av‡jvPbvq Avgš¿Y Rvbvq|33

3.9 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨ n‡jv GKvZ¥Zv bq eis HK¨ I Dcjwä, KZ…©Z¡ ev cÖfzZ¡ bq eis

Dbœqb| ZvB cÖwZwU e¨w³i AšÍ‡i mK‡ji Rb¨ wKQz RvqMv m„wó Kiv I mnvbyf‚wZi D‡b¥l

NUv‡bv|34

`vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRxi fvlvq,

Its aim is to develop toleration towards other religions and to create harmony among all

of them.35

ÔGwUi (msjvc) jÿ¨ n‡jv Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ mnbkxjZv e„w× Kiv Ges mKja‡g©i g‡a¨ H‡Kï eÜb m„wó

Kiv|

3.10 AvšÍtagx©q msjvc GKwU AivR‣bwZK c`‡ÿc| GLv‡b ZK©-weZ©K I cÖwZev` Kivi †Kvb

my‡hvM †bB| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb,36 الا د د و وحه و تج Ô†Zvgiv DËgcš’v e¨wZZ و و تجوادداتجوا و ه و ااه د وااد د لا د


224

wKZvex‡ì mv‡_ weZK© Ki‡e bv|Õ eis †Lvjv gb wb‡q GKwÎZ nIqv I cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv I

gZvgZ wewbgq Kiv DwPZ|37

G cÖm‡½ `vk©wbK cÖxwZf‚lY P¨vU©vRx e‡jb,

It should be motivated only by a desire for straight thinking and not done simply for the

sake of mere opposition.38

ÔGwU (msjvc) mnR I mij wPšÍvi AvKvsLv wb‡q AMÖmi nq, we‡ivaxZvi Rb¨ bq|Õ

3.11 Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ cvi¯úwiK ÿgvcivqYZv, mnvbyf‚wZ I kÖ×v‡ev‡ai DbœwZ NUv‡bv AvšÍtagx©q

msjv‡ci Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjvG cÖm‡½ e‡jb, اه تج ه د و و ه د ه و د ااهوا د د و ÔZzwg تج د ااه و هوو و ه تج ه د

ÿgvcivqYZv Aej¤b Ki, mr Kv‡Ri wb‡ ©k `vI Ges AÁw`M‡K Gwo‡q Pj|Õ39

GgbwK GwU mgv‡R

emevmiZ mKj a‡g©i †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ H‡Kï BwZevPK cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡e| d‡j mK‡jB wbR wbR

agx©q Kg©KvÐ Aeva I ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|40

ZvB G †ÿ‡Î ¯vgx we‡eKvb‡ì

(1863-1902) Dw³ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb 1893 wLªóv‡ã 27 †m‡Þ¤i Av‡gwiKvi wkKv‡Mv kn‡i

AbywôZ wek¦ag© m‡¤§j‡b (At the world's Parliament of Religions) e³…ZvKv‡j e‡jb,

But if anyone here hopes that this unity will come by the triumph of any one of the

religions and the destruction of the others, to him I say, 'Brother, yours is an impossible

hope'. Do I wish that the Christian would become Hindu? God forbid. Do I wish that the

Hindu or Buddhist would become Christian? God forbid. .... The Christian is not to

become a Hindu or a Buddhist, nor a Hindu or a Buddhist to become a Christian. But

each must assimilate the spirit of the others and yet preserve his individuality and grow

according to his own law of growth.41

ÔwKš‘ hw` †KD Avkv K‡ib †h, GB HK¨ a‡g©i GKR‡bi Rq Ges A‡bï aŸsm wb‡q Avm‡e| Zv‡K

Avwg ejwQ, fvB, GKwU Avcbvi Am¤¢e cÖZ¨vkv| Avwg wK Avkv Kwi †h, wLªóvb †jvK wn› y n‡e? Ck¦i

wb‡la K‡ib| Avwg wK Avkv Kwi †h, wn› y ev †e․× †jvK wLªóv‡b cwiYZ n‡e? Ck¦i wb‡la K‡ib| ...

wLªóvb GKRb wn›`y ev †e․× bq, wKsev GKRb wn›`y ev GKRb †e․× wLªóvb bb| wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki A‡bï

Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv DwPZ Ges Z_vwc Zvi e¨w³Z¡‡K Zvi wbR¯^ DbœwZi AvBb Abymv‡i msiÿY Kiv

Ges e„w× Kiv DwPZ|

3.12 G‡K Ac‡ii g‡a¨ agx©q wel‡q ZË¡ I Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb KivB AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨|

GKwU msjv‡c mvaviYZ: `yB a‡g©i Abymvix Ask MÖnY K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K a‡g©i AbymvixivB A‡bï †_‡K

wKQz MÖnY K‡i Avevi Ab¨‡K wKQz cÖ`vb K‡i| Ggwbfv‡e A‡bï †_‡K wKQz wkÿv MÖnY K‡i Avevi

Ab¨‡K wKQz wkÿv cÖ`vb K‡i| GLv‡b GKa‡g©i Abymvix Abä‡g©i Abymvix Øviv cÖfvweZ wKsev

weZvwiZ nq bv| ZvB GKwU msjvc agx©q wel‡q Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖeYZv I gvbwmKZv Mfxifv‡e

cÖZ¨vkv K‡i|42

3.13 mgv‡R Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi agx©q wek¦vm I Av`k©‡K †nq ev Zvw”Qj¨ Kiv AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨

bq| eis Ava¨vwZ¥K AšÍ©`„wó I AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K GKwU m‡Zï gy‡LvgywLi cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv| hv

gvbeRxe‡bi MfxiZg ch©v‡q Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|43

3.14 c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ ag© I ag©gZ cwijwÿZ nq| mKj a‡g©i agx©q wek¦vm aviY I PP©vi g‡a¨ GK

ai‡bi †ilv‡iwl jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci gva¨‡g †mB „wófw½ ~ixf‚Z K‡i agx©q wek¦v‡mi

†ÿ‡Î mwVK I ¯”Q Ávb `vb K‡i| d‡j mgv‡R mKj cÖKvi Ø›Ø-Kjn cwinvi K‡i GKB QvqvZ‡j

¯v”Q‡›`¨ emevm Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|44


225

3.15 eZ©gvb we‡k¦ gvbe RvwZ mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, agx©q, wkÿv I mvs¯‥…wZK PP©vq

Av ©wkKfv‡e Pig ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| mvaviY gvbyl wbwe©Kvi| RvwZ DwØMœ I nZvk| gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb

Amnvq| GB msKUgq cwiw ’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ mwVK agx©q Ávb, Abyf‚wZ I PP©vi gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K

iÿv Kiv AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨| †Kbbv •bwZK ev agx©q wkÿv I g~j¨‡eva Øviv GKwU Av‡jvwKZ

gvbyl ev RvwZ MVb m¤¢e| d‡j mgv‡R mKj cÖKvi wnsmv-we‡Øl, †jvf-jvjmv, Awbqg, ~bx©wZ I

Aw ’iZv wPiZ‡i wbg~j n‡e|45

G cÖms‡M Gm. wR. mvg_© e‡jb,

To work together for a common purpose in society, particularly where human rights,

social and economic justice and peace in the community and the Nation are concerned.46

GwU (msjvc) mgv‡R gvbevwaKvi, mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK b¨vq wePvi Ges †hLv‡b kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq RvwZ

DwØMœÑ †m †ÿ‡Î HKë×fv‡e KvR K‡i|

3.16 AvšÍtagx©q msjvc KviI agx©q wek¦vm, †PZbv I Abyf‚wZ‡K KUvÿ¨, wbiærmvwnZ I AvNvZ K‡i

bv, eis mK‡ji cÖwZ m¤§vb I kÖ×v Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| d‡j msjv‡c ag©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb

jyKvwqZ mZ¨ D‡b¥vwPZ nq| G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU †_‡K agx©q Av`k© wkL‡Z cv‡i|47

G cÖms‡M ¯vgx

wbwLjv›` Gi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb e‡jb,

Different religions can learn from one another. Thus Hinduism can teach the art of

meditation, Christianity social service, Buddhism inner peace through desirelessness,

Judaism justice and righteousness, and Islam equality and brotherhood.48

wewfbœ ag© Ab¨ ag© †_‡K wkÿv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs wn›`y ag© Mfxi wPšÍvi Kjv‡K․kj, wLªóvbag©,

mgvR †mev, †e․×ag© cÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e g‡bi cÖkvwšÍ, Bqvû`x ag© b¨vqwePvi I ag©cÖvYZv Ges Bmjvg ag©

mgZv I åvZ…‡Z¡i wkÿv w`‡Z cv‡i|

3.17 AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv wLªóvb-gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i Awek¦vm,

Aw ÍiZv I Pvcv D‡ËRbvi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZKiY| GB KviY¸‡jv Aek¨ agx©q `„wófw½i †P‡q

A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK „wófw½ eûjvs‡k `vqx e‡j cvðvZ¨ ag©ZË¡we`MY gšÍe¨ K‡ib|49

G cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ mKj gymwjg †`‡ki 137 Rb ¯^bvgab¨ weØ» ag©ZË¡we`MY KZ…©K

GK ¯^vÿwiZ cÎ 2007 mv‡j wLªóvb agx©q †bZv‡ì wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib| c‡Îi Askwe‡kl evZ©v

wb¤œiƒc:

'Muslims and Christians together make up over half the world's population. Without

peace and justice between these two religious communities, there can be no meningful

peace in the world. The future of the wrold depends on peace between Muslims and

Christians.'50

gymjgvb I wLª÷vb GK‡Î we‡k¦i RbmsL¨vi A‡a©‡KiI †ewk| GB `yB agx©q m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ I

b¨vqwePvi Qvov we‡k¦ †Kvb A_©en kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡k¦i fwel¨r gymwjg I wLª÷vb‡ì

kvwšÍi Dci wbf©ikxj|

3.18 a‡g©i MYZš¿ (Democracy of Religions) mycÖwZwôZ KivB AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci jÿ¨| gvbyl

mvgvwRK Rxe| Zv‡ì evKkw³, ¯^vaxbZv, wPšÍv-†PZbv I wek¦vm i‡q‡Q| d‡j mgv‡R wewfbœ ag© I

Av`k© cwijwÿZ nq| ag©gZ¸‡jvi cÖwZ hw` cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v‡eva bv _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì Kg©KvÐ Aeva

I wbi‡cÿfv‡e cÖPvi I cÖKvk Ki‡Z bv †`qv nq, Zvn‡j mgv‡R AkvwšÍ weivR Ki‡e| agx©q MYZš¿

ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e| GwU †gv‡UB Kvg¨ bq| KviY mKj ag©B GKB c‡_i cw_K| mK‡jB †mB GK

gnvb m„wóKZ©vi wbKU wewfbœ c×wZ I †K․k‡j wbi‡e-wbf…‡Z Avivabv K‡i Ges cwiÎvY Pvq|51

G


226

cÖm‡½ W. G. wm. `vm Gi fvl¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb 1970 mv‡j fvi‡Z cybcÖ‡`‡k AbywôZ The

Indian Philosophical Congress Gi 44Zg mfvq a‡g©i MYZ‡š¿i e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,

'all we mean is negatively this, that the religions are not opposed to each other, and

positively that they are on the same footing in so far as their goal and achievement are

concerned. The ignorant people nonetheless extol their own religion at the expense of the

others.... In our spisitual pursuits we would indeed be comrades both in our failure and

success, failure to exhaust God and success in realizing what of God is vouchsafed to us.

This is Democreay of Religions in full sense of the term.'52

ÕAvgiv hv eywS GwU Zvi wecixZ| ag© ‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZ bq| Zv‡ì jÿ¨ I AR©b n‡jv

m¤úK©hy³| GZ`m‡Ë¡I AÁ †jv‡Kiv wb‡Ri ag©‡K A‡bï ag© †P‡q Lye cÖksmv K‡i....| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ

Avgiv e¨_©Zv I mdjZvi m½x n‡Z cvwi| e¨_©Zv n‡jv e¨q Avi mdjZv n‡jv Ck¦i Avgv‡ì Rb¨ wK

cÖ`vb K‡ib, Zv Dcjwä Kiv| GwUB n‡jv a‡g©i MYZ‡š¿i ¯^v_©KZv|Õ

3.19 my›ì I gvwR©Z fvlvq ci¯úi‡K m‡¤vab AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|

wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I †kÖvZvgÐjxi gb‡hvM AvKl©YB Gi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wbwe©‡k‡l Kv‡iv

cÖwZ Akvjxb I Am¤§vbRbK AvPiY Kiv hv‡e bv; eis Abycg I ü`qgg© úkx© fvlvq m‡¤^vab

msjv‡ci cÖvY|53

G cÖm‡½ Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, موةد وااهمووه دظوةد الحهو ونوةد لحهد ه ادهعتج دلد سوبدي د روب دكو دالا د 54 وجواددلهتجم د

Ô†K․kj I cÖÁvc~Y© Dc‡`k Øviv Zzwg †Zvgvi cÖfzi c‡_ AvnŸvb Ki Ges Zv‡ì mv‡_ DËg د و وحه و تج

c×wZ‡Z weZK© Ki|Õ

4. AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡ci g~jbxwZ (Rule of Interreligious Dialogue)

wewfbœ ag©‡K eySevi I Dcjwä Kievi hZ¸‡jv Dcvq Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ msjvc Ab¨Zg| Avgiv †K

Ges Kx Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì‡K Ab¨ ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ ag©‡K Rvbvi GKwU Avewk¨K

kZ© n‡jv Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì‡K Rvbv Ges Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì‡K Rvbvi GKwU Avewk¨K kZ© n‡jv Ab¨

ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvbv| fvlv m¤ú‡K© †hgb ejv nq, †h ïay GKwU fvlv Rv‡b †m `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †h H

fvlv m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb Av‡Q| wVK †Zgwbfv‡e ejv hvq, †h ïay GKwU gvÎ ag©‡K Rv‡b †m †Kv‡bv

ag©B mwVKfv‡e Rv‡b bv| ZvB nvb&&m KzsM (Hans Kung) h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, Zzwg hw` ïay Bsj¨vÛ‡K

Rv‡bv Zvn‡j Zzwg Bsj¨vÛ‡K Rv‡bv bv| †RvqvwKg IqvP (Joachim Wach) I g‡b K‡ib, me ag©

m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡jB GKUv we‡kl ag©‡K Rvwb e‡j `vwe Ki‡Z cvwi|55

ZvB Avgiv hw` mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© AvšÍtagx©q msjvc PvB Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Avgiv

GKUv e„nr cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wn‡m‡e KvR KiwQ| mK‡jB Avgiv fv‡jvevmv I m‡Zï AvwZ¥K

ev Íevq‡bi w`‡K avegvb| Avgv‡ì‡K Aek¨B ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e †h, weev` bq, mnvqZv; webvk bq,

ci¯ú‡ii fveMÖnY; gZwe‡iva bq, mgšq I kvwšÍ|Õ56

myZivs AvšÍtagx©q msjvc‡K Kvh©Ki, A_©en I d‡jvrcv`K Ki‡Z n‡j msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡ì Aek¨B

mywbw ©ó jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| b‡Pr msjvc mvgwMÖKfv‡e weZwK©Z I cÖkœwe×

n‡e| cvðvZ¨ ag©ZË¡we` W. wjIbvW© myBWjvi (Dr. Leonard Swidler) msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡ì

`kwU g~jbxwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Zv wea„Z n‡jv:

4.1 msjv‡c GKRb AciR‡bi wbKU †_‡K †kLvi cÖ ‘wZ _vKv DwPZ| msjv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †kLv|

Gi A_© aviYvi cwieZ©b, DbœwZ I ev ÍeZv‡K Dcjwä Kiv Ges †mB Abyhvqx KvR Kiv|


227

4.2 msjvc KLbB GKgyLx n‡Z cv‡i bv, GwU wØgyLx n‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz AvšÍtagx©q msjvc n‡jv

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK, †m‡nZz Gi cÖv_wgK jÿ¨ n‡jv mKj m½x‡ì Rb¨ †kLv Ges †mB Abyhvqx wb‡R‡K

cwieZ©b Kiv I ev ÍeZvi w`‡K AMÖmi nIqv| Z‡e msjv‡ci djvdj mKj AskMÖnYKvixi agx©q

wek¦v‡mi cwigÛ‡jB mxgve× _v‡K bv, eis mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK †ÿ‡Î cÖfve

c‡o|

4.3 AskMÖnYKvix‡ì msjv‡ci Av`‡k©i cÖwZ mZëv`x nIqv DwPZ| mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cwic~Y©

wek¦ ÍZv I mZZvi m‡½ msjv‡ci w`‡K AMÖmi nIqv DwPZ| hw` †Kvb AskMÖnYKvix AšÍiv‡j †Kvb

Amr D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q Av‡m, Zvn‡j msjv‡ci D‡Ïk¨ euvavMÖ¯Í I e¨nZ n‡e| ZvB msjv‡c †Kvb cÖKvi

wg_¨v I cÖZviYvi ’vb †bB|

4.4 msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡ì gy³ gb wb‡q Avmv DwPZ| c~e© aviYv ev cÖ¯‘wZ e¨wZZ †Kvb

AskMÖnYKvix msjv‡c †hvM`vb DwPZ bq| D`vniY¯iƒc hw` GKRb gymjgv‡bi `„wó‡Z wn›`yag©

wbK…óZi A_ev GKRb wn› y‡jv‡Ki `„wó‡Z Bmjvgag© wbK…óZi nq, Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖK…Z

msjvc n‡Z cv‡i bv| AskMÖnYKvix‡ì †Kvb wbw`©ó AšÍwb©wnZ cv_©‡Kï welq wb‡q msjv‡c AvmvI

†h․w³K n‡e bv| †m †ÿ‡Î Dfq AskMÖnYKvixi wbR¯ HwZ‡nï mZZv wVK †i‡L m¤ú~Y© Aeva,

wbi‡cÿ I mnvbyf‚wZi m‡½ A‡bï K_v kÖeY Kiv KZ©e¨| Z‡e Av‡jvPbvq Dfq cÿ‡K hZ ~i m¤¢e

HK¨g‡Z †cu․Qvi †Póv Kiv DwPZ|

4.5 msjvc Aek¨B gy‡LvgyLx nIqv DwPZ| AskMÖnYKvix‡ì G‡K A‡bï wbKU †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY Kiv

DwPZ| hw` Avgiv GKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY Kwi, Z‡e GwU n‡e ¯vMZ e³e¨, msjvc bq|

D`vniY¯iƒc, GKRb wkwÿZ e¨w³ Ges AciRb AÁ e¨w³i g‡a¨ †Kvb A_©en, djcÖ` I Kvh©Ki

msjvc n‡Z cv‡i bv| Aciw`‡K, GKRb gymjgvb I wn› y †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU h_v_© I wek¦vm‡hvM¨

msjv‡ci Rb¨ Dfq‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e wkÿv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avm‡Z n‡e| †KejgvÎ ZLbB Zviv mvg‡b

mvg‡b K_v ej‡e| Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î GKgyLx msjv‡ci my‡hvM †bB|

4.6 msjvc cvi¯úwiK wek¦v‡mi wfwË‡Z nIqv DwPZ| †h †Kvb msjv‡ci c~e©kZ© n‡jv

AskMÖnYKvix‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm| cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvixi g‡b ivLv DwPZ †h, †hLv‡b wek¦vm

†bB, †mLv‡b msjvc †bB| GwU bxwZMZfv‡e mZ¨ †h, †KejgvÎ H mg Í e¨w³‡ìB msjv‡c

AskMÖnY Kivi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q, hv‡ì e¨w³MZ wek¦vm i‡q‡Q|

4.7 msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡ì AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbvi cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv DwPZ Ges Ab¨‡ì MVbg~jK

mgv‡jvPbv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| G ai‡bi AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv †h †Kvb NvUwZ dj¯iƒc cÖKvk Ki‡e| ZvB

GKwU Av`k© AvšÍtagx©q msjv‡c AskMÖnYKvix‡ì mZZv I wek¦vm †h․w³K AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbvq AšÍfz©³

Ki‡e|

4.8 msjv‡c cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix wb‡R‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv Ges e¨vL¨vi Dchy³ wn‡m‡e cÖgvY Kiv

DwPZ|

4.9 cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix Aby‡gvw`Z wel‡qi mxgvj•Nb K‡i msjv‡c †hvM`vb Kiv AbywPZ|

4.10 AskMÖnYKvixi Dfq cÿ‡K AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K msjvc cwiPvjbv Kiv DwPZ|57

5. Dcmsnvi (Conclusion)


228

ÔAvšÍtagx©q msjvcÕ GKwU hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wewfbœ ag©‡K eySevi I Dcjwä Kievi hZ¸‡jv

Dcvq i‡q‡Q ÔmsjvcÕ Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU| ZvB G j‡ÿ¨ †cu․Qvi Rb¨ msjvc Zzjbvg~jK a‡g©i GKwU Dcvq

gvÎ| msjv‡ci ïiæ‡ZB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, mKj ag©B •bwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i| •bwZK

g~j¨‡evaB gvbeRvwZ‡K H‡Kï Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ msnwZ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

•bwZK g~j¨‡eva kw³i Øviv ev ÍevwqZ n‡Z cv‡i bv; eis Aeva, wbi‡cÿ, mnvbyf‚wZkxj I AvšÍwiK

msjv‡ci gva¨‡gB G¸‡jvi ev Íevqb m¤¢e| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î mKj‡KB msjv‡ci jÿ¨ I g~jbxwZi Dci

¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e, bZzev msjvc mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨vnZ I weZwK©Z n‡e- hv KviI

Kvg¨ bq|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 Hans Kung, Christianity and the World Religions, Tr. Peter Heinegg (London: Collins Publishers,

1986), p. 442; kÖxcÖ‡gvèÜz †mb ¸ß, ag© `k©b (KwjKvZv: e¨vbvR©x cvewjkvm©, 1989), c„. 355-356; a‡g©i jÿY

`kwU: mwnòzZv, ÿgv, wPËmshg, A‡¯Íq, ïwPZv, Bw›`ªqmshg, ax, we`¨v, mZ¨ I A‡µva| ZvB †hLv‡bB ag© Av‡Q

†mLv‡b wnsmv, we‡Øl, N„Yv, wb›`v, AivRKZv BZ¨vw` _vK‡ZB cv‡i bv|

2 W. AvwRRybœvnvi Bmjvg I W. KvRx b~iæj Bmjvg, Zzjbvg~jK ag© •bwZKZv I gvbeKj¨vY (XvKv: ms‡e`, 2016), c„. 85|

3 W. Avngv` kvjvex, gyKvivbvZzj Av`Bqvb: Avj-Bqvûw`q¨vn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj bvn`vZzj wgmwiq¨vn, 1992 wLª.),

c„. 31|

4 Louis Henry Jordan, Comparative Religion: Its Genesis and Growth (London: Morrison & Gibb

Limited, 1905), p. 135; 21 June 2019, at. 00.15 <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet 5 Swami Vivekanamda, Chicago Addresses (Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, 2016), PP. 19-60.

6 21 June 2019, at. 00.15 <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet

7 Sourcebook of the World's Religions- An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality, edited by

Beversluis, Joel (Califormia; New World Library, 2000), P. 159; Comparative Religion, edited by Amarjit

Singh Sethi, Reinhard Pummer (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD, 1979), PP. 6-7 8 From Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia, Interfaith dialogue.

9 evsjv GKv‡Wgx eënvwiK evsjv Awfavb (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2005), c„. 1102|

10 A formal disucssion between two groups or countries, especiall when they are trying to solve a

problem, end a disagreement. cf. Oxford Advanced learner's Dictionary, English edition (New York:

Oxford University Press, 2010), P. 418. 11

Chemehemi Ya Ukweli, Manual For Interelisgious Dialoguge (Kenya: Franciscan Kolbe Press,

2012), P. 11. 12

gynv¤§` kvgQzÏxb LvRv, Avj-wnIqvi Av`veû Iqv gybZvjvKvZzû Iqv ZviweqvZzj AvebvB AvjvBwn (wiqv`:

gviKvRyj gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh wjj wnIqvi Avj IqvZvbx, 2008), c„. 17|

13 Pritibhushan Chatterji, Studies in Comparative Religion (Calcutta: Das Gupta & Co. Private LTD,

1971), PP. 426-428; Toleration, in its proper sense, does not mean any meek or cowardly submission

to the agressiveness of the followers of other religions, but is, as Radhakrishnan Says, the "homage which

the finite mind pays to the inexhaustibility of the Infinite". cf. S, Radhakrishana, Eastern Religions and

Western thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940), P. 317.


229

14

wg. †hv‡md wek¦vm, RvZxq msjvc †mwgbvi 1992-Gi mswÿß wi‡cvU©, gvwmK g½jevZ©v, 2q el©, 2q msL¨v, c„. 23|

15 Leonard Swidler, "The Dialogue Decalogue: Ground rules for Interreligious, Interideological Dialogue",

Melanesian Journal of Theology, Vol. 1-2, 1985, P. 187. 16

dv`vi †Rgm&& µzk, AvšÍ:agx©q msjv‡c cy‡ivwn‡Zi f‚wgKv, wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 15k el©, 4_© msL¨v (RyjvB-AvM÷,

2010), c„. 7; Shaharon also describes interaction that occurs among people of different religious and

ethnic background residentials areas, hospitals, schools, markets or workplaces as dialouge of life. cf.

S. T. M. Shahrom, Religious Civilization Dialogue in Malaysia: Practice and its Relevancy Today

(Kqalalumpur: 2004), P. 61. 17

Frederic Ntedika Mvumbi, Interfaith Dialogue - A Catholic View (The Catholic University of Eastern

Africa, 2009), P. 18; Interfaith dialogue is a process of mutual understading among men at the level where

they seek to know the mystery of human existence. cf. M. A. Thomas, op.cit, PP. 103-104.

18 Dr. Nathan Kollar, Phuratity and Ambigunity: Hermencuties, Religion, Hope (Chicago: University of

Chicago, 1987), P. 19.

19 B. Ghazali, Inter-Religious dialogue in Malaysia (Kualalumpur: 2005), P. 87.

20 Lvwj` gynv¤§` Avj-gyMvwgwm, Avj-wnIqvi Av`veyû Iqv ZvZweKvZzû dxZ ZviweqvZzj Bmjvwgq¨vn (wiqv`: gviKvRyj

gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh wjj wnIqvi Avj-IqvZvbx, 1425 wn:), c„. 22|

21 K. N. Islam, Interreligious Dialogue: Some Rules and Assumptions Dialogue and Alliance, Vol. 25.,

No. 2, (2011, Dhaka University, Bangladesh), PP. 122. 22

Hendrik Kraemer, World Cultures and World Religions (Columbia: Columbia University Press,

1963), P. 357. 23

Guidelines on Dialogue with people of living faiths and Ideologies (Geneva: WCC Publications,

1990), P. 201; m¤úv`Kxq, ÒLªxóxq msjv‡ci g‡bvfve I Dcvqmg~nÓ wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 8g el©, 5g msL¨v,

(†m‡Þ¤î-A‡±vei, 2003), c„. 1|

24 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 421.

25 Raimundo Panikkar, The Interreligious Dialogue (New York: Paulist Press, 1918), P. XIV.

26 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 424.

27 Ibid, P. 422.

28 Ninian Smart, World Religions: A Diaoluge (London: Pelican Book, 1961), P. 1.

29 Philip H. Hwang, "An Interetigious Dialogue: Its Reason, Attitudes and Necessary Assumptions". in

Henry O. Thompson (ed.), The Global Congress of the World Religions (New York: The Rose of

Sheraton Press, 1982), P. 80; ª. W. AvwRRybœvnvi Bmjvg I W. KvRx b~iæj Bmjvg, cÖv¸³, c„. 24|

30 Kedar Nath Tiwari, Comparative Religion (Delhi: Motilal Banassidass, 1992), P. 5; Dr. Nathan

Kollar, op.cit., P. 19. 31

Ibid; Leonard Swidler, Toward a Universal Theology of Religion (Philadelphia: Temple University

Press, 2000), P. 26. 32

Raimundo Panikkar, op.cit., P. XIV.

33 22 February 2019<https://world interfaith harmeny week.com/about_us/our_aims_objective

34 Kazi Nurul Islam, "World peace through Interreligious Dialogue". Philosophy and Progress, Vol. V

(Dev Centre for Philosophical Studies, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1986), P. 3.


230

35

Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 428.

36 Avj-KziAvb, m~ivn Avj-AvbKveyZ: 46|

37 Vincent Sekhar, "Give Away Violence" Preserve Life - Call of the Sramana Religions", in Journal of

Dharma, Vol. 25, No. 2 (April - June, 2000), PP. 162-164. 38

Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 423.

39 Avj-KziAvb, m~ivn Avj-AvÔivd: 199|

40 Ibid, P. 428.

41 Swami Vivekananda, op.cit., PP. 59-60.

42 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., P. 421

43 22 February 2019<https://world interfaith harmony week. com/about_us/our_aims_objective

44 Manual for Inter-Religious Dialogue, P. XIII.

45 Jacob Parappally, "Interreligious Dialouge: a sharing of Hope", Jeevadhara, Vol. 26, No. 155, P. 372.

46 S. J. Samartha, "Intereligious Relationships in the Secular state" in Inter-faith, Dialogue and world

community, edited by Rao, Sreenivasa C. H. (Madras: The Christian Literature Society, 1991),

PP. 62-63

47 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., PP. 421-422.

48 Proceedings of the Parliament of Religions (held in Calculta in 1963-64), P. 403.

49 wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 8g el©, 3q msL¨v (†g-Ryb, 2003), c„. 3-16|

50 January 9, 2013<https://sma.je/chapter-I-what-is-interreligious_dialogue/

51 Pritibhushan Chatterji, op.cit., PP. 428-429.

52 See Dr. A. C. Das's Presidential Address at the 44th Session of the Indian Phologophical Congress

held in poone in 1970. 53

wØgvwmK g½jevZ©v, 17k el©, 1g msL¨v (Rvbyqvix-†deªæqvix 2012), c„. 22-23

54 Avj-KziAvb, m~ivn Avj-bvnj: 125|

55 Joachim Wach, "Introduction: The Meaning and Task of the History of Religions", The History of

Religions (ed.), Joseph Kitagawa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 7.

56 Swami Vivekananda, op.cit., p. 60.

57 Leonard Swider, The Dialogical Reflection (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990), pp. 42-46.


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ

W. gynv¤§` iwdKzj Bmjvg

Abstract: The word Da`wah generally means “Calling people towards Allah and His

instructions.” The practioner of preaching is known as Daèe. This act is commonly

thought of being limited to religious matters only like oneness of God, regarding the

Holy Quran in Arabic, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) being the last prophet, beliving in

prophets, day of judgement, offering Salah, Fasting, Zakat and Hajj etc, rather it is the

complete package of advocating in favor of what is good. It includes both spiritual and

secular Islamic instructions for sake of betterment of common pepple. It could be of two

types: first, it can be the act of proselytizing, where the preacher tries to convey its

message of religious convictions to non Muslim through convincing dialogue. Second, it

can be for the purpose of reminding the present Muslim Ummah about their duties and

responsibilities as per command of Al-Quran and Sunnah. In any case a Daèe (preacher)

must have sincerity, complete knowledge and wisdom, patience, constancy, modesty,

empathy and above all it must be a great devotee of advocated teachings. Although it is a

moral responsibility of any individual to spread a word of uprightness and tries to stop

other from unlawful activity, but for a Muslim, it is not only its task from ethical point of

view, but also a must do action from a sacred standpoint as well. So, it is one of the basic

criteria for every Muslim to instruct follow human beings towards fundamental Islamic

wisdom about the difference between correct and incorrect in order to thrive in our lives.

Apart form that, being among the enlightened ones, we must strive to inform others about

the impilications of such wisdom, eg knowing that without the belief on One Allah, no

one can make it in the hereafter, we should tell our Muslim brothers and sisters to avoid

begging in front of those so called spifitual leaders, who claim to fulfill needs without

mentioning Allah`s guidance or using Quranic ayahs. In short, it may be said that

Da`wah is an important matter in the term of Islamic Shariàh as per mentioned by Al-

Quran and Sunnah. So to focus the importance, application and methodology of Da`wah

are the main object of this article.

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_vwK| c„w_ex‡Z hZ bex-ivm~j AvMgb K‡i‡Qb cÖ‡Z¨‡KB G `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri eë¯’vcbv AvÄvg

w`‡q‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K bex-ivm~j Zvi RvwZi †jvK‡ì‡K cÖ_gZ: ZvInx` Z_v Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi

GKZ¡ev` †g‡b †bIqvi `vÔIqvZ w`‡q‡Qb| G g‡g© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, وإل عاد أخاهم هودا قال |A_©vr ÒAv` m¤úª`v‡qi Kv‡Q †cÖiY K‡iwQ Zv‡ì fvB û`‡K ققوم اع وا االله ا م إ ق أ ق قلله ون



232

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Avi‡e Zvi ¯^RvwZ KzivBk-‡c․ËwjK m¤úª`vqmn mK‡ji Kv‡Q mviv Rxebe¨vcx wnKgZ I cÖÁvi

gva¨‡g Bmjv‡gi gnvb `vÔIqvZ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi (mv:) `vÔIqvn cÖ`v‡bi †m c×wZ, hvi

gva¨‡g G‡mwQj mdjZv, N‡UwQj wek¦ mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m me©‡kÖô I we¯§qKi wecøe, Zv AvR gvbe

mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m M‡elYvi I Av‡jvPbvi welq n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mv:) Gi ci cÖwZ hy‡Mi

Bmjvg cÖPviKMY `vÔIqv‡Zi †m c_ I c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wZ³ n‡jI mZ¨ †h,

gymjgvbMY hy‡M hy‡M hLbB †mB mwVK c_ †_‡K weP y¨Z n‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †`Lv w`‡q‡Q

we‡f`, wek„•Ljv I `jv`wj, hv eZ©gvb we‡k¦I `„k¨gvb| gymwjg D¤§vni `vCÔMY (Bmjvg cÖPviKMY)

AvR kZav wef³| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY Avj-KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K `vÔIqv‡Zi mwVK c_ I

c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv I Áv‡bi Afve| ZvB Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avj-KziAvb I nv`x‡mi

Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cwiPq, Zvi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPYv I ch©v‡jvPbv we‡kl

¸iæ‡Z¡i `vex iv‡L| G j‡ÿ¨B GLv‡b Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cwiPq, Zvi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ m¤ú‡K©

hyw³c~Y© I e¯‘wbô Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb KivB eÿ¨gvb cÖe‡Üi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨|

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cwiPq

`vÔIqvn-Gi kvwãK A_©

Bmjvgx kixÔqv‡Zi cwifvlvq `vÔIqvn AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I gnr KvR| †Kbbv hy‡M hy‡M c„w_exi †kÖô

gvbe mšÍvbMY G `vÔIqv‡Zi KvRB AZ¨šÍ myPviæiƒ‡c AvÄvg w`‡q‡Qb| G `vÔIqvZ kãwU ÔAviex|

Gi ÔAviex kãiƒc دعوة (`vÔIqvZ)| Gi gyj avZz Aÿi و-ع-د | eûePb دعوات (`vÔIqvZzb)|

AvwfavwbK `„wó‡Kv‡b GwU wewfbœ A‡_© eëüZ nq| †hgb: AvnŸvb, wbgš¿Y, cÖv_©bv, `yÔAv, WvKv,

mvnvh¨ Kvgbv I Aby‡iva BZ¨vw`|2 Avj-KziAv‡bI kãwU wewfbœ A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb :

1. AvnŸvb Kiv: †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : قال رب إن دعوت ق ومي ليل ون هارا ف لم يزدهم A_©vr Ò†m (b~n Av:) ej‡jv, †n Avgvi ie! Avwg †Zv Avgvi KIg‡K w`b-ivZ دعائي إلا فرارا

AvnŸvb K‡iwQ| AZ:ci Avgvi AvnŸvb †Kej Zv‡ì cjvqbB evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|Ó3

2. mvnvh¨ PvIqv : †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,

م ادق م ري اا ن زال ا عل ع ف وا ورة م م ل وادعوا ه اا م م دوو ااا إو وإو A_©vr Òhw` G m¤ú‡K© †Zvgv‡ì †Kvb m‡›`n _v‡K, hv Avwg Avgvi ev›`vi cÖwZ AeZxY©

K‡iwQ, Zvn‡j Gi gZ Avi GKwU m~ivn iPbv K‡i wb‡q Avm| Avjøvn Qvov †Zvgv‡ì †h

me mvnvh¨Kvix Av‡Q (g‡b Ki), Zv‡ì wbKUI †Zvgiv mvnvh¨ PvI| hw` †Zvgiv mZëv`x

n‡q _vK|Ó4

3. Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi wbKU `yÔAv Kiv: †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,

A_©vrÒ wZwb ej‡jb, †Zvgv‡ì قال ق أج ت دعو ما اس ما ول ق لله عان س ل ا للهذي ل يقعلمون

`yÔAv gÄyi n‡q‡Q| AZGe †Zvgiv `yÕRb AUj _vK Ges hviv AÁ Zv‡ì c‡_ P‡jv bv|Ó5


233

4. †Kvb wKQz cÖv_©bv Kiv : اع إذا دعاو ف لي جي وا ل وإذا س لك ع ادي عن فإن قري أجي دعوة ال ا A_©vr ÒAvi hLb Avgvi ev›`vMY †Zvgv‡K Avgvi m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv ولي م وا ل لاهم ي ر وو

K‡i Avwg †Zv wbðq wbKUeZx©| †h cÖv_©bv K‡i, Avwg Zvi cÖv_©bv Keyj K‡i _vwK| myZivs

Zviv †hb Avgvi Wv‡K mvov †`q Ges Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb Av‡b| Avkv Kiv hvq Zviv mwVK

c‡_ Pj‡e|Ó6

5. †Kvb gZ, c_ ev †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv A_ev †Kvb welq MÖnY Ki‡Z DØy×

Kiv| Zv fvjI n‡Z cv‡i, g›Ì n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : قال ربج أ ب إلا اا ي عونن إلي A_©vr Ò†m (BDm~d Av:) ej‡jv, †n cvjbKZ©v Zviv Avgv‡K ال

†h Kv‡R DØy× K‡i, Zvi †P‡q Avwg KvivMviB †ekx cQ›` Kwi|Ó7

G Qvov `vÔIqvn kãwU Avgš¿Y Kiv, †kl wePv‡ii w`b g„Z e¨w³‡ì Kei n‡Z D‡Ëvjb, †fvR mfvq

`vÔIqvZ Kiv, ghjy‡gi `yÔAv cÖv_©bv Ges A½xKvi Kivi †ÿ‡Î kãwUi eënvi n‡Z †`Lv hvq|8 Z‡e

`vÔIqvn kãwU Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi c‡_ AvnŸvb Kiv ev WvKv A‡_© e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| Bs‡iRx Awfavb

The Hanswher Dictionary of Modern Arabic-G `vÔIqvn kãwUi A_© m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q,

Missionary activity, Missionary work, Propaganda.9

`vÔIqvn-Gi cvwifvwlK A_©

cvwifvwlK A‡_© `vÔIqvn (دعوة) k‡ãi A_© AviI e¨vcK| †Kvb e¨w³i Rxebv`k©, wPšÍvaviv, Rxeb

cÖbvjxi w`‡K weÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q Aci‡K AvnŸvb Kiv, †m AvnŸvb †g‡b wb‡Z cÖfvweZ Kiv, †g‡b

†bIqvi ci Zv ev Íe Rxe‡b PP©vi w`K-wb‡ ©kbv cÖ`v‡bi hveZxq cÖ‡Póv‡K `vÔIqvn ejv nq|10

†KD

†KD e‡jb, †h Avnev‡b e¨w³ ev mgwó KZ…©K M„nxZ weÁvb m¤§Z I wkí-mÄvZ Dcv‡q wbw`©ó wel‡q

gvbyl‡K AvK…ó Kiv, Zv MÖnY Kiv Ges Zv‡ì ev¯Íe Rxe‡b PP©vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kivi c×wZMZ mKj

cÖ‡Póv I Kvh©vw` AšÍf~©³ _v‡K, ZvB `vÔIqvn|11

`vÔIqvn-Gi msÁv cÖ`v‡b W. Avãyj Lv‡jK

cxihv`vn e‡jb, او لمة ال عوة نى المحاولة ال ملية او القولية لمالة ال اس الى A_©vr ÒK_v I Kv‡Ri

gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ AvK…ó Kiv‡K `vÔIqvn ejv nq|Ó12

D‡jøL¨, Awfav‡b agx©q ev

†Kvb Bw¯úZ jÿ¨ AR©b m¤úwK©Z cÖPvi, cÖPviYv A‡_©I `vÔIqvn kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q| `vÔIqvn-Gi

cwiPq m¤ú‡K© wewkó Bmjvgx© wPšÍvwe` Aa¨vcK Lyiwk` Avng` e‡jb,

Dawah is one such principle, It constitute a built in mechanism that keeps the

community as well as the individuals who compose it, active and upright, ensures the

moral health of the individual and the community and acts as a corrective force and

blessing for the mind.

A_©vr Ò`vÔIqvn n‡”Q, Ggb GKwU bxwZ hv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³i gZ GKwU m¤úª`vq‡KI •bwZKZv I

b¨vqcivqYZvi gva¨‡g gvbeZvi mvg‡b Av`k© ms‡kvab ÿgZvi gvb`Û wnmv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i|Ó13

ZvB `vÔIqvn †h †Kvb gZ ev c_ MÖnY Kivi AvnŸvb n‡Z cv‡i| Zv fvjI n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi g›Ì

n‡Z cv‡i| Avj-KziAv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b kãwUi Abyiƒc eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb, m~ivn Avj-

gywg‡b G m¤ú‡K© ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, و ققوم ا أدعووم إل ا للله اة و عوو إل ا لللهار A_©vr Ò†n Avgvi m¤úª`vq,


234

e¨vcvi wK! Avwg †Zvgv‡ì `vÔIqvZ w`B gyw³i w`‡K, Avi †Zvgiv Avgv‡K `vÔIqvZ `vI Rvnvbœv‡gi

w`‡K|Ó14

AZGe eySv hvq, †h †Kvb welq MÖnY Kivi e¨vcv‡i AbycÖvwYZ Kivi A‡_© `vÔIqvn kãwU eëüZ

n‡Z cv‡i| Avi †m welq Kj¨vbKi n‡Z cv‡i wKsev ÿwZKiI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Lªxó a‡g©i w`‡K

AvnŸvb Kiv n‡j Lªxóxq `vÔIqvn, mgvRZ‡š¿i w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv n‡j mgvRZvwš¿K `vÔIqvn,

RvZxqZvi w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv n‡j RvZxqZvev`x `vÔIqvn, ag© wbi‡cÿZvev‡ì w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv

n‡j ag©-wbi‡cÿZvev`x `vÔIqvn cÖf„wZ| Avevi †KvbUv e¯‘i mv‡_ gvby‡li ev e ‘i mv‡_ e ‘i m¤úK©

wel‡q eëüZ nq| †hgb: AvaywbK •eÁvwbK M‡elYv| Avevi †KvbUv m„wóKZ©vi mv‡_ gvby‡li m¤úK©

wbY©‡q eëüZ nq| †hgb, a‡g©i wewfbœ Sect ev m¤úª`vq| Dc‡ii cÖwZwU `vÔIqv‡Zi m¤^š‡q †h

`vÔIqvn (A_©vr Avjøvni mv‡_ ev›`vni m¤úK©, gvby‡li mv‡_ m„wóRM‡Zi m¤úK©) †mUvB n‡”Q Bmjvgx

`vÔIqvn|15

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cwiPq

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ej‡Z AvwfavwbK A‡_© Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ AvnŸvb, Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi BZ¨vw` eySvq|

Bmjv‡gi ÔAvwK`v-wek¦vm, mgvR-ms¯‥…wZ I Rxebv`‡k©i cÖwZ AvnŸvb Kiv‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ejv

nq| Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi msÁv cÖ`v‡b †KD †KD G‡K IqvR-bwmnZ, KviI g‡Z ïay ZvejxM I

†gnbZ, Avevi KviI g‡Z Av‡›`vjb ev BKvgv‡Z Øxb| Avevi †KD †KD `vÔIqvn‡K ÔAvgi wej

gviæd I bvwn Avwbj gybKviÕ Z_v mr Kv‡Ri Av‡`k Ges Amr Kv‡Ri wb‡la wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ

K‡i‡Qb| gyjZ: Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn welqwUi aviYv AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| ïaygvÎ Iqvh-bmxnZ

wKsev ZvejxM ev cÖPvi-cÖPviYv A_ev mr Kv‡Ri Av‡`k I Amr Kv‡R wb‡la BZ¨vwì bv‡g `vÔIqvn

welq‡K mxgvwqZ Kiv mwVK bq| hwÌ G mg Í KvR Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡ZiB AšÍf~©³| `vÔIqvn wel‡q

hviv M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb ev hviv M‡elYv jä cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb, †m¸‡jv LyeB hyw³hy³ I Zvrch©en|

myZivs wewfbœ Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`M‡Yi cÖ`Ë msÁvi Av‡jv‡K welqwU wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: G

m¤ú‡K© W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn16

e‡jb, بذل وا ة الجهود ا عمل ة وا و ة فى س ل : الد اد ا عوة الس ة Ä_©vr ÒBmjvgx `vÔIqvni A_© n‡”Q, Avjøvni Øx‡bi cÖPvi-cÖmv‡ii j‡ÿ وش دي الله و اب الخ ي

Ges Zv A‡bï wbKU †cu․‡Q †`qvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri evKkw³ Ges Kg©ÿgZv‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e cÖ‡qvM

KivÓ|17

KviI KviI g‡Z Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn n‡jv: A_©vr ا عوة ال الس م عنى المحاو ة ا عمل ة او ا و ة ل ا ة ا لا س ا

Ò`vÔIqvn n‡jv gvbyl‡K Bmjv‡gi w`‡K wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Kvh©MZ A_ev evPwbK mKj cÖKvi

cÖ‡Póv|Ó18

Dc‡iv³ msÁvq Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡bi yÕwU w`K D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ:

Kvh©MZ w`K n‡jv, `vÔC19

Z_v `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vbKvix KZ…©K AvPiYMZ bgybv †ck| †hgb: Rxe‡bi

wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Kiv, wkÿv, cÖwkÿb, mgvR †mev I mvsMVwbK Kvh©µg,

wRnv`, cÎ-cwÎKvq wewfbœ cÖeÜ I Kjvg cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avi wØZxqZ: evPwbK w`K n‡jv,

e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q I wewfbœ mfv mgv‡e‡k Av‡jvPbv, K‡_vcK_b, e³…Zv I `vim BZ¨vw` †ck| G

m¤ú‡K©20

Dr. Ismail Haji Ibrahim e‡jb, The Islamic Dawah is a movement of

reformation which is in itself complete and comprehensive running in accordance

with the injunctions of the Quran and the Sunnah. A_©vr ÔBmjvgx `vÔIqvn n‡”Q Ggb GKwU


235

ms¯‥vig~jK Av‡›`vjb hv Avj-KziAvb I mybœvni Av‡jv‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Ges e¨vcKZi w`K †_‡K

cwic~Y©|Ó21

Avjøvgv evnx Avj-LvIjx22

e‡jb, `vÔIqvn n‡jv GKwU RvwZ‡K GK cwi‡ek †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ

cwi‡e‡k wb‡q hvIqv| GUvB `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖavb KvR| Avi GLvb †_‡KB `vÔIqv‡Zi mswÿß I

we¯ÍvwiZ Kg©c×wZ cvIqv hvq|23

`vÔIqvni cwiPq cÖ`v‡b W. iDd kvjvex24

e‡jb, ا عوة هى ح وة و ل المج مع الوساني حا ة ا ف إل حا ةالإيمان و حا ة ا ظلمة إل حا ة ا لور و حا ة ا ض ق إل حا ة ا سعة فى

- ا و ا والأخ ة A_©vr ÒmgvR cwieZ©‡bi Av‡›`vjbB n‡jv `vÔIqvn| †h Av‡›`vj‡bi Øviv gvbe

mgvR‡K Kzdix Ae¯’v n‡Z Cgvbx Ae¯’vq, AÜKvi n‡Z Av‡jv‡Z Ges Rxe‡bi msKxY©Zv n‡Z cvw_©e

I cvi‡j․wKK Rxe‡bi cÖk Í Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq, †m c×wZB n‡jv `vÔIqvn|Ó25

kvqL Av`g

Ave`yjøvn Avj-Av‡jvixi g‡Z, ÒBnv n‡jv gvby‡li „wófw½ I †evakw³‡K cwieZ©b ev avweZ Kiv

Ggb AvKx`vi w`‡K, hv Zv‡ì DcKv‡i Avm‡e Ges Ggb gvm‡jnvZ Z_v g½jKi wel‡qi w`‡K, hv

Zv‡ì Kj¨vY e‡q Avb‡e| AwaKšÍ gvbe RvwZ‡K euvPv‡bv H †Mvgivnx †_‡K, hv‡Z Zviv wjß n‡Z

hvw”Qj, Ggb wec` n‡Z euvPv‡bv, hv Zv‡ì‡K †eób K‡i wb‡qwQj|Ó26

wZwb Zvui msÁvq `vÔIqv‡Zi

welhe¯‘ I djvd‡ji Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr `vÔIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g gvbe mgv‡Ri AvKx`v-

wek¦vm I „wófw½, mvwe©K Kj¨vY I gyw³ AwR©Z nq| W. Ljxdv ûmvCb Avj-Avmmvj e‡jb, Ògvby‡li

Bn I cvi‡j․wKK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Bmjv‡g ewY©Z mKj Kj¨vYgq wel‡q DØy× Kiv Ges mKj g›`

KvR †_‡K weiZ ivLvi Kv‡R AwfÁ e¨w³M‡Yi mKj Kg©ZrciZvi bvg n‡jv Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn|Ó27

G msÁvq ÔAvj-Avgi wej gviæd Ges Avb-bvnx Avwbj gybKv‡iiÕ Dci †ekx †Rvi †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvixi g‡Z, †h `vÔIqvn Kvh©µ‡g e¨w³ ev e¨w³ mgwó KZ…©K M„nxZ

weÁvb I wkí m¤§Z Dcv‡q Bmjvgx Rxeb eë¯’vi w`‡K gvbe mgvR‡K AvK…ó Kiv Ges ev Íe Rxe‡b

Zvi PP©vi eë¯’v K‡i †Ìqvi c×wZMZ Ges Bmjvgx kixqvn m¤§Z mKj cÖ‡Póv I Kvh©vw` AšÍf~©³

_v‡K, ZvB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn|28

Dc‡iv³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Y

PviwU †g․wjK w`K dz‡U D‡V| h_v:

K. mwVKfv‡e cÖwkÿYcÖvß `vÔqx KZ…©K `vÔIqvZx KvR AvÄvg †Ìqv|

L. weÁvb I wkí m¤§Z cš’vq `vÔIqvZx KvR Kiv|

M. ev Íe Rxe‡b Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn cÖwZdj‡bi Kvh©Kix eë¯’v _vKv Ges

N. `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ Aek¨B Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva I kixqvn m¤§Z nIqv|

†gvUK_v †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³ mgwó KZ…©K Bmjvgx Rxebv`‡k©i w`‡K weÁvb I wkí m¤§Z Dcv‡q

wbw`©ó wKQz c×wZi Av‡jv‡K Ab¨‡K AvnŸvb Kiv, †g‡b wb‡Z cÖfvweZ Kiv, w`K wb‡ ©kbv cÖ`vb I

ev Íe Rxe‡b Zv PP©vi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡vbyf~wZ m„wói cÖ‡Póv‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ejv nq| whwb AvnŸvb

K‡ib Zv‡K `vÔqx Ges hv‡K AvnŸvb Kiv nq Zv‡K gv`Ôqy ejv nq| Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g

gvbyl‡K Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv cÖ`Ë Rxeb weavb cvj‡bi Rb¨ Avnev‡bi Øviv c„w_ex‡Z Zv ev Íevqb Kivi

†hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †jvK •Zixi gva¨‡g BnKvjxb kvwšÍ I mg„w× Ges ciKvjxb gyw³ nvwmj Kiv m¤¢e|

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi DrcwË I weKvk

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni mv‡_ BwZnv‡mi m¤úK© Mfxi I cÖvPxb| KviY Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn gvbe BwZnv‡mi

gZB cÖvPxb I wPišÍb| G weq‡qi AwfÁ cwÛZ, M‡elK I Ávb wccvm~MY Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi

DrcwË I weKvki BwZnvm‡K QqwU ¯Í‡i web¨ Í K‡i‡Qb| h_v:


236

1. ivm~j (mv:) Gi c~e©eZ©©©©©©©©©©© ©©©x hyM|

2. ivm~j (mv:) Gi hyM|

3. mvnvexM‡bi (iv:) hyM |

4. DgvBq¨v hyM|

5. AveŸvmxq I Imgvbxq hyM|

6. AvaywbK hyM|29

c„w_ex‡Z gvbe mgvR cÖwZôvi Dlvj‡MœB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni m~Pbv nq| cieZx©‡Z bvbv weeZ©‡bi

gva¨‡gB gvbe mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡U| Avi †m weKv‡ki µgaviv‡ZB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn DrKl© jvf

K‡i| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:

1. ivm~j (mv:)-Gi c~e©eZx© hyM

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni G mgqKvjwU me‡P‡q `xN©| Avi G mgqKv‡ji Dlvj‡MœB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi

Awbe©vY wkLv cÖR¡wjZ n‡qwQj nhiZ Av`g (Av:) Gi gva¨‡g| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KyiAv‡b ewY©Z

n‡q‡Q, ي ا فإماا ي ي اكم من ه ى فم ع ه اي فل خوف عليهم ول هم يزنوو والاذي فروا ها ج ق ل ا اه طوا م A_©vr Òhviv Kzdix K‡i‡Q Ges Avgvi AvqvZmg~‡K و ذا وا بي ا أولئك أ حاب ال اار هم فيها خال وو

A¯xKvi K‡i‡Q, ZvivB Av¸‡bi Awaevmx| Zviv †mLv‡b ¯’vqx n‡e| Avwg ejjvg, Ô†Zvgiv mevB Zv

†_‡K †b‡g hvI| AZ:ci Avgvi cÿ †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q †h †n`vqvZ Avm‡e, ZLb hviv Avgvi †m

wn`vqvZ AbymiY Ki‡e, Zv‡ì †Kvb fq †bB Ges Zviv `y:wLZI n‡e bv|Ó30

Avj-KziAv‡bi Dc‡iv³ Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g GK_v AKvU¨fv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h me©cÖ_g nhiZ Av`g

(Av:) Gi gva¨‡g Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi Awbe©vY wkLv cÖ¾wjZ n‡qwQj| Avi †m cÖR¡wjZ wkLvi

we”QzwiZ `xwß m¤úªmvwiZ n‡qwQj nhiZ b~n (Av:), nhiZ û` (Av:), nhiZ kxl (Av:), nhiZ

Beivnxg (Av:), nhiZ BmgvÔCj (Av:), nhiZ BmnvK (Av:), nhiZ mv‡jn (Av:), nhiZ g~mv

(Av:), nhiZ ÔCmv (Av:) cÖgyL bex I ivm~jM‡Yi wbijm cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g| Zvuiv ¯^RvwZi wbKU

G‡mwQ‡jb hyM‡kÖó gvbeiƒ‡c| Zvuiv wQ‡jb mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi cÖZxK| Zvuiv wek„•Lj mgvR Ges c_åó

RvwZ‡K cybM©Vb I mwVK c_ wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z GKwbó `vÔqxi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|31

2. ivm~j (mv:) Gi hyM|

ivm~j (mv:)-Gi hyM n‡jv `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi BwZnv‡mi c~Y©Zvi hyM| Zvui AvMgb N‡UwQj gvbe

BwZnv‡mi GK Pig µvwšÍ j‡Mœ| G mgq `vÔIqv‡Zi KvR wQj wb®úÖf| mgMÖ we‡k¦ ag©, mgvR, kvwšÍ-

k„•Ljv I Ava¨vwZKZvq ïb¨Zv m„wó n‡qwQj|32

wek¦ wQj GKRb ÎvYKZ©vi Rb¨ A‡cÿgvb|33

Ggwb

Ae¯’vq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv:) Gi Avwe©fve N‡U| beyIqvZ jv‡fi ci c Ö_g wZb eQi wZwb e¨w³MZ

ch©v‡q †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ K‡ib| Gi ci cÖKv‡k¨ `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi wb‡ ©k cÖvß

nb| G m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, فا ع با مر A_©vr ÒZzwg †h wel‡q Avw`ó n‡qQ, Zv mwe¯Ív‡i

eY©bv Ki|Ó34

ZLb †_‡K wZwb mvavi‡Y¨ `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡b cÖe„Ë nb|35

beyIqvZ jv‡fi ci Zvi mgMÖ

Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ÿY fxlY •ewiZvi wfZi w`‡q AwZevwnZ nq| GgZve¯’vq Zvi `vÔIqvZ c„w_exi


237

wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ †cu․‡Q hvq| ivm~j (mv:)-Gi B‡šÍKv‡ji ci Zuvi mvnvexMY e¨w³MZ I ivóªxq `vwq‡Z¡

`vÔIqv‡Zi Kvh©µg AwePj avivq Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|

3. mvnvexM‡Yi (iv:) hyM |

ivm~j (mv:)-Gi B‡šÍKv‡ji ciciB Avie f~L‡Û ag©‡ ªvnx gyiZv`‡ì †dZbvi D™¢e N‡U| Ljxdv

Ave~eKi (iv:) Zv‡ì wdZbvi g~‡jvrcvUb K‡i Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi BwZnv‡m wPiÄxe n‡q Av‡Qb|

nhiZ ÔDgvi (iv:)-Gi hyM wQj Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Rb¨ De©i hyM| G hy‡M Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wewfbœ

GjvKv I cÖ‡`‡k wZwb gyevwjøM I `vÔC wb‡qvM K‡ib, †hb Zviv Agymwjg‡ì Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi

`vÔIqvZ cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges gymjgvb‡ì‡K Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ ûKzg-AvnKvg wkÿv w`‡Z cv‡ib|

G Rb¨ nhiZ ÔDev`v Beb mvwgZ (iv:), nhiZ Ave~ `vi`v (iv:), nhiZ gyÔAvh (iv:) †K wmwiqvq,

nhiZ ÔAve`yjøvn Beb gvmÔD` (iv:)-†K K~dvq, nhiZ ÔAve`yjøvn Beb gyMvddvj (iv:), ÔBgivb

Beb wnwmb-(i:), gvÔKvj Beb Bqvmvi (iv:) †K emivq wb‡qvM K‡ib| Zv‡ì cÖ‡Póvq Bmjvgx

Áv‡bi A‡bK cÖmvi N‡U| nhiZ Dmgvb (iv:) (g„. 35 wn.) A‡bK AwfRvZ m¤¢všÍ Agymwjg‡ì

wbKU wM‡q Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ w`‡Zb| nhiZ ÔAvjx (iv:) (g„. 40 wn.) ¯^xq kvmbvg‡j (35 wn: -40

wn:) D³ `vÔIqvZx cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQ‡jb|

ZrcieZx© Kv‡j ZvweÔC ) تابع( I ZvexÔ-ZvweÔCMY (ع ابعى ) mvnvexM‡Yi Abym„Z Kg©m~Px cwic~Y©iƒ‡c

AbymiY K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb nhiZ nvmvb Avj-evmix (g„Z: 110 wn:/

728 Lªx:), mvÔC` Bebyj gymvwqë (g„Z: 13 wn:), mywdqvb Avm-mIix (g„Z: 161 wn: / 778 Lªx:)

cÖgyL|36

4. DgvBqv hyM

†Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`vi ci DgvBqv esk 661 Lªx: n‡Z 750 Lªx: ch©šÍ `xN© 90 eQi wLjvdZ cwiPvjbv

K‡i| G mgq `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cÖf~Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`k© wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q

c‡o| we‡kl K‡i wØZxq Dgi L¨vZ Dgi Beb ÔAvãyj ÔAvwh‡hi kvmbKvj (717Lªx: -720 Lªx:)

`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi GK ¯^‡Y©v¾j Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| cieZx©‡Z ÔAveŸvmxq hy‡Mi cÖv_wgK

ch©v‡q Bmjvgx Ávb-weÁv‡b †i‡bmuv m~wPZ nq| G mgq gymwjg gbxlxe„›` Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn wel‡q

we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Z mÿg nb| G mKj gbxlxM‡Yi g‡a¨ Bgvg Ave~ nvwbdv (i:) (50wn: - 140

wn:), Bgvg gvwjK (i:) (179wn:), Bgvg kvwdÔC (i:) (150wn: - 204wn:), Bgvg Avng` Beb nv¤^j

(i:) (164wn: -241wn:) cÖgyL mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨|37

5. AveŸvmxq I Imgvbxq hyM

AveŸvmxq I Imgvbxq hy‡M nv`xm, Zvdmxi, BwZnvm, e¨vKiY, wPwKrmv weÁvb BZ¨vw` welq PP©vq

gymwjg cwÛZMY Mfxifv‡e g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| G mgq `vÔIqvni †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYv

cwiPvwjZ nq| Z‡e AvaywbK Kv‡ji gZ mywbw ©ó welq wnmv‡e ÔBjgyZ `vÔIqvn †m mgq cÖwZôv jvf

K‡iwb| gbxlxe„›` Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ welq Av‡jvPbv Abym‡½ ÒAvgi wej gvÔiæd Iqvb bvwn ÔAvwbj

gybKviÓ ÒAvj-wnmevnÓ ÒAv`-`vÔIqvnÓ cÖf…wZ wk‡ivbv‡g G wel‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| gynv¤§`

Beb BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix (i:)38

(194- 256 wn:), gymwjg Beb nv¾vR (i:) (204 wn: -261

wn:),39

gynv¤§` Beb ÔCmv AvZ-wZiwghx (i:) (203-271 wn:),40

Bgvg beex (i:) (g„Z: 676 wn:)41


238

Bgvg Mvhvjx (i:) (450-505 wn:),42

Bgvg Beb ZvBwgqv (i:) (661-728 wn:),43

kvn Iqvjx

Djøvn †`njfx (i:) (1703- 1762wn:),44

cÖgyL gbxlxe„›` Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ

Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì G Av‡jvPbvq Bmjvgx `vÔIqvni g~jZË¡ I g~jëvb Z_¨ Avwe®‥…Z nq|

`vÔIqvn welqK Zv‡ì iPbv m¤¢v‡i G welqwU mymg„w× I cwicywó jvf K‡i| cieZx©Kv‡j wek¦e¨vcx

`vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Y Imgvbxq mv¤ªv‡Rï LwjdvMY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib, hv AvRI BwZnvm

cÖwm× n‡q Av‡Q|

6. AvaywbK hyM

AvaywbK hyM ej‡Z Imgvbxq mv¤ªv†Rï ci †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A`¨vewa mgq‡K †evSv‡bv nq| G mgq

gymwjg ivRkw³i cZb ïiæ n‡j Zviv †Kej cÖkvmwbK fv‡eB wePy¨Z nqwb, Zv‡ì ÁvbPP©v Ges Zvi

AMÖMwZI `viæYfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| d‡j Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi b¨vq `vÔIqvn welqK PP©v‡ZI fvUv c‡o|

mg‡qi eëav‡b GK ch©v‡q gymjgvb‡ì Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b ïiæ nq| Zviv cybivq AvZœcÖwZôv jv‡fi

cÖ‡Póvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| G ch©v‡q AvaywbK Kv‡ji gymwjg gbxlxe„›` KziAvb-mybœvn I c~e©eZx©

cwÛZ‡ì iPbvi Drm †_‡K ÔBjgy` `vÔIqvn bv‡g ¯qsm¤ú~Y© GKwU Bmjvgx weÁvb cÖwZôv K‡ib| G

e¨vcv‡i nvmvb Avj-evbœv (g„Z: 1949 Lªx:), mvB‡q¨` Aveyj ÔAvjv gI`~`x (1903-1979 Lªx:),

mvB‡q¨` KzZze (1906-1966 Lªx:), ev`kvn dqmj (g„Z: 1975 Lªx:) I ÔAvjøvgv BDmyd Avj-

Kvihvfx (g„Z: 2016 Lªx:) cÖgyL cwÛZ‡ì wPšÍvaviv, iPbvejx I Kvh© cÖ‡Póv ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e|

eZ©gv‡b BjgyZ `vÔIqvn e¨vcK Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| wek¦we`¨vjq wfwËK `vÔIqvn wefvM

¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ †`‡k †`kxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e `vÔIqvn GKv‡Wgx, Bbw÷wUDU, wimvP©

†m›Uvi BZ¨vw` cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me‡P‡q †ekx `vÔIqvZx KvR n‡”Q ms¯’v I msMVb

†Kw›`ªK| wesk kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤¢ cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ ÔAvjøvgv

Rvgvj DÏxb AvdMvbx c¨vb BmjvwgK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| AZ:ci c¨vb BmjvwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi

aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨ kvqL ikx` †iRv (1865-1935 Lªx:) 1911 mv‡j ÔRvwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvn

Iqvj Bikv`Õ bvgK msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib|45

GiB avivevwnKZvq B‡›`v‡bwkqv, Rvcvb, BD‡ivc,

Av‡gwiKv Ges Avwd«Kv‡ZI Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvwiZ nq| 1960 mv‡j wgki miKvi `vÔIqvZx

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ÔAvj-gvRvwjmyj ÔAvjv wjk ïDwbj BmjvwgqvÕ bv‡g `vÔIqvZx msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib|

Gici †m․w` ev`kvn dqmj `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi m¤úªmv‡bi Rb¨ GK e¨vcK cwiKíbv MÖnb K‡ib| GB

cwiKíbvi Ask wn‡m‡e `vÔqx •Zixi Rb¨ 1961 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei Ôgw`bv BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wUÕ

cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1962 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Ôiv‡eZvZzj ÔAvjvwgj BmjvgxÕ bv‡g GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK

`vÔIqvZx msMVb cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| 1982 mv‡j wjweqv miKvi ÔAvj-gvRwjmyj Avjvwg wj`

`vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ bvgK GKwU ms¯’v cÖwZôv K‡ib| Avwki `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K Kz‡qZ

miKviI ÔAvj-nvBq¨vZzj LvBwiq¨vn Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ bv‡g Av‡iKwU `vÔIqvZx msMVb Kv‡qg

K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ ms¯’v I msMVb KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Zv‡ì

g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ZvejxM RvgvqvZ, gmwR` I gvìvmvn †K› ªxK `vÔIqvZx KvR, cÎ-cwÎKv I cÖPvi

gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR Ges B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK `vÔIqvZx KvR cÖf…wZ| G mKj ms¯’v I msMVb

wek¦e¨vcx Bmjvgx wkÿv cÖPvi, cy¯ÍK gy`ªb I weZiY, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡Z mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb,

`~‡h©vM gyû‡Z© ÎvY ZrciZv, gmwR`, gvìvmv Ges `vÔIqvn †m›Uvi cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| hvi

djkÖæwZ‡Z AvR †MvUv wek¦e¨vcx Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi RvMiY m„wó n‡q‡Q|46


239

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Z mswkøó e¨w³ †h mKj cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g gv`ÔD ev DwÏó e¨w³i Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi

`vÔIqvZ †cuu․‡Q †`b Zv‡KB Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM ejv nq| Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ‡qvM‡K

Avgiv cÖ_gZ: yÕfv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| h_v:

1. Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvÔbweq¨vn (A¯úk© I Abyfe¨ gva¨g): Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvÔbweq¨vn Gi A_©

e¨w³i Af¨šÍixb, gvbwmK ev gbyl¨ gva¨g| `vÔqxi ev `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vbKvixi †h mg Í mr ¸bvejx I

DËg PvwiwÎK Av`k© gv`ÔDi gbb I wPšÍvi †ÿ‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv‡K Avj-IqvmvBjyj

gvÔbweq¨vn ejv nq| `vÔIqvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î G gva¨g A¯úk© wKš‘ Abyfe¨ I LyeB kw³kvjx| Gi

¸iæZ¡ I cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| †hgb:

K. mvjvg wewbgq Kiv, L. nvwmgy‡L K_v ejv, M. wewfbœ mgq †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv, N. mvÿv‡Z

Kzkjvw` wRÁvmv Kiv, O. A‡bï ¯^v_©‡K AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv, P. fvj Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv, Q. g›`

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wZi¯‥vi bv K‡i ì` fiv g‡b ms‡kvab K‡i †Ìqv BZ¨vw`|

2. Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvwÏq¨vn (e¯‘MZ gva¨g): Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e ‘MZ Dcv`vb

¸‡jv‡K Avj-IqvmvÕBjyj gvwÏq¨vn ejv nq| GwU Avevi wZb cÖKvi| h_v: K. wdZwiq¨vn. L.

dvwbœq¨vn Ges M. Z¡vevwKq¨vn|47

K. wdZwiq¨vn (Rb¥MZ I ¯fveRvZ gva¨g): gvby‡li Rb¥MZ I ¯^fveRvZ fv‡e cÖvß Dcv`vb n‡”Q

Zvi evKkw³| evKkw³‡K `vÔIqvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨g wnmv‡e eënvi K‡i `vÔqx e¨w³MZ K‡_vcK_b,

cvV`vb, AwffvlY, mvaviY e³…Zv I Iqv‡R GwU eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

L. dvwbœqvn (wkíKjv gva¨g): `vÔqx wkÿv I M‡elYvi Rb¨ †h DcKiY¸‡jv Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn

m¤úªmvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gva¨g wnmv‡e eënvi K‡ib †m¸‡jv‡K `vÔIqv‡Z dvwbœqvn e‡j| †hgb: cwÎKv

cÖKvk, cÖeÜ wjLb, wPwV wjLb, cwÎKvi wPwV-cÎ Kjv‡g †jLv, MÖš’ iPbv, M‡elYv cÖeÜ wjLv, bvUK

I Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`|

M. Z¡vevwKq¨vn (cÖvwZôvwbK gva¨g): `vÔIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AeKvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‥vig~jK KvR‡K

`vÔIqv‡Zi Z¡vevwKq¨vn gva¨g ejv nq| †hgb: gmwR` wbg©vY, msMVb, ms¯’v, dvD‡Ûkb I Uªvó

cÖwZóv, gv`ªvmvn, wkÿv cÖwZôvb I BqvwZg Lvbv cÖwZôv BZ¨vw`|48

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi gva¨g mg~n‡K evwn¨Kfv‡e †`Lv I ¯úk© Kiv ev bv Kivi w`K †_‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: 1. Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g, 2. Bmjvmx `vÔIqv‡Zi e¯‘MZ

gva¨g|49

1. Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g: `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri †h mg Í Dcv`vb evwn¨Kfv‡e †`Lv I ¯úk©

Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ hv `vÔqx I gv`ÔD‡K AvwZœKfv‡e kw³kvjx K‡i `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R MwZkxjZv I cÖvY

mÂvi K‡i ZvB Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g| `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri cÖavb Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g wb¤œiƒc: K. Avjøvn

ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ Mfxi m¤úK©, L. ZvKIqv ev †Lv`vfxwZ, M. `vÔqxi `vÔIqvZx PwiÎ, N. `vÔIqvZx

cwiKíbv|

Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ Mfxi m¤úK©: Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ `vÔqx I gv`ÔDi Mfxi m¤úK© Bmjvgx

`vIqvn m¤úªmvi‡Yi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi gZ KwVb cixÿv †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn


240

ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ h_vh_fv‡e Mfxi m¤úK© ¯’vcbB n‡”Q cÖ_g I cÖavb cv‡_q| `vÔqxi mv‡_ Avjøvn

ZvÔqvjvi m¤úK© cÖZ¨vwkZ me©wb¤œ gv‡bi bx‡P †b‡g †M‡j Zvi mKj cÖ‡Póv I Kg©ZrciZv

AvwLivZgyLx bv n‡q ywbqvi i‡O i½xb n‡q hvq| mgv‡Ri KZ…Z¡kvjx Ges †bZ…‡Zi ¸bvejx m¤úbœ

e¨w³‡ì Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i QvqvZ‡j †bIqvi Rb¨ gnvbex (mv:) Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi ìev‡i

Mfxi iv‡Z aibv w`‡Zb| Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ m¤úK© Mfxi Kivi Rb¨ wKQz †g․wjK wel‡qi cÖwZ

jÿ¨ ivLv Acwinvh©| †hgb : (1) †g․wjK ÔBev`vZmg~n h_vhZ fv‡e cvjb Kiv| (2) Avj-KziAvb

I nv`xm wbqwgZ Aa¨qb (3) bdj Bev`vZmg~n h_vh_ fv‡e cvjb (4) mve©ÿwbK †`vqv I

wRwKi|50

ZvKIqv ev Avjøvn‡K fq Kiv

Aviex ZvKIqv k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv fq Kiv, weiZ _vKv, iÿv Kiv, mveavb nIqv,

ci‡nhMvix I †Kvb Awbó n‡Z wb‡R‡K ~‡i ivLv BZ¨vw`| mvaviY A‡_© Avjøvn fxwZ‡K ZvKIqv ejv

nq| Bmjvgx cwifvlvq e¨w³ I mgwóMZ Rxe‡b Bmjvgx weav‡b wbwl× mKj cÖKvi K_v, KvR I

wPšÍv cwinvi K‡i Avj-KziAvb I mybœvni wb‡`©k gZ Rxeb-hvc‡bi gva¨‡g Avjøvn‡K cÖwZwbqZ fq

K‡i Pjv‡K ZvKIqv ejv nq| gvby‡li e¨w³ I mgwóMZ Rxe‡b Bmjvgx Rxebv`k© ev¯Íevqb

m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ZvKIqvi Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvKIqv e¨ZxZ AvKl©Yxq e³…Zv, gva~q©gq I ewjô Av‡jvPbv

†Kvb wKQzB gvby‡li g‡b †iLvcvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvKIqv `vÔqxi `vIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cÖavb cv‡_q|

ZvB `vÔIqvZ †`qvi cvkvcvwk wb‡RI Avgj Ki‡Z n‡e, wb‡R‡K gyËvKx‡ì KvZv‡i kvwgj Ki‡Z

n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: لوو الك اب أفل أتمروو ال ااس بلب و وو أن ف كم وأن م A_©vr Ò†Zvgiv wK gvbyl‡K fvj Kv‡Ri Dc‡`k w`”Q Avi wb‡R‡ì‡K f~‡j hv”Q? A_P قلوو

†Zvgiv wKZve wZjvIqvZ Ki| †Zvgiv wK eyS bv|Ó51

`vÔqxi `vÔIqvZx PwiÎ:

`vÔqxi `vÔIqvZx PwiÎ n‡jv `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Kv‡Ri Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g| `vÔqxi f~wgKvi Dci

`vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri mdjZv I e¨_©Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| `vÔIqvZ `vbKvix‡K n‡Z n‡e m¤ú~Y©

wb:¯^v_©, AvšÍwiK I mZ¨civqb| Zv‡K n‡Z n‡e DbœZ Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix, •ah¨kxj, mZëv`x,

`qvkxj, Aw_wZermj, mvnmx Ges `ywbqvex wel‡q Ávb I `ÿZvm¤úbœ| `vÔqx Kg K_v ej‡eb Ges

AZ¨waK •a‡h©ï cwiPq w`‡eb| †ekx K_vi cwie‡Z© PvwiwÎK gva~h© w`‡q cÖfve m„wó Ki‡eb| Bmjvg

m¤ú‡K© mwVK I ¯úó aviYv ivL‡eb| †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z bv cvi‡j e¨w³Z¡ Aÿzbœ †i‡L mgq

†b‡eb| †MvRvwg‡ji AvkÖq wb‡eb bv| gv`ÔDi myL-`y:‡Li Askx`vi n‡eb| gb‡K A‡nZzK aviYv

†_‡K gy³ ivL‡eb| m¤ú‡K©i gReywZi Rb¨ `vÔqx Uv‡M©MK…Z e¨w³i mv‡_ GKm‡½ ågY, GK‡Î bv¯Ív

I LvIqv, wbR evmvq wb‡q hvIqv Ges Dcnvi †`qvmn wewfbœ Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡eb| †gvUK_v

Uv‡M©UK…Z e¨w³i Rv‡nwjq¨v‡Zi †ivM ~i Kivi Rb¨ wZwb AwfÁ Wv³v‡ii fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|

Zvi `~e©jZvi mgv‡jvPbv bv K‡i mr ¸bvejx weKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb|

`vÔIqvZx cwiKíbv

`vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri cwiKíbv GKwU Ae¯‘MZ gva¨g| GKwU myôz cwiKíbv MÖnb Ki‡j mswkøó Kv‡Ri

A‡a©K n‡q hvq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Uv‡MUK…Z e¨w³MY‡K Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i GKwbô Abymvix wnmv‡e

M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU ev Íe wfwËK cwiKíbv| `vÔIqvZx Øx‡bi Kv‡Ri jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wK

n‡e GUv wba©viY Kiv †hgb cwiKíbv, †Zgwb M„nxZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wKfv‡e AwR©Z n‡e G‡Kev‡i wb¤œ


241

ch©vq ch©šÍ cÖwZwU KiYxq KvR c~‡e©B wba©viY Kivi bvg cwiKíbv| Avgiv †Kv_vq AvwQ Ges

`vÔIqvZx Øx‡bi AvnŸvb‡K †Kvb ch©v‡q wb‡q †h‡Z PvB, cwiKíbv cÖbq‡Y Zv we‡kl fv‡e we‡ePbvq

Avbv nq e‡j cwiKíbv n‡jv GKwU eyw×`xß cÖwµqv, hv m‡PZbZvi m‡½ ev Íe Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K

Kg©cš’v MÖn‡Yi w`K wb‡ ©k K‡i|

2. Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi e¯‘MZ gva¨g

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ‡K myôz I my›ìfv‡e Dc ’vc‡bi Rb¨ `vÔIqv‡Zi e¯‘MZ gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Acwimxg| `vÔIqvn-Gi e¯‘MZ gva¨g‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq:

1. Rb¥m~‡Î cÖvß my›ì I AvKl©Yxq evPbfw½|

2. wkíKjv I cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb|

3. †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg, Zvdmxi gvnwdj I IqvR gvnwdj BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn

Dc¯’vcb|

4. cwievi I mgv‡R Bmjv‡gi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn Dc ’vcb|

5. gmwR`, gv`ªvmvn, g³e I Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvgx cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖPvi I cÖmvi|

6. `vÔIqvZx ms¯’v MVb,Bmjvgx eB I cwÎKv cÖKvk I B›Uvi‡b‡U `vÔIqvn welqK Av‡jvPbv

Kiv BZ¨vw`|52

Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z cÖv‡qvwMK cš’v

Avj-KziAv‡b `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖv‡qvwMK cš’v LyeB AvKl©Yxq I hyw³c~Y©fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G

m¤ú‡K© m~ivn Avb-bvn‡j ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, ادع إلى س يل ر ك بلكمة والموعظة ال ة وجادلم بلات هي أ A_©vr ÒZzwg †Zvgvi i‡ei c‡_ wnKgZ I my›ì إوا ر اك هو أعلم ب ضلا ع س يل وهو أعلم بلمه ي

Dc‡`‡ki gva¨‡g AvnŸvb Ki Ges my›ìZg cš’vq Zv‡ì mv‡_ weZK© Ki|Ó53

Dc‡i ewY©Z AvqvZwU we‡kølY Ki‡j wb†¤œ Av‡jvwPZ cš’vmg~‡ni cwiPq cvIqv hvq:

1. Avj-wnKgvn ev cÖÁv (الح مة) 2. Avj-gvIÔwqhvZzj nvmvbvn ev m`yc‡`k (المىعظةالحسنة)

3. Avj-gyRv`vjvn ev weZK©g~jK (المجادلة)

Avj-wnKgvn

ÔwnKgvnÕ GKwU e¨vcK A_©‡evaK kã| Gi A_©, ZË¡Ávb, weÁvb, Ávb, `k©b, cwibvg, wePÿYZv

BZ¨vw`|54

G kãwUi gyjavZz ح م Gi A_© Av‡`k Kiv, kvmb Kiv, wb‡la Kiv, weiZ ivLv, wewamg~n

cwiPvjbv Kiv, Av‡`k cÖeZ©b Kiv, gxgvsmv Kiv|55

G †_‡KB ح م kãwUi eënvi evsjv fvlv‡ZI

i‡q‡Q| Aviex fvlvq ح م kãwU dvqmvjvKvix Ges wPwKrm‡Ki A‡_© eënvi nq| wnKgZ kãwU

Kvh©KviY I inm¨ A‡_©I cvIqv hvq| †hgb, A_©vr kiÔC AvBb cÖPj‡bi Kvh©KviY evح مة ا ش يع

inm¨| g~jZ: ÔwnKgvnÕ Ggb GKwU e¨vcK A_©‡evaK ÔAviex cÖZ¨q, Ab¨ fvlvq hvi †Kvb mwVK

cÖwZkã cvIqv hvq bv|56

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn cÖPv‡i wnKgvn Aej¤^‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Zvrch©c~Y©| Z‡e

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi Kvh©‡ÿÎ ev cwiwa †hgb e¨vcK, †Zgwb wnKg‡Zi cwiwaI e¨vcK| Z‡e


242

`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î wnKg‡Zi K‡qKwU †g․wjK w`K i‡q‡Q| †hgb: (K) `vÔIqvn-Gi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e©

wnKgvn, (L) `vÔIqvn-Gi welq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn, (M) `vÔIqvn-Gi mgq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î

wnKgvn, (N) `vÔIqvn-Gi ¯’vb I cwi‡ek wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn, (O) `vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb I `vÔqxi

AvPi‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn| 57

`vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© wnKgvn ev cÖÁv

`vÔIqvn Øx‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn-Gi cÖ_g KvR n‡jv `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY| nVvr Av‡eM ekZ:

A‡bK wKQz Kiv hvq, eo ai‡bi wKQz NUv‡bv hvq wKsev Av‡e‡Mi †cÖwÿ‡Z †Zvocvo K‡i †Ìqv hvq

wKš‘ KvD‡K `vÔIqvZ †`qvi †ÿ‡Î `vÔqx‡K fvjfv‡e cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `vÔIqvZ djcÖm~ nq|

ÔAvjøvn ZvÔqvjv Av`g (Av:) †K †d‡ikZv‡ì gy‡LvgyLx Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖ¯‘wZ ¯îƒc me wKQzi Ávb

wkÿv w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K bex I ivm~j‡K `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi KvR Kivi c~‡e© cÖ‡qvRbxq

cÖ¯‘wZi eë¯’v K‡i‡Qb| nhiZ g~mv (Av:) †K wdivD‡bi ìev‡i `vÔIqvZ wb‡q hvIqvi wb‡©`k cÖ`vb

Ki‡j g~mv (Av:) `vÔIqvZ‡K djcÖm~ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ¯‘wZ ¯îƒc Avjøvni ìev‡i cÖv_©bv K‡i e‡jb,

ر ل أمري وا لل عق ة م ل ان ي فقهوا ق ول ,A_©vr Ò†m ej‡jv, †n Avgvi ie قال رب ا ر ل ري وي

Avgvi eyK cÖk Í K‡i w`b| Avi Avgvi wRnevi RoZv `~i K‡i w`b| hv‡Z Zviv Avgvi K_v eyS‡Z

cv‡i| Avi Avgvi cwievi †_‡K Avgvi Rb¨ GKRb mvnvh¨Kvix wba©vwiZ K‡i w`b| Avgvi fvB

nviæb‡K|Ó58

me©‡kl bex I ivm~j gynv¤§` (mv:) †K `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi G gnvb Kv‡R bvgvi c~‡e© Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv

Zv‡K †niv ¸nvq `xN© 40 w`‡bi cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i †`b| Avevi Inx bvwh‡ji cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi †h

mg Í AvqvZ I myiv¸‡jv AeZxY© nq, Zv‡Z •aq©¨ aviY Kiv, iv‡Zi wKQz As‡k Bev`v‡Z gk¸j _vKv,

cweÎZv AR©b Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e©i KvR|

†gvUK_v `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K me©‡Zvfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z K‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|

`vÔIqv‡Zi welq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv

`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi KvR‡K djcÖm~ Kivi †ÿ‡Î welq wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ LyeB Dc‡hvMx I cÖ‡qvRbxq

welq| Avj-KziAvb bvwh‡ji †cÖÿvcU I aiY †_‡K welqwU ¯úófv‡e eySv hvq| †hgb ZrKvjxb

Avi‡ei cÖavb mgm¨v wQj wkiK| ZvB cÖ_g hy‡M †h mg Í gv°x m~ivn AeZxY© nq †m¸‡jv‡Z gvbyl‡K

†c․ËwjKZv I wkiK †_‡K gy³ n‡q Avjøvni ÔBev`Z Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvb nq| cÖ_‡gB

ÔBev`v‡Zi Rb¨ ejv nqwb| KviY hviv Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv, Zv‡ì‡K Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi

ÔBev`v‡Zi `vÔIqvZ †Ìqv wnKgvZ bq| eis Zv‡ì mvg‡b Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯^c‡ÿ cÖgvY

†ck KivB wnKgvn| gnvbex (mv:) Zuvi `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R Gfv‡e wnKgvn Aej¤^b Ki‡Zb| ZvB‡Zv

†`Lv hvq wZwb hLb nhiZ gyqvR (iv:) †K Bqv‡g‡bi Mfb©i K‡i cvVv‡jb ZLb Zv‡K `vÔIqv‡Z

Øx‡bi †h c×wZ wkÿv †`b Zv n‡jv: cÖ_‡g Zv‡ì‡K Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi GKZ¡ev` †g‡b wb‡Z AvnŸvb

Rvbv‡e| Zviv hw` GUv †g‡b †bq, Zvn‡j Zv‡ì‡K hvKvZ cÖ`v‡bi Avnevb Rvbv‡e|59

Gfv‡e

Avjøvni ivm~j (mv:) mvnvex‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq gyû‡Z© `vÔIqv‡Zi welq wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Zb|

`vÔIqv‡Zi mgq wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv

mgq wbe©vPb `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi wnKgv‡Zi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY| `vÔqx hw` gv`ÔDi gb-

gvbwmKZvi w`‡K bhi bv w`‡q †h †Kvb mgq `vÔIqvZ †`b Z‡e †m `vÔIqvZ Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b Qvov Avi


243

wKQyB bq| `vÔIqvZ‡K djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ mgq wbe©vPb K‡i `vÔqx‡K `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R AvÄvg w`‡Z

n‡e| mgq wbe©vP‡bi mgq wb‡¤œv³ wnKgZ¸‡jv Abymib Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1. hw` gv`ÔD †Kvb Riæix Kv‡R e¨¯Í _v‡K Zvn‡j †m mgq `vÔIqvZ †`qv hv‡e bv| gv`ÔD hv‡Z

`vÔIqv‡Zi welqe ‘ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡i †m mgq `vÔqxi wbR¯ cÖÁvi Øviv

Dcjwã Ki‡Z n‡e|60

2. gv`ÔDi wbKU Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© `vÔqxi mv‡_ Zvi AvšÍwiKZv I

cwiwPwZ m„wó Riæix| AcÖ¯‘Z Ae¯’vq nVvr K‡i `vÔIqvZ w`‡j †m `vÔIqvZ gv`ÔD MÖnY Ki‡ebv|

3. gv`ÔDi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi cÖ_‡gB `vÔIqv‡Zi welq Dc ’vcb bv Kiv| m¤úK© Mfxi Ges G‡K

Ac‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’vi m¤úK© I cwi‡ek m„wó n‡j `vÔIqvZ †ck Kiv|

4. `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi gZ cwi‡ek I my‡hvM Avm‡jB Zvi mØënvi Kiv| †hgb, nhiZ gymv (Av:) †K

hLb †divDb Rbmg‡ÿ †Lvjv gq`v‡b hv y cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z e‡jb, ZLb wZwb my‡hvM †c‡q `vÔIqvZ

w`‡q e‡mb|61

5. `vÔqxi Zvovûovi cÖeYZv cwiZ¨vM Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î wnKgZ n‡jv AZ¨šÍ axiw ’ifv‡e `vÔIqvZ

Dc¯’vcb Kiv|

6. mgmvgwqK mgm¨v, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv I †cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv Ges `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi mgq

Zv Zz‡j aiv|

`vÔIqv‡Zi ¯’vb I cwi‡ek wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv

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Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †hgb cÖKv‡k¨ `vÔIqvZx KvR Ki‡Z nq| †Zgwb A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZx

KvR Kiv mg‡qi Awbevh© `vex| hw` cwiw ’wZ Ggb nq †h `vÔqx cÖKv‡k¨ Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i

`vÔIqvZ w`‡j cÖwZKzj cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡b Zv AsKz‡iB †kl n‡q hv‡e| GgbwK `vÔqxi AvZœiÿv Kiv

KwVb n‡q hv‡e, Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZx KvR KivB wnKgZ| GRb¨ ivm~j (mv:) cÖ_‡g

wZb eQi †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZx KvR K‡ib| AZ:ci cwi‡ek, cwiw¯’wZ I Ab~Kzj Ae¯’vq cÖKv‡k¨

`vÔIqvZx KvR ïiæ K‡ib| AZ:ci gnvbex (mv:) ch©vqµ‡g cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb cwievi I

wbKUvZœvq‡ì, Zvici wbR †MvÎ I m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK‡ì, AZ:ci wbR kni ev †`k Ges Zvici

mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡K `vÔIqvZ †`b|62

`vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb I `vÔqxi AvPi‡bi †ÿ‡Î wnKgvn ev cÖÁv

wnKgvn e¨ZxZ `vÔIqvZx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv wbZvšÍB wbeyw×Zv Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| GRb¨

`vÔIqvn Dc¯’vcb I `vÔqxi AvPi‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI wnKgvn Aej¤b Ki‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

cÖwZc‡ÿi åvšÍ aviYv‡K mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ LÛb Kiv :

`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wnKgZ n‡jv cÖwZc‡ÿi åvšÍ aviYv‡K mb¥v‡bi mv‡_ LÛb Kiv|

†Kbbv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi wek^vm‡K mb¥v‡bi „wó‡Z †`‡L| ZvB `vÔqx hLb gv`ÔDi ev DwÏó e¨w³i

me‡P‡q wekv‡mi RvqMvq AvNvZ Ki‡e ZLb ¯vfvweK Kvi‡bB hZ g~jëvb K_vB nDK bv †Kb

gv`ÔD ev DwÏó e¨w³ Zv MÖnb Ki‡ebv| nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) ¯^xq wcZv‡K `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi mgq


244

G c×wZB Aej¤b K‡iwQ‡jb| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, وا ل عليهم ن إ راهيم إذ قال ف ونكم أو يضربوو ل ي وق وم ما وو قالوا ن أ اما ف ظلب لا عا ف قال هل ي م ونكم إذ عوو أو ي

A_©vr ÒAvi Zzwg Zv‡ì wbKU Beivnx‡gi NUbv eY©bv Ki| hLb †m Zvi wcZv I Zvi KIg‡K

e‡jwQj, Ô†Zvgiv wK‡mi ÔBev`vZ Ki ?Ó Zviv ej‡jv: ÔAvgiv g~wZ© c~Rv Kwi| AZ:ci G¸‡jvq

c~Rvq Avgiv wbôvi mv‡_ iZ _vwK| †m ej‡jv : hLb †Zvgiv WvK ZLb Zviv wK †Zvgv‡ì †m WvK

ïb‡Z cvq ? A_ev Zviv wK †Zvgv‡ì DcKvi wKsev ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i?Ó63

Dc‡iv³ Avqv‡Z †`Lv hvq, nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) Zv‡ì c~Rbxq †èZv‡ì Kzrmv I wb›`v bv K‡iB

K_v-evZ©vi GK ch©v‡q my‡K․k‡j åvšÍ aviYvi w`‡K `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡jb| G ch©v‡q AviI KwZcq

cš’v Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: †hgb,

K. my‡hvM ey‡S KvR Kiv : nhiZ BDmyd (Av:) KvivMv‡i K‡q`x‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡jb Ges

¯^‡cœi e¨vL¨v eY©bvi GK ch©v‡q Zv‡ì Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i `vÔIqvZ Zz‡j ai‡jb|

L. cÖwZwU gyûZ© Kv‡R jvMv‡bv : nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) Zuvi RvwZi Kv‡Q `vÔIqvZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM

LyRwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z hLbB †mB my‡hvMwU Avm‡jv ZLbB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q `vÔIqvZ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡jb|

M. Abymvix‡ì K_vq D‡ËwRZ bv nIqv : `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri †Kvb ch©v‡q Abymvix‡ì K_vq D‡ËwRZ

bv n‡q •ahäviY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mvšÍbvi ¯‡i m¤¢vebvi K_v ej‡Z n‡e|

N. KwVb gyû‡Z©I Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Dci Av¯’v AwePj ivLv : GKRb `vÔqx‡K `vIqvZx wR‡›`Mxi

KwVb gyû‡Z©I Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Dci AwePj Av¯’vi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| bex (Av:)-†ì Rxe‡b G

ai‡bi eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|

O. †hvM¨ DËivwaKvi •Zix Kiv : `vÔqx‡K `vÔIqv‡Zi KvR mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †hvM¨ DËivwaKvi •Zix

Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv `vÔqxi g„Zzï ci `vÔIqvZx KvR †hb eÜ bv nq eis Zv †hb hyM hyM a‡i Pj‡Z

_v‡K|

P. cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR Kiv : A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq `vÔqxi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZ †c․uQv‡bv

m¤¢e nq bv| †m †ÿ‡Î wb‡R bv wM‡q cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g KvR Ki‡j †ekx djcÖm~ nq| G Rb¨

`vÔqx‡K †jvK •Zixi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †hvM¨ cÖwZwbwa •Zix Ki‡Z n‡e|

Q. mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I cÖhyw³i eënvi : mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ A¯xKvi K‡i `vÔIqvZ w`‡j †m

`vIÔqvZ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î djcÖm~ nq bv| †mRb¨ A‣bmjvwgK bv n‡j mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I AvaywbK

cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i `vÔIqvZ w`‡Z n‡e| gnvbex (mv:)-Gi Rxe‡b G ai‡bi eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|64

Avj-gvIÔwqhvZzj nvmvbvn

gvDÔwqhv kãwU ÔAviex (وعظ) †_‡K DrmvwiZ| GUv AvwfavwbK w`K w`‡q wewfbœ A‡_© eëüZ nq|

h_v : ZvhKxi ev ¯§iY Kiv‡bv,65

bmxn‡Zi my‡i ¯§iY Kwi‡q †Ìqv,66

†bK Kv‡Ri Av‡`k †Ìqv,

fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv,67

g½jRbK wel‡q ¯§iY Kiv‡bv,68

BZ¨vw`| Avi ÔAvj-nvmvbvnÕ A_© fvj, my›ì,

gvayh©gwÛZ| Avj-gvDÔwqhvZzj nvmvbvi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q ÔAvjøvgv evqhvfx (i:) e‡jb : الدوعظة الحسلة A_©vr ÒgvDÔwqhvZzj nvmvbv n‡jv, Zzwóe¨vÄK e³…Zvgvjv I DcKvix ev الخطابات الد لعة وا عبر ا لا عة

Kvh©Kix wkÿYxq I „óvšÍg~jK welqmg~n|Ó69

gvIÔwqhv welqwU nvmvbv nIqvi Rb¨ Zvi welqe ‘


245

cÖ‡qv‡Mi ai‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z g~jbxwZmg~n wb¤œiƒc: wnKgZ Aej¤^b, `vÔCi AvšÍwiKZv, åvZ…Z¡,

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nIqv, Bmjvgx g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ „wó ivLv, fve-e¨Äb‣kwj‡Z •ewPÎ Avbqb, kã I kixi wbqš¿Y,

Iqv‡Ri gvÎvq wg_¨vPvi eR©b BZ¨vw`|70

Avjøvgv Avjymx (i:)71

Gi g‡Z gvDÔwqhvn n‡jv, †Kvb e¨w³‡K ciKv‡j cv‡ci kvw¯Í wKsev c~‡Yï

cÖwZ`vb m¤ú‡K© Ggb Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡Z Zvi ü`q weMwjZ nq| †gvUK_v gvIÔwqhv‡h nvmvbvn

ej‡Z eySvq, KvD‡K mZ¨ I Kj¨vYg~jK Ges Bmjv‡gi „wó‡Z AevwÂZ I wZi¯‥vi‡hvM¨ wel‡qi

cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv Ges bmxnZ Kiv hv‡Z ü`q weMwjZ nq Ges mrKv‡R DØy× K‡i|

G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: عللاها و ال ما بق ي يقها و ا خلفها و وعظة لم لله A_©vr ÒAvwg

G‡K wkÿYxq welq wnmv‡e wba©viY K‡iwQ, †m mg‡qi Ges ZrcieZx© Rbc`mg~‡ni Rb¨ Ges

gyËvKx‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡`kÓ|72

gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ mg~n

gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn Kv‡ì †ÿ‡Î Kiv hv‡e, G wel‡q Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`M‡Yi g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

gZcv_©K¨ wb¤œiƒc: cÖ_gZ: mgv‡R hviv mvaviY †kÖYxi gvbyl, Mv‡dj-Ag‡bv‡hvMx, ZË K_v †Zgb

ey‡S bv, Avi Z‡K©I †Zgb †SvK †bB| Zv‡ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v GL‡bv ¯vfvweK| eis Rxeb I

RM‡Z we`¨gvb e¯‘Zvwš¿K welq¸‡jv Zviv †ekx Dcjw× Ki‡Z mÿg, G †kÖYxi †jvK‡ì‡K gvIÔwqhv

nvmvbvn Øviv `vÔIqvZ w`‡Z n‡e| Avi hviv ZË¡K_v ey‡S Z_v hviv Ávbx-¸Yx, Zv‡ì‡K ZË¡K_v Øviv

Ges hviv ZK©wcÖq Zv‡ì‡K DËg cš’vq hyw³ Z‡K©i gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZ w`‡Z n‡e| Bgvg ivhx,

wbhvgyÏxb wbkvcyix, Avjøvgv Avjymx cÖgyL gydvmwmi G gZwUB †cvlY K‡ib|73

wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G

gZvgZwU h_vh_ bq| KviY hviv Ávbx-¸Yx Zv‡ì Av‡eM Abyf~wZ Av‡Q| hviv Z‡K© AvMÖnx Zv‡ì H

gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`K ïb¨ bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b Av‡jvob m„wóKvix welq Ávb bq eis Av‡eM| ZvB Ávbx I

Z‡K© wjß e¨w³‡ì‡KI gvIÔwqhv Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi Øviv Zviv ms‡kvwaZ n‡eb| A‡bK mgq hyw³‡Z

nvi‡j gvbyl cÖwZ c‡ÿi gZ me©všÍKi‡Y MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv| †m †ÿ‡Î gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn Kiv n‡j

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K‡i cÖwZcÿ‡K Rã K‡i cwi‡k‡l Iqvh K‡ib| AZGe gvDÔwqhv GKwU me©e¨vcx `vÔIqvZx cš’v|

wØZxqZ: G gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn wK ïay gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨, bv Agymwjg‡ì‡KI Zv Kiv hv‡e, G wb‡q

gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|

K. cÖ_g `‡ji g‡Z gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn ïay gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z

n‡q‡Q, Ä_©vr ÒGB n‡jv gvby‡li Rb¨ eY©bv, Avi gyËvKx‡ì Rb هذا ياو لل ااس وه ى وموعظة للم اق

wn`v‡qZ I Dc‡`k evYxÓ|74

GLv‡b cÖ_‡g (ا لللهاس) gvbyl e‡j ÔAvgÕ (e¨vcK) aviYv w`‡q gvDÔwqhv‡K

gyËvKx‡ì Rb¨ Lvm (wbw ©ó) Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔAvjøvgv hv¾vRmn A‡b‡KB G gZ †cvlb K‡ib|

L. Rgûi Ijvgvi g‡Z gymwjg I Agymwjg wbwe©‡k‡l gvDÔwqhv Kiv hv‡e| Avi Dc‡iv³ Avqv‡Z

gyËvKx ej‡Z RvwZi gyËvKx (الد ون ول ا ة) †jvK‡ì eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avm‡j cÖwZwU gvby‡li AšÍ‡i


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m„wóKZ©vi fq †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e wKQz bv wKQz we`¨gvb| Avi †h hZ †ekx gyËvKx gvDÔwqhv Zvi

†ÿ‡Î †ekx Kvh©Ki| Gi A_© G bq †h, Agymwjg‡ì Rb¨ gvDÔwqhv Kiv hv‡e bv| eis Avj-KziAv‡b

G‡m‡Q, c~e©hy‡Mi `vÔqxMY wbR m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK‡ì e¨vcKfv‡e gvIÔwqhv K‡i‡Qb| Zviv Cgvb

AvbyK ev bv AvbyK| †hgb c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, mv‡jn (Av:)-Gi KIg Zuv‡K e‡jwQj: Zzwg

Avgv‡ì IqvR Ki Avi bv Ki DfqB mgvb|

eqm I c` gh©v`v we‡ePbvi †ÿÎ

gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn-Gi †ÿ‡Î eqm I c` gh©v`vi welqwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| whwb gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn

Ki‡eb Zvi eqm I c` gh©v`v Ges hv‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ gvDÔwqhv Ki‡eb, Zv‡ì eqm I c` gh©v`vi

Dci wfwË K‡i cÖK…wZ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvni †ÿ‡Î `vÔqxi eqm I c` gh©v`v Kg

n‡j `vÔqx‡K civg‡k©i my‡i gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvn cÖ‡qvM

Kivi †ÿ‡Î bvix, cyiæl, wkï, evjK, hyeK, e„×, kÖwgK, PvKixRxex, AvBbRxex, kvmK †kÖYx mK‡jB

Dc‡hvMx I Kvh©Ki| Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î gvIÔwqhv nvmvbvn Z_v ü`q wbsov‡bv fvjevmv I

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Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| Avi hyw³i wcQ‡b ü`‡q H bvov †Ìqvi KvRwU K‡i gvDÔwqhv| †Kvb e¨w³

hyw³‡Z †n‡i †M‡jI mn‡R Bmjvg Keyj K‡i bv| wKš‘ Gi cvkv cvwk hw` gvIÔwqhv Øviv Zvi ü`‡q

bvov †Ìqv hvq| ZLb Zvi †evwai ìRv †f‡½ hvq, Ly‡j hvq AšÍ‡ii myß †KvVi, †ei n‡q Av‡m

AšÍ‡ii †Mvcb K_v, †R‡M D‡V Zvi wdZivZ| Avi Gfv‡eB †m mn‡RB Bmjvg Keyj K‡i e‡m|

Avi G gvIÔwqhvi Øviv `vÔC I gv`ÔDi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© m„wó nq| Zviv Df‡q G‡K Aci‡K Avcb

fve‡Z _v‡K| m„wó nq eÜzZ¡ I fvjevmv| Gfv‡e hy‡M hy‡M Bmjvg ªæZ I †ekx cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q|

ZvB AvRI G gvDÔwqhv nvmvbvi cš’v h_vh_ fv‡e Aej¤b Ki‡j `vÔC mdjKvg n‡Z cv‡ib e‡j

Avkv Kiv hvq|75

(M) Avj-gyRv`vjvn ev weZK©g~jK welq

gyRv`vjvn A_© cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbv Ges hyw³ cÖgv‡Yi gva¨‡g weZK©g~jK gZ wewbgq Kiv| `vÔIqvZ

cÖPv‡ii GwU GKwU Dcv‡`q c×wZ| G c×wZ Aej¤^‡b Rb¨ Avj-KziAv‡b mivmwi wb‡ ©k cÖ`vb Kiv

n‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, ول تاد وا أهل ا اب إللله با للهت هي أحس A_©vr Ò†Zvgiv DËg

cš’v e¨ZxZ Avn‡j wKZve‡ì mv‡_ weZK© Ki‡ebv|Ó76

Avj-KziAv‡bi Dc‡iv³ fvl¨vbyhvqx

gyhv`vjvn n‡jv Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi GKwU Ab¨Zg c×wZ| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

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SMov-weev` Kiv I ZK©-weZ‡K© Rqx nIqv BZ¨vw`| eyrcwËMZ A‡_© gyRv`vjvn n‡jv, ci¯úi SMov-

weev` Kiv, Z‡K© wjß nIqv BZ¨vw`|77

Z‡e ZK© kv‡ ¿i cwifvlvq gyhv`vjvn kãwUi A_© eY©bvq

we‡klÁMY wewfbœ AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|

K. wewkó Rv`j we‡klÁ I wPwKrmv weÁvbx Beb wmbvi78

g‡Z, gyhv`vjvn n‡jv AwaKvs‡ki wbKU

MÖnb‡hvM¨ ci¯úi we‡ivaxZvi c×wZ hvi g‡a¨ cÖwZcÿ‡K Nv‡qj Kivi kw³ AšÍwb©wnZ _v‡K|79

L. Avjøvgv RyiRvbxi80

g‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ Zvi wbR¯ gZev`‡K AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv Ges e¨vL¨v

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247

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Z gyhv`vjvn (weZK©g~jK welq) cÖ‡qv‡Mi bxwZgvjv

c„w_ex‡Z gvbe mf¨Zvi m~PbvKvj †_‡KB gyhv`vjvi m~ÎcvZ| Av`g (Av:) †K m„wó Kivi cÖvi‡¤¢B

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Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn K‡i| gvbe RvwZ‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ Avjøvn iveŸyj

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Øx‡bi KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j gyhv`vjvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡eB| wKš‘ gyhv`vjvn †_‡K BwZevPK djvdj cvIqvi

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n‡jv:-

Øxb‡K weRqx Kivi j‡ÿ¨ gyhv`vjvn (weZK©g~jK welq)

Avjøvn iveŸyj ÔAvjvgxb Øxb‡K weRqx Kivi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M AmsL¨ bex I ivm~j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| G

m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, هو ا للهذي أرسل رسو بالذ ى ودي الحق ظه على ا ي ول و و و A_©vr ÒwZwbB Zvui ivm~j‡K wn`vqvZ I mZ¨Øxb w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z wZwb mKj Øx‡bi ا مش وون

Dci Zv weRqx K‡i †`b| hwÌ gykwiKiv Zv AcQ›` K‡iÓ|82

ZvB `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi mvgwMÖK KvR

Z_v gyhv`vjvi g~j jÿ¨ n‡Z n‡e Bmjvg‡K Ab¨vb¨ mKj gZ I c‡_i Dci weRqx Kiv| `vÔqx‡K

gyhv`vjvn Kivi c~‡e© Bmjvg‡K weRqx Kivi e¨vcv‡i `„pmsKíe× n‡Z n‡e Ges Z`vbymv‡i cwiKíbv

gvwdK AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ `vÔqx hw` m‡Pó _v‡K Zvn‡j gyhv`vjvi gva¨‡g Bmjvg‡K weRqx

Kiv A‡bKUv mnR n‡e|

Dccv`¨ wel‡q ch©vß Ávb I `jxj cÖgvYmn gyhv`vjvn (weZK©) Kiv

†h wel‡q `vÔqxi ch©vß Ávb †bB, †m wel‡q Zvi Z‡K© wjß nIqv DwPZ bq| KviY ch©vß `jxj

cÖgv‡Yi Afv‡e GgbI n‡Z cv‡i, PzovšÍ gyhv`vjvq evwZj cš’xiv weRqx n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z

Bmjv‡gi †h ÿwZi AvksKv i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z gyhv`vjvn bv Ki‡jI †Kvb ÿwZ †bB| G Kvi‡b `vÔqxi

Rb¨ Dccv`¨ wel‡q ch©vß Ávb e¨ZxZ weZ‡K© wjß nIqv DwPZ bq| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z

n‡q‡Q, يقعلم وأوق م ل قعلمون A_©vr ها أوق م ه ل حاج م ما م ب علم لم اججون ما م ب علم واالله

Òmveavb! †Zvgiv †Zv †mme †jvK, weZK© Ki‡j Ggb wel‡q, hvi Ávb †Zvgv‡ì i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †Kb

†Zvgiv weZK© Ki‡Qv †m wel‡q hvi Ávb †Zvgv‡ì †bB ? Avm‡j Avjøvn Rv‡bb Ges †Zvgiv Rvb

bv|Ó 83

†KŠk‡j cÖwZc‡ÿi gyL w`‡qB Zvi `~e©j w`K †ei Kiv‡bv

†K․kj e¨ZxZ gyhv`vjvq Rqx nIqv KwVb| `vÔqxi gyhv`vjvq `vÔIqv‡Z Øxb‡K weRqx Kivi Rb¨

GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †K․kj n‡jv †h †Kvb fv‡eB cÖwZc‡ÿi gyL w`‡qB Zvi `~e©j w`K †ei Kiv‡Z n‡e|

†hgb Avj-KziAv‡bi eY©bv †_‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| nhiZ Beivnxg (Av:) Zuvi RvwZi †jvK‡ì

gyL w`‡qB g~wZ© c~Rvi AmviZv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, إذ قال لأبفعوو م أو يض جون قا وا بل وج ن وققو ا قع ون قا وا وقع أصلا ا قلظلج لذا عاوف قال هل يسمعوو م إذ عون أو يقلق |A_©vr ÒhLb †m Zvui wcZv I Zvi KIg‡K e‡jwQj, Ô†Zvgiv wK‡mi ÔBev`vZ Ki با ن وذ يقفعلون

Zviv ej‡jv, Avgiv g~wZ©i c~Rv Kwi| AZ:ci G ¸‡jvq c~Rvq Avgiv wbôvi mv‡_ iZ _vwK| †m

ej‡jv: hLb †Zvgiv WvK ZLb Zviv wK †Zvgv‡ì †m WvK ïb‡Z cvq ? A_ev Zviv wK †Zvgv‡ì


248

DcKvi wKsev ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i? Zviv ej‡jv: eis Avgiv Avgv‡ì wcZ…cyiæl‡ì GiƒcB Ki‡Z

†c‡qwQ|Ó84

cÖwZc‡ÿi wekv‡m AvNvZ bv Kiv

gyhv`vjvn Kivi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB cÖwZc‡ÿi wekv‡m AvNvZ Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B

Zvi gZvgZ‡K mwVK e‡j g‡b K‡i| myZivs †KD Zvi wek^v‡m AvNvvZ KiæK GUv Zvi Kv‡Q A‡bK

cxov`vqK I weiw³Ki| GgZve¯’vq Zvi f~j ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ hZ hyw³-cÖgvY Dc¯’vcb †nvK bv

†Kb? †m wKQz‡ZB `vÔqxi gZ‡K mg_©b Ki‡e bv| GRb¨ †K․kj I hyw³c~Y© fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|

†Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB D‡ËwRZ bv nIqv

`vÔqx‡K `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB D‡ËwRZ nIqv hv‡e bv| evwZj †h †Kvbfv‡e

`vÔqx‡K D‡ËwRZ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB mdj| Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv hyy‡M hy‡M †h mg Í bex I ivm~j †cÖiY

K‡i‡Qb Zviv we‡ ªvnx †jvK‡ì Pig we‡ivwaZv, AZ¨vPvi, D¯‥vwb m‡Z¡I D‡ËwRZ n‡Zb bv| g~mv

(Av:)-Gi `vÔIqvZ †c‡ki NUbvq wdivDb gymv (Av:)-†K evievi cÖk œ K‡i D‡ËwRZ Kivi †Póv

K‡i| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : قال عون و ا ربج ا عا م قال ربج ا سللهماوات والأرض و ا م وقل قال م حو أل س معون قال ربج م وربج بائ م الأولله قال إنلله رسو م ا للهذي أرسل إ م لقهما إن ولق بق ق

م قع لون لقهما إن ولق A_©vr ÒwdiAvDb ej‡jv, m„wóKz‡ji ie †K? gymv م لون قال ربج ا مش وا م ب و ا بق ق

ej‡jv, (Avjøvn) Avmgvbmg~n I hgxb Ges GZ‡`vf‡qi gaëZx© mewKQzi ie, hw` †Zvgiv wbwðr

wek^vmx n‡q _vK| wdiÔAvDb Zvi Avkcv‡k hviv wQj Zv‡ì ej‡jv, †Zvgiv wK g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i

ïb‡Qv bv ? g~mv ej‡jv, wZwb †Zvgv‡ì ie Ges †Zvgv‡ì wcZ…cyiæl‡ì ie| wdiÔAvDb ej‡jv,

Ô†Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ †Zvgv‡ì GB ivm~j wbðqB cvMj|Õ g~mv ej‡jv, ÔwZwb c~e© I cwðg Ges

GZ‡`vf‡qi gaëZ©x mewKQzi ie, hw` †Zvgiv ey‡S _vK|Ó85

DwÏó e¨w³i g‡b mwVK wPšÍvi exR ecb

`vÔqxi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv gv`ÔDi g‡b mwVK wPšÍvi exR ecb| GKRb †P․Km `vÔqx G KvRwU

AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj bex (Av:) Ges n‡Ki AvnŸvb Kvix‡ì hyw³-c×wZi •ewkó¨

wQj, Zviv †Kej hyw³-cÖgvY †ck K‡iB ÿ¨všÍ n‡Zb bv| eis gv`ÔDi g‡b `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi AvnŸvb

K‡i Zv `jxj cÖgvbmn Dc¯’vc‡bi †hvM¨Zv m„wó Ki‡Zb| e¨w³MZ Ges mgwóMZ Rxe‡b †h me©vZœK

wecø‡ei AvnŸvb wb‡q Bmjv‡gi AvMgb hZÿb gvby‡li wPšÍvMZ Ges gZv`k©MZ †hvM¨Zv‡K c~Y©iƒ‡c

RvMÖZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡e, ZZÿb GB AvnŸvb ¯’vqx wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

cÖwZev`g~jK cš’v I hyw³nxb weZK© cwiZ¨vM

`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi AvnŸvbKvix‡ì hyw³-c×wZi Av‡iKwU •ewkó n‡”Q `vÔqx hyw³ I Reve `v‡bi †ÿ‡Î

cÖwZev`g ~jK cš’v KLbB MÖnY Ki‡e bv| †hLv‡b †Kvb a‡g©i †jvK Bmjv‡gi †Kvb wel‡qi Dci

AvcwË DÌvcb K‡i, mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡ì `vÔqxMY wbR a‡g©i ¯^c‡ÿ DÌvwcZ AvcwËi cÖwZev`

K‡ib| Avgv‡ì ZvwK©K Ges `vk©wbKMY G ai‡Yi cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i g‡b K‡ib, Zviv Bmjvg‡K

Awf‡hv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K euvwP‡q w`‡q‡Qb| gyjZ: G ai‡bi Reve bxwZMZfv‡e f~j| A‡bï †Kvb

åvwšÍi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì †Kvb åvwšÍ m‡Z¨ cwiYZ nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v Avgv‡ì †Kvb m‡Zï mZ¨

nIqvUv m‡›`nhy³ n‡q hvq| G cš’vq hyw³ †ck K‡i hw` †Kvb dvq`v cvIqv hvq| Zvn‡j ïay

GZUzKz †h Awf‡hvM ev cÖwZev`Kvixi gyL eÜ K‡i †Ìqv hvq Ges Gi Øviv Avgv‡ì AnsKvix gb

mvšÍbv jvf K‡i| `vÔqx‡K cÖwZev`g~jK cš’v ev` w`‡q wb‡Ri g‡Zi ¯^c‡ÿ kw³kvjx hyw³ Zz‡j


249

ai‡Z n‡e| DwÏó e¨w³ hw` mZ¨v‡šlx nq Zvn‡j Zvi mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn K‡i GKwU BwZevPK dj

cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi hw` evwZj‡K AvK‡o aivi g‡bve„wË _v‡K, evi evi ey‡SI bv eySvi fvb

K‡i mZ¨‡K A¯xKvi Ki‡Z _v‡K, †Kvb cÖwZwôZ hyw³ bv gv‡b, Z‡e Zvi mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn Kiv m¤ú~Y©

e„_v| Giƒc gvbwmKZv m¤úbœ e¨w³i mv‡_ gyhv`vjvn Kiv m¤ú~Y© e„_v| GRb¨ `vÔqx‡K hyw³nxb weZK©

me©`v cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: وع اد ا للهح ا للهذي يمشون على الأرض A_©vr ÒAvi ingv‡bi ev›`v ZvivB hviv c„w_ex‡Z b¤ªfv‡e Pjv‡div هون وإذا خاط قهم الجاهلون قا وا س ا

K‡i Ges AÁ †jv‡Kiv hLb Zv‡ì‡K weZK© K‡i ZLb Zviv e‡j ÔmvjvgÕ|Ó86

DwÏó e¨w³i AvZ¥m¤§v‡b AvNvZ bv Kiv

DwÏó e¨w³i AvZ¥m¤§vb iÿv Kiv gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) GKwU Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨| AšÍZ:c‡ÿ `vÔIqv‡Z

Øx‡bi `vÔqxi †ÿ‡Î welqwU Aek¨B cvjbxq| Ab¨_vq Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb †h m‡ev©Ëg cš’vq

gyhv`vjvn Kivi e¨cv‡i kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb, Zv cvjb Kiv n‡jv bv| cÖwZcÿ‡K

Mvwj †Ìqv, VvÆv-we`ªæc Kiv, KUzw³ Kiv, †nq cÖwZcbœ Kiv, nxb mve¨¯Í Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z

n‡e| KviY Gm‡ei gva¨‡g `vÔqxi mv‡_ gv`ÔDi m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ NUvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

GgZve¯’vq `vÔqx hZ g~jëvb K_vB ejyK bv †Kb, hZ AKvU¨ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb KiæK bv †Kb gv`ÔD Zv

KLbI MÖnY Ki‡e bv| Ggwb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †dZbv-dvmv` m„wó nIqvi mg~n m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G m¤ú‡K©

Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, ول س جوا ا للهذي ي عون دون االله ق س جوا االله ع وا ب علم وذ زيقللهلللها ل أ للهة عملهم A_©vr

ÒAvi †Zvgiv Zv‡ì‡K Mvjg›` K‡iv bv, Avjøvn Qvov hv‡ì‡K Zviv Wv‡K, d‡j Zviv Mvjg›` Ki‡e

Avjøvn‡K, Avi kÎæZv †cvlY Ki‡e AÁZvekZ:| Gfv‡eB Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Kg©‡K

my‡kvwfZ K‡i w`‡qwQ|Ó87

fvimvg¨ iÿv I ¯we‡ivax K_v bv ejv

gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) †ÿ‡Î `vÔqxi Ab¨Zg KZ©e¨ n‡jv K_vevZ©vq fvimvg¨ I wgZe¨wqZv Aej¤^b

Ges `xN©m~wÎZv cwinvi Kiv| G‡Z K_vev_©v G‡jv‡g‡j n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZcÿ I †kÖvZvi gv‡S

weiw³i D‡`ªK n‡Z cv‡i| Avi K_v `xN© n‡j Zv‡Z f~j nIqvi m¤¢vebvI †ekx| Ggb K_v `vÔqx

KZ©„K D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i hÏviv gyhv`vjvq cÖwZcÿ myweav †c‡q hv‡e| Avevi K_vevZ©vq AwZ gvÎvq

mswÿßZvI cwiZvR¨| G‡Z g~j welqe ‘ cÖwZcÿ Abyaveb Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y gyRv`vjvq

AevwÂZ I AcÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z fvimvg¨c~Y© Ae¯’v Aej¤bB

wnKgZc~Y©| Avj-KziAv‡b ga¨gcš’v Aej¤^b Kivi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : ول تعل ي ك A_©vr ÒAvi Zzwg †Zvgvi nvZ Kuv‡a Ave× †i‡Lv bv لو ة إل عل ول ق سطها وللله ا سط ق ق ع لو ا لزسورا

Ges Zv cy‡ivcywi cÖmvwiZ K‡iv bv, Zvn‡j Zzwg wbw›`Z I wb:¯ n‡q e‡m co‡e|Ó88

PzovšÍ wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQvi AvcÖvY †Póv Kiv

gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) †ÿ‡Î `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi `vÔqx‡K AZ¨šÍ my²`kx© n‡Z n‡e| gyhv`vjvq (weZ‡K©i)

GKwU BwZevPK djvdjB `vÔqxi D‡Ïk¨| A‡nZzK evK-weZÛv ev cÖwZcÿ‡K Nv‡qj Kivi †Póv Kiv

mg‡qi AcPq Qvov wKQzB bq| A_©nxb I D‡Ïk¨nxb Av‡jvPbvq mgq †ÿcb Kiv `vÔqxi DwPZ bq|

gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) mgq c‡ÿ, wec‡ÿ wewfbœ Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbv, AbymÜvb I we‡ePbv K‡i

GK ch©v‡q wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡Z n‡e| GUvB `vÔqxi cÖK…Z mdjZv| wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Q‡Z bv cvi‡j kZ

Av‡jvPbv K‡iI †Kvb djvdj cvIqv hv‡e bv| my² `„wófw½ I wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qvi ÿgZv `vÔqx‡K

`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi KvswLZ jÿ¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi e¨vcv‡i m~ÿè „wóf½xi Rb¨


250

cÖ‡qvRb G wel‡q h_v_© Ávb| GRb¨ gyhv`vjvi (weZ‡K©i) †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb Ggb GK`j wePÿY I

Ávbx e¨w³ hviv wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Q‡Z cv‡i|

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ

hy‡M hy‡M bex (Av:) MY Zv‡ì `vÔIqvZx Kvh©µ‡g †h ixwZ-bxwZ I cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb †mUvB

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ| Avgv‡ì gnvbex I (mv:) Zvui Aejw¤Z †h cš’vi gva¨‡g gvby‡li `yqv‡i

`yqv‡i Bmjv‡gi `vÔIqvZ †cu․wQ‡q‡Qb †mUvB Bmjv‡gi wPivqZ `vÔIqvZx c×wZ| Z‡e bex (Av:)

MY Zv‡ì wbR¯ c×wZ‡Z `vÔIqvZ w`‡jI mK‡ji `vÔIqv‡Zi g‡a¨ HK¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ G

m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv :

`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î hyM I †cÖÿvcU we‡ePbv

`vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi wbqg n‡jv wZwb hLbB †Kvb mgq, †Kvb Rbc‡`, †Kvb bex

cvwV‡q‡Qb, wZwb Zv‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i Zv‡ì fvlv-fvlx K‡i cvwV‡q‡Qb| whwb Zv‡ì K_vevZ©v,

AvPvi-AvPiY, mvgvwRK cÖ_v, HwZn¨ Abyaveb I g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv‡ì mvg‡b K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib Ges

Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv cÖ`Ë Rxeb weavb Zv‡ì‡K eySv‡Z mÿg nb| G g‡g© Avj-KziAv‡b Bikv` n‡q‡Q :

لذم A_©vr ÒAvwg cÖ‡Z¨K ivm~j‡KB Zv‡ì ¯^RvwZi fvlvfvlx K‡i و ا أرسللا رسول إللله بلسان ققو ق ق

†cÖiY K‡iwQ, †hb Zv‡ì‡K my¯úóiƒ‡c eySv‡Z cv‡i|Ó89

†gvUK_v cÖ‡Z¨K bex (Av:) Zv‡ì ¯^RvwZi

Rxeb cÖYvjx I mgmvgwqK cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡iB `vÔIqvZx Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Avi †mfv‡e

Øx‡b Bjvnxi Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li Rxe‡b weK…Z Ae¯’vwì ms‡kvabx Avb‡Zb|

Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ Avg (me©mvavi‡Yi)

Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi mve©Rbxb bxwZ n‡jv, G `vÔIqvZ we‡kî mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| gyjZ: bex-

ivm~jMY mvaviYfv‡e mKj gvbyl‡K Avjøvni AbyMÖn I †bÔqvgZ mg~‡ni K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q

GKZ¡ev‡ì AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, أيقجها ا لللهاس اع وا ربلله م ا للهذي خل م وا للهذي قق ل م عللله م ق قلله ون ا للهذي جعل م الأرض اشا وا سللهما بلا وأوقزل ا سللهما ا أخ ج ب

A_©vr Ò†n gvbe gÛjx, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì i‡ei ÔBev`vZ ا لللهم ات رزقا م تعلوا الله أو ادا وأوق م قعلمون

Ki, whwb m„wó K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡ì‡K Ges †Zvgv‡ì cy‡e© hviv wQj Zv‡ì‡K, hv‡Z †Zvgiv ZvKIqv

Aej¤^b Ki| whwb †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ hgxb‡K K‡i‡Qb weQvbv, Avmgvb‡K Qv`, Ges Avmgvb †_‡K

bvwhj K‡i‡Qb e„wó| AZ:ci Zvui gva¨‡g Drcbœ K‡i‡Qb dj-djvw`, †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ wihK ¯iƒc|

myZivs †Zvgiv †R‡b ï‡b Avjøvni Rb¨ mgKÿ wba©viY K‡iv bv|Ó 90

mgmvgwqK †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³‡ì m‡¤vab

Avj-KziAv‡bi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi, bex I ivm~jMY me©cÖ_g RvwZi cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡ì

GKZ¡ev` MÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡ì m‡¤vab Kivi KviY n‡jv mgv‡Ri mvaviY

gvbyl Ávb, Kg©, PwiÎ I •bwZKZvi †ÿ‡Î cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡ì AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| mgvR ev iv‡óªi

`vwqZ¡kxj e¨w³MY hw` `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi AvnŸvb MÖnY K‡i wb‡R‡ì‡K ms‡kvab K‡i †bq, Zvn‡j

mgv‡Ri mvaviY †jvK‡ì ms‡kva‡bi c_ A‡bKvs‡k mnR n‡q hvq| Avevi mgv‡Ri KY©avi e¨w³eM©

hw` `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi Kv‡R cÖavb cÖwZeÜK n‡q `vovq Zvn‡j mvaviY †jv‡Kiv G c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z

fq cvq| GRb¨ mKj bex-ivm~j cÖ_‡gB mgv‡Ri KZ…Z¡kxj e¨w³‡ì Bmjv‡gi mygnvb Av`‡k©i cÖwZ

AvbyM‡Zï AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv g~mv (Av:) †KI wb‡ ©k w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb †hb mgv‡Ri


251

me©cÖavb e¨w³ wdiÔAvD‡bi wbKU Bmjv‡gi `vÔIqvZ Zz‡i a‡ib| Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, اذهبA_©vr ÒwdiÔAvD‡bi Kv‡Q hvI ; wbðq †m mxgvj•Nb K‡i‡Q|Ó إل عون إولله ط ى

91

`vÔIqvZ‡K ev ÍeZvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb

gvbe RvwZi mvwe©K Ae¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b mvabB GKRb `vÔqxi h_v_© KZ©e¨| gvbyl n‡jv †mB

cÖvYx hv‡K bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ Avbv me‡P‡q KwVb| Zvi AwZ gvÎvq ZK©wcÖqZv, mnmv we‡`ªvn Kivi

cÖeYZv Ges AZ¨waK †¯^”QvPvwiZvi Kvi‡Y Zvi cÖwZ h‡_vwPZ KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv `vÔqxi c‡ÿ LyeB

KwVb KvR| KviY GKRb gvbyl‡K Zvi B”Qvi weiæ‡× GK K`g mvg‡b G¸‡Z ejv A‡cÿv GKwU

cvnvo‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv mnR n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GB gvbylB Avevi wb‡Ri g‡bi cÖwZ we¯§qKi fv‡e

AvbyMZ¨kxj| gb fvj wKsev g›` †h w`‡KB WvKzK bv †Kb †mw`‡K Zvi AvKl©Y ~wb©evi| g‡bi Wv‡K

mvov w`‡Z wM‡q kvixwiK I gvbwmK Kó I A_© e¨q Zvi wbKU AZxe my¯^v`y I my›ì e‡j Abyf~Z

nq| GKRb c_åvšÍ e¨w³‡K m‡Zï c‡_ wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Zvi gb †h cv‡ci c‡_

cwiPvwjZ Zv‡K Bmjv‡gi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ GKRb gbbkxj I cÖvÁ `vÔqx DwÏó

e¨w³i gb Rq Kivi Rb¨ Zvi mgMÖ †Póv-mvabv‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡eb| wKšÍ cÖkœ n‡jv, GKRb c_åó

e¨w³i gb‡K `vÔqx wKfv‡e wb‡Ri wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib? Zv wK wb‡iU ZvwZ¡K Ávb

Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e bvwK Zvi wbKU Øx‡bi `vÔIqvZ‡K ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gB

m¤¢e? G e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z ‡h‡q Aev Íe I wKZvex cš’v cwinvi Kiv DwPZ| Gfv‡e

mvaviY gvbyl‡K Av‡jvwoZ Kiv hvq bv| gyjZ: GKRb `vÔqx ev ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K mnR I ¯vfvweK

cš’vq wnKg‡Zi gva¨‡g c_‡fvjv gvbyl‡K mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡eb| 92

†gŠwjK wel‡hi wkÿv cÖ`vb

†h mg Í e¨w³ n‡Ki mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z Ges evwZ‡ji mv‡_ wb‡R‡ì m¤úK© wQbœ Kivi Rb¨ mZ¨wbô

gb wb‡q cÖwZÁve× nq, Zviv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ `vÔIqvZx msMV‡b cwiYZ nq| evwZ‡ji mv‡_ mKj cÖKvi

m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i Bmjv‡gi cZvKvZ‡j AvkÖq †bIqvi ci cÖ_‡gB Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK wel‡qi wkÿv

†Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb| bex-ivm~jMY Bmjvgx Rxeb eë¯’v MÖnbKvix‡ì cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Ggb wel‡qi

wkÿv †`b, hvi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K m‡ev©Ëg cšÍvq Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi mv‡_ Zv‡ì m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Ges

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GK`j gvbyl‡K Rvwnwjqv‡Zi Agvwbkv †_‡K gy³ K‡i Bmjv‡gi Aax‡b msNe× K‡iB `vÔIqv‡Z

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MÖnbKvix‡ì Bmjv‡gi ZvwË¡K I ev Íe wfwËK Ávb cÖ`vb K‡i Cgv‡bi e‡j ejxqvb K‡i Zzj‡Z

n‡e|

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cwiRb‡K, eÜz-evÜe‡ì‡K bg~bv wnmv‡e †`kevmxi m¤§y‡L †ck Ki‡e| Ggwbfv‡e c~‡e©i ¯Íi Zvi

cieZx© ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ bg~bv n‡q `vov‡e| Zv‡Z K‡i cieZx© ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ `vÔIqvZx welqe ‘i cÖwZ

gvbwmK cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ wb‡e bv wKsev KóKi KvR n‡jI `vÔqx‡K Zvi mv‡_ RwoZ †`‡L †mUv‡K A‡bKUv

¯^vfvweK I mvaviY e‡j g‡b n‡e| GRb¨B Avj-KziAv‡b †ivhv ivLvi wb‡ ©‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ GK_vI


252

D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †ivhv ïaygvÎ †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ dih Kiv nqwb, †Zvgv‡ì c~e©eZx©‡ì DciI

dih Kiv n‡qwQj| `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vbKvixi g‡a¨ hw` Avgj bv _v‡K, †m †ÿ‡Î Zvi `vÔIqv‡Zi cðv‡Z

†Kvb Am`y‡Ïk¨ Z_v Dc‡`k cÖ`vbKvix wnmv‡e mb¥vb jvf wKsev cvw_©e †Kvb ¯^v_© i‡q‡Q e‡j m‡›`n

n‡Z cv‡i| gvbwmKfv‡e ZvB †jv‡Kiv mvaviYZ: Hme Dc‡`kKvixi K_vB gvb‡Z DØy× nq, hv‡ì

g‡a¨ mswkøó wel‡qi Avgj we`¨gvb _v‡K| GRb¨B Avj-KziAv‡b Dc‡`k cÖ`vbKvix‡K mswkøó

wel‡qi AvgjKvix nIqvi e¨vcv‡i ZvwM` †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi wecixZ wel‡q Zv‡ì g„ y frmbv

Kiv n‡q‡Q, أيقجها ا للهذي لوا ق و ون ا ل قفعلون و ق ا عل االله أن ق و وا ا ل قفعلون A_©vr Ò†n

Cgvb`viMY †Zvgiv †Kb †m K_v e‡jv, hv †Zvgiv K‡iv bv? †Zvgiv hv K‡iv bv, Zv ejv Avjøvni

wbKU eoB †µv‡ai welq|Ó93

`vÔqxi wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K cwi¯‹vi ivLv

`vÔqx‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, Zvi †Kvb Dw³, AvPiY ev Kg© †hb Zvi cÖwZ A‡bï g‡b m‡›`‡ni m„wó bv

K‡i| mgv‡Ri mvg‡b Zvi Ae¯’vb‡K cwi¯‥vi ivL‡Z n‡e| GKevi ighv‡bi †kl `k‡K ivm~j (mv:)

gmwR‡` GÔ†ZKv‡d iZ wQ‡jb| ZLb ivm~j (mv:)-Gi ¯¿x mvwdq¨v web‡Z ûIqvB iv‡Zi †ejvq ivm~j

(mv:)-Gi Kv‡Q G‡jb Ges wKQzÿY K_vevZ©v ejvi ci M„‡n cÖZ¨vMg‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv n‡jb|

ivm~j (mv:)I Zv‡K Ni ch©šÍ †cu․‡Q †Ìqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ m‡½ Pj‡jb| Zviv Df‡q D‡¤§ mvjvgvi N‡ii

Øvi mwbœKU¯’ gmwR‡ì ìRv ch©šÍ DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb, BZëm‡i yRb Avbmvix mvnvex †mLvb w`‡q

AwZµg KiwQ‡jb| mvnvexØq ivm~j (mv:) †K mvjvg w`‡jb Ges mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡Z _vK‡jb| ZLb

ivm~j (mv:) Zv‡ì‡K jÿ¨ K‡i ej‡jb, _v‡gv| G n‡jv ûIqvB Zbq m¨vwdqv (A_©vr Avgvi ¯¿x)|94

G nv`x‡m mvnvexØq‡K †W‡K ÒG Avgvi ¯¿x mvwdq¨vÓ K_vwU ejv wQj GKvšÍfv‡eB gb:¯ÍvwË¡K Kvi‡Y|

†Kbbv kqZv‡bi cÖ‡ivPbvq bex (mv:) Gi PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì g‡b m‡›`n m„wói m¤¢vebv wQj| ZvB

wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K cwi¯‥vi ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨B ivm~j (mv:) Zv‡ì‡K †W‡K m¤¢ve¨ m‡›`‡ni Ac‡bv`b

Ki‡jb| Ggwbfv‡e nv`xm Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq †h, gvby‡li A‡nZzK weiƒc aviYv‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv Ges

wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K wbg©j ivLvi e¨vcv‡i ivm~j (mv:) AwaK hZœevb wQ‡jb|

ZvhwKqvn& bvdm ev AvZ¥vi cwiï×KiY

gvbyl hv wKQz Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i Zv Zvi ü`‡qi wek^vm †_‡KB K‡i| c~‡e©i †Kvb wek^vm Z¨vM Ki‡Z

bv cvi‡j †m bZzbfv‡e †Kvb wKQz MÖnY Ki‡e bv| Avi G Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb ZvhwKqvn bdm| Gi

gva¨‡g Øx‡bi GKwbô Lvw`g evbv‡bv hvq| e¨w³i ZvhwKqvn bvd‡mi gva¨‡g AvKx`v-wek^vm, AvPvi-

AvPiY, mgvR-ms¯‥…wZ, ixwZbxwZ mewKQ~ kixÔAv‡Zi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e| Avj-

KziAv‡b Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv e‡jb, أيقجها ا لللهاس ق جا م وعظة رب م وشفا ما ف ا صج ور وه ى ورحة A_©vr Ò†n gvbe gÛjx, †Zvgv‡ì i‡ei cÿ قل بفضل االله وب ح ذ قل قف حوا هو خ ق مللها يمعونق لم ل

†_‡K †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q G‡m‡Q Dc‡`k Ges AšÍi mg~‡n hv Av‡Q Zvi wkdv, Avi gywgb‡ì Rb¨

wn`vqvZ I ingZ| ej, Avjøvni AbyMÖn I ing‡Z| myZivs G wb‡qB †hb Zviv Lywk nq|Ó95

cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ ey‡S `vÔIqvZx KvR Kiv

cwi‡ek cwiw ’wZ Abyaveb K‡i `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vb Kiv wnKgv‡Zi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½| `vÔqx GUv

h_vhZfv‡e eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j `vÔIqvZ e¨_©Zvq ch©‡ewkZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ekx| ZvB `vÔqx‡K

cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡i c×wZ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Bmjvgx `vÔIqvZ AsKz‡iB

webó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GgbwU n‡j `vÔqxi c‡ÿ AvZœiÿv KivB KwVb n‡q hv‡e| GRb¨ †`Lv hvq,


253

ivm~j (mv:) g°vq cÖ_‡g 3 eQi †Mvc‡b `vÔIqvZ †`b| Gfv‡e cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi KvR †kl nIqvi

ci cÖKv‡k¨ `vÔIqvZ †`b| G g‡g© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, اص ع ا ق وأع ض ع ا مش و A_©vr ÒmyZivs †Zvgv‡K †h Av‡`k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q, Zv e¨vcK fv‡e cÖPvi Ki Ges gykwiK‡ì †_‡K

gyL wdwi‡q bvI|Ó 96

hyeK‡ì gv‡S `vÔIqvZx KvR

†h †Kvb mgvR †mev g~jK Kv‡R hye mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ekx| KviY hyeKiv mvaviYZ: big

ü`‡qi n‡q _v‡K| Zviv cÖf~Z Kíbvwejvmx, D`¨gx, mvnmx, D”PvKvsLx I AKz‡Zvfq n‡q _v‡K|

hyeKiv SzwK wb‡Z †ekx cQ›` K‡i| †h †Kvb Kv‡R we‡klZ: fv½v-Movi Kv‡R hyeKiv AMÖYx f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Aciw`‡K eq¯‥ I e‡qve„×iv bZzb‡K eiY Ki‡Z wØavØÜ m„wó K‡i Ges A‡bKUv

cðv`gyLx n‡q _v‡K| ZvB bZzb †Kvb `vÔIqv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î hyeK‡ì cÖfvweZ Kiv Ges Zv‡ì‡K AwaK

cwigv‡Y m¤ú„Ë KivB `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi †nKg‡Zi `vex| gnvbex (mv:) cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q hv‡ì‡K

`vÔIqvZ w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡ì AwaKvskB wQj hyeK| Avi G‡Z wZwb e¨vcK mdjZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

gnvbex (mv:) †h Bmjvgx mgvR wewbg©vY Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb GB hyeK‡ì ØvivB Zvi †bZ…Z¡, †hvM¨Zv

I †gavi wfwË iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| gnvbex (mv:) Gi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi AwaKvsk mvnvexi eqm wQj 30

eQ‡ii bx‡P| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB nvekvq wnRiZKvix‡ì AšÍf ©~³ wQ‡jb|97

mvgwóK ch©v‡q `vÔIqvZx KvR

`vÔIqv‡Zi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, bex (Av:) MY e¨w³MZ I mgwóMZ Dfq cš’vq

`vÔIqvZx KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K bexi Rb¨ nvIqvix Z_v mvnvh¨Kvix wQj| nhiZ ïAvqe

(Av:), g~mv (Av:), Cmv (Av:) I gynv¤§` (mv:) cÖgy‡Li MwVZ `‡ji K_v KziAvbyj Kvix‡gB D‡jøL

Av‡Q| myZivs `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZi †ÿ‡Î mvgwóK `vÔIqv‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ †Kvb As‡kB Kg bq| wb‡¤œ G

m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:

ms¯’v †K›`ªxK `vÔIqvZx KvR

eZ©gvb we‡k^ me‡P‡q †ekx `vÔIqvZx KvR n‡”Q ms¯’v †Kw›`ªK| AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q mviv

wekê¨vcx nvRvi nvRvi `vÔIqvZx ms¯’v KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Avevi AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q MwVZ ms ’vmg~n

we‡ki Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P AmsL¨ kvLv-cÖkvLv MVb K‡i `vÔIqvZx KvR Pvjv‡”Q| `vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms ’v mg~n n‡jv: ÔRwgqvZz` `vÔIqvn Iqvj Bikv`Õ 1911 L„:, ÔAvj-gvRwjmyj ÔAvjv

wjkïDwbj Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ 1960L„:, Ôiv‡eZvZzj Avjvwgj BmjvgxÕ 1962 L„:, ÔAvb-bvIqvZzj

ÔAvjvwgq¨v wjk kvevwej BmjvgxÕ 1972 L„:, ÔAvj-gvRwjmyj Avjvwg wj` `vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ

1982 L„:, ÔgvRgvDj eyûQ Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vnÕ 1973 L„:, Ôgybvhhvgv‡Z Bjvwg BmjvgxÕ 1982 L„:

cÖf„wZ|98

msMVb †Kw›`ªK `vÔIqvZx KvR

we‡kî wewfbœ †`‡k ivR‣bwZK I AivR‣bwZK fv‡e A‡bK Bmjvgx msMVb `vÔIqvZx KvR K‡i

hv‡”Q| msMVb †K›`ªxK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `vÔIqvZx cÖwZôvb n‡jv: Rvgvqv‡Z ZvejxM, Avj-BLIqvbyj

gymwjgxb, Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx, BmjvwgK mvj‡fkb d«›U AvjwRwiqv, Rvwóm GÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U cvwU©

(G‡Kwc) I mvjvwdqv Av‡›`vjb cÖf…wZ|


254

cÖvwZôvwbK `vÔIqvZx KvR

ms¯’v I msMV‡bi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ cÖwZôvbI `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Q| gymwjg we‡kî

wewfbœ AÂ‡j miKvix I †emiKvix fv‡e `vÔIqv‡Zi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q| †hgb: `viæj

BdZv Iqv` `vÔIqvZx Iqvi Bikv`, Avj-gvnv`y wj Zvìxwej Av‡q¤§vwZ Iqv` yAvZ Ges

B›Uvib¨vkbvj BbwówUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U cÖf…wZ cÖwZôvb| GQvov gymwjg we‡kî wewfbœ AÂ‡j

`vÔIqvZx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb: Avj-Avhnvi,

bÌqvZzj Djvgv, `viæj Djyg †Ìe›`, AvjxMo gymwjg wek^we`¨vjq, g`xbv Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq,

B›Uvib¨vkbvj Bmjvgx BDwbfvwm©wU cvwK¯Ívb, evsjv‡`k BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wU Kzwóqv, B›Uvib¨vkbvj

BmjvwgK BDwbfvwm©wU gvj‡qwkqv BZ¨vw`|

cÖPvi gva¨g I B›Uvi‡bU †Kw›`ªK `vÔIqvZx KvR

eZ©gvb we‡k^ gymjgvbMY wewfbœ cÖPvi gva¨‡g `vÔIqvZx KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Bmjvgx Avw½‡K cÖPvwiZ

n‡”Q cÎ-cwÎKv, †iwWI I wUwf BZ¨vw`| weÁv‡bi Ae`v‡b m¨v‡UjvBU I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myev‡` mviv

we‡k^ `vÔqxMb AviI e¨vcKfv‡e wewfbœ I‡qemvBU Ly‡j Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb|

Gi gva¨‡g A‡b‡KB Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z mÿg n‡”Q Ges A‡b‡K Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Q|99

Dcmsnvi

Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv hy‡M hy‡M AmsL¨ bex I ivm~j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡ì‡K wZwb w`‡q‡Qb `vÔIqv‡Z

Øx‡bi gva¨g, cÖ‡qvM I c×wZi mg‡qvc‡hvMx w`K wb‡ ©kbv| †m c×wZi AbymiY K‡iB Zvuiv mdj

n‡qwQ‡jb| gnvbex (mv:) Zvui beyIqvZx Rxe‡bi AwaKvsk mgq `vÔIqvZx Kv‡R e¨q K‡iwQ‡jb|

Ab¨vb¨ bex I ivm~jM‡Yi (mv:) Rxe‡bi g~L¨ welqB wQj wek^ gvbeZvi Kv‡Q Bmjv‡gi mygnvb

Av`‡k©i `vÔIqvZ Dc ’vcb| gyjZ: Bmjvgx Av`k© I mgvR wewbg©v‡bi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc n‡”Q gvby‡li

Kv‡Q `vÔIqvZ cÖ`vb Ges †m j‡ÿ¨ †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †jvK •Zix| me©‡kl bex I ivm~j nhiZ gynv¤§`

(mv:) †K Avjøvn iveŸyj Avjvgxb `vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi wewfbœ wel‡qi †g․wjK w`K-wb‡ ©kbv m¤wjZ weavb

Avj-KziAvb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G MÖ‡š’ c~e©eZx© bexM‡Yi `vÔIqvZ `v‡bi gva¨g I †K․kj Av‡jvPbv

c~e©K gnvbex (mv:) †K `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| gva¨g I †K․kj

wnmv‡e Avj-wnKgvn ev cÖÁv, Avj-gvDwqhvZzj nvmvbvn ev m`yc‡`k I Avj-gyRv`vjvn ev weZK©g~jK

welq m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY ag©x Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gyjZ: Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv cÖ`Ë G wb‡ ©kbv Abymi‡bi

gva¨‡gB gvby‡li Rxe‡b G‡mwQj mdjZv, N‡UwQj gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m me©‡kÖô I we¯§qKi

wecøe| AvR †MvUv wekê¨vcx L„óvb wgkbvix ZrciZv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ivR‣bwZK I

A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î Bqvû`xiv Zv‡ì GKK cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i AvaywbK

hy‡M cwðgv I A‣bmjvgx ms¯‥…wZi †gv‡n AvR †MvUv gymwjg mgvR ZgmvQbœ| Acms¯‥…wZi mqjv‡e

gymwjg D¤§vn AvR c_nviv| gymwjg D¤§vni G µvwšÍj‡Mœ cÖ‡qvRb bex I ivm~jM‡Yi Kg©cš’vi

Av‡jv‡K Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z `vÔIqvZ| G j‡ÿ AÎ cÖe‡Ü Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖ‡qvM I c×wZ m¤ú‡K©

bvwZ`xN© Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| welqwU hZ Av‡jvwPZ I ch©v‡jvwPZ n‡e gymwjg D¤§vn G †_‡K

ZZ mydj jv‡f mÿg n‡e|


255

Z_¨wb‡`©k

1 m~ivn Avj-AvÔivd, AvqvZ : 65|

2 Beb gvbhyi Avj-BdixKx, wjmvbyj Avie, 14k LÛ (•eiæZ : `viæ ‣eiæZ wjZ ZvevÔAvwZ Iqvb bvkwi, 1956 Lªx.),

c„. 258; mvÔ`x Avey Rvqe, Avj-Kvgym~j wdKn (KivPx : B`vivZzj KziAvb, 1988 Lªx:), c„. 130; gynv¤§`

AvjvDÏxb Avj-Avhnvix, evsjv GKv‡Wgx-Aviex evsjv Awfavb, 2q LÛ (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1993 Lªx:), c„.

1300 ; W. ZvIdxK Avj-IqvÔqx, Av`-`vÔIqvZz Bjvjøvwn (wgki: `viæj BqvKxb, 1995 Lªx:), c„. 15-16|

3 m~ivn Avb-b~n, AvqvZ : 5-6|

4 m~ivn Avj- evKvivn, AvqvZ : 23|

5 m~ivn BDbym, AvqvZ : 89|

6 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 186|

7 m~ivn BDm~d, AvqvZ : 33|

8 m¤úv`bv cwil`, Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 13k LÛ (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1992 Lªx:), c„. 75-76|

9 J.Milton Cowan, A Dictionary of Modern Written Aribic (New York: Spoken language service, third

edition, 1976 A. D), p. 283.

10 W. Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖK…wZ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb cwÎKv (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb

evsjv‡`k, GwcÖj-Ryb msL¨v 1997 Lªx:), c„. 48 |

11 W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn : ¯îƒc I cÖ‡qvM (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb,

2009 Lªx:), c„. 3|

12 W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn, Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ ZvejxM wdj Bmjvg (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzj Cgvb, 1993

Lªx:), c„. 6|

13 A.N.M Abdur Rahman, Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and Prospects (Dhaka:

Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1986 A. D), p.101.

14 m~ivn Avj-gywgb, AvqvZ : 41|

15 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi cÖK…wZ, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb cwÎKv (XvKv : BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 36 el© 4_© msL¨v,

GwcÖj-Ryb, 1997 Lªx:), c„.41|

16 W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn wewkó Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` I MÖš’ cÖ‡YZv| Zvi Agi MÖš’ Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ

ZvejxM mviv we‡k Av‡jvob m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| Zvi G MÖš’wU wgk‡ii ÔgvKZvevZzj CgvbÕ †_‡K GKvwaKevi

cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| `ªóe¨: W. Avãyj Lv‡jK cxihv`vn, Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ ZvejxM wdj Bmjvg (Kvq‡iv :

gvKZvevZzj Cgvb, 1993 Lªx:), c„. f~wgKv|

17 Avnwgq¨vZz` `vÔIqvZ IqvZ ZvejxM, cÖv¸³, c„. 6 |

18 W. Avng` Mvjyk, Av`-`vIqvZzj Bmjvwgqv (Kvq‡iv : `viæj wKZvwej wgmix, 1978 Lªx:), c„. 9|

19 `vÔqx : `vÔqx Aviex kã| Gi A_© n‡”Q AvnŸvbKvix| gyjZ: Bmjv‡gi w`‡K AvnŸvbKvix‡K `vÔqx ejv nq| `ªóe¨: W.

gynv¤§` Rvgvj DwÏb, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn I ZvejxM RvgvqvZ; †cªwÿZ evsjv‡`k (XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb

evsjv‡`k, 2006 Lªx:), c„. 25|

20 wewkó Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` I M‡elK W. G.Gb.Gg Avãyi ingvb gvj‡qwkqvi Kzqvjvjvgcy‡i 1981 mv‡ji 24 b‡f¤î

†_‡K 4 wW‡m¤î AvšÍR©vwZK Bmjvgx †mwgbv‡i Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and


256

Prospects wk‡ivbv‡g cÖeÜ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| G cÖe‡Ü wZwb mviv we‡ki gymwjg D¤§vni Ae¯’v I `vÔIqvn wel‡q

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` Zz‡j a‡ib Ges Zv‡Z wZwb KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : A.N.M Abdur

Rahman, Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and Prospects (Dhaka: Islamic

Foundation Bangladesh, 1986 A. D) f~wgKv|

21 Dawah Activities Through out of the World: Problem and Prospects, p. 204.

22 Avjøvgv evnx Avj-LvIjx wewkó †jLK I wgk‡ii BLIqvbyj gymwjgx‡bi †bZv| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© Bmjvgx

c~bR©vMi‡Y wgk‡ii BLIqvbyj gymwjgx‡bi msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i| BLIqvbyj gymjxgx‡bi †bZ…e„›`

`vÔIqv‡Z Øx‡bi cvkvcvwk BKvgv‡Z Øx‡bi D`vË AvnŸvb, gvbe iwPZ gZev‡ì AvMÖvmb cÖwZ‡iva I cvðv‡Zï

mvs¯‥…wZK †Mvjvgxi k„•Lj †_‡K gymwjg D¤§vni gyw³i c_wb‡`©k m¤^wjZ Avj-KziAvb I mybœvni wfwË‡Z wecyj

mvwnZ¨ fvÛvi iPbv K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î knx` mvB‡q` KzZze, gynv¤§` KzZze, nvwg`v KzZze, Rqbe Avj-MvRvjx, knx`

Avãyi Kv‡ì AvI`vni cvkvcvwk Avjøvgv evnx Avj-LvIjxi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| `ªóe¨ : Avjøvgv evnx Avj-

LvIjx, ZvRwKivZz` `yqvZ, Abyev`: nv‡dR AvKig dviæK, Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii ü`qMÖvnx c×wZ (XvKv : AvaywbK

cÖKvkbx, 2005 Lªx:), c„.53|

23 cÖv¸³|

24 W. iDd kvjvex

wewkó Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe` I MÖš’ cÖ‡YZv| Zvi Agi MÖš’ ÔmvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvnÕ GKwU

Av‡jvob m„wóKvix MÖš’| MÖš’wU •eiæ‡Zi `viæj ÔDj~g †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| `ªóe¨ : W. iDd kvjvex,

mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, (•eiæZ : `viæj Dj~g, 1982 Lªx:) f~wgKv|

25 W. iDd kvjvex, mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, (•eiæZ : `viæj Dj~g, 1982 Lªx:), c„. 49|

26 kvqL Av‡jvix ewY©Z msÁvwU wb¤œiƒc : صرف إهظار الناس و عقىلهم إلى عقيدة ثفيدهم او مصلحة ثنفعهم و هي و أضا هدبة

الناس منلإهقاذ `ªóe¨ : Avng` Ave`yjøvn Avj-Av‡jvix, ZvwiLy` ضلالة كادوا قعىن فيها أو من معصية كادت ثحدق بهم

`vÔIqvn Bjvjøvn evBbvj Avg‡m Iqvj BqvDg (Kvq‡iv : gvKZvevZz Iqvevnv 1399 wn:/1979 Lªx:), c„. 17|

27 Ljxdv ûmvBb Avj-Avmmvj e‡jb : هي قيام ذوي البصائر بحث الناس على كل خير و نهيهم عن كل شر وقفا لما جاء به الإسلام

ªóe¨ : W. Ljxdv ûmvBb Avj-Avmmvj, gvÔAvwjgy` `vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vn wd`ثحقيقا لمنفعتم فى عاجلهم و أجلهم

Avnw`nvj gvKKx, 1g LÛ (Kvq‡iv : `viæZ ZvevÔAvwZj †gvnv¤§w`qv, 1988 Lªx;), c„. 19|

28 W. gynv¤§` Avãyi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU (XvKv: evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae

BmjvwgK _U, 2003 Lªx:), c„. 13|

29 gynv¤§` Avãyj dvËvn, Avj-gv`Lvjy Bjv ÔBjwgZ `vÔIqvn (•eiæZ: gyIqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 1991 Lªx:), c„. 19|

30 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 38-39|

31 c~e©eZx© hy‡Mi Avw¤^qv-B-wKiv‡gi `vÔIqv‡Zi K_v D‡jøL K‡i Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv Bikv` K‡i‡Qb لق أرسل ا نو ا إلى ق وم

ر إن أخاف عليكم عذاب ي و عظيم ما لكم م إل ي ÒwbðqAvwg b~n‡K Zvi m¤úª`v‡qi wbKU ف قال ي ق و اع وا ااا

cvwV‡qwQ| †m ej‡jv, †n Avgvi m¤úª`vq! †Zvgiv Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi Bev`vZ Ki| wZwb e¨ZxZ †Zvgv‡ì Ab¨ †Kvb

gvÔey` †bB|Ó m~ivn AvÔivd, AvqvZ: 59| Ab¨ Avqv‡Z ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : ا م وإل ثود أخاهم صالحا قال ققوم اع وا االله ÒAvwg mvg~` RvwZi Kv‡Q Zv‡ì fvB mv‡jn‡K cvwV‡qwQ| wZwb e‡jb, †n Avgvi RvwZ, Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi إ ق

e‡›`Mx Ki| wZwb Qvov †Zvgv‡ì Ab¨ †Kvb gvÔey` †bB|Ó m~ivn AvÔivd, AvqvZ : 72| G m¤ú‡K© Ab¨ Avqv‡Z

AviI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q : ا م إ ق ا قال ققوم اع وا االله ÒAvwg gv`v‡q‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡ì fvB وإل ي أخاهم شع ق

ïqvBe‡K cvwV‡qwQ| wZwb ej‡jb, †n Avgvi m¤úª`vq ! †Zvgiv Avjøvn ZvÔqvjvi ÔBev`vZ Ki| wZwb Qvov †Zvgv‡ì

Ab¨ †Kvb gvÔey` †bB| m~ivn AvÔivd, AvqvZ : 85|


257

32 gnvbexi (mv:) AvMgb Kvjxb Ae¯’v D‡jøL K‡i gnvb Avjøvn ZvÔqvjv Bikv` K‡ib, واع صموا ب ل االله ج عا ول قف للهقوا

االله ها وذ يق ق م على شفا حف ة ا لللهار أوق ذوم لق م أع ا أ للهف بق ققلوب م أص ح م لعم إخوانوولق واذو وا وعمت االله عل م إذ ولق-Gi cÖv_wgK A_© i¾y| G ¯’‡j Avjøvni i¾y A‡_© Avj- حبل) Ò†Zvgiv mK‡j Avjøvni i¾y م عللله م قه ون

KziAvb I Bmjvg) `„pfv‡e ai Ges ci¯úi wew”Qbœ nBI bv| †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ Avjøvni AbyMÖn ¯§iY Ki| †Zvgiv wQ‡j

ci¯úi kÎæ Ges wZwb †Zvgv‡ì AšÍ‡i cÖxwZi mÂvi K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| d‡j Zuvi AbyMÖ‡n †Zvgiv ci¯úi fvB n‡q

†M‡j| †Zvgiv †Zv AwMœKv‡Ûi cÖv‡šÍ wQ‡j, Avjøvn Dnv n‡Z †Zvgv‡ì‡K iÿv K‡i‡Qb| Giƒ‡c Avjøvn †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨

Zuvi wb`k©b mg~n ¯úófv‡e wee„Z K‡ib hv‡Z †Zvgiv mrc_ †c‡Z cvi|Ó m~ivn Av‡j-Bgivb, AvqvZ : 103|

33 •mq` Avgxi Avjx, w` w¯úwiU Ae Bmjvg, Abyev` : Bmjv‡gi gg©evYx, gynv¤§` ì‡ek Avjx Lvb (XvKv : BmjvwgK

dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 1993 Lªx), c„. 2|

34 m~ivn Avj-wnRi, AvqvZ : 94|

35 gnvbex (mv:)-Gi Dci me©cÖ_g m~ivn ÔAvjv‡Ki KwZcq AvqvZ AeZxY© nq| Gi ci wZb eQi Avj-KziAv‡bi

AeZiY eÜ _v‡K| weiwZi ci me©cÖZg Zuvi Dci bvwhj nq m~ivn Avj-gy`vw”Qi| Zv‡Z Zvu‡K Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi

wb‡`©k w`‡q ejv nq : أيقجها ا م لله قم أوذر A_©vr Ò†n Pvìve„Z ! DVzb, mZK© Kiæb| m~ivn Avj-gy`vw”Qi, AvqvZ :

1-2| `ªóe¨: Rvjvj DÏxb Avm-myq~Zx, Avj-BZKvby wd ÔDj~wgj KziAvb, 1g LÛ (w`jøx: gvKZvevZz ÔGkvqv‡Z

Bmjvg, Zv. we ), c„. 31 ; W. gynv¤§` kwdKzjøvn, Dj~gyj KziAvb 1g LÛ (ivRkvnx: Avj-gvKZvevZzk kvwd ÔCq¨vn,

gvP©-2001 L¨x:), c„. 59; Rvgxj Ave`yjøvn wgmix, wgb kviwn `vÔIqvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vwZ dx g°v, Journal of the

Islamic University of madinah monawwarah- Rabe thani-Jumba Ihani, 1404 H. 6th Year, vpl-62, p.

218-232.

36 Av`g ÔAvãyjøvn Avj-Zvjyix, ZvixLy` `vÔIqvn Bjvjøvn (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvev Iqvnev, 1979 Lªx:), c„: 179-198|

37 cÖv¸³|

38 Zuvi cyiv bvg gynv¤§` Beb BmgvÔCj Beb Beivnxg Beb gyMxiv Avj-Rydx Avj-Kzdx| wZwb gymwjg mf¨Zv-ms¯‥…wZi

jxjvf~wg eyLviv bMix-†Z 194 wnRixi 13 kvIqvj ïµevi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| gvÎ `k eQi eqm †_‡K wZwb nv`xm

PP©v ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi Rxe‡bi Agi KxwZ© mnxûj eyLvix nv`xm MÖš’ msKjb| 256 wnRix 30 iRe 62 eQi eq‡m

B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : gynv¤§` Beb BmgvÔCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxn Avj-eyLvix, 2q LÛ (w`jøx : KzZzeLvbv‡q ikxw`qv,

1405 wn:), c„. 932-941 ; gvIjvbv gynv¤§` Ave`yi inxg, nv`xm msKj‡bi BwZnvm (XvKv : Lvqiæb cÖKvkbx,

1997 Lªx:), c„. 365-372|

39 Bgvg gymwj‡gi c~Y© bvg Aveyj ûmvBb gymwjg Beb nv¾vR Avj-KzkvBix Avb-wbkvcyix| wZwb 204 wnRix Lyivmv‡bi

AšÍM©Z wbkvcy‡i Rb¥ MÖnb K‡ib| •kke †_‡KB wZwb nv`xm PP©v ïiæ K‡ib Ges gymwjg Rvnv‡bi wewfbœ †K‡›` ª

Dcw¯’Z n‡q nv`xm AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi MÖš’vejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, mnxn gymwjg, Avj-gymbv`yj Kexi I Avj-Rv‡gDj

Kexi we‡kl fv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| 261 wnRix m‡b 57 eQi eq‡m wbkvcy‡i B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨: gymwjg Beb

nv¾vR, Avm-mnxn wj gymwjg, 1g LÛ (w`jøx: Avj-gvZevÔAv Bjgx, 1348 wn:), c„. 50; nv`xm msKj‡bi BwZnvm,

c„. 372-373|

40 Bgvg wZiwghxi c~Y© bvg Ave~ Cmv gynv¤§` Beb Bmv Beb mvIivZv Beb g~mv Beb RvnvKzm myjvgx AvZ-wZiwghx|

wZwb Rxûb b`xi Zx‡i wZigxh bvgK kn‡i 209 wnRix m‡b Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib| nv`xm kv‡¯¿ wZwb Acwimxg Áv‡bi

AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Bgvg wZiwghx eû g~jëvb MÖš’ cÖbqY K‡ib| Avj-Rv‡gDZ wZiwghx, wKZveyj Avmgv, kvgv‡qjyZ

wZiwghx, wKZve„h hyû` Zuvi hyMvšÍKvix MÖš’| wZwb 279 wnRix m‡b 70 eQi eq‡m B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : gynv¤§`

Beb Cmv AvZ-wZiwghx, Rv‡gDZ wZiwghx, 2q LÛ †jevbb: `viæj gvg~b wjZ-ZzivQ, 1980Lªx:), c„. 102; nv`xm

msKj‡bi BwZnvm, c„. 375-376|

41 Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv Beb gvid Avb-b`fx, wiqv`ym mv‡jnxb (`v‡gkK: `viæj gvg~b wjZ ZzivQ, 1980 Lªx:), c„.

102|


258

42

Ave~ nvwg` gynv¤§` Beb Avj-Mvhvjx, BnvBqvD Djywg`-Øxb, 2q LÛ †jevbb : `viæj Kjg Zv.we), c„. 280-325;

Avng` Beb ZvBwgq¨v, gRgyÔqvn dvZIqv, 28k LÛ (Kvq‡iv : B`vivZzj gvmmvnv AvmKvwiqv, 1404 wn:), c„. 60-

179 : kvn Iqvjx Djøvn †`njfx, û¾vZzjøøvwnj evwjMvn &, 2q LÛ (w`jøx : KzZzeLvbv ikxw`qv, 1973 wn:), c„. 74-

207|

43 Avng` Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRgyÔAvn dvZIqv, 28k LÛ (Kvq‡iv: B`vivZzj gvmmvnv AvmKvwiqv, 1404 wn:), c„. 60-

179|

44 kvn Iqvjx Djøvn †`njfx, û¾vZzjøvwnj evwjMvn & , 2q LÛ (w`jøx: KzZzeLvbv ikxw`qv, 1973 wn:), c„. 74-207|

45 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 298|

46 cÖv¸³|

47 W. iDd kvjvex, mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, c„. 252-257; W. gnv¤§` Rvgvj DwÏb, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn I

ZvejxM RvgvqvZ : †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k, c„; 35|

48 cÖv¸³ ; W. iDd kvjvex, mvB‡K¬vvwRqvZzi ivq Iqv` `vÔIqvn, c„. 252-257|

49 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 91 |

50 bCg wmwÏKx, PwiÎ MV‡bi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb (XvKv : AvB wm Gm cÖKvkbx, 2006 Lªx:), c„. 9 |

51 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ: 44|

52 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn ¯îƒc I cÖ‡qvM (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb,

2009 Lªx:), c„. 204-206|

53 m~ivn Avb-bvnj, AvqvZ : 125|

54 gynv¤§` AvjvDwÏb Avj-Avvhnvix, ÔAviex evsjv Awfavb, 2q LÛ (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1993 Lªx:), c„: 1205|

55 cÖv¸³, c„. 190|

56 mvBwq` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`fx e‡jb, لا اعتقد انها من الممكن ثرجعتها –الحكمة الكلمة البليغة العربية التي خاءت في الاة ان

Àvqv‡Z D‡jøwLZ ÔwnKgZÕ kãwU Mfxi Zvrch©c~Y© ÔAviex kã, hv Ab¨ fvlvq mivmwi Abyevاو هقلها الي اللغة الاخري

Kiv m¤¢e e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwibv| `ªóe¨: ivIqvB` wgb Av`vwe` `vÔIqvn, c„. 15|

57 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 130-137|

58 m~ivn Z¡vnv, AvqvZ : 25-28|

59 gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR, Avm-mnxn wi gymwjg, 1g LÛ (w`wjø: Avj-gvZevÔAv ÔBjgx, 1348 wn:), c„: 256|

60 G m¤ú‡K… Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, ذو إن وقفعت ا ذو A_©vr ÒDc‡`k `vI hw` Dc‡`k djcÖm~ nqÓ `ªóe¨ : m~ivn

Avj-ÔAvjv,AvqvZ : 9|

61 Avj-KziAv‡b G m¤ú‡K© ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, قال ربقجلا ا للهذي أعطى وللله شي خل ثلله ه ى (49)قال م ربج ما وسى A_©vr Ò

wdiÔAvDb ej‡jv, Ô†n gymv, †K †Zvgv‡ì ie ? Ó gymv (Av:) ej‡jv : ÔAvgv‡ì ie wZwb, whwb mKj e¯‘‡K Zvi

AvK…wZ `vb K‡i‡Qb, AZ:ci mwVK c_ wb‡`©k K‡i‡QbÓ| `ªóe¨ : m~ivn Z¡vnv, AvqvZ : 49-50|

62 G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, وأوذر عش الأقق بA_©vrÒ Avi Zzwg †Zvgvi wbKUvZœxq‡ì‡K mZK© Ki|Ó

`ªóe¨ : m~ivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ : 214|

63 m~ivn Avk-ïqviv : 69-73 |


259

64

G m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Z eû cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| `ªóe¨ : m~ivn BDmyd, AvqvZ : 36-41 ; lyivn Avj-

Avivd, AvqvZ : 129 ; myivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ ; 61-62; myiv Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 129 ; m~ivn Avj-gywgb,

AvqvZ : 28-29|

65 †hgb Avieiv hLb KvD‡K wKQz ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q ZLb e‡j :وعظت الرجل وعظا موعظة `ªóe¨ : Beb Rvixi AvZ-

Zvevix, 1g LÛ, c„. 266|

66 Beb gvbhyi Avj-AvdwiKx, wjmvbyj ÔAvie, 1g LÛ (•eiæZ : `viyj gvÔAv‡idv, 1986 Lªx;), c„. 266|

67 •mq` KzZze e‡jb, ( IqvR A_© : fq †`Lv‡bv| `ªóe¨ : Ave~ Avãyjøvn KzZze, Avj-RvwgÔ-wj (الوعظ التخويف

AvnKvwgj KziAvb (•eiæZ: `viæj GnBq¨v-DZ Zzivwmj ÔAvivex, 1965 Lªx:), c„: 444|

68 cÖv¸³, c„. 144 |

69 Kvhx bvwmiæÏxb Avj-evqhvfx, Avb-IqviæZ Zvbhxj Iqv AvmiviæZ Zvexj (`v‡g¯‥ : `viæj wdKn, Zv. we), c„.

369 |

70 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn Kvh©µ‡g gvDÔwqhv nvmvbv : ¯îƒc I cÖ‡qvM, BmjvwgK

BDwbfvwm©wU ÷vwWR, cvU©-G, c„. 47|

71 ÔAvjøvgv Avjymx (j:) Gi bvg : wknveyÏxb Avm-mvBwq` gvngy` Avwd›`x Avj-Avjymx 1802 Lªx: evM`v‡ì cvk^©eZx©

dvi‡mi Avj~m bvgK ¯’v‡b Rb¥MÖMY K‡ib| wZwb AZ¨šÍ axkw³ m¤úbœ wQ‡jb Ges gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m wkÿvKZvq

wb‡qvwRZ nb| wZwb mgKvjxb hy‡M GKRb cÖL¨vZ dKxn, gynvwÏm, gydvmwmi I ZvwK©K wnmv‡e mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb|

1248 wnRix‡Z Zv‡K evM`v‡ì Kvhx wnmv‡e wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq| G gnv gbxlx 1270 wnRix‡Z Biv‡Ki KviL

bMix‡Z B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨ : Bgvg mvgmyÏxb Avh-hvnvex, wmqviæ Avjvwgb byevjv, 1g LÛ (•eiæZ :

gyIqvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 1406 wn;), c„: 362|

72 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 66|

73 Bgvg dLiæÏxb ivhx cÖv¸³, 19 LÛ. c„. 138 : ÔAvjøvgv Avjymx, cÖv¸³, 13 LÛ, c„. 354-355|

74 Bgvg KziZzex, cÖv¸³, 1g KÛ, c„. 444|

75 W. gynv¤§` Ave`yi ingvb AvbIqvix, Bmjvgx `vÔIqvn Kvh©µ‡g gvDÔwhhv nvmvbvn : ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ, w` BmjvwgK

BDwbfvwm©wU ÷vwWR, 8g LÛ, 1g msL¨v, Kzwóqv, wW‡m¤î- 1999 Lªx:|

76 m~ivn Avj-AvbKveyZ, AvqvZ : 46|

77 Beb gvbhyi Avj-BdwiKx, wjmvbyj ÔAvie, 11k LÛ (•eiƒZ: `viæ •eiæZ wjZ-ZvevqvwZ Iqvb bvkwi, 1956 Lªx:),

c„: 103 |

78 Avey Avjx Avj-ûmvBb Beb Ave`yjøvn Beb mxbv 980 Lªx: Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cvðv‡Z¨ wZwb Avicena bv‡g cwiwPZ|

gvÎ 17 eQi eq‡mB wPwKrmK wn‡m‡e Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib Ges eyLvivi mvgvbxq myjZvb b~n Beb gvbmy‡ii (976-

997 Lªx:) e¨w³MZ wPwKrmK wbhy³ nb| 21 eQi eq‡m wZwb wfbœ wel‡q MÖš’ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| wPwKrmv wel‡q Zvi

hyM‡kÖô MÖš’ ÒAvj-Kvb~b wdZ wZeÓ| GQvov AviI wewfbœ wel‡q wZwb 15 wU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| G gnvb wPwKrmv

weÁvbx 1037 Lªx: B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| `ªóe¨: gynv¤§` b~iæj Avgxb, weÁv‡b gymjgvb‡ì Ae`vb, (XvKv : Avnmvb

cvewj‡KmÝ, 2006 Lªx:), c„: 76|

79 Beb wmbv, Avm-wmdv, wKZveyj Rv`j, 1g LÛ (Kvq‡iv: Avj-gvKZvevZzj Av‡gwiKv, 1386 wn;), c„: 23|

80 wZwb Ave~eKi Ave`yj Kvwni Beb Avewì ingvb| wZwb RyiRv‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡iY Ges Z_vq 471 wnRix‡Z B‡šÍKvj

K‡ib| wZwb wewkó fvlv weÁvbx I mvwnwZ¨K| `ªóe¨: Bmjvgx wek^‡Kvl, 11k LÛ, c„. 681|

81 Avjx Beb gynv¤§` Avj-RyiRvbx, wKZveyZ ZvÔixdvZ (•eiæZ: `viæ` `vqvb wjZ ZvwiQ, 1403 wn:), c„: 101-102|


260

82

m~ivn Avm-md, AvqvZ : 9|

83 m~ivn Avj-Bgivb, AvqvZ : 65-66|

84 m~ivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ : 70-74|

85 m~ivn Avk-ïqviv, AvqvZ : 23-28|

86 m~ivn Avj-dziKvb, AvqvZ : 63|

87 m~ivn Avj-Avbqvg, AvqvZ : 53|

88 m~ivn ebx-BmivBj, AvqvZ : 29|

89 m~ivn Beivnxg, AvqvZ : 4|

90 m~ivn Avj-evKvivn, AvqvZ : 21-22|

91 m~ivn Z¡vnv, AvqvZ : 24|

92 Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii ü`qMÖvnx c×wZ, c„: 61|

93 m~ivn Avm-md, AvqvZ : 2-3|

94 Bgvg eyLvix, mnxûj eyLvix, 4_© LÛ (w`gvk&K : `viæ ZvIwKb bvRvn 1422 wn:), c„. 82 ; nv`xm bs- 3101|

95 m~ivn BDbym, AvqvZ : 57-58|

96 m~ivn Avj-wnRi, AvqvZ : 94|

97 gnvbex (mv:)-Gi `vÔIqvZ: ch©vqµwgK †KŠkj I gva¨g, c„. 176|

98 Bmjvgx `vÔIqv‡Zi c×wZ I AvaywbK †cÖÿvcU, c„. 297-300|

99 cÖv¸³, c„: 300-301|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

nvwdh BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i): ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb

W. gynv¤§` gvneyeyi ingvb

Abstract: Yusuf al-Mizzi (R) was a famus Muhaddis and Rizal composer. He was

Hafez, Imam, Muhaddis and rizal scholar in row. He memorized the Quran as his first

deed then, he gained knowledge in Fiqh and Hadith. His number of teachers were many.

He taught in Damascus’s famous institution ‘Darul Ashrafiyyah’ after completing of his

teaching career. Besides teaching, he dedicated himself towards Hadith recitation,

composition, interpretation and also composition of Rizal. His narration ‘Tahzibul Kamal

Fi Asmayer Rizal’ was the most famous in all ages and for all time. It was widely spread

all around the world for its fame. No excellent, resourceful and oriented production on

that field was created before its narration. Afterwards, many summarized works were

produced in regard to his works. In my Article, Zamaluddin al-Mizzi (R) has been

introduced briefly and also his contribution in Rizal has also been discussed, here in a

logical reasoning.

f~wgKv

BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb GKvav‡i nvwdh, Bgvg, gynvwÏQ I ÔBjgyi-wiRvj wekvi`|

wkÿvRxe‡b wZwb me©cÖ_g Avj-KziÕAvbyj Kvixg gyL¯’ K‡ib| wdK&n I nv`xQ wel‡q mgmvgwqK

wewkó gynvwÏQ, gydvm&wmi, dKxn& I ÔAvwjgM‡Yi wbKU Mgb K‡i wkÿvR©b K‡ib| Zuvi wkÿKM‡Yi

msL¨vI A‡bK| wkÿvRxeb mgvwßi ci w`gvk‡Ki weL¨vZ Ô`viæj Avkivwdq¨vn&Õ bvgK wkÿv

cÖwZôv‡b nv`x‡Qi `vi&m cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi wbKU wkÿvR©b K‡i QvÎivI eo eo nvwdh, gynvwÏQ,

gydvm&wmi, dKxn& I wiRvj kv¯¿we` wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk wZwb nv`xQ

cVb-cvVb, MÖš’ msKjb, nv`x‡Qi e¨vL¨vMÖš’ cÖYqb Ges wiRvj wel‡q MÖš’ cÖYq‡b g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

Zuvi iwPZ wiRvj welqK ÔZvnhxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ MÖš’wU mviv we‡k¦ e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z

n‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iwPZ nIqvi c~‡e© G wel‡qi Dci Gi †P‡q DËg, my›ì I mg„×kvjx †Kv‡bv MÖš’

iwPZ nqwb| cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi G MÖš’wU‡K †K›`ª K‡i eûmsL¨K mswÿß MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q|

bvg I esk cwiPq

Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi cÖK…Z bvg BDmyd| wcZvi bvg hv°x| Zuvi eskcwiµgv n‡jv, BDmyd Be&b Avh&-

hv°x ÔAvãyi ingvb Be&b BDmyd1 Be&b ÔAvjx Be&b ÔAvwãj gvwjK Be&b ÔAvjx Be&b Avex hvn&i Avj-

Kvjex Avj-KyhvÔC Avj-wgh&hx2 Avk&-kvwdÔC| Dcbvg Aveyj nv¾vR, Dcvwa RvgvjyÏxb|

3 Be&b

nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) e‡jb,

ن عثذ انزك تن ىسف اتن ىسف تن انهك عثذ تن ىسف تن انرح انحهث انزهر أت تن عه

.انحافظ انذن جال انحجاج أتى انز الأصم4

-ÔBDmyd Be&b Avh&-hv°x ÔAvwãi ingvb Be&b BDmyd Be&b ÔAvwãj gvwjK Be&b BDmyd Be&b ÔAvjx

Be&b Avexh&-hvn&i Avj-nvjvex Avj-Avm&j ÔAvj-wgh&hxÕ Aveyj nv¾vR RvgvjyÏxb Avj-nvwdh|Õ

Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb,



262

تن ىسف تن انرحن عثذ انزك تن ىسف انحجاج أتى انذن جال انحجح انحافظ انهك عثذ تن عه

انزهر أت تن .انحهث انزي انكهث انقضاع5

-ÔAvj-nvwdh Avj-û¾vn& RvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR BDmyd Be&b Avh&-hv°x ÔAvwãi ingvb Be&b

BDmyd Be&b ÔAvjx Be&b ÔAvwãj gvwjK Be&b Avexh&-hvn&i Avj-KzhvÔC Avj-Kvjex Avj-wgh&hx Avj-

nvjvex|Õ

Rb¥ I Rb¥¯’vb

Avj-wgh&hx (i) 10 iexDj AvwLi 654 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1256 wLª÷v‡ã w`gvk&‡Ki nvj&e6 kn‡i GK

m¤£všÍ cwiev‡i Kvj&e Avj-Kz`vwiq¨vn& †Mv‡Î Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|7 byÔgvb (i) ÔivIhvn&Õ MÖ‡š’ Zuvi Rb¥

ZvwiL 650 wnRix e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib|8

wkÿvRxeb

wZwb w`gvk&‡Ki nvj&e †_‡K ÔAvj-wgh&hvnÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i †mLv‡b emevm ïiæ K‡ib|9

GLv‡bB Zuvi wkÿvRxeb ïiæ nq| wZwb me©cÖ_g Avj-KziÕAvbyj Kvixg wnd&h K‡ib| Gici wdK&n

kv‡¯¿ wkÿvR©b K‡ib| wZwb †QvU‡ejv †_‡K Dchy³ AwffveK Ges h_vh_ ZË¡veav‡bi Afv‡e

covïbvq AMÖMvgx n‡Z bv cvi‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Ávbvbykxj‡b h‡_ó AMÖMwZ jvf K‡ib Ges wkÿv

jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ kni cwiågY K‡ib|10

Avj-wgh&hx (i) ÁvbvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ g°v, g`xbv, Kvq‡iv, wgmi, Av‡jKRvw› ªqv, evj©xb, Kz`&m, wngm&,

nvgvZ, evÔjvevKmn cÖf„wZ kn‡i Mgb K‡i eû msL¨K wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K wkÿvMÖnY K‡ib|

Avj-wgh&hx (i) cÖ_gZ Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avngv` Be&b Aveyj Lvqi Av` &-w`gvkKx Avj-nv¤^jx (i) (g„Z

678 wn.)-Gi wbKU †_‡K Ave~ byÔAvqg (i)-Gi iwPZ ÔwKZveyj wnjqvn&Õ MÖš’wU kªeY K‡ib| Gici

eû msL¨K gynvwÏQ, gydvm&wmi, dKxn& I ÔAvwjgM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K wkÿvR©b K‡ib| G m¤ú‡K©

ÔgyKvÏvgvn& Zvn&hxwej Kvgvj'Õ MÖ‡š’ ejv n‡q‡Q,

: يثم الايهاخ انكثار انكرة عههى سع انغفر، انجى ين فسع انحذث، ساع إن انز هح اذجهد

تغذاد انسلاو يذنح وذارخ انطثران، انقاسى لات انكثر وانعجى أحذ، الإياو ويسنذ انسرح، انكرة

وانسنن يانك، الإياو ويىطأ هشاو، لاتن وانسرج تكار، تن نهزتر اننسة وكراب انثغذاد، نهخطة

.نهثهق كلاها اننثىج ودلائم انكثر،

-ÔAvj-wgh&hx (i) AmsL¨ e¨w³ I we`» cwÐZM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K nv`xQ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq Aa¨qb

K‡ib| †hgb, wmnvn& wmËvn&, Bgvg Avng` (i.)-Gi gymbv`y Avngv`, Aveyj Kvwmg AvZ&-wZeivbxi

gyÔRvgyj Kvexi, LZxe Avj-evM`v`xi ZvixLy gv`xbvwZm&-mvjvg, hyevqi Be&b evK&Kv‡ii wKZveyb&-

bvmve, Be&b wnkv‡gi mxivn&, Bgvg gvwj‡Ki gyIqvËv, evqnvKxi mybvbyj Kzeiv I `vjvBjyb&-

byeyIq¨vn&|Õ

wZwb †h me wkÿKM‡Yi wbKU wkÿvMÖnY K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb, Bebyj wnimZvbx,

Bebyj gyjvBe, Avi-ivnvfx, Bebyj webvÕ, Be&b Avex jyKgvn&, Bebyj evbœv, Bebyj gyKvi&ivg, Avj-

Kvhfxbx, Bebyj-jvZx, Be&b mveŸvn&, Bebyh&-hyevq`x, Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avm&-mvjvgvn&, Be&b Avex ÔDgvi,

Be&b ÔAvjvb, kvqL gynxDÏxb Avb&-bvevfx, Kvgvj ÔAvãyi inxg, ÔBh&hyj nvi&ivbx, Beby`&-`vivRx,

Kvwmg Avj-Biwejx, Bebym& mve~bx, ikx` Avj-nvwgix, gynv¤§v` Bebyj KvIqvm, dvL&i Avj-eyLvix,

hvqbve, Be&b kvqevb, gynv¤§v` Be&b gynv¤§v` bvK&wKe, BmgvÔCj Bebyj ÔAvmKvjvbx, Avj-gvR&


263

Bebyj Ljxjx, Avj-ÔBgv` Bebyk&-wkivRx, Avj-gywneŸx Be&b Avmiƒb, Ave~ eKi Be&byj AvbgvZx,

mvdx Ljxj, Mvwhqv Avj-nvjvex, KzZze Be&byj KzmZvjøvbx Ges GKwU RvgvÔAvZ †_‡K| kvidzÏxb

Av`&-w`gqvZx, Avj-dviIqvQx, Avj-BDbxbx, Be&b evjevb, Avi&-ixkx, Be&b `vKxKzj ÔC`, Avh&-

hvwnix, AvZ&-ZvKx Avj-AvmAvi`x, mvÔ yÏxb Avj-nvi&ivQx, Be&b bvdxm cÖgyL I Zuv‡ì GKwU

RvgvÔAvZ †_‡K wZwb Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© kªeY I wkÿvMÖnY K‡ib|11

Kg©Rxeb

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) Zuvi mg‡qi me©‡kªô wkÿKM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K wkÿvMÖnY mgvß K‡i wkÿKZvi

b¨vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ nb| me©cÖ_g wZwb w`gvk‡Ki weL¨vZ cÖwZôvb Ô`viæj nv`xwQj

Avkivwdq¨vn&Õi kvqL g‡bvbxZ nb| 718 †_‡K 738 wnRix ch©šÍ `xN© wek eQi G cÖwZôv‡b wZwb

nv`x‡Qi `vi&m cÖ`vb K‡ib|12

739 wnRix‡Z Ô`viæj nv`xQ Avb&-b~wiq¨vn&Õi kvqL g‡bvbxZ nb Ges

†mLv‡b `xN©w`b wkÿKZv K‡ib| GQvov `viæj nv`xQ Avj-wngwmq¨vn&‡ZI wZwb wkÿKZv K‡ib|13

G me cÖwZôv‡b wkÿKZvi d‡j Zuvi wbKU †_‡K eûmsL¨K QvÎ wkÿvR©b K‡ib; hviv cieZ©x‡Z mviv

we‡k¦ eo eo we`¨vb I cwÐZ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡ib| KviY Ggb GKRb cÖw_Zhkv wkÿ‡Ki

wbKU wkÿvMÖnY, ZË¡veavb, mwVK wb‡`©kbv, •bwZK mvnPvh© I Abycg wkÿvMÖn‡Yi d‡j Zuv‡ì Abyiƒc

we`¨vR©b mnR nq|

QvÎe„›`

wkÿKZv wQj Avj-wgh&hxi (i)-Gi me‡P‡q eo K…wZZ¡| wb‡R †hgb wkÿv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb ¯^bvgab¨

ÔAvwjgM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K Z`byiƒc Zuvi wbKU †_‡K wkÿv jv‡fi d‡j Zvi QvÎivI we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i

AwaKvix wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb,

kvqLyj Bmjvg Be&b Zvqwgq¨vn& (g„Z 728 wn.), dvZû`&-`xb Be&b mvwq¨w`b&-bvm Avj-ÔDgvix (g„Z

734 wn.), Bgvgyj gynvwÏQxb kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (748 wn.), ZvKx DÏxb Avm&-myeKx (739 wn.),

BjgyÏxb weihvjx (g„Z 739 wn.), kvgmyÏxb Ave~ ÔAvwãjøvn& Be&b ÔAvãyj nv`x (g„Z 744 wn.), mvjvn&

DÏxb Avj-AvjvC (g„Z 761 wn.), AvjvDÏxb gyMjZvB Avj-nvbvdx (g„Z 762 wn.), ZvKx DÏxb

Be&b ivwd Avm&-mvjvgx (g„Z 774 wn.), ÔBgvgyÏxb Be&b KvQxi (g„Z 774 wn.) (i) cÖgyL|14

iPbvejx

Avj-wgh&hx (i) GKRb mycÖwZwôZ †jLK wQ‡jb| wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q eûmsL¨K MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib|

Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb,15

.وصنف وكرة ورحم انكثر سع -ÔwZwb eû ¯’vb cwiågY K‡i kªeY

K‡ib Ges †jLbxi gva¨‡g MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|Õ

Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’vejxi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU wbæiƒc,

1. Zzn&dvZzj Avkivd we gvÔwidvwZj AvZivd ( الاف رفاف بمف ربم ف بم الافش رفاف تح ف تح)

2. Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvj ( الر بمجفال ف فاابم بم ال كفمفال تف بم تح)

3. Avj-gybZvKv wgbvj Avnv`xQ (تتفقفى نت (الأفحفادبم ث مبمن افل متح

4. Avj-Kzbv, Avj-gyLZvmvi wgb Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj (،تف فر افل كتحنى (ال كفمفال تف بم بم مبمن افل متح


264

Zuvi m¤ú‡K© gbxlxM‡Yi AwfgZ

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb kvqLyj Bgvg, ÔAvjøvgvn&, nvwdh, gynvwÏQ, dKxn&, M‡elK I MÖš’vKvi|

Áv‡bi cÖwZwU kvLvq Zuvi AmvaviY cvwÐZ¨ wQj| we‡kl K‡i nv`xQ I wiRvj kv‡¯¿ Zuvi Ae`vb

Awe¯§iYxq| Zuvi m¤ú‡K© wiRvjwe`MY f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i eû gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU gšÍe¨

D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv, 1. mvjvûÏxb Avm&-mvdv`x (i) e‡jb,

لف بم، مفامتح ال لافمف ال فا بمظتح ال فربم د الرح ف تح ، ال متح فد بم بم بممفامتح ىتحوف الشي ختح الإبم ، فاابم 16 .وفالافل فاظ الأف فاابمي دتح ف بمدتح ال تح اظبم-ÔwZwb wQ‡jb kvqLyj Bgvg, ÔAvjøvgvn&, nvwdh, ågYKvix, gynvwÏQM‡Yi Bgvg, me©‡kl nvwdh, mb`

I kãmg ~‡ni mgv‡jvPK|Õ 2. gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) ÔZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvhÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb,

.مثلو ال يون ر لم بأعبائ ا، والقائم لوائ ا، حامل و الرجال، م ر و ما. الشام محدث الاوحد الا ظ البر ال الم الإمام17 -ÔAvgvi `„wó‡Z Zuvi b¨vq Bgvg, weØvb, Áv‡bi mgy`ª, nvwdh, GKK e¨w³Z¡, kv‡gi gynvwÏQ, wiRvj

kv‡¯¿i cÖwZwôZ cwÐZ I AMÖ ~Z Avi KvD‡K †`‡Lwb|Õ

3. gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) e‡jb,

كثير الا لاق، حسن ال لم، كثير حج ، ق وكان .ورجالو الد ث علم لي ا بق ما وم ضلات مشكلات وضح18.جدا الكلام ليل السكوت،

-ÔwZwb wQ‡jb ¯ífvlx, KZ©e¨wbô, mZ¨vbyivMx, Kg©civqY, DËg I •bwZK AvPi‡Yi AwaKvix, wek¦ Í

eY©bvKvix| GQvov ÔBjgyj nv`xQ I wiRvj kv‡¯¿i mgm¨v I RwUjZvi `ÿ mgvavbKvix|Õ

4. Avj-KvËvbx (i) e‡jb,

.المزي الجاج بي بالا ظ الت زي لوان اه ؤلف ال لائي يد بو الا ظ رده

-ÔAve~ mvÔC` Avj-Avjvqx nvwdh Avwej nv¾vR Avj-wgh&hx‡K GKwU MÖš’ iPbvi Kvi‡Y GKK e¨w³

wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|Õ

5. Be&b bvwmiæÏxb (i) e‡jb,

ال يد د يق ابن والمزي يمي ، وابن والدميا ي، ال يد، د يق ابن: رب ر ت من ح ظ: ال ىبي الله عبد بو الا ظ ال 19 .بالرجال عر م والمزي للمتون، ح ظ م يمي وابن بالأاساب، عر م والدميا ي الد ث، ق م

-Ônvwdh Ave~ ÔAvãyjøvn& Avh&-hvnvex e‡jb, Ônv`x‡Qi nvwdh wn‡m‡e Avwg PviRb‡K †`‡LwQ, Zuv‡ì

g‡a¨ Be&b `vKxKzj ÔC`, Av & w`gqvZx, Be&b Zvqwgq¨vn& Ges Avj-wgh&hx| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Be&b `vKxKzj

ÔC` nv`xQ wel‡q †ewk cwÐZ| Av`& w`gqvZx n‡jb eskbvgv m¤ú‡K© me©vwaK Ávbx| Be&b Zvqwgq¨vn&

wQ‡jb me©vwaK gZb gyL¯ÍKvix Avi Avj-wgh&hx wQ‡jb wiRvj kv‡¯¿ me©vwaK AwfÁ|Õ


265

6. gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) ÔgyÔRvgyk&-ïq ~LÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb,

20 .الا لام محدث الجاج، بو الد ن جمال الجماع تاذ البارع الا ظ ال لام -ÔRvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR wQ‡jb ÔAvjøvgvn&, nvwdh, cwÐZ, Bmjv‡gi gynvwÏQ I GKRb †kªô

e¨w³Z¡|Õ

7. kvgmyÏxb Aveyj gvnvwmb ûmvqbx (i) e‡jb,

21 .الاوان و د ال ر، وحا ظ الزمان، شيخ الجاج بو الد ن جمال الج شي نا كان-ÔAvgv‡ì kvqL RvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR wQ‡jb mg‡qi mgv‡jvPK, hy‡Mi nvwdh, mgKv‡ji kvqL

I nv`x‡Qi û¾vn|Õ

8. ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx (i) e‡jb, بأعباا والقائم والجماع السن را حامل زماانا، حا ظ المزي، الجاج بو الد ن جمال الشيخ و دو نا و تاذ شي نا

22 .ال ناع ى ه-ÔkvqL RvgvjyÏxb Aveyj nv¾vR Avj-wgh&hx wQ‡jb Avgv‡ì kvqL, D Ív` I Avgv‡ì Av`k©|

Avgv‡ì hy‡Mi nvwdh, mybœvZ& I RvgvÔAv‡Zi wiIqv‡Zi iÿK|Õ

9. Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb,

23 المش ور ن ال اظ حد ع ره مام كان -ÔwZwb Zvi mg‡qi Bgvg wQ‡jb Ges mycwiwPZ nvwdh‡ì Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb|Õ

BwšÍKvj

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) 742 wnRix mv‡ji 12 mdi †gvZv‡eK 1341 wLª÷v‡ãi kwbev‡ii w`b hyn&i I

ÔAvmi bvgv‡hi gaëZ©x mg‡q w`gvk&‡K BwšÍKvj K‡ib|24

wmÏxK Be&b nvmvb Avj-Kzb~Rx (i) e‡jb,

ÔwZwb 744 wnRix mv‡j BwšÍKvj K‡ib|Õ25

BwšÍKv‡ji mgq wZwb AvqvZzj Kzimx co‡Z co‡Z Nywg‡q

c‡ob| H w`b Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| c‡ii w`b iweevi w`gvk‡Ki Mfb©i AvjvDÏxb

ZzbeyMvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kvhx ZvKx DÏxb Avm&-myeKxi BgvgwZ‡Z Zuvi Rvbvhvn& mgvß nq| Zuvi Rvbvhvi

bvgv‡h †`‡ki ivRbëM©, ÔDjvgv m¤cÖ`vq, wePviKgÐjx, eyw×RxexmgvR I AMwbZ RbmvaviY

Dcw¯’Z nb|26

Gici HwZnvwmK m~dxqv Kei¯’v‡b kvqL Be&b Zvqwgq¨vi (i)-Gi cv‡k© Zuv‡K `vdb

Kiv nq|27

ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j Zuvi Ae`vb

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) wiRvj kv‡¯¿ GKRb cÖwm× e¨w³Z¡ wQ‡jb| Zuvi iwPZ ÔZvnhxeyj Kvgvj dx

AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ MÖš’wU wiRvj kv‡¯¿ GK gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e cieZ©x wiRvj kv¯¿we`M‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯’vb

jvf K‡i i‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iPbvi Kvi‡YB wZwb wiRvj kv ¿we`M‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P Avm‡b mgvmxb

n‡q‡Qb| G ch©šÍ wiRvj kv¯¿ welqK hZ¸‡jv MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ GwU e„nr I Z_ëûj MÖš’

wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iwPZ nIqvi c~‡e© G wel‡qi Dci Gi †P‡q DËg, my›ì I

mg„×kvjx †Kv‡bv MÖš’ iwPZ nqwb| we‡klZ Zuvi QvÎ gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) I Avngv`


266

Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) ZuviB c_ wb‡ ©kK| Zuvi AbyKiY, AbymiY I MÖš’wU Øviv wiRvj

kv‡¯¿ MÖš’ cÖYq‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb| Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i)-Gi ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-ZvnhxeÕ MÖš’wU

g~jZ Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi ÔZvnhxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ MÖ‡š’i mswÿß iƒc| cieZ©x‡Z

ÔZvnhxeyZ&-ZvnhxeÕ MÖš’wU mswÿß K‡i ÔZvKixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ bv‡g Av‡iv GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY iPbv

K‡ib| kvdx DÏxb Avngv` Be&b ÔAvwãjøvn& Avj-LvhivRx (i) (g„Z 923 wn.) ÔLyjvmvZzZ&-Zvhnxwej

KvgvjÕ bv‡g GKwU my›ì ms¯‹iY iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ wiRvj kv‡¯¿ Zuvi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ

Kiv n‡jv,

1. Zzn&dvZzj Avkivd we gvÔwidvwZj AvZivd ( الاف رفاف بمف ربم ف بم الافش رفاف تح ف تح) nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi G MÖš’wU nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i Dci msKwjZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iPbvejx| G‡Z

wmnvn& wmËvi mKj nv`xQ bKj Kiv QvovI mnxn gymwjg-Gi gyKvÏvgvn&, myjvqgvb Be&b AvkÔAvm

Ave~ `vD` (i)-Gi ÔwKZveyj gvivmxjÕ, gynv¤§v` Be&b ÔCmv AvZ&-wZiwghx (i)-Gi ÔwKZveyj ÔBjvjÕ,

wKZveyk&-kvgvBjÕ Ges Avngv` Be&b ïÔAvqe Avb&-bvmvC (i)-Gi ÔwKZvey Avgvwj BqvIwgb Iqv

jvqjvwZbÕ ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Qb| MÖš’wU‡Z wZwb mvnvev‡q wKivg (iv), ZvweÔCb (i) Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv

ZvweÔ-ZvweÔC‡bi bvgvbymv‡i web¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb| wZwb MÖš’wUi GKwU cwiwkó iPbv K‡ib Ges Zvi

bvgKiY K‡ib ÔZzn&dvZzj AvZivdÕ|28

DwjøwLZ MÖš’wUi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i eû msL¨K gbxlx G MÖ‡š’i mswÿß ms¯‹iY iPbv

K‡ib| Zuvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi QvÎ gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex| G

m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q,

29 .مجلد ن ال ىبي الا لام مؤرخ ور يقو لمي ه ا ت ره

-ÔAvh&-hvnvex `yL‡Ð Gi GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb|Õ

Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avngv` Be&b mvÔ` Be&b gynv¤§v` Avj-Avb`vikx (i) (g„Z 750 wn.) ÔAvj-ÔDg`vZz

dx gyLZvmvwij AvZivdÕ bv‡g GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY cÖYqb K‡ib| ÔAvjøvgv ÔAvjvDÏxb gyMjZvC

Avj-nvbvdx (i) (g„Z 762 wn.) ÔgymZvìvK ÔAvjv ZzndvZzj AvkivdÕ, nvwdh hvqbyÏxb ÔAvãyi

inxg Bebyj ûmvqb Avj-ÔBivK (i) (g„Z 806 wn.) Ges Zuvi cyÎ Iqvjx DÏxb Avj-ÔBivKx (i)

(g„Z 826 wn.)-Gi cwiwkó ¯îƒc ÔAvj-gymZvìvKÕ iPbv K‡ib| me©‡k‡l G me msKj‡bi mgwói

Av‡jv‡K nvwdh Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) ÔAvb&-byKvZz Avh&-hvwidÕ bv‡g Ges nvwdh Bebyj

dvn& Avj-gv°x (i) (g„Z 871 wn.) ÔAvj-Avkivd ÔAvjv Avj-RvgÔ evqbvb&-byKvZ Avh&-hvi&ivd

Iqv Zzn&dvwZj AvkivdÕ bv‡g mg„× ms¯‹iY cÖYqb K‡ib|

2. Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvj ( الر بمجفال ف فاابم بم ال كفمفال تف بم تح) GwU nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) wiRvj welqK me©vwaK cÖwm× I HwZnvwmK GKwU MÖš’| G MÖš’wU iPbvi

Kvi‡YB wZwb wiRvj kv¯¿we`M‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P Avm‡b mgvmxb n‡q‡Qb| G ch©šÍ wiRvj kv¯¿ welqK

hZ¸‡jv MÖš’ iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ GwU e„nr I Z_ëûj MÖš’ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| G MÖš’wU iwPZ


267

nIqvi c~‡e© G wel‡qi Dci Gi †P‡q DËg, my›ì I mg„×kvjx †Kv‡bv MÖš’ iwPZ nqwb|30

MÖš’wU evi

L‡Ð wef³|31

cvÐywjwc

Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wUi †h me cvÐywjwc i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ ywU n ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv I GKwU cÖKvwkZ

bym&Lvi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb cieZ©x cÖKvkKiv|

cÖ_g n ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv| GwU W. mynvBj hvKvi-Gi e¨w³MZ MÖš’vMvi †_‡K msM„nxZ| wZwb ¯^qs

bym&LvwU Avgv‡ì wbKU †cuŠ‡Q †`b| G bym&LvwU e„n`vKv‡ii bq L‡Ð mgvß| cÖwZwU L‡Ði •`q© 36, cÖ¯Í

25 Ges †kl LÐ e¨wZZ cÖwZwU L‡Ð 200wU K‡i c„ôv i‡q‡Q| †kl L‡Ði c„ôv msL¨v 500wU| cÖwZwU

c„ôvq cuÂvkwU jvBb K‡i †jLv i‡q‡Q| c„ôv¸‡jv c„_K c„_K| MÖš’wU ¸iæ n‡jv, ر ال ي لله المد الله على للناس كون لئلا ومن ر ن، مبشر ن النبي وب ث الشب ، و زال ال ل ، و زاح الهدى، بيل و بان الق، ر ق من وص و و لقو، من ير و على الله وصلى .بين عن حي من ويحيى بين ، عن ىلك من ولي لك الر ل، ب د حجو

النبي و اتم المتق ، مام: بر تو ; mgvß n‡q‡Q G K_vi gva¨‡g, ى ا من جم و الى الله سر ما آ ر ى ا الكتاب، . ابيائو اتم على الله وصلى. جلالو وعز وج و لكرم نبغي كما وظاىرا وبا نا وآ را ولا لله والمد 32

G MÖš’wU msKjb ïiæ nq 705 wnRix mv‡j Ges mgvß n‡q‡Q 712 wnRix mv‡ji whjnv¾ gv‡m| G

n ÍwjwLZ bym&LvwUi Kfvi c„ôvq ZvgvjøvKvZ cvIqv hvq| wØZxq c„ôvq ÔZvh&wKivZzj ûd&dvhÕ †_‡K

†bqv Bgvg nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi Rxebx Ges bym &LvwUi cÖ¯‘ZKviK ev †jLK Beivnxg Be&b

ÔAvwãjøvn& kvidzÏxb Bebyj nvmvb (i)-Gi Rxebx msKwjZ Av‡Q| cvkvcvwk bym&LvwUi cÖ¯‘ZKvj 712

wnRix DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q|

wØZxq n ÍwjwLZ MÖš’ GwU cÖ_g n ÍwjwLZ MÖ‡š’i Abyiƒc| Dfq bym&LvwU GKwU n¯ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv †_‡K

†bqv hv Ô`viæj KzZzwej wgmwiq¨vn&Õ MÖš’vMv‡i msiwÿZ Av‡Q|

Dfq n ÍwjwLZ bym&Lv Ggb GK bym&Lv †_‡K †bqv †hwU Avwgiæj gyÕwgbxb gvbm~i wejøvn& Kvwmg Be&b

gynv¤§v` (967-1029 wn.)-Gi Aby‡iv‡a Beivnxg Be&b ÔAvwãjøvn& Be&b kvidzÏxb Bebyj nvmvb †jLv

Avi¤¢ K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb mvwig DÏxb Beivnxg Be&b Avngv` Be&b ÔAvgxi (i)| wZwb

bym&LvwUi †jLv mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb 8 iexDQ-Qvbx 1105 wnRix‡Z|

Avgiv G MÖš’wU Zvn&KxK I cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î †hfv‡e Dc‡iv³ bym&Lv `ywU‡K g~j wfwË wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ|

Ggwbfv‡e, gynvw°K W. ÔAvIhv` evkvi KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ MÖš’wUi DciI fimv K‡iwQ| G bym&Lv ywUi

gv‡S cv_©K¨ GB †h, wØZxq bym&LvwUi cÖKvkKMY cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, †Kbbv GwU Zvi gxgK…Z Ges

mw¾Z|33

G MÖš’wU •eiƒ‡Zi `viæj wdK&i †_‡K 24 L‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU jvj-Kv‡jv yB i‡½i Kvwj

Øviv my›ì web¨v‡m Qvcv‡bv nq|

cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi G MÖš’wU‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ges Gi Dci wbf©i K‡iB gynv¤§v` kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i)

(g„Z 748 wn.) ÔZvh&nxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ bv‡g GKwU mswÿß msKjb iPbv K‡ib|34

Gici Be&b nvRvi

Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) (g„Z 852 wn.) ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU e„nr msKjb I

ÔZvKixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ bv‡g GKwU mswÿß ms¯‹iY iPbv K‡ib|35

kdx ÔDÏxb Avngv` Be&b ÔAvwãjøvn&


268

Avj-LvhivRx (i) (g„Z 923 wn.) ÔLyjvmvZzZ&-Zvhnxwej KvgvjÕ bv‡g GKwU my›ì ms¯‹iY iPbv

K‡i‡Qb|36

Zvn&KxK

Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wU cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ e¨w³ Zvn&KxK I m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì nv‡Z

Zvn&KxK I m¤úv`bvK…Z †h bym&LvwU G‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Zv K‡i‡Qb wZb Rb e¨w³| Zvn&KxK K‡i‡Qb,

kvqL Avngv` ÔAvjx ÔAvex` I nvmvb Avngv` AvMv| m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb cÖ‡dmi W. mynvqj hvKvi|

MÖš’wU •eiƒ‡Zi Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 24 L‡Ð 1994 wn./1414 wLª. cÖKvwkZ nq| MÖ‡š’i

Zvn&KxKKvixØq e‡jb, ÒAvgiv MÖš’wU cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wKQy bxwZgvjv wba©viY K‡iwQ hv ms‡ÿ‡c

Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv,

1. n Í wjwLZ bym&Lvmg~‡ni g~j ywU bym&Lv I cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ I

Kg-†ewk¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv| Avmj ev n ÍwjwLZ g~j bym&Lvi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡iwQ ÔLvÕ (فاا ) Aÿi

Øviv Ges cÖKvwkZ MÖ‡š’i cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡iwQ gxg (مبميم) Aÿi Øviv|

2. cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i wiRvj ev ivexM‡Yi bv‡gi evbvb msiÿY Z_v nvivKvZ cÖ`vb I Zv‡ì Kv‡iv

Kv‡iv Rxebx‡Z wKQy ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

3. Avj-KzZzeym& wmËvn&, gvRgvÔDh&-hvIqvwq` I gymbv y Avn&gv` †_‡K nv`xQmg~‡ni ZvLixR Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

4. Avj-KvwjgvZzj Mvixevn& Z_v KwVb k‡ãi I ev‡Kï e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

5. nvwdh Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) Zuvi ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’ †h mKj ZvivwR‡g

AwZwi³ wKQy ms‡hvRb I Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb †m me ZvÔjxKvZ (قفات ( تف لبميت G cÖKvkbvi AšÍf©y³ Kiv

n‡q‡Q KzjZz ( تتحل تتح ) wk‡ivbv‡g|

6. cwic~Y© DcKvi jv‡fi Rb¨ G MÖ‡š’i †k‡l الإكمال من لو روا مسند الإمام حمد من الرجال وى.من ذكر ته الكمال bvgK MÖš’wUI mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk Avj-BKgvj ( مفال (الإبمك G

ZvivwRgmg~n G MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨B Zuvi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b evK¨wUi ga¨Lv‡b GKwU ZviKvwPý Øviv c„_K

K‡i mwbœ‡ek Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡iwQ| G‡ZI ÿvšÍ nqwb eis cÖwZ L‡Ði †k‡l †m LÐ mswkøó

mshyw³mg~n mshy³ K‡iwQ| †m mv‡_ Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rxeb e„ËvšÍ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

7. GQvovI G cÖKvkbvwU‡K cwic~Y©Zv cÖ`v‡bi Avkvq Avj-BKgvj ( مفال (الإبمك MÖ‡š’i Dci nvwdh

Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) KZ©„K ms‡hvRbmg~nI hv‡ì Av‡jvPbv bvgmn Bgvg Avj-

ûmvqbx (i) ¯^xq MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡bwb Avgiv G MÖ‡š’ Zv ms‡hvRb K‡iwQ|

8. nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) †h mKj bv‡gi D‡jøL K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, G bv‡gi Av‡jvPbv c~‡e© n‡q‡Q

ev mvg‡b Avm‡e A_ev AgyK e¨w³i Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ G‡m‡Q †m mKj bv‡gi c~‡e© GKwU K‡i

Kv‡jv †Mvje„Ë cÖ`vb K‡iwQ Ges †m bv‡g †Kv‡bv bv¤^vi (µwgK bs ev wmwiqvj bv¤^vi) †`Bwb|

Z‡e †m bvgwU c~‡e© †h bv¤^v‡i G‡m‡Q ev cieZ©x‡Z †h bv¤v‡i Avm‡e †m bv¤^vi Rxebxi †k‡l

eªv‡K‡Ui g‡a¨ jvj Kvwj w`‡q wj‡L w`‡qwQ Gfv‡e [ ......: ر]|


269

9. cÖwZ L‡Ði †k‡l †m LÐ mswkøó ZvivRxg, AvInvg I ZvgÔCh cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki bv¤vimn D‡jøL K‡iwQ|

M‡elKM‡Yi myweav‡_© Ges hv‡Z Lye mn‡R Zviv DwÏó¨ j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ c„ôvi

bv¤^viI cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

10. GKwU c„_KL‡Ð hv‡ì Rxebx g~j MÖ‡š’ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q I Avj-BKgvj ( مفال (الإبمك MÖ‡š’ Av‡jvwPZ

n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì bvgmg~‡ni ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GQvovI G MÖ‡š’i mv‡_ wb‡¤œv³ welqvejx m¤^wjZ GKwU c~Y©v½ ÔBjgx m~wPcÎ mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

K. Avj-KziÕAv‡bi AvqvZmg~‡ni m~wP cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

L. Avj-nv`xQ I AvQvimg~‡ni m~wP cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M. e¨w³, `j I ’vbmg~‡ni bv‡gi m~wPmg~n cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Gme cÖ`vb Kivi Kvi‡Y G MÖš’wU GKwU cwic~Y© MÖš’ wn‡m‡e Zvi gh©v`v I ¸iæ‡Z¡ †cuŠQ‡Z mÿg

n‡q‡Q|37

Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wUi mswÿßKiY

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i)-Gi MÖš’wUi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i cieZ©x gbxlxMY G MÖš’wUi wKQy

mswÿßKiY Z_v ÔAvj-gyLZvQviÕ MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| wb‡¤œ Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv,

K. nvwdh kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) (g„Z 748 wn.) Zuvi I¯Ív` Avj-wgh&hx (i) cÖYxZ ÔZvn&hxeyj

KvgvjÕ MÖ‡š’i `ywU mswÿß MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| GK. Zvh&nxeyZ &-Zvn&hxe ( ىبمي تح التت بم ( ف | GwU eo

ai‡Yi GKwU mswÿßKiY| yB. Avj-Kvwkd ( ف (افل كفاشبم | GwU mswÿß ev †QvU ai‡Yi MÖš’|

L. Avj-Bgvg Aveyj ÔAveŸvm Avn&gv` Be&b mvÔC` Avj-ÔAvmKvix Avj-Avb`vikx (i) (g„Z 750

wn.) gyLZvmviæZ&-Zvn&hxe ( مختح تف فرتح التت بم) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU mswÿß MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib|

M. Avj-Bgvg kvgmyÏxb gynv¤§v` Be&b ÔAvjx Av`&-w`gvkKx Avj-nvwdh (i) (g„Z 765 wn.) AvZ&-

ZvhwKivn& dx wiRvwjj ÔAvkvi ( افلت كبمرفةتح بم ربمجفالبم ال فشفر) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU mswÿß MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|

N. Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) (g„Z 852 wn.) Zvn&hxeyj-Kvgvj MÖ‡š’i mswÿßKiY K‡i

bvgKiY K‡ib ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ ( تف بم تح التت بم ) | MÖš’wU cvVKgn‡j AZ¨šÍ mgv`„Z

n‡q‡Q|38

Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’i f~wgKvq e‡jb, Ônvwdh Avj-whg&hxi

ÔZvn&hxeyj-KvgvjÕ MÖš’wU AwZ g~jëvb; Z‡e MÖš’wU `xN© nIqvi Kvi‡b cvVKeM© Drmvn nvwi‡q †d‡jb

GRb¨ GwU mswÿß Ki‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Gi mswÿßKi‡Y K‡qKwU MÖš’ iwPZ nq| hv Dc‡i D‡jøL

Kiv n‡q‡Q| G me mswÿß MÖ‡š’ Mfxi „wó w`‡q †`Ljvg kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i) KZ©„K mswÿßiƒc

ÔAvj-KvwkdÕ bvgK MÖš’wUi eY©bv¸‡jv wk‡ivbvg AvKv‡i i‡q †M‡Q, hvi d‡j AviI wKQy Rvbvi AvMÖn

AZ…ß Ae¯’vq †_‡K hvq| Avevi Avh&-hvnvex (i) KZ©„K mswÿßK…Z MÖš’ ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’ `„wó

wbe× K‡i †`Ljvg †h, G‡Z eY©bvfw½ †ek `xN© Avi Zvn&hx‡ei AwaKvsk Av‡jvPbv AšÍf©y³ Kiv

nqwb| ewa©Z As‡k †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î aviYv I Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q A_ev


270

mnxn I hÔCd wbY©‡qi g~j wfwË wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv I mgv‡jvPbvg~jK gšÍe¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Gwo‡q hvIqv

n‡q‡Q| GQvov ÔZvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’ Ggb KwZcq bvg i‡q‡Q hv‡ì †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© MÖš’Kvi

Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ibwb| ïay AgyK †_‡K AgyK eY©bv K‡ib Zv‡Z AgyK eY©bv K‡ib Gi †ewk wKQyB ejv

nqwb; G‡Z KviI Ávb wccvmv wbeviY nq bv, †Kv‡bv m‡›`n `~wif~Z nq bv| Gme Kvi‡Y Avwg

Avjøvn& ZvvÔAvjvi wbKU Bw¯ÍLviv K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kijvg †h, Zvn&hxe MÖ‡š’i Ggb GK c×wZ‡Z

ms‡ÿc Kie, hv‡Z m¤ú~Y© gbc~Z nq, Avj-Rvi&n I AvZ&-ZvÔ`x‡ji DcKvix welqwU we‡klfv‡e jÿ

ivLv n‡e Ges Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv‡K mswÿß Kiv n‡e|39

ÔAvãym mvËvi Avk&-kvqL e‡jb,

و يم الكتاب ش ر من ن كر، واوصح من ان ش ر، قد بل عليو لاب الد ث وجمل ، وورد مناىلو ال ب 40 .ومن م ا ر ى ا الإمام الجليل. وىو حد ىشر كت الجرح والت د ل. الزا رة رجال ال لم و ئمتو

-ÔG MÖš’wU GZ g~jëvb hvi cÖwm× D‡jøL Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, Ges hv cÖPvi Kivi c~‡e©B AwaK

my¯úó| Gi cÖwZ nv`x‡Qi evnK I wkÿv_©xMY g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i‡Qb| myaxRb, gbxlx I BgvgMY Gi

eûj mywgó cvwbi Nv‡U AeZiY K‡i‡Qb| GwU Rvin& I ZvÕ`x‡ji me‡P‡q cÖwm× MÖš’ Ges G gnvb

Bgv‡gi Ab¨Zg †MŠi‡ei welq|Õ

ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖš’wU w`jøxi ÔnvRviÕ bvgK cÖKvkbv †_‡K 1891 wLª÷v‡ã gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq|

nvq`vivev‡ì wbRvwgqv †cÖm †_‡K 1325 wnRix mv‡j 12 L‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU 807

wnRix/1404-5 wLª÷v‡ã AvswkKfv‡e cwi®‹vi AbywjwcK…Z nvq`vivev` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| •eiƒ‡Zi

Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 1415 wnRix/1995 wLª÷v‡ã jvj-Kv‡jv i‡½i †jLvi mgš‡q 10 L‡Ð gyw`ªZ I

c ÖKvwkZ nq| G ms¯‹iYwUi Rve&Z I gvivwRÔAvn& K‡ib wm`&Kx Rvgxj Avj-ÔAvËvi| G ms¯‹iYwU

AZ¨šÍ cwi®‹vi I my›ì| hv †_‡K mn‡RB cvVK e¨w³M‡Yi Av‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cv‡ib|

O. Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx (i) Zuvi iwPZ ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ ( تف بم تح التت بم ) MÖš’wU‡K Avevi

ms‡ÿc K‡i Av‡iv GKwU MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| GwUi bvgKiY K‡ib, ÔZvK&ixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ تفق ربم تح )(التت بم | Gi ïiæ n‡”Q, دتح لله ال بمي رف ف ف بتف ف فل قبموبم عفلفى بتف بم دفرفجفاتبم .افل فم | AZtci wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvwg

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) (g„Z 742 wn./1341 wLª.) KZ©„K iwPZ ÔZvn&hxeyj KvgvjÕ MÖš’wU mswÿß K‡i

ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ ( تف بم تح التت بم ) MÖš’ iPbv Kwi| G‡Z ÔZvn&hxeÕ MÖ‡š’i D‡Ïk¨ ev Íevqb K‡iwQ

A_©vr Zv‡Z DwjøwLZ ivexM‡Yi Rxebx c„_K K‡iwQ|

MÖš’wU j‡ÿèŠ nvRvi †cÖm †_‡K 482 c„ôv m¤wjZ 1272 wLª÷v‡ã yL‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| w`jøx

†_‡K 1308-1320 wLª÷v‡ã 298 c„ôv m¤^wjZ gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| ÔAvj-gyMbxÕ bv‡g cvU`xKvmn

ÔZvKixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖš’wU cÖKvk K‡ib gynv¤§v` Be&b Zvwni Avj-evZ&bx| w`jøxi ÔnvRviÕ jvB‡eªix

1290 wLª÷v‡ã G MÖš’wU cÖKvk K‡i| Gi c„ôv msL¨v 348 wQj| w`jøx †_‡K 1320 wnRix mv‡j

cÖKvwkZ Aci bym&Lvi c„ôv msL¨v 198| hv 1398 wLª÷v‡ã ÔAvj-gyMbxÕ ÔZvK&ixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ-Gi

AbyKi‡Y cybtcÖKvwkZ nq| •eiƒ‡Zi Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 1425 wnRix/1995 wLª÷v‡ã `yL‡Ð

cÖKvwkZ nq|

Zvn&hxeyj Kvgvj MÖš’wUi ms¯‹iY


271

nvwdh Avj-wgh&hx (i) iwPZ ÔZvn&hxeyj KvgvjÕ MÖš’wU wewfbœ ms¯’v †_‡K eûevi gyw`ªZ I cÖKvwkZ

nq| Avgiv wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU ms¯‹iY Gi D‡jøL Kijvg|

K. G MÖš’wU w`jøxi ÔnvRviÕ bvgK cÖKvkbv †_‡K 1981 wLª÷v‡ã gyw`ªZ nq| nvq`vivev‡ì wbRvwgqv

†cÖm †_‡K 1325 wnRix mv‡j 12 L‡Ð gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU 807 wnRix/1404-5

wLª÷v‡ã AvswkKfv‡e cwi®‹vi AbywjwcK…Z nvq`vivev` †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|

L. W. evk&kvi ÔAvIqv` gvÔiƒd-Gi Zvn&KxKK…Z •eiƒ‡Zi gyÕAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn& †_‡K 1400

wnRix/1980 wLª÷v‡ã 35 L‡Ð cÖ_g ms¯‹iY gyw ªZ I cÖKvwkZ nq|

M. •eiƒ‡Zi Ô`viæj wdK&iÕ †_‡K 1494 wLª÷v‡ã 24 L‡Ð jvj-Kv‡jv is‡Mi Kvwjg Øviv gyw`ªZ I

cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU Zvn&KxK K‡ib kvqL Avn&gv` ÔAvjx Avex` I nvmvb Avn&gv` AvÔAv| Z_¨

ms‡hvRb K‡ib cÖ‡dmi W. mynvqj hvKvi|

Dcmsnvi

cwi‡k‡l G K_v ejv hvq, BDmyd Avj-wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb GK cÖw_Zhkv nv`xQwe`, nv`x‡Qi ivexi

mgv‡jvPK I ÔBjgyi-wiRv‡j GK we‡kl e¨w³Z¡| wZwb eû †`k I Rbc` ågY K‡i Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ

wel‡q Ávb AvniY K‡i wkÿKZvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| wkÿKZvi cvkvcvwk wZwb MÖš’ iPbvq

RMZ‡Rvov L¨vZx jvf K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’vejx Zuvi Áv‡bi MfxiZv cÖgvY K‡i| Zuvi iwPZ

MÖš’vejx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÔBjgyi-wiRvj welqK MÖš’ ÔZvn&hxeyj Kvgvj dx AvmgvBi wiRvjÕ me‡P‡q †ewk

cÖwmw× jvf K‡i| GwU ÔBjgyi wiRvj welqK MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ me©vwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨| hv cieZ©x hy‡Mi

gbxlxM‡Yi c_ cÖ`k©K| Zuvi iwPZ MÖš’wUi Ici wfwË K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx

(i) ÔZvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ I ÔZvK&ixeyZ&-Zvn&hxeÕ MÖš’ `ywU iPbv K‡ib| kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex (i)-Gi

GKwU gyLZvi iPbv K‡i bvgKiY K‡ib ÔgyLZvmviæ Zvnhxwej KvgvjÕ| ZvB ejv hvq BDmyd Avj-

wgh&hx (i) wQ‡jb ÔBjgyi wiRv‡j c_ cÖ`k©K, `ÿ, cÖwm×| Zuvi G Ae`vb gvbemgv‡R wPiKvj

¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh (•eiƒZ: `viæj ÔBjwgj gvjvCb, 2q ms¯‹iY, 1414 wn./1994 wLª.),

c„. 521| 2 Avj-wgh&hx ( افل مبمز بمى) : w`gvk‡Ki wgh&hvn& kn‡ii cÖwZ wbmevZ K‡i Zuv‡K ÔAvj-wgh&hxÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K|

3 Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avj-gvbnvjym& mvdx (•eiƒZ: Zv. we.), c„. 857; Be&b Zzj~b, Avj-KvjvBw`j RvInvwiq¨vn&

(cÖKvkbv ms¯’v D‡j øL wenxb, Zv. we.), c„. 329; ÔAvã yj Kvwì Avb&-byqvqgx, Av`&-`vwim dx ZvixwLj gv`vwim, 1g

LÐ, c„. 35; nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, 1402 wn./1982 wLª.), c„. 116; W. evk&kvi

AvIqv` gvÔiƒd, gyKvÏvgvZy Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: gyÕAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn&, 1406 wn./1985 wLª.), c„.

13; LvqiæÏxb Avh&-whivKjx (i) e‡jb, محمد بي الزكي ابن الد ن جمال الجاج، بو و ف، بن الرحمن عبد بن و ف الا ظ |ª. Avj-AvÔjvg, 8g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj ÔBjwgj gvjvCb, 15k ms¯‹iY, 2002 wLª.), c„. 236` .المزي الكلبي القضاعي

4 Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av`&-`yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ (nvq`vivev`: `vBivZzj gvÔAvwid, 1348 wn.), c„.

233| 5 Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avb&-bR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ (Kvq‡iv: `viæj KzZzwej wgkwiq¨vn&, 1350 wn.), c„. 76|


272

6 Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av &-`yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ, c„. 233; Bebyj ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ

(wgki: gvKZvevZzj Kz`&mx, 1350 wn.), c„. 136; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-evìæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ (Kvq‡iv:

gvZevÔAvZzm&-mvÔ`vn&, 1348 wn.), c„. 353; Zvk& Kzeiv hv`vn&, wgdZvûm& mvÔAv`vn&, 2q LÐ (nvq`vivev`: 1356

wn.), c„. 367; Be&b kvwKi, dvIqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 353; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mvKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvwZj

ÔAvivweq¨vn&, 1g LÐ (Kzg: gvbk~ivZ mvK&Zvevn& AvqvwZjøvn& Avj-AvÔhvgx, Zv. we.), c„. 300; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx,

ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb, و تمائ وخمس رب ن الآ ر ربي عاشر فى حل بظاىر ولد. `ª. Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avb&-byR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76|

7 Bebyj ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ, c„. 136; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-evìæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 353;

Zvk& Kzeiv hv`vn&, wgdZvûm& mvÔAv`vn&, 2q LÐ, c„. 367; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mvKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvwZj

ÔAvivweq¨vn&, 1g LÐ, c„. 300; W. evk&kvi AvIqv` gvÔiƒd e‡jb, التي القضاعي كل بيل لى رج الاصل عربي عائل .من الشامي البلاد ا تو نت . مبكرة ترة `ª. gyKvÏvgvZy Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 13|

8 ÔAviex fvl¨, ىت650 فالف ا مان ش الروض الغناا ن. `ª. AvZ&-ZvR Avj-gyKv¤§vj, c„. 480|

9 ÔAviex fvl¨, (دمشق ضواحي من )بالمزة واشأ `ª.Avj-AvÔjvg, 1g LÐ, c„. 13|

10 kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, Zv. we.), c„. 1498; kvgmyÏxb Avh&-

hvnvex, gyÔRvgyk kyq~L, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, Zv. we.), c„. 90; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av`&-`yiviæj

Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ, c„. 233; Zuvi cwievi wkÿv-`xÿvq mg„×kvjx wQj bv| hvi Kvi‡Y wZwb 21 eQi eq‡m cÖ_g

nv`x‡Qi `vi‡m emvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| hvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Be&b ÔAvwã`&-`vwqg, ÔAvjøvgv Kvigvbx, Be&b Aveyj BDmyd

(i) cÖgy‡Li b¨vq we‡klÁ gynvwÏ‡Qi wbKU `vim kªeY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|

`ª. gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 14; Avqvbyj Avmi, 12k LÐ, c„. 123; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx,

ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521| 11

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 14; Be&b ivRve, hvqjy ZvevKvwZj nvbvwejvn&, 2q LÐ (wgki: gvKZvevZzm&-

mybœvwZj gynv¤§vw`q¨vn&, 1272 wn.), c„. 351; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av`&-`yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 5g LÐ, c„. 233;

Be&b KvQxi, Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn&, 1985 wLª.), c„. 191; Bebyj

ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ, c„. 136; Be&b bvwmi, Avi-ivÏyj Iqvwdi (wgki: gvZevÔAvn& Kzw`©¯’vb Avj-

Bmjvwgq¨vn&, 1329 wn.), c„. 128; ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx, ZvevKvZzk&-kvwdq¨vn&, 6ô LÐ (wgki: gvZevÔAvZzj

ûmvqwbq¨vn&, 1g ms¯‹iY, Zv. we.), c„. 251; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-evìæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 353;

kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1498; nvRx Ljxdv‏, Kvkdzh& hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 116;

BmgvÔCj evkv, nvw`qvZzj ÔAvwidxb, 2q LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, 1402 wn./1982 wLª.), c„. 556; gyKvÏvgvn&

Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 17; Kvj© eªæK¨vjg¨vb, ZvixLyZ&-ZzivwQj ÔAvivex, 2q LÐ, c„. 75| 12

RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 29; kvgmyÏxb Avh&-

hvnvex (i) e‡jb, بأماكن المشي وولي ورجالو، الد ث علم لي ا بق ما وم ضلات مشكلات و وضح مجالس و ملى لن سو رج .الأشر ي الدار من ا

`ª. ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1499; ÔDgvi wihv Kvn&nvjvn (i) e‡jb, ن وعشر ن لاثا الاشر ي الد ث دار وولي .وا ا

`ª. gyÔRvgyj gyAvwjødxb, 12k LÐ (•eiƒZ: gyÕAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn&, 1g ms¯‹iY, 1414 wn./1993 wLª.), c„. 208| 13

Avm&-mvdv`x, Avj-Iqvdx, 12k LÐ, c„. 128; Avb&-byqvBgx, `vwim, 1g LÐ, c„. 59; gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g

LÐ, c„. 28-29| 14

ÔZvnhxeyj KvgvjÕ MÖ‡š’i gyKvÏvgvq ewY©Z Av‡Q,


273

ت )ال ىبي الد ن شمس والمحد المؤر و ما ،(734 ت )الي تحمفري الناس يد ابن الد ن و تح ،(728 ت )الراني يمي ابن الا لام شيخ عاظم تخرج وبو. وغيرىم( 756 ت )السبكي الد ن قي ال لام والإمام مرة، غير الب اري ص يح عنو و ،(694 ) ن منو ( 748 الد ن وصلاح ،(744 ت )الهادي عفب د ب ن اا عفب د بو الد ن وشمس ،(739 ت )البرزالي الد ن علم: علام م من والمؤر والمحد الرواة عماد والشيخ ،(774 ت )السلامي را ابن الد ن و قي ،( 762 ت )الن ي مغلطاي الد ن وعلاا ،(761 ت )ال لائي كيكلدي بن ليل .ذكرىم طول و لق ،(774 ت )ص ره كثير ابن الد ن

ª. Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 30|

15 Be&b ZvMix evi`x, Avb-byh~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76|

16 Avm&-mvdv`x, Avj-Iqvdx, 2q LÐ, c„. 164|

17 kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1497; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„.

521| 18

kvgmyÏxb Avh&-hvnvex, ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, 4_© LÐ, c„. 1497; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„.

521| 19

LvqiæÏxb whivKjx, Avj-AvÔjvg, 8g LÐ, c„. 236| 20

gyÔRvgyk&-kyq~L, 2q LÐ, c„. 90| 21

kvgmyÏxb Aveyj gvnvmxb ûmvqbx, hvqjy ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 229| 22

ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx, ZvevKvZzk& kvwdq¨vn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 395| 23

Avb-byR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76| 24

Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ, c„. 204; Be&b ZvMix evi`x (i) e‡jb, ص ر عشر ثانى فى بدمشق ومات.

`ª. Avb-byR~gyh&-hvwnivn&, 10g LÐ, c„. 76; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx (i) e‡jb, م السبت ثانى عشر ص ر ن ا نت مفاتف تفو .و رب و ب مائ

`ª. ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521| 25

AvZ&-ZvR Avj-gyKv¤§vj, c„. 481| 26

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 33; Be&b KvQxi (i) Zuvi Bwš ÍKvj m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,

ف رتحوحتحوتح تحببمضفت بم، بتف فوتح ال لاف تف مف ااتح رفحمبم ف السب تبم تفو نيبم لف ف، بمل كف ف بميزتحهتح تح كبمن تفلفم صف فر، عفشفرف ثاف عشر ثالث الأحد وم الغد مبمنف كفانف تفلفما الليت لج فامبم بم عفلفي وبم وفصتحل بميف وفكتح بمنف غسل اليوم، ذلك صبي ص ر ، بابم تحمفوبمي بم فع يفانتح ال قتحضفاةتح وفحفضفرف الأ ئبمقتح وفالأ نف لاف وف فلاف ثت رفة، يحتح فو فنفازف بموبم وف تحربمجف كف ببم مبمن بم باف

ئبم تح وف فرفجف الن ربم، فمبميرتح السل طفنف بم ف ، دبم وفانتح وفمف فوتح نبغا الد ن علاا الأ ر بم وفكفا بم تح وفال احبم تح السل طفانبم رتحىتحم الس بم تحمفرفاابم، مبمنف وفغفيت ا الأ فاربمجف عفلفي وبم ف فلو ببم ي عفلفي وبم فم تحم الن ربم، باف .الشا بم بمي السب كبمي الد بم نبم فقبمي ال قفاضبم

`ª. Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ, c„. 204| 27

Be&b KvQxi, Avj-we`vqvn& Iqvb&-wbnvqvn&, 14k LÐ, c„. 204; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Av &- yiviæj Kvwgbvn&, 4_©

LÐ, c„. 135; Be&b kvwKi KzZex, Avj-dvIqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 353; Be&b Kvhx kvnev, ZvevKvZ, c„. 119-120; Be&b

ZvMix evi`x, Avj-gvbnvjym&-mvdx, c„. 857-858; Bebyj ÔBgv`, kvhvivZzh&-hvnve, 6ô LÐ, c„. 136-137; Avm&-

mvdv`x, Avqvbyj Avmvi, 12k LÐ, c„. 123-124; RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; gynv¤§v` Avk&-

kvIKvbx, Avj-evìæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 253-254; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mvKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvwZj ÔAvivweq¨vn&,

1g LÐ, c„. 300; AvZ&-ZvR Avj-gyKv¤§vj, c„. 480; Dgvi wihv Kvn&nvjvn (i) e‡jb,

. يمي ابن صاحبو بر غربي ال و ي قابر ود ن ص ر، 12 بدمشق و و

`ª. gyÔRvgyj gyAvwjødxb, 12k LÐ, c„. 208|


274

28

Be&b kvwKi KzZex, Avj-dvIqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 355; gynv¤§v` Avk&-kvIKvbx, Avj-evìæZ&-ZvjxÔ, 2q LÐ, c„. 353;

RvjvjyÏxb Avm&-myq~Zx, ZvevKvZzj ûd&dvh, c„. 521; W. evk&kvi gvÔiƒd e‡jb,

مقدم ( ): الست ص اب ومؤل ات لواحق من لي ا ضاف بل ذكر ، كما الست الكت على يو قت ر لم المزي ن ذلك لى ضاف الشمائل كتاب (د). لو الجام كتاب آ ر ال ي وىو للترم ي، ال لل كتاب (ج). داود لابي المرا يل كتاب (ب). مسلم ص يح

.للنسائي وليل وم عمل كتاب (ه ). ضا للترم ي`ª. gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 28-29|

29 Avm&-mvdv`x, Avj-Iqvdx, 2q LÐ, c„. 164; ZvRyÏxb Avm&-myeKx, ZvevKvZzk kvdÔCq¨vn&, 9g LÐ, c„. 105; Be&b

kvwKi, DqybyZ&-ZvIqvixL, c„. 86; hviKvkx, DKy`yR&-wRgvb, c„. 79; gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 18| 30

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 26; Be&b kvwKi KzZex, dvIqvZzj IqvdBqvZ, 4_© LÐ, c„. 355| 31

Avj-AvÔjvg, 8g LÐ, c„. 236| 32

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 15| 33

Z‡è 34

nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 117; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mviKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 300;

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 53| 35

nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 117; Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Zvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxe, 1g LÐ, c„. 4;

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 53; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mviKxm e‡jb,

و اا ته الت ثم ا ت ره و اه قر الت . لخس منو ابن حجر ال سقلاني وزاد عليو شيئا كثيرا`ª. gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 300|

36 nvRx Ljxdvn&, Kvkdzh&-hyb~b, 1g LÐ, c„. 117; BDmyd Avj-Bqvb mviKxm, gyÔRvgyj gvZeyÔAvZ, 1g LÐ, c„. 300;

W. evk&kvi AvIAv` gvÔiƒd e‡jb, 923 ن الأفا اربمي الخزرجي ال ليم عبد بن الخير فبي ب ن اابم عفبد ب ن فحم فد الد ن ص ي ام .بالروف الأف اا ب يد او و ائد و الرجال، اا الكمال ىي لاص "الم روف بكتابو بتل ي و

`ª. gyKvÏvgvn& Zvnhxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 53| 37

gyKvÏvgvn& Zvn&hxwej Kvgvj, 1g LÐ, c„. 17-18| 38

c~‡e©v³, 1g LÐ, c„. 13| 39

Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx, Zvn&hxeyZ&-Zvn&hxe, 1g LÐ (•eiƒZ: `viæj wdK&i, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY, 1415 wn./1995

wLª.), c„. 7| 40

ÔAve`ym&-mvËvi Avk&-kvqL, Avj-nvwdh Be&b nvRvi Avj-ÔAvmKvjvbx Avgxiæj-gyÕwgbxb wdj-nv`xQ (w`gvk&K:

`viæj-Kvjvg, 2q ms¯‹iY, 1423 wn./2002 wLª.), c„. 444|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvix Pwi‡Îi mgvRev¯ÍeZv

W. †gv. Avwgiæ¾vgvb

Abstract: The renowned playwright Selim Al Deen has dramatically represented a

patriarchal social system. From an ancient time in this land of Bengal a woman's life

has been controlled by the doctrines of patriarchy within the frame of her family and

society. The socio-economic conditions of women could never strengthen It's position

within this dominant power of control and along with these various dimensions of social

violence towards women can be observed. The type of women's society has been

depicted in Selim Al Deen's plays also contains extreme violence and intimidation

towards women. Women from different classes and occupations are characterised in

drama scripts of Selim Al Deen. These characters of women in his plays from different

classes and occupations of life are the representatives of women of this land. By

obtaining the socio-geographic realities these characters of women are immaculately

sketched by the playwright in his plays. These plays inherently represent the diversified

conditions of women in the society - where social problems and conflicts reveal

overall conditions and existences of these women characters. Objective of this essay is to

analyse the social manner and problems within the reflected social realities of these

women characters of Selim Al Deen's plays.

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cyiæ‡li DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖvß welqm¤úwËi Ask : cÖ_‡g wcZvi, c‡i ¯vgxi|Õ3

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bvixiv AwaKvskB wb¤œwe‡Ëi bvix Ñ hv‡ì mvgvwRK-A_©‣bwZK wbivcËvi Afve bvU‡K Zxeªfv‡e dz‡U

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mvgvwRKfv‡e Zv‡ì Ae¯’vbI AZ¨šÍ `ye©j|

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277

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ci‡jv‡K cwZB me Ñ mbvZb a‡g©i GB aviYv mZx`vn cÖ_vi †cQ‡b Kvh©Ki wQ‡jv| GQvov cyiæ‡li

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Avj `x‡bi •heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡K mZx`v‡ni GKwU †jvgnl©K wPÎ cvIqv hvq| evgb cvovi

B›`yVvKz‡ii †e․gv fevbxi ¯^vgx gviv †M‡j fevbx‡K wPZvq IVv‡bv nq| wPZv †_‡K Aa©‡cvov kixi

wb‡q †`․u‡o cvjv‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K a‡i G‡b †Rvi K‡i cywo‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq| bvUKwU‡Z mZx`v‡ni

bv‡g bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi exfrm eY©bv cvIqv hvq:

fevbxi Kvc‡o Av¸b a‡i hvq, GK Zxÿè AvZ©bv‡` mnmv Av¸b †_‡K †ewo‡q Av‡m| e‡j, bv bv Avwg

cvi‡ev bv †Mv Avwg wPZvi Av¸‡b cyo‡Z cvigy bv| VvKzi PxrKvi K‡i, a‡iv A‡i a‡iv| ... AmZxi

ev”Pv, wPZv †_‡K ZzB cvjvwe bv Avgvi esk gRvwe| IB hv mvay, aBiv Avb aBiv Avb|6

•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki K_vcy‡”Q bvU¨Kvi D‡jøL K‡ib, GB K_vbv‡Uï cÖ_g L‡Ði †cÖÿvcU


278

Aóv`k kZK| GB mg‡q fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ AÂ‡j mZx`vn cÖ_vi e¨vcK cÖPjb wQ‡jv Rvbv hvq|

1757 mv‡ji cjvkxi hy‡×i ci †_‡K 1829 wLª÷v‡ã mZx`vn wbwl× AvBb cvk nIqv ch©šÍ cÖvq

70000 mZx`vn n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|7 Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h, †mmg‡q †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv bvix

†m¦”Qvq mZx n‡Zv ev wPZvi Av¸‡b Svuc w`‡Zv Ñ wKš‘ Awb”QzK weaev‡K kv‡¯¿i †`vnvB w`‡q bZzev

Ab¨‡Kv‡bv Dcv‡q GKevi ivwR Kwi‡q Zvici †m gi‡Z bv PvB‡jI †Rvi K‡i cywo‡q gviv n‡Zv|8

fevbxi †ÿ‡ÎI Abyiƒc NUbv N‡U‡Q| Gai‡bi wbôyi cÖ_vi g‡a¨ w`‡q wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ

mwnsm AvPi‡Yi wbg©g cÖwZdjb jÿ Kiv hvq|

L. †hŠZzK I cYcÖ_v

†h․ZzK I cYcÖ_v GZ`&Â‡ji wbZ¨‣bwgwËK NUbv| †h․ZzK I c‡Yi Kvi‡Y eû bvix wbh©vwZZ I

wbg©gfv‡e wbM„nxZ nq| GK mgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`‡k ïay †h․Zz‡Ki Rb¨B 29% bvix

wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nb|9 †mwjg Avj `x‡bi A‡bK bvU‡K †h․Zz‡Ki cvkweKZv I cYcÖ_vi bvbv w`K

cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| evmb bvU‡Ki •KZixi Rxe‡bi KiæY cwiYwZi Ab¨Zg KviY †h․ZzK| •KZix

PwiÎwU evOvwj mgv‡Ri ga¨ I wb¤œweË cwiev‡ii wbh©vwZZ M„nea~i cÖwZ”Qwe| †h․Zz‡Ki UvKv w`‡Z

AcviMZvi Kvi‡Y msmvi cwiZ¨³ GB bvix AvZ¥nZ¨vi ga¨ w`‡q Rxe‡bi gyw³ †Lvu‡R| bvix PwiÎ

A¼‡b GB bvUKwU‡Z bvU¨Kvi mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U bvix Rxe‡bi Aeg~j¨vq‡bi wbg©g iƒcwUB Zz‡j

a‡i‡Qb|

nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki †j`b Pwi‡Îi g‡aÏ †`Lv hvq †h․Zz‡Ki †jvf i‡q‡Q| †Kej UvKvi Kvi‡Y †m

we‡q Ki‡Z ivwR nq| †j`‡bi K‡_vcK_‡b welqwU my¯úó:

weqv Ki‡Z AvcwË bvB, hw` mZ¨B wKQz †Uuqv wg‡jÑ Avi †k‡l hw` weqv Kwi †`wL †h, kx‡c gv¯‘i

ABb; Zv AB‡jÑ ?10

†j`‡bi UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb Avi we‡q Ki‡j UvKv cvIqv hvq cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡Ui Ggb

gvbwmKZvB Zvi `„wófw½i ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GKB bvU‡K Pz°zbxi †ÿ‡Î D‡ëv NUbv

cwijwÿZ nq| Pz°zbx‡K we‡q Ki‡Z Pz°bxi wcZv‡KB cvuPkZ UvKv cY †`q †Ljvab| †Ljva‡bi

msmv‡i Av‡iv ywU eD Av‡Q Ñ G Kvi‡Y Zvi mv‡_ gwgb gvwS Kb¨v‡K we‡q w`‡Z ivwR bvI n‡Z

cv‡i aviYv K‡i Pz°zbxi wcZv‡K cvuPkZ UvKvi †jvf †`Lvq †m| Av‡Mi c‡ÿi ywU ¯¿x _vKv m‡Ë¡I

Z…Zxq ¯¿x wn‡m‡e UvKvi †jv‡f gwgb gvwS †g‡q‡K c‡Yï g‡Zv GKcÖKvi wewµ K‡i| cÖfvekvjx

wKsev a~Z© we‡q cvMj e¨w³i GKvwaK we‡qi mgq `wi`ª †g‡qi evev‡K UvKv cY †Ìqvi Ggb

Am½Z `„k¨ mgv‡R weij bq |

e„nËi gqgbwms‡ni mwLcyi AÂ‡j AL¨vZ jyßcÖvq b„-†Mvôx gv›`vB‡ì emevm| gv›`vB‡ì mvgvwRK

cÖ_v‡Z we‡q Ki‡Z n‡j †g‡qi cwievi bq eis †Q‡j‡K cY w`‡Z nq| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi ebcvsïj

bvU‡K Ggb mvgvwRK cÖ_v †`Lv hvq| G bvU‡K †gNjvj gvjwZ‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨ wZbkZ UvKv cY

†`q| Ab¨w`‡K lv‡UvaŸ© e„‡×i mv‡_ mywKi we‡q‡ZI nvRvi UvKv cY wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv| †h

Kvi‡Y AKvj •eae¨ I kvixwiK-gvbwmK wech©¯Í Ae¯’v mywKi Rxe‡bi wba©vwiZ djvdj| GLv‡b

c‡Yi wewbg‡q msMwVZ n‡q‡Q GK Amg weevn Ges Gi dj¯îƒc mywKi Rxe‡b †b‡g G‡m‡Q wbg©g

eÂbv| gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡RI cYcÖ_v I mvgvwRK wewaeë¯’vq bvix A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB wbM„nxZ| †mwjg

Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K GmKj NUbvcÖev‡ni †fZi w`‡q wewfbœ RvwZ-†Mvôx I AÂ‡ji bvixi mgvR

Rxe‡bi m~² eë‡”Q` jÿ Kiv hvq|


279

M. eûweevn

bvixi cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi GKwU e‡ov mgm¨v n‡jv cyiæ‡li eûweevn| wn›`y, gymwjg Dfq

m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨B eûweev‡ni †iIqvR ag© I mgvR m¤§Z| Bmjvg a‡g© GKm‡½ Pvi we‡q Aby‡gv`b

Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K wn›`y a‡g©i weavb g‡Z Kzjx‡b Kb¨v m¤úª`v‡bi weavb wQ‡jv| GKvi‡Y eqm

†hgbB †nvK GK eªvþY kZ kZ bvix we‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| `ya‡g©B eûweev‡ni weavb _vKvq evOvwj

mgv‡R eûweevn GKwU ¯^vfvweK mvaviY NUbv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|11

eûweev‡ni Pj GLb ch©šÍ

gymjgvb m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖej| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡KI AmsL¨ eûweev‡ni D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|

nvZn`vB bvU‡K gvRy` †RvZ`v‡ii yB ¿xi K_v D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| G bvU‡Ki •ZqeyjøviI yB ¿x hv‡ì

g‡a¨ GKRb‡K mv¤úvb †_‡K jyU K‡i †Rvic~e©K we‡q K‡iwQj †m| GQvov Pz°zbx wQ‡jv †Ljva‡bi

Z…Zxq ¿x| Pz°zbxi Rxe‡bi wbg©g cwiYwZi gyL¨ KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq Ggb Am½Z we‡q| ¯vgx

mZx‡bi AgvbweK wbh©vZ‡bi Kvi‡Y Pz°ybxi msmvi webó n‡j Zvi g‡a¨ welqwU †h cÖfve •Zwi K‡i Zv

Zv‡K A¯vfvweK I weK…Z c‡_ †U‡b wb‡q †M‡Q| hvi djvdj wn‡m‡e AKvj g„Zz¨ Zvi Rxe‡bi KiæY

cwiYwZ e‡q G‡bwQ‡jv| ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki jyrdi gv÷v‡ii †RvZ`vi `v`vi yB eD-Gi K_v Rvbv

hvq| †KivgZg½j bvU‡Ki wgRv©iI `yB ¯¿x Ges avegvb bvU‡Ki Bgvg mv‡n‡ei wZb ¿xi cÖm½

bvU‡K D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK GmKj wewfbœ cÖ_v I †iIqv‡Ri Kvi‡Y bvixi cvwievwiK I mvgwRK

Rxeb AZ¨šÍ †kvPYxq| eûweevn g~jZ bvixi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi I gh©v`v‡K Le© K‡i| GKB mv‡_ bvixi

cÖwZ mwnsmZvi c_‡KI D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i| Pz°zbx PwiÎwU hvi Ab¨Zg D`vniY|

N. †hŠbe„wË

evsjvi bMi Rxe‡bi Acms¯‥…wZ I cyiæ‡li Dk„•Lj Rxe‡bi †fvM-jvjmvi R‡b¨ bvix‡K †h․bKgx©

evbv‡bvi †Póv mgv‡R cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K AeëwnZfv‡e P‡j G‡m‡Q| weªwUk kvmbvg‡j Dwbk kZ‡K

†KvjKvZv bZzb ivRavbx-bMi wn‡m‡e mg„× n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j GB kn‡i bvix cvPvi I AcniY K‡i

eviewbZv evbv‡bvi Ac‡Póv †e‡o hvq|12

wek kZK Ges GB GKzk kZ‡KI evsjv‡`‡k bvbv‡K․k‡j

bvix‡K †h․bK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ Kiv n‡”Q| GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡k 27% bvix

`vwi‡ ªï Kvi‡Y, 42% bvix wewµ n‡q, 7% bvix †¯^”Qvq, 11% bvix cwZZvj‡q Rb¥ †bqvi Kvi‡Y

Ges 8% bvix Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK I gb ÍvwË¡K Kvi‡Y cwZZve„wË‡Z Avm‡Qb|13

A_©vr, `vwi`ª¨ bZzev

cÖZvwiZ n‡q wewµ nevi Kvi‡Y GKwU e‡ov msL¨K bvix †h․bK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q| Ggb

mgvR ev¯ÍeZvq †mwjg Avj `x‡bi †ek K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvU‡K bvixi †h․be„wË Ges Gi †cQ‡bi

KiæY Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|

Pz°zbx nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki GK fvM¨ weow¤Z Ae‡nwjZ bvix| GKvwaK weevn Avi wbcxo‡bi g‡aÏ

Pz°zbx msmvi Rxe‡bi g‡a¨ w ’Z n‡Z †P‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cyiæl kvwmZ mgv‡R cÖwZwbqZ Zvi Avkvf½ nq|

ZvB msmvi Rxe‡bi eÂbvq †m †µva I N„Yvq cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Amvg¨wfwËK mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv| g~jZ

cÖ_vMZ Ro `k©‡bi weiæ‡× GK wech© Í mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U †m ’vcb K‡i‡Q †K›` ªvwfgyL gvbweK

mZ¨‡K| Pz°zbx ZvB evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Zï GK ¯§iYxq cÖwZev`|14

Pz°zbxi cÖ_g msmvi †U‡Kwb|

wØZxqevi Z„Zxq ¿x wn‡m‡e †h †Ljva‡bi Kv‡Q cvuPkZ UvKvq wcZv Zv‡K wewµ K‡i †`q †m msmv‡iI

Pz°ybx wbM„nxZ nq| Zvi cÖwZ ïiæ nq AgvbweK kvixwiK wbh©vZb| Ggb exfrm AwfÁZv Zvi g‡a¨

mgvR msmv‡ii Dci Zxeª N„Yvi D‡ ªK K‡i‡Q| Avbvi fvÐvwi Zv‡K Ni-msmvi fvOvi cÖm‡½ K_v ej‡j

Pz°zbx e‡jÑ ÔNi? _yK _yK N‡ii gvB‡a!Õ15

†Ljva‡bi msmv‡i wbcxob mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wcZvi M„‡n


280

wd‡i G‡j †mLv‡bI Zvi w ’Zve ’v •Zwi nqwb| wbh©vZK †Ljva‡bi msmv‡i wd‡i hvevi Rb¨ cïi g‡Zv

Pz°zbxi nvZcv †eu‡a ivLv nq| †m evuab †K‡U cvwj‡q hvq wKš‘ wcZ…M„n †_‡K cvwj‡q Av‡iK wbg©g

ev ÍeZvi mvg‡b `vuov‡Z nq Pz°zbx‡K| Lv`¨, e ¿, evm ’v‡bi cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q mgv‡Ri KwZcq

¯v_©v‡šlx gvbyl Zv‡K fvmgvb †h․bKgx©‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| g„Zzï c~‡e© gv‡qi Kv‡Q Pz°zbx eY©bv K‡i:

†Rvqv‡i fvwm †h †`‡k †MwQ, †m †`‡k Lvwj ivBÿm, Av¸‡bi ÔjyqvÕ Ô†avqvÑ †Mjv‡m i³ Lvq|

AvLvDovi kvgmy, weQiv evRv‡ii nvBÄy Kq, _vK _vK ivRivYx Kwi ivLyg †Zv‡i|16

Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Zvi GB AwfÁZv I mvgvwRK eÂbv Zv‡K `ywe©bxZ K‡i‡Q| g„Zzï gyn~‡Z© ZvB Zv‡K

¯§„wZ, †e`bv I †µv‡a Db¥Ë n‡q DV‡Z †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ †m mvnmx n‡qI Rxebhy‡× civwRZ bvix|

Z_vwc Zvi KÉ †_‡K D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`| G cÖm‡½ mgv‡jvPK D‡jøL

K‡i‡Qb:

g„Zy¨ c_hvÎx Pz°zbxi Rxeb hš¿Yv ïay weeY© mgv‡Ri iæMœ `kv‡KB Zz‡j a‡iwb, †mB m‡½ cÖwZev‡ì

fvlv‡KI Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| ... †hLv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g bvixiv wbh©vwZZ nq, †mLv‡bI bvix‡ì Ic‡i Pvwc‡q

†`qv nq KwíZ cv‡ci †evSv| bvix ïay bvix nevi Aciv‡aB mvgvwRK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi| bvix‡K ejv

nq, Ae¨³ I AùzU| wKš‘ Py°zbx AùzU I Ae¨³ bq| G ai‡bi PwiÎ evsjv bvU‡K weij|17

†h fvmgvb Rxeb Pz°zbx‡K webvk K‡iwQj †mB c‡_i Rxeb •heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki Kvwj›`x‡KI

c_åó K‡i Ñ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i fvmgvb †h․bKgx©‡Z| Kvwj›`x ïiæ‡Z wcZvi M„nPz¨Z Ges †k‡l

Avjv‡ji cÖewÂZ msmvi cwiZ¨vM K‡i †b․Kvq `my¨‡ì nv‡Z jyU nq| Zvici nvZe`‡j nvZe`‡j

iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z eva¨ nq wewfbœ f~-¯^vgx‡ì †h․b`vmx‡Z| d‡j G bvU‡K GKRb bvix‡K mvgv‡Ri

AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi bvbv ¯Í‡i evievi cw¼jZvi g‡a¨ †V‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| g~jZ, bvixi cvwievwiK-

mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb Aw ’wZkxj Ges agv©ÜZvi wbqg-bxwZ‡Z evuav| ZeyI Kvwj›`xi Rxe‡bi wbišÍi

msMÖvg I Ab¨v‡qi Kv‡Q gv_v bZ bv Kiv „p‡PZv g‡bvfw½ Ges AvZ¥nb‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi cÖ_g R‡b¥i

mie cÖ¯’vb cÖPwjZ mgvR I ag©vÜZvi weiæ‡× bvixi GK ¯§iYxq msNvZ|

ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki g½wj PwiÎwU Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y †h․be„wË †e‡Q †bq| mgv‡Ri mK‡j Zv‡K AeÁv K‡i

Gwo‡q Pj‡jI g½wji A_v©Mg‡bi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c_ †bB| g½wji ¯vgx wfUv `L‡ji jovB‡q wbiæ‡Ïk

nevi ci †m evOvwj gnvRb‡ì AvbyK~j¨ cvq kixi wewµ K‡i| GB †ckv Zvi †¯”QvK…Z bq

Awb”QvK…Z| RvZ, ag©, mgvR, msmvi Gm‡ei ZvB †Kv‡bv A_© †bB g½wji Kv‡Q| Rxe‡bi Ggb Øvw›ØK

cwiw ’wZ‡Z D‡cvm g½wj mywK‡K e‡j:

...MZ‡ii w`K Pvq kig K‡i| Dcvm Kvcvm gv‡b bv| •ea‡eï Qvqv c‡o bv| gi gi gi| ... bv| Avwg wfÿv

Davi wKQyB wbgy bv w`w`| iƒc Av‡Q MZi †eBPv Lvgy| GB RvZUv‡i _y| ZgvM‡i _y| MZi †ePzg| n n| n

w`w` \18

†Kej Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y †h g½wj †h․bZv wewµ K‡i †m mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q A”Qyr bó bvix wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z|

gv›`vB‡ì cylywiqv Drm‡ei Avb‡›` ZvB Zvi AskMÖnY mvgvwRKfv‡e wbwl×| GB mvgvwRK eë¯’vw`

g½wj‡ì my¯’ bZzb Rxe‡b cybe©vmbI †hgb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Avevi GK cO&w³‡Z AvmbI w`‡Z cv‡i

bv| DfqgyLx GK msK‡Ui †fZ‡i g½wj Pwi‡Îi mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi cÖK…Z ¯iƒc Abyaveb Kiv hvq|

wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡Ki ebkÖx †h․be„wËi KzrwmZ Rxeb †Q‡o hvÎv`‡j †hvM †`q| wKš‘ †mLv‡bI Zv‡K

†Rvi K‡i mgv‡Ri KwZcq ÿgZvai e¨w³‡ì kixixm½ w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq| hvÎv`‡ji gvwjK

my‡eva †Nv‡li ûKz‡g Awf‡bÎx bbxevjv‡KI ivZ KvUv‡Z nq kwdK †Pqvig¨v‡bi m‡½| g~jZ,


281

hvÎvwfbq‡ckvi g‡aÏ †h․be„wËi Abyiƒc RxebB wd‡i G‡m‡Q ebkÖxi Kv‡Q| nvZ n`vB bvU‡K

k¨vwjKv Av¼yix‡K †`L‡Z hvevi c‡_ nvgv©‡ì Nv‡U Avbvi fvÐvwii mv‡_ Rj‡ek¨v‡ì mvÿvr N‡U|

nvg©v‡ì Nv‡Ui mwLbv L‡Ïi Avbvi‡K e‡jÑ ÔwVK Av‡Q †`wL jb GKeviÑ †`wL jb| wb‡ivM kixi,

gvÎ bvBgwQ †Mj †evQ‡ii iv‡U ( ywf©‡ÿ)|Õ19

g~jZ Afv‡ei my‡hvM wb‡q G bvix‡K †h․bK‡g©i c‡_

cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv KvD‡K †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q A_ev cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g

wewµ K‡i †h․bKv‡R eva¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q bZzev Afv‡ei my‡hvM wb‡q mgv‡Ri ÿgZvkvjxiv bvix‡K

†h․b`vmx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| µ‡g mgvR-msmvi Py¨Z G mKj bvix ¯’vqxfv‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q fvmgvb

†h․bKgx©‡Z|

O. AcniY I †hŠb wbcxob

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ AmsL¨ †h․b wbcxo‡bi wPÎ jÿ Kiv hvq| †g․wLK KU~w³,

cÖ‡jvfb, cÖZviYv, AcniY ev jyÉb bvbvfv‡e GB †h․bnqivwb msMwVZ n‡q‡Q| DcišÍy al©‡Yi g‡Zv

ee©i mvgvwRK †kvl‡Yi AmsL¨ wPÎI D‡V G‡m‡Q †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZw`b

bvbv-eqmx bvbv †ckvi AmsL¨ bvix †h․b nqivwbi wkKvi nq| GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv †M‡Q,

evsjv‡`‡k M‡o cÖvq cÖwZw`b Kgc‡ÿ yBRb bvix al©‡Yi wkKvi nb|20

AcniY, jyÉb, al©Y,

MYal©Y cÖf…wZ Aciva bvixi gvbweK Aw Í‡Z¡i msKU‡K Av‡iv fqveniƒc w`‡q‡Q| GB wbg©g

mvgvwRK m‡Zï cÖwZdjb bvbvfv‡e †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ|

¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡Ki wZwm †R‡j cvovi †g‡q| wZwmi ¯^vgx gvQ ai‡Z wM‡q wb‡LvuR n‡j eveyj gnvRb

†mB my‡hvM †bq| ¯^vgxi †LvuR G‡b †`‡e e‡j Uªjv‡i Zz‡j wb‡q hvq| mgy`ª †gvnbvi Zx‡i GK †Mvcb

N‡i GKgvm AvU‡K †i‡L al©Y Kiv nq wZwm‡K| gvmvwaKKvj gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvc‡bi ci cvwj‡q

Av‡m †m wKš‘ GB †h․b wbcxob wZwmi g‡a¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e GKwU weiƒc Qvc †i‡L hvq| bvU¨Kv‡ii

eY©bvq wZwmi AmnvqZ¡ Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e:

mgy‡`ªi K_v ïb‡jB wZwmi †PvL e‡ov n‡q †hZ| eveyj gnvRb ¯^vgxi †kvK gv‡b bvBÑ Zvi AmnvqZ¡

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iU‡Z †`qwb weaev gv|21

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c‡o bvixi ¯^vaxbZv| mvuSgvjvi cÖwZI ewnR©M‡Zi ¯^vaxb Pjv‡divq wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv nq|

bvU‡K †`Lv hvq Gai‡bi cvwicvwk¦©K cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mvuSgvjvi PvPx wnRywj mvuSgvjv‡K e‡jÑ ÔgvI

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bv|Õ22

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282

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Zvi i‡q‡Q|23

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ebkªxI mgvR msmv‡i GKRb cÖewÂZ bvix| cÖ_g Rxe‡b †h․bcjøxi †g‡q wnmv‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv

mvgvwRK cwiPq wQ‡jv bv Ñ Avevi hvÎvwf‡bÎx †ckvqI GKB Ae¯’v-Ae¯’vb cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq|

ebkªxi wewfbœ msjv‡c †evSv hvq hvÎv`‡ji †g‡qiv mvgvwRKfv‡e †hgb wbM„nxZ †Zgwb mgv‡Ri

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KvUv‡Z nq bbxevjv‡K Ñ bvMicy‡ii †g¤i‡ì Kv‡Q ebkªx‡KI `yw`b _vK‡Z nq Ñ GQvov Awb”Qv

m‡Ë¡I g` †L‡q bvP‡Z nq B`y K›Uªv±‡ii mvg‡b| GmKj †h․bwbcxob ebkÖxi g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZwµqv

•Zwi K‡i‡Q| myej †Nv‡li wb‡`©‡k bbxevjv‡K Kv‡iv mv‡_ ivZ KvUv‡bv Ges ebkÖx‡K B`yi mvg‡b

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Kiv hvq:

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ZLb cywY¨| Avi hLb Avm‡ii evB‡i GKR‡b‡i †èZv mvRvIÑ nv‡mvÑ K_v KIÑ ZLb cvc|Ñ

bbxevjvI hv‡eÑ AvwgI bvP‡ev|24

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AvZ¥iÿv Ki‡Z wM‡q †kliÿv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|25

ebkªxi KiæY g„Zz¨ mvgvwRK

Aeÿ‡qi GKwU wbg©g `„óvšÍ|

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mvgvwRK wbivcËvnxbZv‡K cÖKwUZ K‡i|


283

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KviY Zvi GB A_©‣bwZK ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q‡Q iv¾v‡Ki g‡Zv ¯^v_©v‡šlx gvby‡liv| wgbvKzgvix

Avm‡i Avm‡i bvP †`Lvq Ñ Lv`¨ LiP ev‡` wZwik UvKv cvq cÖwZw`b| wKš‘ eva¨ n‡q Zv‡K `vjvj

iv¾vK‡K kix‡ii m½ w`‡Z nq| iv¾vK Zv‡K †bkv Kwi‡q al©Y K‡i cÖvqk| GgbwK †Kv‡bv Kv‡R

iv¾v‡Ki Aeva¨ n‡j iv¾vK Zv‡K kvixwiKfv‡e cÖnviI K‡i| Gfv‡e µ‡g `vjvj iv¾v‡Ki Aaxb¯Í

†h․b`vmx‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q wgbvKzgvix|

ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki NUbve„‡Ë †`Lv hvq, gnvRbiv Lvm Rwg †`wL‡q miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K gv›`vB‡ì

Rwg cËwb wb‡q hLb `Lj Ki‡Z Av‡m Ñ ZLb yc‡ÿi g‡a¨ ïiæ nq fxlY jovB| †mB `v½vq

MYal©‡Yi wkKvi nq mywK| GB mvgvwRK cvkweKZv wbj©¾ Qvc †i‡L hvq Ñ awl©Zv mywKi D`‡i Rb¥

†bq AbvKvw•ÿZ åƒY| G cÖm‡½ mgv‡jvP‡Ki we‡kølY n‡jv:

cÖvq Avw`g AbMÖmi mgv‡Ri GKRb bvix‡K m¤£g weKv‡Z nq wfbœ Rv‡Zi gvby‡li wnsmª _vevZ‡j|

cwiewZ©Z mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mywKiv wcÖq gvbyl‡K wb‡Ri K‡i cvq hLb, ZLb Zv‡ì

bvix‡Z¡i mKj Hk¦h© jywÉZ wb‡R †m nZgvb|26

ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡ZB cyivKv‡j †Kv‡bv GK `v½vq Zv‡ì eûbvix jywÉZ I awl©Z n‡q‡Q Ggb

BwZnv‡mi K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| †m `v½v‡Z mvZ-AvURb wg‡j al©Y K‡i gv›`vBKb¨v jÿèx‡K| GQvov

MYal©‡Yi wkKvi nq Av‡iv AmsL¨ gv›`vB bvix| hv‡ì g‡a¨ AwaKvsk bvix m¤£g nvwi‡q cvwj‡q hvq

`~i †`‡k| GQvov ebcvsïj bvU‡K †mvbvgywL Pwi‡Îi wfZi w`‡q bvU¨Kvi Av‡iK wbg©g mvgvwRK wPÎ

D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Qb| †mvbvgywL PwiÎwU bvbv mvgvwRK NvZ-cÖwZNvZ cvwo w`‡q weKwkZ n‡q‡Q|

e‡niv‣Zj MÖv‡g evOvwjiv cy‡iv GKwU gv›`vBcvov AwMœ-jyÉ‡b gvbe k~b¨ K‡i| GB mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vq

cy‡o gviv hvq †mvbvgywLi ¯^Rb wKš‘ †m cvwj‡q Av‡m mywK‡ì MÖv‡g| GB M„nnxb bvix‡K my‡hvMmÜvbx

d‡i÷vi nvmvb †h․b m‡¤¢v‡Mi cÖ¯Íve †`q| d‡i÷v‡ii gy‡L _y_y wQwU‡q †mvbvgywL e‡j:

GB gy‡Li cyov Nv ïKvB bvB| me wbQ Zzgiv GLb evwKUvI byU Ki‡Z PvI| K¨vb †n fMevb K¨vb †mvbvgywLi

Ggb nj| evc cyoj fvB cyoj eyBbUv cyoj gvb‡mi Av¸‡b ciïiv‡gi `j|27

¯^Rbnviv †mvbvgywLi wech©¯Í gvbwmK Ae¯’vq d‡i÷vi nvmv‡bi †h․bwbcxob Zvi mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v‡K

wflYfv‡e AvnZ K‡i‡Q| †mB mv‡_ fvmgvb bvixi Rxeb hvc‡bi bvbv cÖwZeÜKZvI D‡V G‡m‡Q|

ebcvsïj bvU‡Ki d‡i÷vi nvmv‡bi K_v †_‡KI al©‡Yi GKwU exfrm Mí Rvbv hvq| d‡i÷vi

nvmvb ev›ìev‡b _vKvKvjxb wPs bv‡g GKRb gvigv bvixi †cÖ‡g c‡o| †g‡qwU Avwg©‡ì Øviv awl©Z

I wb‡LuvR nq| bvix‡K civf~Z Kivi Ab¨Zg A ¿ wn‡m‡e †h․bcxo‡bi cvkweK cÖeYZv KZ…©Z¡kxj

wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb cwi®‥vi K‡i|

†KivgZg½j bvU‡K Pkgv WvKvZ †R‡j e‡m G‡K G‡K Zvi wewfbœ al©‡Yi Mí e‡j| WvKvwZ Ki‡Z

wM‡q †m ZvjyK`v‡ii ¯¿x Ges Zvi e‡ov †Q‡ji ¯¿x‡K GKm‡½ al©Y K‡i| mvuB-evevi gyL †eu‡a al©Y

K‡i GK †evówg‡K| GQvov †KivgZg½j bvU‡K hy×Kvjxb bvixi cÖwZ †h․b mwnsmZvi wKQz wPÎI

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n‡qwQ‡jv|28

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k cvwK Ívbx •mb¨mn G †`wkq wek¦vmNvZKMY AmsL¨ bvix‡K

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284

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Kv‡Q wewµ K‡i †`qv nq| Zvici nvZ e`j n‡q kvwšÍ KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb Ñ †mLvb †_‡K Av‡iK

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n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘ Mf©ve¯’vq al©‡Yi cvkweKZvq Zvi †h Rxebm¼U †`Lv †`q ZvI AZ¨šÍ AgvbweK|

GB wbg©g wbh©vZb hy×Kvjxb ivwóªq mš¿vm n‡jI Gi cÖfve •Zwi n‡q‡Q bvixi hy×cieZx© mvgvwRK

Rxe‡b|

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi avegvb bvU‡KI cvK-nvbv`vi evwnbxi exfrm al©‡Yi †cÖÿvcU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q:

GK †fv‡i wQwQ bv‡gi GK `xN©Kvq gvw›` hyeZx DiæZ wb‡q MvQZjv‡Z g„Z c‡o iB‡jv| M‡R© DV‡jv

gvw›` Mv‡ivMY Avi AvkÖq cÖv_x© DØv¯‘iv al©YKvix‡Z Avovj K‡i cvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev` w`‡q AvkÖq`vZv‡ì

Avµg‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ wbj| gvw›` cvovq cÖ‡ek Ki‡jv cvwK¯Ív‡bi BwcAvi evwnbx| ... gymjgvb bMw`‡ì

mvg‡b GwM‡q w`‡q Zviv iBj †cQ‡b| Avi ïiæ n‡jv cy‡iv gvw›` GjvKv Ry‡o nZ¨v al©Y jyÉb I

Av¸b|29

G bvU‡Ki Av‡iv GKwU MYal©‡Yi wPÎ cvIqv hvq| †e‡` m ©v‡ii Kb¨v iƒcv GKiv‡Z MYal©‡Yi

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wbg©g `„óvšÍ|

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bvU‡Ki

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hyeZxwU‡K al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|Õ31

G bvU‡K mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vc‡Ki ¯¿x I Kb¨vI MYal©‡Yi

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ìKviÕ32

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wP‡Î D‡V G‡m‡Q bvixi wbivcËvnxb †kvwlZ Rxeb|

P. bvix µq-weµq

cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvix `vm wn‡m‡e wewµi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| AvVv‡iv Dwbk kZ‡Ki †KvjKvZvqI

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`vm`vmx‡ì †µZviv Zv‡ì cQ›` K‡i wK‡b wb‡Zv|33

•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡Ki NUbvI cÖvq

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cixi †evaMg¨ nqwb wKš‘ AÄwji Rxe‡bi GB wbg©g cwinvm cvVK-`k©K‡ì eyS‡Z Amywe‡a nq bv|

Q. mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi I wg_¨v Acev`

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eënvi Kiv nq ag©‡K| wewfbœ mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡ii d‡j cÖavYZ bvixi Rxe‡b i‡U bvbv Acev`,

wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZv| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡KI bvixi cÖwZ GK‡c‡k ms¯‥viv”Qbœ a¨vb-aviYv I bvbv

Acev` †`qvi wewfbœ cÖm½ †`Lv hvq|

ebcvsïj bvU‡K mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vq gvbwmKfv‡e weaŸ¯Í bvix †mvbvgywLi †kvKven AmsjMœ K_v-evZ©vi

Kvi‡Y gv›`vB mgv‡Ri KwZcq e¨w³ Zv‡K f~Z wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| G cÖm‡½ we‡k¦k¦i mywK‡K

e‡jÑ ÔGB †QgwiWv‡i eb w_Kv †L`v| Aq‡Z f~Z\Õ35

µ‡g we‡k¦k¦‡ii K_vq mK‡j wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïiæ

K‡i †mvbvgywL Av¸‡b cy‡o f~Z †m‡R G‡m‡Q| GKvi‡Y we‡k¦k¦‡ii mv‡_ AbïvI †mvbvgywL‡K cywo‡q

gvi‡Z D`¨Z nq| ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c bvix‡ì WvBwb AvL¨v w`‡q cywo‡q gviv n‡Zv| wewfbœ

cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv hvq WvBwb bv‡g cÖvq lvU jÿ bvix‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| hy× Qvov GwUB mePvB‡Z

e‡ov MYnZ¨v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|36

ga¨hyMxq †mB ee©iZvi „óvšÍ †`Lv hvq gv›`vB b„‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK

ms¯‥v‡i| WvBwb ev f~Z AvL¨v w`‡q cywo‡q gvi‡Z †mvbvgywLi D‡Ï‡k¨ mg‡eZ mK‡j e‡jÑ ÔA‡i

wdi Av¸‡b cyovqv gvi|Õ37

Ggb msKUgq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mywK, jyrdi gv÷vi, Awbj †mvbvgywLi cv‡k

`vuov‡j †mvbvgywL‡K wb‡q •Zwi nq DfqgywL mvgvwRK msNvZ|

AvZi Avjx‡ì bxjvf cvU bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ mvgwRK †kvl‡Yi Av‡iKiƒc cwijwÿZ nq| bvU‡K

bZz PwiÎwU cvwievwiK Ges mvgvwRK Dfqfv‡e mwnsm AvPi‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡Z

cÖwZ‡ekx `yB e„‡×i K‡_vcK_‡bi g‡a¨ cÖvwšÍK MÖvgxY mgv‡R GKRb bvix‡K †`Lvi „wófw½ Abyaveb

Kiv hvq| bZz‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i cÖ_g e„× e‡jÑ Ômvu‡Si †ejv †Lvjv Pz‡j wR¡‡bi AvQi K‡i|Õ38

G

msjv‡ci gva¨‡g ¯úó †h, mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi GKgvÎ bvixi Dci Pvcv‡bv n‡”Q Ñ MwÐe× Kiv n‡”Q

Zvi Pjv‡div I ¯^vaxb B”Qv-Awb”Qv‡K| ag©xq m¤úK©hy³ A‡bK wel‡qi †g․jev`x `„wófw½ bvix‡K

`gb-cxob I cyiæ‡li myweav g‡Zv bvix‡K eënv‡ii cÖavb A ¿| g~jZ, agx©q ms¯‥…wZ w`‡q cÖ_gZ

bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ mgv‡R A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î eëavb •Zwi n‡Z †`Lv hvq| G cÖm‡½ bvU‡Ki Av‡iv

GKwU msjvc AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvZ‡ii ¯¿x bZz cÖm‡½ wØZxq e„× cÖ_g e„×‡K e‡jÑ ÔKI †`wL †Kgyb

wewU †Q‡j|... †Kgyb e` wKwm‡gi wewU †Q‡j| †g․jfx KqÑ†Rbvbv nwZ‡Q RwgbÑAvev` bvB‡Zv

AvMvQv|Õ39

bvix‡K Avevw` Rwgi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K Ges DwjøwLZ msjv‡c Mf©aviY bv n‡j

GB Rwg AvMvQv cwic~Y© cwiZ¨³ I AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ggb aviYvi cÖwZdjb jÿ Kiv hvq| Giƒc

ms¯‥v‡ii †fZi w`‡q †`Lv hvq, bvixi cÖvK…wZK †cÖÿvcU I Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi Øviv

MwÐe×, hvi GK”QÎ AwaKvi cyiæ‡li| cyiælZvwš¿K mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi KZ…©K bvix‡K B‡”Q g‡Zv

eënv‡ii AvKv•ÿv g~jZ bvix‡K wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU †K․kj| †g․jev`x wewa-eë¯’vi wb‡®úlY Øviv

mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ †h g‡bvfve cÖKvk cvq †mLv‡b GKRb bvixi mvgvwRK m¤§vb I AvZ¥gh©v`v

f~jywÉZ n‡Z eva¨| ZvB bZzi cÖwZ agx©q AvMÖvmb‡K mvgvwRK ms¯‥viv”Qbœ AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ GKxf~Z


286

n‡Z †`Lv hvq G bvU‡K| gvbwmKfv‡e weaŸ¯Í bZzi AmsjMœ AvPiY‡K wR¡‡bi AvQi wn‡m‡e

AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| MÖv‡gi †g․jwf G‡m gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’ bZz‡K kvixiwKfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi gva¨‡g

wPwKrmv ïiæ K‡i:

we‡`wk †Rbvbv| RvZ K~j bvB| D Avm‡Q Avi Kvu‡a wbqv AvB‡Q GK Lwek|Ñ wKš‘K RvB‡bvÑ B †eZÑ

†m †eZ DuPz K‡i evZvm Kv‡U|Ñ Avgvi cx‡ii †eZ|40

Gici bZzi Dci ïiæ nq AeY©bxq kvixwiK wbh©vZb| mg‡eZ mK‡j g‡b K‡i bZzi Mv‡q fi Kiv

wR¡b Zvi ¯^vgx e„× AvZ‡ii Amy‡Li KviY| d‡j bZzi Dci kvixwiK wbh©vZb mK‡j Dc‡fvM K‡i|

mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi A_ev wg_¨v Acev` w`‡q †g․jwf wKsev KweivRx wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g bvixi Dci

mwnsm AvPiY GL‡bv A‡bK MÖvg M‡Ä †`Lv hvq| mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi Avi ag©xq †Mvuovwgi Kvi‡Y bvixi

cÖwZ Ggb wbg©g mwnsm AvPiY AvZi Avjx‡ì bxjvf cvU bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

•heZx Kb¨vi gb yBL‡Ð mgvc¨ bvixi we‡qvMvšÍ Rxe‡bi AvL¨vb| G bvU‡K yBR‡b¥ GK bvix

Rxe‡bi AZ…ßZvq, cÖeÂbvq yeviB †¯^”Qvq AvZ¥nZ¨vi ga¨ w`‡q c„w_ex‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| cÖ_g

L‡Ði bvix PiP› ªvbxi kªxKi Mv‡q‡bi Kb¨v Kvwj›`x| Kv‡jv †g‡q e‡j hvi we‡q †f‡½ wM‡qwQ‡jv Ñ

†mB Kv‡jv †g‡qi mv‡_ wfbœ ag©vej¤^x Avjvj Mv‡q‡bi †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© ’vwcZ n‡j msKU Nbxf~Z nq|

KviY Avjv‡ji m‡½ †cÖg ev msmvi meB mgvR weiæ× Ñ ag© weiæ×| g~jZ, evOvwj mgvR ag©, eY©,

abx-Mwie BZ¨vw` †f‡` eû fv‡M wef³| GKvi‡Y AmgeY© weevn A_ev GK a‡g©i cv‡Îi m‡½ Ab¨

a‡g©i cvÎxi weev‡n evOvwj mgv‡R cÖej evav i‡q‡Q|41

A_P Kvwj›`x Avjv‡ji mv‡_ msmvi ’vcb

K‡i mvn‡mi mv‡_ cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i‡Q mvgvwRK I agx©q ms¯‥vi| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki GB bvixi g‡a¨

†mKz¨jvi †PZbvi exR jÿ Kiv hvq| KviY Zvi Kv‡Q a‡g©i Abykvm‡bi †P‡q gvbyl I gvby‡li

ms¯‥…wZ e‡ov n‡q D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ Avjvj Mv‡q‡bi mv‡_ Ni cvjv‡bv †mB mvnmx Kvwj›`x civwRZ nq

a‡g©iB AvMÖvm‡b| gvbyl e›`bvi MxZmªóv Avjvj Mv‡qb MvRx cx‡ii gywi` n‡q MxwZKv †Q‡o w`‡j

cÖ_g R‡b¥ Kvwj›`x civR‡qi Møvwb‡Z bZ nq| Kvwj›`x Rxe‡bi Kv‡Q civwRZ wKš‘ †m GKRb mvnmx

bvix| ag©xq msKxY©Zvi weiæ‡× gvbeev`xZvi m‡Z¨ MxwZKvi aviv wb‡q `vuwo‡qwQ‡jv †m| mvnmx e‡jB

wkí I †cÖ‡gi Uv‡b Kvwj›`x Ni Qv‡o Ñ RvZ ag© wemR©b †`q Ñ ag©vÜZvi weiæ‡× ¯^vaxb wkímËv

wb‡q `vuovq| G bvU‡Ki bvixi mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Rwo‡q Av‡Q ag© I mvgvwRK gZv`‡k©i mv‡_

wkí I wkíxi Ø›Ø Ñ mv¤úª`vwqK mwnsm AviP‡Yi wPÎ|

ebcvsïj bvU‡K mywKi AKvj •ea‡eï ci gv›`vB mgv‡Ri agx©q ms¯‥v‡ii bv‡g wk‡ei KyPzbxiƒ‡c

Zv‡K DrmwM©Z Kiv nq| wKš‘ †h․eb •eae¨ gv‡b bv Ñ A‡j․wKK A`„k¨ †èZvi †fv‡M Z…ß nq bv

gvby‡li kixi| d‡j †h․e‡bi ¯^vfvweK a‡g©i Kv‡Q A‡j․wKKZv wbf©i a‡g©i civRq N‡U hLb mywK

Awbj‡K fv‡jvev‡m Ges Zvi kvixwiK ms¯úk© †c‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ mvgvwRK ms¯‥viekZ Awbj wØav

wef³ gvbyl| †mI mywKi †cÖ‡g c‡o e‡U wKš‘ wk‡ei KyPzbx‡K †c‡Z PvIqvi A_© wk‡ei cÖwZØ›Øx n‡q

IVv Ñ GB wek¦vm Zv‡K wePwjZ K‡i| Gfv‡e bvix mywKi †h․e‡bi ¯^vfvweK ag© I ¯^cœ bm¨vZ nq

gv›`vB mgv‡Ri ixwZ-bxwZi Abykvm‡b| Gme m‡Ë¡I mywK Awb‡ji m¤úK© wKQyUv Nwbô n‡j mZx-

AmZxi cÖkœ I‡V Zvi cÖwZ| bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, mywK mZx‡Z¡i cixÿvq DËxY© nevi gvb‡m †¯”Qvq jvj

wcucovi Kvg‡o kixi‡K ÿZweÿZ K‡i| gvby‡li mnRvZ Av‡eM-AbyfywZ, B”Qv-AvKv•ÿvi cwigvc

hLb mvgvwRK m„ó cÖ_v I mZx-AmZx e¨vLvq gvcv nq, ZLb bvixi mnRvZ ¯^vfvweK Rxeb I gh©v`v


287

wbtm‡›`‡n ÿzYœ nq| ZvB mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZi Kv‡Q weaev mywKi †h․e‡bi ¯vfvweK ag© civwRZ

n‡q‡Q| †mB Ae¨³ †e`bv aiv c‡o‡Q mywKi cyÄxf~Z ÿzä msjv‡c:

†bkv ai‡Q i‡³i wfZ‡i A‡`Lv wk‡ei wbMv| evBk eQi nj bvB weqvi weaev n‡q‡Q mywK| Zvi wK gvZvj

n‡q wbwkfi wk‡ei †LvuR Kib DwPZ bv| ey‡K ayZiv dyj dzBUv eBmv _vwK| Avwg bó bvix| H g½wji bvMvj

†ek¨v †ek¨v| wk‡ei †ek¨v|42

mywKi Rxe‡bi Ggb Øvw›ØK cwiYwZi wfZi evuav c‡o‡Q K…Z¨wbf©i †KvP mgv‡Ri wek¦vm ms¯‥vi

mewKQzB Ñ †h wek¦vm Avi ms¯‥v‡ii mv‡_ GKm~‡Î evuav mywKi Rxeb| ZvB ejv hvq wj½xq we‡ePbvq

mvgvwRK AvPv‡i XvKv c‡o‡Q mywKi bvixmËvi mnRvZ •ewkó¨| mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z:

mywKi Aw¯Í‡Z¡ Zvi c~e©Zb mgv‡Ri mKj wØav ms‡KvP ms¯‥vi Kzms¯‥vi Ges wek¦vm Awek¦vm mgcwigv‡Y

we`¨gvb| †mwjg Avj `xb AmsL¨ f½yi †iLvq bvbv cÖwZK~j AwfÁZvi `nb `» mywKi PwiÎ A¼b

K‡i‡Qb|43

mvuSgvjv PwiÎwUi †ÿ‡ÎI e‡ov msNvZ •Zwi nq mvgvwRK ms ‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y| wZigb Ges mvuSgvjvi †cÖg

cÖZ¨vLvZ nevi KviY mvuSgvjvi PvPv Qwj‡gi åvšÍ wek¦vm| mgv‡Ri Ab¨‡ì g‡Zv †mI g‡b K‡i

wZig‡bi cwiev‡i ¯Y©‡evqvj wkKv‡ii AcNvZ i‡q‡Q| GB mvgvwRK ms ‥vi mvuSgvjvi Rxeb‡K wcó

K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ PvPxi ywðšÍv •Zwi nq wZig‡bi mv‡_ mvuSgvjvi kvixwiK m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q| wZwb fv‡ebÑ

Ôevmi N‡i wZigbB †Zv Rvb‡e mvuSgvjvi †K․gv‡h©i mZ¨| wfb _v‡b wfb gvbylÑ evmi N‡iB Nbv‡e

m‡›`n| i³ S‡i bvB †Zv wK‡mi mZx|Õ44

cyiæl wbqwš¿Z mgvRev ÍeZvq mZx-AmZxi cixÿvq

DËx‡Y©i welq †Kej GKvšÍ bvixi R‡b¨| wZigb‡K Zvi mZx‡Z¡i cixÿv w`‡Z n‡e bv KL‡bv|

GKvi‡Y ¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, bvix-cyiæ‡li mvgvwRK GK‡c‡k „wófw½i `vq †gvPb Ki‡Z

n‡q‡Q mvuSgvjv‡KB| Zv‡K Rxeb wemR©b w`‡q B”Qv-Awb”Qvi ¸iæZ¡‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e

bvix-cyiæ‡li Rxe‡bi mvgwMÖK mZ¨ wecbœ nq mvgvwRK wek¦v‡mi Kv‡Q hv mvuSgvjv‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Q

EY-gvbyl|

eûKvj †_‡K P‡j Avmv bvbv mvgvwRK ms¯‥vi GKwU bvixi Rxeb wPÎ‡K K‡Zv wewPÎfv‡e wPwÎZ K‡i

cyÎ bvU‡Ki AveQv PwiÎwU Zvi D¾¡j „óvšÍ| †QvU †ejvq AveQvi wcZv gvZvi g„Zy¨, cici Zvi `ywU

AvwkÖZ cwiev‡ii emZwfUvq b`xi fv½b BZ¨vKvi ev ÍeZv‡K Acqv bvixi jÿY wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ

Kiv n‡q‡Q| bvix‡K Gfv‡e fv‡Mï AjxK aviYv w`‡q cwigv‡ci welqwU mgv‡R bZzb bq| mvgvwRK

GmKj AmsL¨ ms¯‥vi bvixi gvbweK gh©v`v I e¨w³mËvi cwicwš’ wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K|

R. †Rvic~e©K weevn I evj¨weevn

mgKvjxb mgv‡RI bvix‡K †Rvic~e©K weev‡ni NUbv Anin N‡U _v‡K| cvwievwiK wbh©vZ‡b Ges

mgv‡R Aw ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z Ae‡k‡l eva¨ n‡q Gme bvix‡K msmvi Ki‡Z nq| Ggb mvgvwRK

ev ÍeZv †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡KI jÿ Kiv hvq| nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki nv œv‡K †Rvi K‡i we‡q †Ìqv

nq Ñ evwo †_‡K cvwj‡qI iÿv nq bv Zvi| GKRb e¨w³ nv¯œvi B”Qv-Awb”Qvi †Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB

mgvR-msmv‡i| Pz°zbxi g‡Zv †mI mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ gZv`‡k©i †eovRvj wQu‡o †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv| gvjy

nveR ZvB nv¯œv cÖm‡½ e‡jÑ ÔH Pz°zbx, Pz°zbxi f~‡Z aBi‡Q GwZ‡i|Õ45

G bvU‡Ki Pz°zbx‡KI Zvi

Ag‡Z †Ljva‡bi Z…Zxq ¯¿x wn‡m‡e we‡q w`‡q †`qv nq UvKvi †jv‡f| Ab¨w`‡K ebcvsïj bvU‡K

jyrdi gv÷v‡ii eY©bv †_‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q, Zvi `v`x wQ‡jv gv›`vB bvix| c~‡e©i GKUv ¯¿x _vKv m‡Ë¡I

Zvi cÖfvekvjx evOvwj †RvZ`vi `v`v †Rvi K‡i Zz‡j wb‡q we‡q K‡iwQ‡jv †mB bvix‡K| GQvov


288

¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡Ki mvuSgvjv‡K cici yevi we‡q †Ìqvi †Póv Kiv nq wKš‘ gZ bv _vKvq `yeviB

we‡qi w`b †m cvwj‡q euv‡P| e¯‘Z, cwievi I mgvR Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB bvixi gZvg‡Zi Lye GKUv ¸iæZ¡

†Ìqv nq bv|

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K evj¨ we‡qi GKwU NUbv cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| ebcvsïj bvU‡K wkï mywK‡K

GK e„‡×i mv‡_ we‡q †`qv nq cY w`‡q| BwZnvm AbymÜv‡b †`Lv hvq †h, Dwbk kZ‡K AKzjxb

AwffveK UvKvi wewbg‡q Kb¨v‡K wewµ Ki‡Zb| mgv‡R Kzjxb‡ì eûweevn †e‡o hvIqvq

weevn‡hvM¨ Kb¨vi Afve NU‡Z _v‡K| †mmg‡q A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cvÎ-AcvÎ we‡ePbv bv K‡iB AwffveK

A‡_©i †jv‡f Kb¨v‡K evjëq‡mB we‡q w`‡Zb| G cÖm‡½ Avwg bvix : wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi

BwZnvm MÖ‡š’ M‡elK D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ ÔÔ†g‡qi evev g‡bi g‡Zv A_© †c‡j cv‡Îi iƒc, ¸Y, we`¨v,

eyw×, eqm cÖf„wZ wKQzB we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb bv|ÕÕ46

mywKi †ÿ‡ÎI Abyiƒc NUbv NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| nvRvi

UvKv c‡Yi wewbg‡q wkïKb¨v mywKi mv‡_ lv‡UvaŸ© e„‡×i we‡qi g‡Zv AmvgÄm¨ NUbv N‡U|

evj¨weev‡ni g‡Zv mvgvwRK Ggb Am½wZi wPÎI †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q|

S. A¯xK…Z gvZ…Z¡ I åƒY nZ¨v

mgv‡Ri Ae‡nwjZ cÖewÂZ bvix †hgb †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K Aejxjvq D‡V Av‡m Ñ †Zgwb

Zv‡ì AKvj åƒY web‡ói AvZ©bvÌ Zvui wewfbœ bvU‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq| †mwjg Avj

`x‡bi †ek K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvU‡K A¯xK…Z gvZ…Z¡ I åƒY-nZ¨vi cÖm½ jÿYxq| bvixi Awb”Qvq

Mf©cvZ NUv‡bv mvgvwRK AbvPv‡ii Av‡iKwUiƒc| GQvov KL‡bv KL‡bv bvix‡K †¯”Qvq Mf©cvZ

NUv‡Z nq mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K GmKj cÖm½ bvixi mgvR

ev ÍeZvi wbLuyZ cÖwZdjb wn‡m‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q|

•heZx Kb¨vi gb bvU‡K Kvwj›`x Ges cix Df‡qi Mf©cvZ NUv‡bvi cÖm½ i‡q‡Q| cix Zvi Awf‡bÎx

Rxe‡b bvbv Kvi‡Y †hgb c_åó nq †Zgwb bó Ki‡Z nq Zvi A¯xK…Z åƒY| wKš‘ cix mvgvwRK Pv‡c

Mf©cvZ NUvqwb Ñ Zvi wbtm½ Rxe‡bi gvbwmK Pvc Gi Ab¨Zg KviY| mnvq m¤^jnxb Rxe‡bi GB

`ye©n †e`bv jÿ Kiv hvq cixi AvZ¥K_‡b:

Avm‡ii dvu‡K dvu‡K, †Kvb †Kvb w`b wbR©b `ycy‡i, mÜ¨vq wK Pvu‡ì iv‡Z †b․Kvq fvmv, ûjv weovj,

evevi gyL, mwKbv, Amnvq AÄwjw`, KiæY gxbvKzgvix, Avgvi Dì †_‡K L‡m hvIqv bó åƒY, ey‡Ki

cvuRi wQu‡o Av‡m `xN©k¦vm| †m k¦v‡m Avgvi cÖmva‡bi Avqbv †Nvjv‡U n‡q D‡V| wKš‘ Avwg †jvKj¾vq

åƒY nZ¨v Kwi wb| Avgvi g‡b n‡qwQj Avm‡ii c‡_ c‡_ GKRb cixi †Kvb ¯^vgx bvB, RbKRbbx bvB,

cyÎKb¨v bvB|47

g~jZ, wewPÎ RxebvwfÁZvB cixi wkí I e¨w³ Rxe‡b Zxeª QvqvcvZ K‡i‡Q| gv‡R`yj n‡Ki kvšÍ

Kb¨vi e`‡j hvevi BwZe„‡Ë †hvM n‡q‡Q hvÎvwf‡bÎxi cÖwZ mvgvwRK `„wófw½ I AvPiY|

¯^Y©‡evqvj bvU‡Ki wZwmi åƒY webó Ki‡Z nq mvgvwRK `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y| †KivgZg½j bvU‡K

cvwK¯Ívbx wgwjUvix K¨v‡¤ú wbh©vwZZv b~iRvnv‡bi åƒY bó nq Mf©ve¯’vq al©‡Yi d‡j| GQvov G

bvU‡Ki Ab¨`ywU bvix PwiÎ kgjv I bIkv`x‡K †Rvi K‡i åƒY nZ¨v Kiv‡bv nq cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK

g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y| A¯xK…Z m¤ú‡K©i d‡j Mf©avi‡Yi GKK `vq wb‡Z nq gvbwmK fvimg¨nxb

kgjv‡K| g„Zzï SzuwK m‡Ë¡I kgjvi Mf©cvZ NUv‡bvi g‡Zv wbg©g wm×všÍ †bq Zvi wcZv| d‡j

ÔB¾‡Zi Pvqv Rbg eoÕ48

Ñ †Kivg‡Zi GB Mfxi Dcjwä mgv‡Ri ixwZ-bxwZ I `„wófw½‡Z Ave×

kgjvi wcZv ev mgvR †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv g~j¨ enb K‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K bIkv`x eva¨ n‡q ZvjyK`vi


289

evwo‡Z M„nKgx©i Kv‡R wbhy³ n‡j †mLv‡b mgvR msmv‡ii Av‡iK Amfïƒc cwijwÿZ nq|

ZvjyK`v‡ii †fvM-jvjmvi Kv‡Q bIkv`x n‡q I‡V †h․bmvgMÖx| bIkv`xi `vwi ª I Amnvq‡Z¡i my‡hvM

wb‡q cÖfvekvjx ZvjyK`vi kvixwiKfv‡e bIkv`x‡K eënvi K‡i| wKš‘ jÿYxq †h, ZvjyK`vi KZ…©K

Mf©eZx n‡q co‡j mvgvwRKfv‡e wZi¯‥…Z nq GKgvÎ bIkv`x| G‡Zvw`b evuRv †g‡q e‡j †h Acev`

†Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zvi mKj `vqI †m GKvB enb K‡i‡Q| mgvR †Kej bIkv`x‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i bv Ñ

wb®úvc åƒY‡KI cwiZ¨vM K‡i| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Avi cÖfvekvjx mgvRcwZ‡ì Kvi‡Y AKvj

Mf©cvZ NUv‡bvi KwVb cwiYwZi ¯^vÿi n‡Z nq bIkv`x‡K| iv‡Zi Aby¾¡j Av‡jvq njy` i³v³

kvwo cwiwnZ hš¿Yvq weK…Z bIkv`x wejvc K‡i :

...bv bv gv‡MvÑ giY Aq bv K¨v| giY Aq bv K¨v| Avwg K¨v Ilya LvBjvg| Avwg †Zv Lvevi PvB bvB|

Avgv‡i †Rvi KBiv †cU Lgv‡bi Ilya LvIqvB‡Q| bvÑ In bv In bv In| Avgvi AvZzi Ni †KvB Zz‡li

gvjmv †KvBÑ myi fiv Avhvb K¨v D‡W bvÑ IBh¨v P›`ª‡Kvbvi nMj AvZzi N‡i `vBeywo Av‡n bv‡P Mvb

Mvq †cvjv nB‡j Avhvb †`q|49

GB msjv‡c Zxeª Awfgvb I †ÿv‡fi cvkvcvwk bIkv`xi AZ…ß bvixmËv †R‡M D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ mgv‡R

A¯xK…Z gvZ…‡Z¡i j¾vi cwiYvg AZ¨šÍ KwVb| we‡klZ †h․_Kg© n‡jI G Kg©d‡ji `vqfvi cÖ_gZ

I cÖavbZ wb‡Z nq bvix‡K| bIkv`x‡K ZvB †mB `vq wb‡q iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i MÖvg †Q‡o wbiæ‡Ï‡ki

c‡_ cv evov‡Z n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e mgv‡R bIkv`x, kgjvi g‡Zv bvix †hgb Zv‡ì my`„p f~wgKv •Zwi

Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ñ †Zgwb wecixZ wj‡½i Zzjbvq bvixi Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iv †ewk cv_©K¨

m~wPZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

T. m¤ú`-m¤úwË `Lj

m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi wb‡q cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK msNvZ Anin NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| m¤ú` eÈb

eë¯’vq AvBbMZfv‡e bvixi Ask LyeB mvgvb¨ wKsev †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †m my‡hvMI †bB| ZeyI

DËivwaKvi ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv m~‡Î bvix †h mvgvb¨ m¤úwË †fvM Kievi my‡hvM cvq †mwUI ÿgZvi

†Rvi LvwU‡q n ÍMZ Kivi cÖqvm jÿ Kiv hvq| GKvi‡Y weaev bvix‡ì c‡ÿ m¤úwË iÿv GKUv

e‡ov P¨v‡jÄ| Ab¨w`‡K wn› y weaev bvix DËivwaKvi m~‡Î ¯vgxi m¤úwË †_‡K wKQz cvIqvi AwaKvi

jvf K‡ib bv| d‡j ¯vgxi g„Zz¨ cici A‡bK wn› y weaev‡ì †ÿ‡Î ¯vgxi wfUv †_‡K D‡”Q` Kivi

R‡bÏ bvbv cÖwµqv P‡j| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi A‡bK bvU‡K Ggb mvgvwRK ev ÍeZvi NUbv cÖwZdwjZ

n‡q‡Q| nvZ n`vB bvU‡Ki mybx‡ji weaev ¯¿x mxZvi ¯^vgxi m¤úwË †_‡K D‡”Q‡ì D‡Ïk¨ Zv‡K

nZ¨vi cwiKíbv K‡i ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx wbZvB m`©vi| cÖvY f‡q mxZv cvwj‡q †M‡j mxZvi ¯^vgxi

wf‡UgvwU `Lj K‡i wbZvB| Ab¨w`‡K ebcvsïj bvU‡K gvjwZi wcZv RxweZve¯’vq Zvi m¤ú`-m¤úwË

wewµ K‡iwQ‡jv Ggb Z_¨ cÖwZôv K‡i gv›`vB Kb¨v gvjwZ I Zvi weaev gv‡qi emZ-wfUv †_‡K

weZvwoZ K‡i evOvwj GK gnvRb| †Rvi K‡i Amnvq bvixi m¤ú`-m¤úwË `Lj I `L‡ji loh‡š¿i

g‡a¨ w`‡q wbcxobg~jK mvgvwRK ev ÍeZvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K|

U. GKcvwÿK MÖvgxY-wePvi

mvgvwRK ev cvwievwiK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡b MÖvg¨-mvwj‡ki †iIqvR GB Rbc‡` eûKvj †_‡K P‡j

Avm‡Q| me‡ÿ‡Î AvBbMZ wfwË bv _vK‡jI GL‡bv †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv ’vbxq I cvwievwiK

mgm¨v MÖvg, †Mvôx ev †Kv‡bv m¤úª`v‡qi ÿgZvkvjx e¨w³ mvwj‡ki gva¨‡g mgvavb K‡i _v‡Kb|

mvaviYZ wewfbœ m¤úª`vq, wewfbœ RvwZ-†Mvôx wb‡R‡ì mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Av‡jv‡K MÖvg¨-mvwjk

Av‡qvRb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ mgv‡R bvixi g‡Zi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I g~j¨vqb bv _vKvq GB


290

mvgvwRK wePviwU AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î n‡q I‡V GK‡c‡k I mwnsm| we‡klZ GB ai‡bi mvwj‡k Awfhy³

bvixB Pigfv‡e wbMÖ‡ni wkKvi nq Ñ ewÂZ nq b¨vq wePvi †_‡K| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GKB Aciv‡a

Awfhy³ bvix I cyiæ‡li kvw¯Íi †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K `yBwU mvgvwRK

wePv‡ii Kvwnwb i‡q‡Q| GLv‡bI †`Lv hvq bvix Pigfv‡e •elg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Q|

avegvb bvU‡K iƒcv bv‡g GKwU bvixi Rxe‡bi KiæY M‡íi †fZ‡i bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK wePvi I

wb`©q wm×v‡šÍi AgvbweK bvbv w`K D‡V G‡m‡Q| mvaywUqvi †gjvq †Kv‡bv GK gaïv‡Z †e‡` m`©v‡ii

Kb¨v iƒcv‡K K‡qKRb ee©i cyiæl N‡ii †eov †K‡U Zz‡j wb‡q b`x Zx‡i ivZfi al©Y K‡i †d‡j

†i‡L hvq| iv‡Z †gjv fvOvi Av‡MB welqwU wb‡q †Mvc‡b †e‡ì `j wePvi ïiæ K‡i| m`v©i wnmv‡e

wePv‡ii fvi eZ©vq wcZvi Dci| mvwj‡k wbh©vwZZ GB bvixi KiæY cwiw¯’wZ al©‡Yi †P‡qI cvkweK|

wePv‡i awl©Zv iƒcv‡KB Acivax wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í Kiv nq| kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e wbôzi wcZv Kb¨v‡K nZ¨vi

wm×všÍ Rvbvq| KviYÑ

Ai M‡f© QvIqvj n‡j Z‡e †K †b‡e A‡i| kvw¯Í n‡ev AiB| iƒcvi| Ai kvw¯Í giY| n nÑ giY| Lyb

Ki| ... Zvi kixi wNiv R‡b¥i cvc| my›ìx nI‡bi cvc| nvivwgi ev”Pv‡Mv `„wói cvc| e¨vwfPv‡ii

cvc| Avwg A‡i bvÑ Ai kixiUv‡i `Ð wèvi PvB|50

cvkweKfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq iƒcv‡K| cÖnm‡bi GK wePvi cwiPvwjZ nq Gfv‡e AÜ I †Lvuov hyw³i

Av‡jv‡K| webv †`v‡l mvgvwRK cÖ_v I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y Gfv‡e GKRb bvix Pig kvw¯Í jvf K‡i|

Ggb wePvi bvU‡Ki †e‡` mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi my¯úó wPÎ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q| mgKv‡j

nZ¨vi g‡Zv Ggb wm×všÍ bv n‡jI MÖvgxY ev mv¤úª`vwqK wePvi-mvwj‡k bvixi cÖwZ AgvbweK mwnsm

AvPiY cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| m¤úªwZ AvBb Øviv wbwl× n‡jI d‡Zvqvi bv‡g MÖvg¨-mvwj‡k bvix‡K

AgvbweKfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi BwZnvm i‡q‡Q gymjgvb mgv‡R|

wKËb‡Lvjv bvU‡KI GKwU mvgvwRK wePv‡ii cÖm½ jÿ Kiv hvq| bvU‡Ki NUbve„‡Ë †`Lv hvq, GK

mÜ¨vq †e‡`wb Wvwjg‡bi †b․Kvq wM‡q g„M‡ivMx †mvbvB `vIqvB wn‡m‡e fjøy‡Ki bL Avb‡Z hvq| G

my‡hv‡M †e‡` Kweij Zvi †cÖg cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z Wvwjg‡bi bv‡g Acev` iUvq|

†e‡` mgv‡Ri ixwZ Abyhvqx mÜ¨vq ev iv‡Z wfbœ cyiæ‡li mv‡_ †Kv‡bv jvDqv bvixi †gjv‡gkvi kvw¯Í

cÂvk Nv †e‡Zi AvNvZ| Wvwjg‡bi R‡bÏ GB kvw¯Í wba©vwiZ nq| wKš‘ †klch©šÍ †mvbvB‡qi

mvÿx‡Z Wvwjgb kvw¯Í †_‡K iÿv †c‡jI jÿYxq †h, jvDqv bvix Kvi m‡½ †Kv_vq K_v ej‡e wK

ej‡e bv †mUvI Zvi mgvR wba©vwiZ| d‡j Wvwjg‡bi ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³mËv I ¯^vaxbZv Pvcv c‡o‡Q †e‡`

m¤úª`v‡qi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZi Abykvm‡b| GKvi‡Y mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z, ÔÔcyiælkvwmZ yB wfbœ

mgv‡Ri AZ¨vPvwiZv bvixi cÖwZwbwa ebkÖx evjv Ges Wvwjgb mgvšÍivj bvix PwiÎ|ÕÕ51

mgv‡Ri bvbv NvZ-cÖwZNvZ, AvšÍtm¤úK©, NUgvb ev ÍeZv †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ

n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_ iÿYkxj mgv‡R bvixi Rxeb-mZ¨ I msMÖv‡gi wel‡qI †mwjg Avj `xb AZ¨šÍ

m‡PZb wQ‡jb Zv ¯úó nq Zvui bvU‡Ki mgvR-ev ÍeZvq bvixi cÖwZ wewfbœ mvgvwRK mwnsm AvPiY I

msNvZ ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g| mZx`vn cÖ_vq bvixi iƒp Rxeb-ev¯ÍeZv, evj¨ weevn I eûweev‡ni g‡a¨

bvixi wecbœ Aw Í‡Z¡i nvnvKvi, †h․be„wË I `vm‡Z¡i †fZi bvix Rxe‡bi eÂbv, bvixi wbivcËvnxbZv

I †h․b wbh©vZb, wcZ…Zvwš¿K mvgvwRK ms¯‥v‡i bvixmËv‡K GK‡c‡k Abyaveb, e¨vL¨v I `„wófw½,

wg_¨v Acev` I cÿcvZ`yó wePvi-mvwj‡k bvixi gvbweK gh©v`vi f~jyÉb, A¯xK…Z gvZ…‡Z¡i GKK

`vqfv‡i bvixi AmnvqZ¡ I åƒY nZ¨vi cvkweK ev ÍeZv cÖf…wZ w`K †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvixi

mvgvwRK Ae¯’v I Ae¯’v‡bi wbg©giƒc wbLyuZfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i| Giƒc msKUvcbœ mvgvwRK †cÖÿvc‡U

Zvui bvU‡Ki bvix PwiÎ¸‡jvi cÖKvk I weKv‡ki †fZi †h RxebmsMÖvg I gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Bw½Z

wea„Z Zv‡Z bvU¨Kv‡ii mgvR‡PZbv I Mfxi Rxeb‡ev‡ai cwiPq cvIqv hvq|


291

Dcmsnvi

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡K bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK AvPiY I Kg©Kv‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q GKRb bvixi ¯^vfvweK

gvbweK weKvk evavMÖ¯’ n‡q‡Q Ñ †Zgwb bvbvwea mvgvwRK †kvlY niY K‡i‡Q bvixi Rxeb, wbivcËv

I ¯^vaxbZv| d‡j †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki AwaKvsk bvix PwiÎ mvgvwRKfv‡e Amnvq, ewÂZ I

wbcxwoZ| mgv‡R Zv‡ì my „p †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb †bB| wewfbœ mvgvwRK Aeÿq I mwnsmZvi weiæ‡×

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv PwiÎ‡K cÖwZev`x n‡q DV‡Z †`Lv hvq wKš‘ P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q ZvivI K‡Vvi I KwVb

mvgvwRK Abykvmb I eë¯’vi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| Kvwj›`x, ebkÖx, nv¯œv, Pz°zbx, bZz,

mywK cÖgyL bvix Pwi‡Îi cyÄxf~Z †ÿvf cÖwZev‡` R¡‡j DV‡jI iÿYkxj mgvR eë¯’vi mvg‡b wUK‡Z

cv‡iwb| d‡j cvwievwiK I mvgvwRKfv‡e bvixi Aa¯Íb Ae¯’v-Ae¯’vbB †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvix

Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg cwiYvg|

g~jZ, †mwjg Avj `x‡bi cÖvq AwaKvsk bvU‡K bvMwiK Rxeb †_‡K ~ieZx© mgvR I Rxeb D‡V

G‡m‡Q Ñ Avi Gi g‡a¨ cÖùywUZ n‡q‡Q mgv‡R bvixi f~wgKv I Ae¯’vb, †h․bZvi cÖm½, Cávi

cÖm½| jÿYxq †h, mvgvwRKfv‡e †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki AwaKvsk bvix A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’v,

mvgvwRK gh©v`v, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, ÿgZvqY Ñ mKj †ÿ‡ÎB wcwQ‡q cov gvbyl| bvixi cÖwZ mvgvwRK

`„wófw½I AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î mwnsm| Avi ZvB GBmKj †kªwYi bvixi Rxe‡bi †fZ‡i D‡V G‡m‡Q bvbv

mvgvwRK AbvPvi, ms¯‥vi I wbg©g ev ÍeZv| GKRb cix, Kvwj›`x, kKzšÍjv, ebkªx, Wvwjgb, •KZix,

Pz°zbx, mvuSgvjv, AveQv wKsev mywKi g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖwZdwjZ mgvRev¯ÍeZv bvixi AwaKviewÂZ

gh©v`vnxb Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vb wPwýZ K‡i| cwievwiKfv‡e †hgb mvgvwRKfv‡eI †Zgwb bvixi Aa¯Íb

Ae¯’v I mvgvwRK mwnsm AvPiY Zv‡ì RxebvPi‡Yi Dci Zxeª cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| d‡j †mwjg Avj

`x‡bi AwaKvsk bvix PwiÎ mgvR-msmvi wKsev RvZ-ag© †_‡K µgk wehy³ n‡q‡Q| bvU‡K jÿYxq

AwaKvsk bvix PwiÎ mgvR-msmviPz¨Z bZzev AvZ¥nZ¨v I g„Zzï g‡Zv wbgg© cwiYwZ‡Z DcbxZ|

†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU‡Ki bvix PwiÎ Gfv‡e n‡q D‡V‡Q GB Rbc‡ì cwiwPZ bvixi cÖwZwbwa| Avi

GB †Pbv bvix‡ì M‡íi †fZi aiv c‡o‡Q wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR eë¯’vq bvixi wbg©g mgvRev ÍeZv|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 Kamla Bhasin, Understanding Gender (New Delhi, India: Women Unlimited, 2003), 33.

2 ûgvqyb AvRv`, bvix (XvKv : AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, 2012), 33|

3 wm‡gvb `¨ †ev‡fvqvi, wØZxq wj½, m¤úv. ûgvqyb AvRv` (XvKv : AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, 2012), 85|

4 Aqb M‡½vcva¨vq, ÔÔ†mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK : ms¯‥…wZ ebvg AvaywbK RvwZ ivóªÕÕ, mvZ mI`v, m¤úv. gwd`yj nK I

AiæY †mb (XvKv : mvwnZ¨ cÖKvk, 2008), 20|

5 gv‡jKv †eMg I •mq` AvwRRyj nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm (XvKv : BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm

wjwg‡UW, 2001), 3|

6 †mwjg Avj `xb, •heZx Kb¨vi gb (XvKv: MÖwš’K, 1992), 18|

7 †eMg I nK, Avwg bvix: wZbk eQ‡ii evOvwj bvixi BwZnvm, 4|

8 webqf~lY ivq, evsjvq mZx vn: mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK g~j¨vqb (KjKvZv : mvwnZ¨kÖx, 1986), 4|


292

9 †gvRv‡¤§j nK, ÔÔbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi ¯îƒcÕÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix: eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Dbœqb cÖm½, m¤úv. Avj gvmy`

nvmvbD¾vgvb (XvKv : w` BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm wjwg‡UW, 2005), 161|

10 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1997), 56|


12 Z‡è, 56|

13 nK, ÔÔbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi ¯îƒcÕÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix: eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Dbœqb cÖm½, 164|

14 Avngv`yj evix, ÔÔnvZ n`vB Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mgy`ªcyivYÕÕ, eZ©gvb bvUK (XvKv : eZ©gvb bvUK cÖKvkbv, 1996), 23|

15 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB, 27

16 Z‡è, 121|

17 gvngy` kwdK, ÔÔnvZ n`vB : XvKv w_‡qUv‡ii ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi mdj cÖ‡qvMÕÕ, mvßvwnK wewPÎv, 31 AvM÷ 1990|

18 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj (XvKv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2001), 55|

19 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB, 102|

20 nK, ÔÔbvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi ¯îƒcÕÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki bvix : eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I Dbœqb cÖm½, 159|

21 †mwjg Avj `xb, ¯^Y©‡evqvj (XvKv: mgq cÖKvkb, 2007), 91|

22 Z‡è, 68|

23 jyrdi ingvb, ÔÔ†mwjg Avj `xb, KxËb‡Lvjv: HwZn¨ I m„RbÕÕ, evsjv bvUK I †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK (XvKv:

bv›`wbK, 2012), 144|

24 Z‡è, 154|

25 ingvb, ÔÔAwfbœ Zx‡_©i Zx_©¼iÕÕ, evsjv bvUK I †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK, 126|

26 jyrdi ingvb, Kv‡ji fv¯‹i †mwjg Avj `xb (XvKv : †iv‡`jv cÖKvkbx, 2009), 168|

27 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj, 194|

28 gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj, gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (XvKv : cÖZxwZ, 2008), 21|

29 †mwjg Avj `xb, avegvb ( XvKv : RvM„wZ cÖKvkbx, 2008), 37|

30 †mwjg Avj `xb, wbg¾b (XvKv : µvwšÍK, 2004), 36|

31 Z‡è, 110|

32 Z‡è, 116|


34 †mwjg Avj `xb, •heZx Kb¨vi gb, 74|


36 Avby gynv¤§`, bvix cyiæl I mgvR (XvKv : m‡›`k 2005), 20|



293

38

†mwjg Avj `xb, †mwjg Avj `xb iPbvmgMÖ-1, m¤úv. mvBgb RvKvwiqv (XvKv : gvIjv eªv`vm©, 2005), 281|

39 Z‡è|

40 Z‡è, 290|

41 †Mvjvg gyiwk`, nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ (XvKv : Aemi, 2012), 224|

42 †mwjg Avj `xb, ebcvsïj, 40-41|

43 ingvb, Kv‡ji fv¯‹i †mwjg Avj `xb, 168|

44 †mwjg Avj `xb, ¯^Y©‡evqvj, 96|

45 †mwjg Avj `xb, nvZ n`vB, 113|


47 †mwjg Avj `xb, •heZx Kb¨vi gb, 136|

48 Z‡è, 304|

49 Z‡è, 243|

50 Z‡è, 123|

51 ingvb, ÔÔ†mwjg Avj `xb, KxËb‡Lvjv : HwZn¨ I m„RbÕÕ, evsjv bvUK I †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvUK, 143|


294


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

†`kvZ¥‡evaK evsjv bvU‡Ki avivq beve wmivR-D`-†`Šjv: cUf~wg

gyn¤§` AvjgMxi wcGBPwW

Abstract: In the second half of the nineteenth century, patriotic plays were widely

written in the creative literature, especially in the form of Bangla drama, due to the

development of homogeneity and nationalism in the middle-class society of Bengal. The

British government, frightened by the response of the staged patriotic drama, is trying to

block the trend of patriotic Bangla drama through British Law (AN ACT FOR THE

BETTER CONTROL OF PUBLIC DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES, 1876). This

situation of the Bangla drama inevitably took place in the stage of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula

and the war of Palashi. In this article, the context and causality of the presence of Nawab

Siraj-ud-Daula and the war of Palashi were discussed in terms of patriotic Bangla drama.

f~wgKv

Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© evsjv bvU‡Ki m~Pbv nIqvi ci gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi (1824-73)

ÔK…òKzgvix bvU‡KÕ (1861) cÖ_g ¯^‡`k‡cÖg Abyfe Kiv hvq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvq

†i‡bmuv‡mi d‡j RvZxq Rxe‡b ¯^‡`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ nq Ges Awbevh©iƒ‡c Zv m„Rbkxj mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb

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Ôwn›`y †gjvi ci nB‡Z †KejB Avgvi g‡b nBZ- wK Dcv‡q †`‡ki cÖwZ †jv‡Ki AbyivM I ¯^‡`kcÖxwZ

D‡ØvwaZ nB‡Z cv‡i| †k‡l w¯’i Kwijvg bvU‡K HwZnvwmK exiZ¡Mv_v I fvi‡Zi †M․ie Kvwnbx KxZ©b

Kwi‡j nqZ KZKUv D‡Ïk¨ wm× nB‡Z cv‡i|26

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Avùvjb Ges wg_¨v AwfgvbB eû HwZnvwmK bvU‡Ki cÖwZcv`¨ nBqv cwoqv‡Q| †`kgq ZLb GKUv

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Kwiqv‡Q| wKš‘ g‡bi †LvivK we‡kl wKQz AvniY Kwi‡Z cv‡i bvB|27

bvU‡K cÖwZdwjZ †`kvZ¥‡ev‡ai cÖK…wZ

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wMwikP› ª †Nvl (1844-1912) e‡jb- ÔAvRKvj bvUK wjwL bv, KZK¸wj D‡ËRbv c~Y© `„k¨ wjwLqv

w`B, bvU¨kvjvi KZ…©cÿ hvnv B”Qv iv‡Lb, hvnv Zvnv‡ì gbtcyZ bv nq Zv †dwjqv †`b|Õ28

cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †cÖÿvM„‡ni KiZvwj Ges eëmvwqK mvdj¨‡K cÖvavb¨ †èvi d‡j AwaKvsk bvUKB n‡q

DV‡jv D‡Ïk¨g~jK bvUK, BwZnv‡mi we‡kølYI n‡jv D‡Ïk¨g~jK, AvwZkh¨ NU‡jv D‡ËRbv I

fvevjyZvi|29

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`„wófw½i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wZwb ¯^v‡`wkKZvi Av`k© wewPšÍv‡Z GK mgšqx g‡bvfve MÖnY Ki‡jI


300

Zuvi bvU‡K wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U| cieZx© ch©v‡q †R¨vwZwi› ªbv‡_i cÖ`wk©Z aviv

j²xbvivqY PµeZx© (?), D‡c›`ªbv_ `vm (1828-95), cÖg_bv_ wgÎ (1856-83), D‡gkP› ª ¸ß (?)

cÖgy‡Li Øviv Abym„Z n‡qwQj|30

bvU‡K GB wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Aek¨ †`‡ki

ivR‣bwZK †giæKiY `vqx| GUv HwZnvwmK mZ¨ †h Bs‡iR kvwmZ fvi‡Zi wn› y m¤úª`vq wkÿv-`xÿv

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(1867), ÔBwÛqvb jxMÕ (1875), ÔQvÎmfv ev ÷z‡W›Um A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ (1875-76), ÔfviZxq

weÁvb mfvÕ (1876), ÔfviZ mfv ev BwÛqvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ (1876), ÔmvaviY eªvþ mgvRÕ

(1878) BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g wn›`y m¤úª`vq hLb wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wb‡R‡ì cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Q ZLb

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(1878) cÖf…wZ `yÕGKUv msMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M gvÎB Zv‡ì ZrciZv ïiæ K‡i‡Q| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wn› y

ga¨weË †kÖwY KZ…©K cÖPvwiZ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv g~jZ wQj wn›`y RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv Ges G‡ì

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e‡jb-

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I wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi cybtcÖwZôv cÖf…wZi aŸwb Zuvnv‡ì g‡b h‡_ó mvov RvMvBqv wQj| GBfv‡e ew¼‡gi

wbKU nB‡Z Zvnviv jvf KwiqvwQj DMÖ wn›`y mv¤úª`vwqKZvi wkÿv|31

D³ wPšÍv †PZbvi aviK evnK n‡qB wn› y bvU¨KviMY evsjv bvU‡K Bs‡iR we‡Ø‡li cvkvcvwk

mv¤úª`vwqKZvi weKvk NUv‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh© evsjv bvU‡K ¯^‡`k‡PZbvi GB c‡e©i

bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb ÔeqtmwÜ ce©|Õ32

wKiYP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (?), nijvjivq (?) cÖgy‡Li bvUK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j cÖv¸³ e³‡eï mg_©b

cvIqv hvq| wKiYP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq ÔfviZ gvZvÕ (1873) Ges Ôfvi‡Z hebÕ (1874) bv‡g ywU bvU¨

gv¯‥ ev bvwUKv iPbv K‡ib| Ôfvi‡Z hebÕ bvwUKvi weÁvc‡b wZwb e‡jb-

GB gv¯‥Lvwb BsivR evnv`y‡ii ivR‡Z¡i yB, wZbkZ el© c~‡eŸ© cÖRvcxoK hebw`‡Mi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji NUbv

Aej¤^b Kwiqv wjwLZ nBqv‡Q| hbeM‡Yi Dci Avh©¨ mšÍvbw`‡Mi †hiƒc weRvZxq †µva Avkv Kwi GB

gv¯‥ cv‡V mK‡jB mš‘ó nB‡eb|33

weÁvc‡b mv¤úª`vwqKZvi †h BÜb Av‡Q msjv‡c Zv we¯ÍvwiZ n‡q‡Q-

†¯ø”Qvmyi: •mb¨MY, AvR Avwg †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ mš‘ó n‡qwQ| †Zvgiv Awej‡¤^ GB gw›ì jyÚb

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†Kvi‡e †m mgy`vqB Zvi wb‡Ri ab n‡e| GB gw›ìB Kv‡diM‡Yi meŸ©v‡cÿv c~Rbxq ¯’vb, GB gw›ì¯’

wn› y †èZvi g Í‡K †h Ag~j¨ AZ¨vðh©¨ nxiK Av‡Q, Avgvi wbKU †cÖiY †Kv‡iv, Aewkó mgy`vq

†Zvgv‡ì|

hebMY : Avjøv, Avjøv †nv (jyÉb Avi¤¢)

Ges Ab¨w`‡K: Òni ni †evg ni ni ni

heb webv‡k nI AMÖmi|Ó34

bvU¨Kv‡ii GB DMÖ wn›`y RvZxqZv‡eva I mv¤úª`vwqK `„wófw½ msMZKvi‡YB cieZx©Kv‡j wbw›`Z

n‡q‡Q-


301

Ôfvi‡Z hebÕ bvU¨ gv‡¯‥ ¯^‡`k †cÖg I ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ w¯’i jÿevYx D”PvwiZ n‡jI DMÖ

RvZxqZvi welev®ú bvU¨Kv‡ii ¯^‡`k wPšÍv‡K Mfxifv‡e Av”Qbœ K‡i‡Q| RvZxq H‡Kï †fuix wZwb

myD‡”P wbbvw`Z Ki‡jI mv¤úª`vwqKZvi †gvnN‡i m‡¤§vwnZ n‡q‡Qb Ges GiB d‡j Ôfvi‡Z he‡bÕ

ag©‣elg¨RwbZ •ewiZvi K_vB cÖavbfv‡e ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| mv¤úª`vwqK we‡f` I we‡iva `~i K‡i †h RvZxq

wgjb ¯^‡`k‡cÖg‡K wb‡Uvj K‡i †Zv‡j, bvU¨Kvi wKiYP›`ª Zvi †Kvb cwiPq GB bvU¨ gv‡¯‥ iv‡Lbwb|

wZwb †hb AvaywbK hy‡Mi ivóªwPšÍv‡Z ga¨hyMxq ms¯‥vive× Kjyl cj¦jevwi wb‡ÿc Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|35

nijvj iv‡qi Ô†ngjZvÕ (1873) I Ôe‡½i myLvemvb bvUKÕ (1874) bvU‡KI wn› y RvZxqZvev‡ì

cÖfve AZ¨šÍ ¯úó|36

Ô†ngjZvÕ bvU‡Ki msjv‡c D³ †evaB wµqvkxj-

...•mwbKMY, †èMY †Zvgvw`M‡K mbvZb wn›`y a¤§© iÿv Ki‡Z ej‡Qb| ¯^vaxbZv †Zvgv‡ì ej,

¯‡`kvbyivM †Zvgv‡ì ej, wn›`ya¤§© Avgv‡ì ej, †èvw`‡è gnv‡è Avgv‡ì ej| wbðq Avgv‡ìB

Rq n‡e| fq wK? fq wK? Pj hy‡×, Rq wK¤^v cZb| ...cyY¨f~wg fviZe‡l©i Rq| mbvZb wn›`ya‡¤§©i

Rq| ni ni gnv‡è|37

†`kvZ¥‡evaK bvUK I Awfbq wbqš¿Y AvBb

mgKvjxb bvU¨Kvi‡ì g‡a¨ D‡c› ªbv_ `v‡mi bvg Aek¨B ¯§iY‡hvM¨| Zuvi Ôkir m‡ivwRbx bvUKÕ

(1874) I Ômy‡i›`ª we‡bvw`bx bvUKÕ (1875) evsjv bvU¨ mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡m we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

Ôbxj`c©‡YÕi ci D³ bvUK `ywU‡Z mivmwi Bs‡iR we‡Øl cÖPvwiZ nq Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ Bs‡iR

we‡ivax †PZbv beiƒc jvf K‡i| msMZ Kvi‡Y Ôkir m‡ivwRbx bvUKÕ I Ômy‡i›`ª we‡bvw`bx bvUKÕ

bvU‡Ki HwZnvwmK g~j¨ cÖm‡½ ejv n‡q‡Q- ÒÔbxj`c©YÕ †h ¯^v‡`wkKZvi exR ecb KwiqvwQj,

D‡c› ªbv_ `vm gnvk‡qi Ôkir-m‡ivwRbxÕ I Ômy‡i›`ª we‡bvw`bxÕ Zvnv‡K A¼zwiZ, cjøweZ I KzmywgZ

Kwiqv †Zv‡j|Ó38

GBfv‡e evsjv bvU‡K ¯^‡`k‡PZbv µgvMZ weKwkZ nq Ges kvmK m¤úª`vq‡K

fxZ K‡i †Zv‡j|

1875 wLªóv‡ã ÔwcÖÝ Ae I‡qjmÕ (c‡i ivRv mßg GWIqvW©) fviZ ch©U‡b Avm‡j Zuvi Af¨_©bvi

Rb¨ A_© msMÖn Ges we‡kl K‡i RM`vb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1821-92) bvgK R‣bK evOvwj wn› y cÖ_vgZ

cyibvix‡ì m‡½ wb‡q wcÖÝ‡K eiY Ki‡j wn› y m¤úª`vq ÿzä n‡q I‡V| D³ Af¨_©bvi cÖwZwµqv

wn‡m‡e RM`vb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq‡K ejv n‡q‡Q wn› y RvwZi cig kÎæ, wn› y mgv‡Ri Kj¼; Ggb K_vI

ejv nq †h, hviv Gi m‡½ RwoZ Zv‡ì mgvRPz¨Z Kiv hv‡e Ges we‡klfv‡e ejv nq †h mKj gwnjv

wcÖÝ‡K Af¨_©bv K‡iwQ‡jb hw` Zv‡ì ¯vgxMY Zv‡ì bv †bq Z‡e Zv †`v‡li n‡e bv| NUbvwU wb‡q

wewfbœ cÎcwÎKvq weiƒc mgv‡jvPbv cÖKvwkZ nq| Ôwn›`y †cwUªq‡UÕ G cÖm‡½ e¨½ K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q

hyeiv‡Ri m¤§vb iÿv‡_© evey (RM`vb›`) †h g~j¨ w`‡q‡Q Zv‡Z RvZxq †PZbvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q|39

RM`vb‡›ì Af©¨_bv‡K †ngP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1838-1903) Zuvi ÔevwRgvrÕ KweZvq e¨½ K‡ib|40

cieZx© ch©v‡q RM`vb›`‡K e¨½ K‡i ÔMR`vb›` I hyeivRÕ cÖnmb iwPZ nq Ges 1876 wLªóv‡ãi

19†k †deªæqvwi Ô†MÖU b¨vkbvj w_‡qUv‡iÕ Zv AwfbxZ nq| ÔMR`vb›` I hyeiv‡RiÕ †jLK wb‡q

gZ‡f` Av‡Q Ges cÖnmbwUi †Kv‡bv gyw`ªZ cvV cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e Gi Mvb wj‡LwQ‡jb wMwikP›`ª

†Nvl Ges Zv cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb D‡c› ªbv_ `vm| D³ cÖnm‡b RM`vb›`‡K nbygvb iƒ‡c wPwÎZ Kiv

nq| d‡j kvmK m¤úª`vq wÿß n‡q I‡V| eojvU (1872-76) b_©eªæK (1826-1904) AwW©b¨vÝ

Rvwi K‡i ÔMR`vb›` I hyeivRÕ Gi Awfbq eÜ K‡ib Ges AkøxjZvi Awf‡hv‡M Ômy‡i› ª we‡bvw`bxÕi

Awfbq eÜ K‡i eë¯’vcK Ag„Zjvj emy (1853-1929) I cwiPvjK D‡c› ªbv_ `vm‡K ew›`

K‡ib|41

†`‡ki gvby‡li Avnev‡b mvov bv w`‡q wePviK wg. wW‡KÝ AkøxZvi Awf‡hv‡M Ômy‡i› ª


302

we‡bvw`bx‡KÕ ev‡Rqvß K‡ib Ges D‡cb› ªbv_ `vm I Ag„Zjvj emy †K GK gv‡mi webvkÖg Kviv`‡Ð

`wÐZ K‡ib|42

evOvwjgvb‡m GB NUbvi weiƒc cÖwZwµqv c‡o| evsjvi eyw×Rxex gnj GUv †g‡b bv wb‡q nvB‡Kv‡U©

Avwcj K‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ 01.03.1876 Zvwi‡L Ôkir-m‡ivwRbxÕ gÂ¯’ K‡i|

AwaKš‘ AwZwi³ mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ 11.03.1876 Zvwi‡L Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbv‡bv nq-

c„ô‡cvlK I RbMY GLbB Avgv‡ì‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi †kÖô mgq|43

G ch©v‡q Avmvwg‡ì c‡ÿ

cÖL¨vZ e¨vwi÷vi D‡gkP› ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1844-1906) nvB‡Kv‡U© gvgjv cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wePv‡i

Ômy‡i› ª we‡bvw`bxÕ†Z AkøxjZv Luy‡R bv †c‡q 20.03.1876 Zvwi‡L wdqvi (?) I gvK©bx (?)

wePvicwZØq c~‡e©i `ÐvÁv m¤ú~Y© †eAvBwb †NvlYv K‡ib|44

d‡j Ag„Zjvj emy I D‡c› ªbv_ `vm

Kviv`Ð †_‡K gyw³ cvb|

Ômy‡i› ª we‡bvw`bxÕi gvgjvwU nvB‡Kv‡U© Pjgvb Ae¯’vq ZrKvjxb AvBb mwPe ne nvDm 15.03.1876

Zvwi‡L ÔbvU¨ wbqš¿Y wejÕ DÌvcb K‡ib Ges 20.03.1876 Zvwi‡L Zv †jwRm †jwUf KvDwÝ‡j

†ck Kiv n‡j KwgwU wejwU‡K wbi®‥zk mg_©b Rvbvq| d‡j cieZx© ch©v‡q RbgZ‡K m¤ú~Y© D‡cÿv

K‡i eojvU jW© wicb (1827-1909) wejwU‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡i 16.12.1876 Zvwi‡Li GK Av‡`‡k

GwU‡K ÔAwfbq wbqš¿Y AvBbÕ-G cwiYZ K‡ib|45

†`kvZ¥‡evaK bvUK I beve wmivR-D`-†`Šjv

D³ cUf‚wg‡Z evsjv bvU‡Ki avivq beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv I cjvkxi hy×‡K †K› ª K‡i iwPZ Kv‡eï

bvUïƒc gÂvwqZ nq Ges iwPZ nq bvUK| 1875 wLªóv‡ã bexbP› ª †mb (1846-1909) Ôcjvkxi

hy×Õ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib Ges Zv K‡qKevi AwfbxZ nq| hZ`~i hvbv hvq Ôcjvkxi hy×Õ Kv‡eï bvUïƒc

`vb K‡ib wMwikP› ª †Nvl| Ôcjvkxi hy‡×Õ AwZ ÿxYfv‡e n‡jI †`‡ki wech©‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q-

Ôwbwej ZLb fvi‡Zi †kl Avkv|Õ ci eQi j²xbvivqY PµeZx©i Ôbeve †mivRy‡Ï․jvÕ (1876)

cÖKvwkZ nq hv beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv †Kw› ªK cÖ_g evsjv bvUK| j²xbvivqY PµeZx©i Ôbeve

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ev Bs‡iR we‡Øl wQj bv|

ÔAwfbq wbqš¿Y AvBb-1876Õ cÖgvY K‡i †h, bvUK evOvwjmgvRgvb‡m †`k‡cÖ‡gi wkLv cÖ¾¡wjZ K‡i

ivR‣bwZK ZrciZv †eMevb K‡i‡Q| evsjvi `yB ivR‣bwZK †bZv Avb›`‡gvnb emy (1847-1906)

I my‡i› ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1848-1925) Gi ivR‣bwZK mvdj¨ AR©‡bi †cQ‡b evsjv bvUK I

bvU¨kvjvi f‚wgKv cieZx©Kv‡j ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb ¯^v‡`wkK Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg †bZv wewcb cvj

(1858-1932)|46

ÔAwfbq wbqš¿Y AvBb-1876Õ Gi d‡j †`kvZ¥‡evaK bvU‡Ki †Rvqv‡i mvgwqK weiwZ †`Lv hvq Ges

e½f½ Av‡›`vjb‡K (1905) †K›`ª K‡i cybivq Zv cÖej iƒc aviY K‡i| Aek¨ Gi gaëZx© 30

erm‡i ew¼gP‡› ªi ÔAvb›`gVÕ (1882), Ô†èx †P․ayivYxÕ (1884), ÔmxZvivgÕ (1887) BZ¨vw`

Dcb¨v‡mi bvUïƒc gÂ ’ nq Ges G‡ÿ‡Î iex› ªbv‡_i (1861-1941) ÔeD VvKzivbxi nvUÕ (1883)

Dcb¨v‡mi bvUïƒc ÔivRv emšÍiv‡qiÕ (1883) gÂvqb ¯^‡`kx bvU¨vwfb‡q bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i|47

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303

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ivR‣bwZK Kvi‡Y e½f½‡K c~e©evsjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl ¯^vMZ Rvbvq Ges cwðg evsjvi AwaKvsk

gvbyl Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| GB cÖ_g ga¨weË wn›`y m¤úª`vq gymjgvb‡ì `‡j Uvb‡Z †Póv K‡iI e¨_©

nq| Gi KviY wbY©q Ki‡Z wM‡q iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e‡jb-

e½ we‡”Q` e¨vcviUv Avgv‡ì Abœe‡¯¿ nvZ †`q bvB| Avgv‡ì ü`‡q AvNvZ KwiqvwQj| †mB ü`qUv

hZ`~i ch©šÍ ALÐ ZZ`~i ch©šÍ Zvnvi †e`bv AcwiwQbœ wQj| evsjvi gymjgvb †h GB †e`bvq Avgv‡ì

m‡½ GK nq bvB Zvnvi KviY Zvnv‡ì m‡½ Avgiv †Kv‡bvw`b ü`q‡K GK nB‡Z w`B bvB|49

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Zv‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v iv‡óªi `vwe DÌvcb K‡i I 1940 mv‡j †ki-G- evsjv G †K dRjyj n‡Ki

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wn› y gymjgv‡bi wgjb Kvgbv Ges civaxbZvi R‡b¨ Møvwb‡eva A‡bK †jL‡Ki iPbvq Lye ¯úóiƒ‡c

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M‡e©i GKUv dj †`Lv w`‡qwQj gymwjg we‡Ølx g‡bvfv‡ei D‡Øva‡b| Zvi weiƒc cÖwZwµqv †R‡MwQj

gymjgvb mgv‡R| wn›`y †jLK‡ì iPbvq HwZnvwmK cUf‚wg‡Z wn›`y gymjgv‡bi we‡iva ¯§„wZi PP©v Kiv

n‡qwQj, gymjgvb †jL‡KivI Zvi Reve w`‡qwQ‡jb|50

evsjvi GB mvs¯‥…wZK msK‡Ui mg‡qI KwZcq bvU¨Kvi wn›`y gymjgvb wgj‡bi evYx cÖPvi K‡ib Ges

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†mb¸‡ßi (1892-1961) ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ (1938) AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wMwikP› ª †Nv‡li

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gymjgvb ¯^v_©PvwjZ n‡q ¯‡`‡ki cÖwZ Cl©vq we‡`kxi AvkÖq MÖnY Ki‡e, †m Kzjv½vi! gvZ…f~wgi

Kj¼! Zvi Rxeb N„wYZ \51

wMwikP›`ª †Nvl wmivR-D`-†`․jvi Kvwnwb AvkÖq K‡i bvUK †jLvq

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ivR‣bwZK| msNvZ I loh‡š¿ wjß Bs‡iR‡ì ivR‣bwZK kw³i Kv‡QB e½‡`k Zvi ¯^vaxbZv

nvwi‡q‡Q| GL‡bv ¯vaxbZvi kÎæ †mB Bs‡iR Ges evOvwji KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wMwik †Nv‡li e³e¨ cÖvq

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mv¤úª`vwqKZvc~Y© hv Ôc‡ivÿZ I AskZ mv¤ªvRëv‡ì bxwZi evnK|Õ iƒcK‡Z¡i c~‡e©v³ wec` †_‡K

wMwikP‡› ªi ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ cÖ_g evsjv ¯^‡`kx bvUK‡K D×vi Kij|52

bvU¨Kvi wMwikP›`ª †Nvl Zuvi

bvU‡K wenvixjvj miKvi (1855-1921), AÿqKzgvi •g‡Îq (1861-1930), wbwLjbv_ ivq

(1865-1932), KvwjcÖmbœ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (?) cÖgyL HwZnvwm‡Ki BwZnvm †_‡K ÔivR‣bwZK I

cÖRvermjÕ wmivR wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb|53

Zuvi ÔivR‣bwZK I cÖRvermjÕ wmiv‡Ri †`kcÖxwZ I Bs‡iR

we‡Øl GKB m‡½ †`kevmx‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g RvMÖZ K‡i‡Q Ges Bs‡iR‡ì fxZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|54

GB


304

Kvi‡Y ZrKvjxb miKvi 1911 mv‡ji 8B Rvbyqvwi bvUKwUi cÖPvi I Awfbq eÜ K‡i †`b|55

D‡jøL¨

†h, cÖ_g gÂvq‡bi mg‡qI bvUKwU‡Z ivR cxo‡b wKQzUv iè`j Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|56

kPx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß Zuvi ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ bvU‡Ki f~wgKvq wmivR-D`-†`․jv I cjvkxi hy× m¤ú‡K©

e‡jb- ÔwmivR wQ‡jb LuvwU evOvjx| ZvB Zuvi civR‡q evsjvi civRq †nv‡jv| Zuvi cZ‡bi m‡½ m‡½

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gymjgv‡bi bq- wgwjZ wn› y gymjgv‡bi gvZ…f~wg...|Õ Avi civR‡qi ci g„Zzï gy‡LvgywL uvwo‡q

Ôwb‡Ri me ytL-`yÏ©kv Qvwc‡qI evsjvi K_v wmiv‡Ri g‡b n‡q‡Q|Õ ZvB m¤¢e bq †R‡bI wZwb Zvi

Pvicv‡ki gvbyl‡ì Kv‡Q cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i †njvq nvwi‡q †djv ¯^vaxbZv cybivq Ôe½Rbbxi KbK

wKix‡UÕ cwi‡q †èvi Rb¨ AvKzwZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb Ges g„Zz¨Kvjxb Zuvi †kl msjvc wQ‡jv Ôevsjvq kvwšÍ

wd‡i AvmyK|Õ57

fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z †giæKi‡Yi d‡j 1947 mv‡j fviZel© ÔcvwK¯ÍvbÕ I ÔfviZÕ bvgK `ywU ¯^vaxb

iv‡óª wef³ n‡q hvq| ÔcvwK¯ÍvbÕ Avevi Ôc~e© cvwK¯ÍvbÕ I Ôcwðg cvwK¯ÍvbÕ GB `yBfv‡M wef³

wQ‡jv| GB wefw³Ki‡Yi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~e©vs‡k A_©vr c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwaKvsk bvU¨KviMY wmivR-

D`-†`․jv‡K gymwjg ms¯‥…wZi Av‡jv‡K D™¢vwmZ K‡ib|58

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi c~e©eZx© ch©v‡q

(1947-71) Ôc~e© cvwK¯ÍvbÕ Z_v c~e©e‡½i ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi msKUKv‡j Ges 1971 mv‡ji

¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwMÖK msK‡Ui mg‡qI wmivR-D`-†`․jv †Kw› ªK bvUK iwPZ n‡q‡Q|

wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi (1919-1975) Zuvi ÔwmivR-D-†Ï․jvÕ (1965) bvU‡K wmiv‡Ri ÔAv`k© Ges

gvbexq ¸Y¸wj‡KBÕ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| GB Dc¯’vcbvq c~e©m~wi bvU¨Kvi wMwikP› ª †Nvl I kPxb

†mb¸‡ßi cÖwZ K…ZÁZv Rvwb‡q bvU‡K wmivR Pwi‡Îi mgKvjxb cÖvmw½KZv m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb-

ÔRvZxq RvMi‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b DÏxcbvi †cÖiYv wn‡m‡e wmivR-D-†Ï․jv AvR me©RbwcÖq PwiÎ| GB

mvd‡jï c_ cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q RvZxq bv‡U¨v‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g|Õ wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvd‡ii wmivR †`‡ki

†evSv GKvB en‡b cÖ¯‘Z| wZwb g‡b K‡ib- Ôfxiæ cÖZvi‡Ki `j wPiKvjB cvjvq| wKš‘ Zv‡Z ex‡ii

g‡bvej ÿzYœ nq bv|Õ ZvB mK‡j Zv‡K †Q‡o †M‡jI Zv‡K ej‡Z ïwb- Ôïay Avwg iBjvg- bZzb K‡i

cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z n‡e|Õ wmivR GKvB ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ki‡eb- Ôfwel¨‡Z eQ‡ii ci eQi †`‡ki

mvaviY gvbyl †`k‡ ªvnx Ges we‡`kx `myï nv‡Z †hfv‡e DrcxwoZ n‡eÕ Zv wZwb †eu‡P †_‡K mn¨

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| ZvB Ôhw` †Zvi WvK ï‡b †KD bv Av‡m Z‡e GKjv Pj‡iÕ bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx GB

AKz‡Zvfq exi †`‡ki Rb¨ wbR Rxeb DrmM© K‡ib| GB bvU‡K ievU© K¬vB‡fi Dw³wUI ¯§iY‡hvM¨

Ô...bev‡ei †Kvb ÿgZv †bB| hvi cÖavb †mbvcwZ wek¦vm NvZK, hvi LvRvwÂ, †Ìqvb, Avgxi Igivn

mevB cÖZviK, Zvi †Kv‡bv ÿgZv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ59

mvC` Avng‡ì (1931-2010) Ô†kl beveÕ (1989) bvU‡K g„Zzï †Kv‡j X‡j cov gxi g`©vb

beve‡K Rvwb‡q‡Q- ÔZiæY beve, G †`‡ki ivRbxwZi iƒc †h KZ exfrm Zv GLbI Avcbvi †Pv‡L

aiv c‡owb|Õ60

Ab¨w`‡K G‡`‡ki gvbyl m¤ú‡K© ievU© K¬vB‡fi Dcjwä-

G‡`‡ki cÖwZev` †Kej ZLbB †kvbv hvq hLb wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_© AvNvZ jv‡M| wb‡R wbivc` _vK‡j A‡bï

wKQz wb‡q gv_v Nvgv‡bv G‡ì ¯^fv‡e †bB| G †`‡ki wK n‡e, G Rv‡Zi wK n‡e Zv wb‡q Kv‡iv †Kvb

wPšÍv †bB| `j cvKv‡Z Giv I¯Ív`| PµvšÍ Ki‡Z Giv wm×n¯Í|61

mvC` Avn‡g‡ì wmivR evsjvi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Dch©y³ welqvw` †R‡bI wb‡Ri wel wb‡R nRg

K‡i‡Qb| evsjvi gvby‡li cÖwZ Av¯’v I wek¦vm wb‡qB wZwb euvP‡Z †P‡q‡Qb-


305

†Lv`vi Kmg hw` Avi R‡b¥ Avevi cjvkx‡Z Avmvi my‡hvM nq Zvn‡j Avevi Avwg gxi Rvdi‡K wek¦vm

Ki‡ev| muv‡d Reve `vI G †`‡ki kvmbKZ©v G †`‡ki wmcvnmvjvi‡K wek¦vm Ki‡e bvwK Avi KvD‡K

Ki‡e? we‡`kx AvMš‘K‡K Ki‡e?62

bvU‡K Dc¯’vwcZ wmiv‡Ri wPišÍbZv m¤ú‡K© mRvM mvC` Avng` Avkvev`x †h- ÔwmivR cjvkx‡Z

†n‡i †M‡Q e‡j †`k †n‡i hvq wb| G hy× AbšÍKv‡ji| G †`‡k A‡bK wmivR Rb¥ †b‡e cÖwZ‡kva

†bevi Rb¨|Õ63

mvC` Avng‡ì Ô†kl beveÕ bvU‡Ki wmivR‡Ï․jv Pwi‡Îi AšÍiv‡j msMZ Kvi‡Y

kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi (1920-1975) AwZKvq Qvqv jÿ

K‡i‡Qb|64

Dcmsnvi

¯^‡`k‡cÖgg~jK evsjv bvU‡K beve wmivR-D`-†`․jvi Dcw ’wZ I PwiÎvqY we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h,

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Ges AwZ Drmv‡ni Kvi‡Y Zv gvÎv Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| GB me bvU‡K †h †`k‡cÖg cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q

Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e AwaKvsk bvU¨Kvi wn›`y‡ì fviZxq gymjgvb kvmK‡ì cÖwZcÿ wn‡m‡e

eënvi K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì RqMvb †M‡q‡Q| DÏk¨g~jK GBme bvU‡Ki Ab¨Zg jÿ wQj DcvR©b| ZvB

AwaKvsk bvUKB wkí mvdj¨ †c‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GK_v ¯^xKvh© †h, wkí mvdj¨ ev` w`‡jI

Rbgvbm‡K msMwVZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î bvU¨KviMY mdj n‡q‡Qb- hvi djkÖæwZ ÔAwfbq wbqš¿Y AvBb-

1876|Õ wMwikP›`ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕq wn› y gymjgvb wbwe©‡k‡l fviZxq‡ì Bs‡iR‡ì cÖwZcÿ

wn‡m‡e uvo Kiv‡bv n‡q‡Q hv cieZx© ch©v‡qi †`k‡cÖgg~jK bvU‡K Ae¨vnZ wQj| wMwikP›`ª †Nv‡li

ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ gÂvq‡bi cÖ_gw`‡K ms‡kvab Kiv n‡jI c‡i Zv ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ

nq †h, wMwikP› ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕq ¯‡`k‡cÖg e¨vcKfv‡eB Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ kPx›`ªbv_

†mb¸‡ßi ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ ZrKvjxb evsjv miKv‡ii AvbyK~j¨ jvf Kivq gÂvq‡b †Kv‡bv weNœ N‡Uwb|

wMwikP› ª †Nv‡li ÔwmivR‡Ï․jvÕ †_‡K mvC` Avng‡ì Ô†kl beveÕ ch©šÍ beve wmivR-D`-†`․jv

†Kw›`ªK evsjv bvU‡K wmivR-D`-†`․jvi PwiÎvq‡Y †h ¯^‡`kvbyivM cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv fwel¨r

evsjvi MYbvqK wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvBKb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB fwel¨r evsjvi †h †Kv‡bv

m¼U †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ kw³gvb †Kv‡bv bvU¨Kvi wmivR-D`-†`․jv †Kw› ªK bvUK iPbv Ki‡ZB

cv‡ib| wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvd‡ii ÔwmivR-D-†Ï․jvÕ bvU‡K ievU© K¬vB‡fi Dw³‡Z evOvwj Pwi‡Îi †h

•ewkó¨ wPwýZ n‡q‡Q Ges ivR‣bwZK †bZv I Avgjv‡ì m¤ú‡K© †h gšÍe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q AvRI Zvi

†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nqwb Ges fwel¨‡ZI Zv cwieZ©‡bi Avkv `~ivkvgvÎ| mvC` Avng‡ì Ô†kl beveÕ

bvU‡Ki evsjvi ivR‣bwZK †bZv I Avgjv m¤úKx©Z gšÍeÏ fwel¨r evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK †bZv I

Avgjv m¤ú‡K© Dch©y³ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k 1 The inhabitants who were spectators upon that occasion must have amounted to some hundred

thousands; and if they had an inclination to have destroyed the Europeans, they might havedone it

with sticks and stones. Clive's evidence before Parliamentary Committe. D×…Z: g„Yvj PµeZx©, wmivR-

D`-†`Šjv (KjKvZv: cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©`, 1981), c„. 348


306

2 gymjgvb Avg‡j fviZevmx ciZš¿vaxb nB‡jI Giƒc civaxb wQj bv| BsivR Avgj nB‡ZB fvi‡Z cÖK…Z civaxbZv

I ciZ‡¯¿i m~ÎcvZ nBqv‡Q| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK (KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK

wecYx, 1978), c„. 34

3 1825 nB‡Z 1845 Lªx÷vã ch©šÍ weskwZel©‡K e‡½i be hy‡Mi Rb¥Kvj ewjqv MYbv Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| wkebv_

kv¯¿x, ivgZby jvwnox I ZrKvjxb e½ mgvR (cÖ_g wek¦evYx ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: wek¦evYx cÖKvkbx, 1983), c„. 71

4 From personal experience, I am impressed with the conviction that the greater our intercourse with

European gentlemen, the greater will be our improvement in literary, social and political affairs; ...

b‡M›`ªbv_ P‡Ævcva¨vq, gnvZ¥v ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi RxebPwiÎ (2q ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 1974), c„.

226|

5 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), (KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨kÖx, 1979), c„. 20

6 dviwm fvlvq cÖKvwkZ mvßvwnK, cÖ_g msL¨v 11B GwcÖj, 1822 Ges †kl msL¨v 04Vv GwcÖj, 1823

7 eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Ôivg‡gvnb ivqÕ, mvwnZ¨ mvaK PwiZ gvjv, 1g LÐ (5g ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: e½xq mvwnZ¨-

cwilr, 1976), c„. 56

8 As a whole, the Press in India is conducted with singular ability; and it is astonishing to mark the

gaint strides with which it has advanced within last few year. Jhon Bruce Norton, The Rebellion in

India, p. 197 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 34

9 These middle classof inhabitants of Bengal offered the most checring indication of any that exists at

the present moment. Bengal Herald: June 13, 1829 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi

cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 14

10 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 47

11 W. myKzgvi †mb, ev½vjv mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm, 2q LÐ (Z„Zxq ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: e×©gvb mvwnZ¨ mfv, 1362), c„. 11


13 Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß, Ô¯^‡`kÕ, Ck¦i ¸‡ßi KweZv msMÖn, gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv m¤úv. (2q ms¯‥iY; XvKv:

gvIjv eªv`vm©, 1994), c„. 245

14 i½jvj e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ÔcwÙbx DcvL¨vbÕ, i½jvj MÖš’vejx (b~Zb ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: emygZx-mvwnZ¨-gw›ì, mvj †bB),

c„. 85

15 AwRZKzgvi †Nvl, bvU‡Ki K_v (5g ms¯‥iY; KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨ †jvK, 2003), c„. 101


17 ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ, ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ iPbvejx, mÜ¨v eKkx m¤úv. (KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨‡jvK, 1991), c„. 675

18 eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, e½uxq bvU¨kvjvi BwZnvm (1795-1876) (KjKvZv: KiæYv cÖKvkbx, 2013), c„. 31

19 eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi jvfRbK cwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki f~¯^vgx, awbK I ga¨weË †kÖYx wmcvnx hy‡×

†Kv¤úvbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q m‡PZbfv‡e| iZbjvj PµeZx©, wmcvnxhy× I evsjv‡`k (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx,

1984), c„. 162

20 eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, e½xq bvU¨kvjvi BwZnvm (1795-1876), c„. 98

21 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 8-9

22 gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, ÔK…òKzgvix bvUKÕ, gaym~`b iPbvejx, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv. (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewZ©Z ms¯‥iY;

KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨ msm`, 1999), c„. 331

23 gb¥_ ivq, ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g evsjv bvUK I bvU¨kvjv (KwjKvZv: 1965), c„. 6| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx,

†`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, c„. 60


307

24

Man is explicable by nothing less than all his history. Without hurry, without rest, the human spirit

goes forht from the beginning to embody every faculty, every thought, every emotion which belongs

to it, in appropriate events. But the thought is always priorto the facti all the acts of history preexist

in the mind as laws. ...Every revolution was first a thought in one man’s mind, and when the same

thought occurs to another men, it is the key to that era. Every reform was once a private opinion, and

when it shall be a private opinion again it will solve the problem of the age... Essays: Ralph Waldo

Emerson (First Series) D×…Z: W. cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 3-4

25 ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq: ev½vjvi BwZnvm m¤^‡Ü K‡qKwU K_v, ew¼g iPbvejx (mvwnZ¨ mgMÖ) (cÖ_g ZzwjKjg ms¯‥iY;

KjKvZv: ZzwjKjg, Kwecÿ 1939), c„. 336-37

26 emšÍKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv‡_i Rxeb ¯§„wZ, c„. 141| D×…Z: AwRZ Kzgvi †Nvl, evsjv bvU‡Ki BwZnvm

(8g ms¯‥iY; KwjKvZv: †Rbv‡ij, 1999), c„. 134

27 cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, c„. 34-35

28 Ac‡ikP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq, i½vj‡q wÎk ermi, c„. 94| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv

bvUK, c„. 36

29 cÖfvZKzgvi †Mv¯^vgx, †`kvZ¥‡evaK I HwZnvwmK evsjv bvUK, c„. 36

30 AwRZKzgvi †Nvl, evsjv bvU‡Ki BwZnvm, c„. 132

31 mycÖKvk ivq, fvi‡Zi •ecøweK msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm, 1g LÐ (KjKvZv: wW.Gg.we.G eªv`vm©, 1970), c„. 126

32 GKw`‡K Bs‡iR‡ì AZ¨vPvi bMœiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv I Aciw`‡K ivRvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b, GB `yB ci¯úi we‡ivax g‡bvfveB

n‡”Q ¯^v‡`wkKZvi eqtmwÜ c‡e©i •ewkó¨| cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914),

c„. 279

33 wKiYP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, fvi‡Z heb (weÁvcb) D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve

(1800-1914), c„. 281

34 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 286

35 cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 285-86

36 Z‡è, c„. 310

37 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 312

38 wewcbP›`ª cvj, behy‡Mi evsjv, c„. 255| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-

1914), 326

39 That the national feeling had been outrages at the price the babu paid for his honour. wn› y †cÖwUªqU-

05.01.1876, D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 332

40 †eu‡P _v‡Kv gyLy‡h©ï †cv, †L‡jø fvj †Pv‡U| †Zvgvi †Ljvq ivs iƒ‡cv nq, †Mv‡ev‡i kvjyK †dv‡U \ ÒwdeªæÓ `v‡b, GK

Zvov‡Z, K‡jø evwR gvr| gvQ, KvZz‡i †f‡Kv n‡jv- †Kqvevr †Kqvevr \ †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, MÖš’vejx (KjKvZv:

K¨vwbs jvB‡eªix, 1884), c„. 301

41 †n‡g›`ªbv_ `vk¸ß, fviZxq i½ugÂ, c„. 80| D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-

1914), c„. 342

42 H.N. Dasgupta, Indian stage, Vol. II. p. 284-85 D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve

(1800-1914), c„. 345

43 Patrons and and countrymen, now or never is the opportunity to help us. H.N. Das Gupta. Ibid, P. 283

D×…Z: cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 347


308

44

cÖfvZKzgvi fÆvPvh©, ev½jv bvU‡K ¯^v‡`wkKZvi cÖfve (1800-1914), c„. 347-50

45 Z‡è, c„. 350-51

46 It was the Bengalee stage which found expression to the new spirit of patriolism among our rising

generation of educated intellectuals... when Surendra Nath and Ananda Mohan returned from

England in 1875-76, ...they contributed as much as the ‘Banga darashan’ and the new Bengalee stage

to the birth and early development of our new mationalism. Bipin Chandra Pal, Memories of My Life

Times in the days of My Youth (1857-1884), P. 251-58

47 cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq, iex›`ª Rxebx, 1g LÐ (cÂg ms¯‥iY, 2008; KjKvZv: wek¦fviZx MÖš’b wefvM, cy.gy.,

2013), c„. 157

48 wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv. (wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1996; KjKvZv: cy¯ÍK wecwY, wØZxq gy`ª©Y, 1998),

c„. f~wgKv cuvP

49 iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, Ò†jvKmvwnZ¨Ó, ÔKvjvšÍiÕ, iex› ª iPbvejx, PZzwe©sk LÐ; (KwjKvZv: wek¦fviZx MÖš’b wefvM,

1970), c„. 262

50 Avwbmy¾vgvb, gymwjg gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨ (XvKv: †jLK msL cÖKvkbx, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1964), c„. AeZiwYKv

GMvi/ev‡iv

51 wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv., c„. 25 I 36

52 wMwikP›`ª †Nvl, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, †ÿÎ¸ß m¤úv., c„. f~wgKv Qq

53 Z‡è, c„. bvU¨Kv‡ii f~wgKv wZb

54 †mv‡g›`ªP›`ª b›`x, evsjv HwZnvwmK bvUK mgv‡jvPbv (KjKvZv: e½xq bvU¨ msm` cÖKvkbx, 1981), c„. 232

55 cÖ‡`¨vZ †mb¸ß, evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb I bvU¨ mvwnZ¨ (KjKvZv: mvwnZ¨ kÖx, 1976), c„. 389

56 Ac‡ikP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq, i½vj‡q wÎk ermi D×…Z: cÖ‡`¨vZ †mb¸ß, evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb I bvU¨ mvwnZ¨, c„. 389

57 kPx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß, wmivR‡ÏŠjv, cy‡®ú›`y †kLi wMwi m¤úv., (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, 2009), c„. 139, 184,

218, 224

58 (K) c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †i‡bmuv †mvmvBwUi (1942) g~j K_v wQj: ÒRvZxq †i‡bmuvi D‡ØvaK cvwK¯Ívbev‡ì mvwnwZ¨K

iƒcvqY, cvwK¯Ívbev` m¤ú‡K© •eÁvwbK I gbbg~jK Av‡jvPbvi eë¯’v Kiv, mvwn‡Z¨ cvwK¯Ívb we‡ivax, cÖwZwµqvkxj

fveaviv‡K cÖwZnZ Kiv| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †i‡bmuv †mvmvBwUi Kvh©¨weeiYx, gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †i‡bmuv

m‡¤§jb msL¨v, kÖveY-fv`ª, 1351, c„. 527-28| D×…Z: myKzgvi wek¦vm, evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v I bvU‡Ki aviv (XvKv:

evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1988), c„. 67 (L) Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb mvwnZ¨ msm`Õ (1942), ÔZgÏyb gRwjkÕ (1947) BZ¨vw`

msMVbI Abyiƒcg‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zb| myKzgvi wek¦vm, evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v I bvU‡Ki aviv, c„. 67-68

59 wmKvb& vi Avey Rvdi, wmivR-D-†ÏŠjv, wmKvb& vi Avey Rvdi iPbvejx 2, Avãyj gvbœvb •mq` m¤úv. (XvKv: evsjv

GK‡Wgx, 1997), c„. 67, 75, 90, 93, 94, 396-97

60 mvC` Avng`, †kl beve (XvKv: evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx, 1998), c„. 95

61 Z‡è, c„. 43

62 Z‡è, c„. 101

63 Z‡è, c„. 102

64 Z‡è, c„. c~e©‡jL


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

AvaywbK dviwm Kv‡e¨ †cÖg

W. Zvnwgbv †eMg

Abstract : The modern Persian literature is the reflection of life of the contemporary

Iranian people. Poetry is the most important part of Persian literature. Love is an

indivisible part of poetry as well. Especially, modern Persian poets expressed their

emotional feelings regarding love that is associated to all walks of life. Passionate love

inspired modern Persian poets to compose some of their profound and lasting poetry

whether for the Divine beloved or the earthly counterparts. This article attempts to

describe the diversity in interpretation of love as found in modern Persian poetry.

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`vuo Kwi‡q Zvi mv‡_ g‡bi Abyf~wZ¸‡jv Gfv‡eB e¨³ K‡i‡Qb:

! آخر بگو! تو چو کسی! ای نازنين يار نکو همرىا: گفتمش 4عشق: عشق چيستی کو بی قراری؟ گفت: کيستی؟ چو نام داری؟ گفت

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! قصو رنگ پريده، خون سرد من ندانم با کو گويم شرح درد عاقبت شيدا دل و ديوانو شد ىرکو با من همره و پيمانو شد عاقبت خواننده را مجنون کند قصو ام عشاق را دلخون کند

کاو ز سوز عشق می سوزد بسی آتش عشق است و گيرد در کسی : قصو ای از بخت و از دوران خويش قصو ای دارم من از ياران خويش

همره من بوده همواره يکی ياد می آيد مرا، کز کودکی همره خوش ظاىر بدخواه خود قصو ای دارم ازين همراه خود

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Aw ’iZvi wPÎ Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb ¯‡`k‡cÖwg Kwe| wewfbœ KweZvq Zvi ¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZ

ggZv‡eva jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ZeyI Biv‡bi mvgwiK Afy¨Ìv‡bi NUbv Ges mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK

Aw ’wZkxj cwiw¯’wZ Kwe‡K ` y‡i †Kv_vI P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ K‡i| wcQ‡bi †d‡j Avmv Rb¥f~wgi cÖwZ

fv‡jvevmv Kwei Kvwe¨K MwZ‡K AviI †eMevb K‡i †Zv‡j| •kk‡ei ¯§„wZPviY Ki‡Z wM‡q Kwe G


312

Abyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| AcwiwPZ GK bZzb myi Zvi AšÍi‡K AbyiwYZ K‡i| hvi d‡j Kwe GK `xN©

KweZv Avdmv‡b iPbv K‡ib| wbgvi Avdmv‡b mgKvjxb KweZvi m~Pbvi cÖZxK wbgvqx Kveïƒ‡c

cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| wKš‘ G weL¨vZ KweZv mvwnwZ¨K I Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK mgv‡jvPbvi So

Zz‡jwQj| wbgv Zvi GB Avdmv‡b iPbvq GK my›ì cwiYwZi Avkvev`x wQ‡jb| hvi Aby‡cªiYv

Kwe‡K mvg‡b GwM‡q hvIqvi wel‡q DrmvwnZ K‡i| Kwe e‡jb,

ای دل من، دل من دل من بی نوا مضطرا قابل من

با همو خوبی و قدر و دعوی از تو آخر چو شد حاصل من

جز سرشکی بو رخساره غم؟ می توانستی ای دل رىيدن

گر نخوردی فريب زمانو آنچو ديدی ز خود ديدی و بس

ىردم از يک ره و يک بهانو 6تا تو ای مست با من ستيزی

[†n Avgvi ü`q, Avgvi ü`q, Avgvi ü`q

wbt¯-Amnvq Aw¯’iZv Avgvi cªvc¨

me ïf, wbqwZ Avi AwaKv‡ii mv‡_

Ae‡k‡l KxBev Avgvi AR©b †Zvgvi KvQ †_‡K

AkÖænxb Avgvi welbœ †Pnvivq?

Zzwg cvi‡Z gyw³ †c‡Z †n Avgvi ü`q

hw` mg‡qi cÖeÂbvq bv co‡Z

hv wKQz †`‡LQ Avgvi wb‡R‡KB †`‡L‡Q Ges Zv h‡_ô

cÖwZwU gyûZ© GKB c_ GKB evnvbv,

hZÿY Zzwg I‡n gvZvj Avgvi mv‡_ Ki weev`|]

AvaywbK avivi Av‡iKRb Kwe n‡jb BivR wgR©v (1874-1925)| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb mgvR m‡PZb

wecøex e¨w³Z¡| wZwb gvmbvwf iPbvq wQ‡jb wm×n¯Í| Biv‡Ri KweZvi fvlv AZ¨šÍ mnR-mij Ges

mvaviY gvby‡li K‡_vcK_‡bi Lye KvQvKvwQ| Zv‡K AvaywbKZv Ges bZzb‡Z¡i mgšqKI ejv hvq|

GgbwK Zvi Kv‡e¨ i‡q‡Q †g․wjK I gvbweK •ewk‡óï mgvnvi| gvbweK I bvix AwaKvi cÖwZôvq

Ae`vb ivLvq †Zniv‡bi bvix msMVb Zv‡K Dò msea©bvq f~wlZ K‡i| Rxeb mvqv‡ü ytL-Kó,

`ywðšÍv, Aw¯’iZv Ges wb`viæY A_©K‡ó RR©wiZ n‡q c‡ob Kwe| Rxe‡bi g~jëvb wÎkwU eQi ivóªxq

†mevq wewj‡q w`‡q †Kv‡bv cÖwZ`vb bv †c‡jI ¯vaxbZvi Avb›`‡K ey‡K aviY K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l

mevB‡K Kuvw`‡q 1925 wLª÷v‡ãi †Kv‡bv GK mÜ¨vq ü`h‡š¿i wµqv eÜ n‡q g„ZzëiY K‡ib|


313

ÔgvÕ kãwU‡K Kwe BivR Zvi ü`q Mnx‡b Ggbfv‡e ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb hvi GKw`‡K †cÖwgKvi fv‡jvevmv

Aciw`‡K cy‡Îi cÖwZ gv‡qi wbt¯v_© fv‡jvevmv, †¯œncivqY G `y‡qi g‡a¨ †hb Kwe ü`‡q Pig e¨_v

Abyfe K‡ib| ZvB‡Zv Kwe Ø¨_©nxb K‡Ú e‡jb,

داد مشعوقو بو عاشق پيغام کو کند مادر تو با من جنگ ىر کجا بيندم از دور کند چهره پر چين و جبين پر آژنگ

با نگاه غضب آلود زند 7بر دل نازک من تير خدنگ[†cÖwgKv Zvi †cÖwg‡Ki Kv‡Q cvVvq cqMvg

†Zvgvi gv Avgvi mv‡_ hy× †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|

†hLv‡bB Avgv‡K †`‡L y‡i mwi‡q †`q

KzwÂZ †Pnviv I Amš‘ó Awfe¨w³|

AKj¨vYKi `„wó †hb ~wlZ K‡i w`‡”Q

†hb Avgvq ye©j ü`‡q Zxi wbwÿß n‡”Q|]

wesk kZvãx‡Z Bivwb bvix gyw³i c‡ÿ me©cÖ_g †h KÚwU †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡VwQj Zv wQj cviwfb

G‡Zmvwgi (1907-1941) KÉ| cviwfb wQ‡jb mZ¨, my›ì I fv‡jvevmvi c~Rvix, eÜyfvevcbœ

¯^vaxb‡PZv Kwe| bvix Ges bvixi Ae`vbwenxb wek¦mf¨Zv M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv| m„wóKZ©v cyiæl

RvwZ‡K bvix RvwZi Dci cÖvavb¨ w`‡q cÖKvivšÍ‡i Zv‡ì‡K m¤§vb, gh©v`vi Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡i‡Qb|

G Kvi‡Y bvix n‡jv cyiæ‡li kw³, Drm, B”Qv Ges K‡g©i †cÖiYv| RMr msmv‡ii mKj gvqv, ggZv I

fv‡jvevmvi GK we®§qKi bvg bvix| AvaywbK dviwm Kwe cviwfb G‡Zmvwg wQ‡jb bvix RvMi‡Yi

AMÖ ~Z| ZvB gv‡qi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi GK D¾¡j `„óvšÍ n‡jv Zvi †d‡ikZv‡q Dbm ev fv‡jvevmvi

†d‡ikZvZzj¨ KweZvwU| Kwe e‡jb,

در آن سرای کو زن نيست، انس و شفقت نيست در آن وجود کو دل مرده، مرده است روان8بهيچ مبحث و ديباچو ای، قضا ننوشت برای مرد کمال و برای زن نقصان

[†h N‡i bvix †bB, †mLv‡b †cÖg-gvqvi wPý †bB

†h †`‡n g‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q, †m‡Zv wbmvo wb¯úªvY|

†Kv_vI, †Kv‡bv f~wgKvq fvM¨wjwc Ggb K_v wj‡Lwb

cyiæ‡li Rb¨ c~Y©Zv Avi bvixi fv‡M¨ ÎæwU-Ac~Y©Zv|]

m„wójMœ †_‡K mgv‡Ri GK Ab¨Zg As‡ki bvg cwievi| KviY, cwiev‡i bvix-cyiæ‡li m¤úK©

cÖK…wZ‡K K‡i‡Q RxešÍ Avi mgvR‡K w`‡q‡Q c~Y©Zv| AvengvbKvj n‡Z cyiæl mgvR bvix mgv‡Ri

Dci †h AvwacZ¨ Ges wbcxob-wbh©vZb Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q AvaywbK Kwe-mvwnwZ¨‡Kiv Gi cÖwZev`

K‡i‡Qb| bvix n‡”Q fv‡jvevmvi cÖZxK| †mB bvix‡ì ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© †h mKj mvwnZ¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q

Zvi g‡a¨ Kwe wgiRv‡` GkwKi Kvd‡b wmqvn DuPz ch©v‡qi GKwU KweZv| G‡Z bvix ¯^vaxbZv,

bvix‡ì AwaKvi, bvix‡ì `yive¯’vi cÖK…Z wPÎ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| hviv G c„w_exi gvqv Z¨vM K‡i P‡j

†M‡Qb †mB Kei¯’v‡b Kwe `ytL cÖKvk K‡ib Ges Kvd‡bi Kvc‡o Ave„Z bvixZ¡ wb`k©b †`L‡Z cvb|

Kwe Bivwb bvix‡ì m¤ú‡K© e‡jb,

مر مرا ىيچ گنو نيست بجز آنکو زنم زين گناه است کو تا زنده ام اندر کفنم


314

بخت تو منم من سيو پوشم و تا اين سيو از تن نکنم تو سيو بختی و بدبخت چو :شاعر از زن می پرسد کو کيست و پاسخ می شنود

من بو ويرانو ز ويران شدن ايرانم من ملک زاده اين مملکت ويرانم 9دختر خسرو شاىنشو ديرين بودم ناز پرورده در دامن شيرين بودم

[bvix nIqv e¨ZxZ Avgvi Avi †Kv‡bv Aciva †bB

GB Aciv‡a Avwg †hb Kvd‡bi gv‡S RxešÍ i‡qwQ|

Avwg Kv‡jv †cvkvK cwi, G †cvkvK cwinvi Kie bv

Zzwg `yf©vMv, Zzwg AfvMv, †Zvgvi G Ae¯’v AvgviB Rb¨|

Kwe bvix‡‡K wR‡Ám K‡ib, †K? Zvi DËi ïb‡e:

Avwg giæf~wg‡Z Ges weivb f~wg †_‡K Rb¥ †bIqv Bivwb

Avwg G weivb †`‡ki es‡kv™¢zZ|

cÖvPxb mgªvU Lmiæi Kb¨v wQjvg Avwg

wkwi‡bi †Kv‡j Av`‡i h‡Zœ eo n‡qwQjvg|]

wbgvqx avivi KweZv iPbvq hviv wbixÿv Pvjvb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †g‡ni`v` Av‡f Ív (1929-1991) n‡jb

Ab¨Zg| Zvi g~j bvg †gvnv¤§` †ihv ivngvwb| GB Kwe Kve¨ iPbvq K¬vwmK dviwm Kwe Avãyi ingvb

Rvwgi Abymvix I AbyivMx wQ‡jb| Zvi iPbvq MRj, gvmbvwf, †KZAv cÖf…wZ Avw½‡Ki KweZv

mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡f Ívi mvwnZ¨ iPbvi cvkvcvwk `k©b, hyw³we`¨v, g‡bvweÁvb welqK wewfbœ

MÖš’vewj iPbv I cÖKvk Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| wZwb AvaywbK Kwe cviwfb G‡Zmvwg Ges evnv‡ii KweZvi

ØvivI Mfxifv‡e AbycÖvwYZ nb| Kvwm`v iPbvi †ÿ‡Î wZwb †Lvivmvwb iPbv‣kjx AbymiY K‡ib|

AvaywbK Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡f Ív wQ‡jb †Lvivmvwb Kve¨‣kjxi AMÖcw_K| Zvi GKwU MR‡ji K‡qKwU

csw³ wb‡b¥ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:

شکستی و نشکستم، بريدی و نبريدم وفا نکردی و کردم، خطا نديدی و ديدم کشيدم از تو کشيدم، شنيدم از تو شنيدم اگر ز خلق ملامت و گر ز کرده ندامت

چرا کو از همو عالم محبت تو گزيدم مرا نصيب غم آمد بو شادی همو عالم 10چو بخت، جلوه نکردی مگر بو موی سپيدم چو شمع خنده نکردی مگر بو روز سياىم

[Zzwg K_v ivLwb Avwg †i‡LwQ, †`vl Zzwg †`Lwb Avwg †`‡LwQ

†f‡½Q Zzwg Avwg fvw½wb, (m¤úK©) wQbœ K‡iQ Zzwg Avwg Kwiwb|

hw` m„wói fr©mbv Avi AbyZv‡ci wKQz †_‡K _v‡K

Z‡e Zv †Zvgvi Kv‡QB K‡iwQ, †Zvgvi Rb¨B ï‡bwQ|

c„w_exi me Avb‡›` Avgvi fv‡M¨ †Kej †e`bvB Av‡m

KviY RM‡Zi meLv‡bB Lyu‡RwQ †Zvgvi fv‡jvevmv|

hwÌ Avb›` Kiwb Av‡jvwKZ wKšÍ w`b‡K K‡iQ AÜKvi

hwÌ Avgvi fvM¨, K‡iwb Avgvq D¾¡j Z‡e Pzj‡K K‡i‡Q mv`v|]

GQvovI †g‡ni`v` Av‡f Ív fv½v ü`q‡K kiv‡ei cv‡Îi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| fv‡jvevmvq K‡ói

Abyf~wZ e¨³ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, †hLv‡b Av‡kK Zvi gvï‡Ki fv‡jvevmvi eÜ‡b wb‡R‡K Ave× K‡iI

Aby‡kvPbvi ü`q wb‡q feNy‡ii b¨vq Ny‡i †eiv‡”Q| †hgb AB‡bn‡q GkK KweZvq Kwe e‡jb,


315

دل چو جام لعل، شکستمءاگر چو آينو بستم زخون ديده بو ىر قطره نقش روی تو از آشيان ندامت چو مرغ آه، پريدم

بر آستان ملامت چوگرد راه، نشستم کو را شناسم اگر زين سپس ترا نشناسم؟

11کو را پرستم اگر بعد ازين ترا نپرستم؟

[hwÌ kiv‡ei cv‡Îi b¨vq G ü`q-`c©Y †f‡½ †d‡jwQ

†Pv‡Li cÖwZ †duvUv i³ w`‡q †Zvgvi mv‡_ wb‡R‡K †eu‡a †i‡LwQ

Avn! Mfxi Aby‡kvPbv wb‡q cvwLi b¨vq D‡o †eovw”Q

ü`‡q fr©mbv aviY K‡i c‡_i cv‡o e‡m AvwQ

Kv‡K wPbe, hw` †Zvgv‡KB wPb‡Z bv cvwi?

Kvi Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K mgc©Y Kie? hw` †Zvgv‡KB bv Ki‡Z cvwi|]

G mg‡q hviv my‡ii SsKv‡i K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi iv‡Lb Zv‡ì Kve¨cÖwZfvai n‡jb †nvkv½ Ge‡ZnvR|

whwb Rxe‡bi K›UKvKxY© c_ Pjvq †cÖ‡gi myi‡KB †m․fv‡Mï cÖZxK wn‡m‡e wP‡üZ K‡i‡Qb| hwÌ

wZwb wbgvi Kve¨‣kjxi Abymvix wQ‡jb Z ycwi welqe ‘MZfv‡e Zvi wbR¯ wPšÍv‣kjxi cÖwZ”Qwe

Aw¼Z nq Zvi KweZvq| †hgb wZwb Ø¨_©nxb K‡Ú †cÖ‡gi myiS¼vi Zz‡j‡Qb Zvi Zviv‡b KweZvq,

تا تو با منی زمانو با منست بخت و کام جاودانو بامنست

تو بهار دلکشی و من چو باغ شور و شوق صد جوانو با منست

ياد دلنشينت ای اميد جان ىر کجا روم، روانو با منست

ناز نوشخند صبح اگر تراست 12شور گريو شبانو با منست

[hw` Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ _vK Zvn‡j †m․fvM¨ Avgvi mv‡_

Kj¨vY I wPišÍb meB Avgvi

Zzwg ü`qMÖvnx emšÍ, Avwg cy®úKvbb

Drmvn-DÏxcbv kZ Avb›` meB Avgvi

†n ü`‡qi cÖZ¨vkv, †Zvgvi ¯§i‡Y

†hLv‡bB hvB, meB Avgvi

Zzwg _vK‡j cÖfvZ Avb›`gq

iv‡Zi µ›`bgq e¨KzjZv ïayB Avgvi|]

cvRgvb evLwZvwi (1900-1977) Ggb GKRb AvaywbK Kwe whwb GKvav‡i Zvi iPbvq Kvwm`v,

ZviwKeev›`, Pvicv‡i I MRj mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mgKvjxb wewfbœ NUbvi cvkvcvwk †h․e‡b


316

†cÖ‡gi MfxiZvi Kvwnbx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb mywbcybfv‡e| Zvi Kv‡e¨ †ivgvw›UKZvi Qvc cy‡ivcywi

we`¨gvb| wZwb e‡jb,

13در کنج دلم عشق خانو ندارم کس جای در اين کلبو ويرانو ندارم[ü`‡qi AšÍwbwn©Z †cÖ‡gi †bB †Kv‡bv Rb¥f~wg

KviI GLv‡b †bB †Kv‡bv KzwUi, †bB †Kv‡bv weivYf~wg|]

Avwgwi wdiæRKzwn (1909-1984) BivwK I wnw›` iPbv‣kjx‡Z MRj iPbvq we‡kl cÖwmw× jvf

K‡ib| GB Kwei g~j bvg Kvwig I cvwievwiK bvg Avwgwi| Zvi iwPZ wÌqvb `yÕL‡Ð mgvß| G‡Z

wZwb Kvwm`v, MRj, gmbwe Ges †KZAv RvZxq KweZv AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| Zvi Kv‡eï †ewki fvM Ask

Ry‡o i‡q‡Q wnw›` KveïxwZi cÖfve| wZwb G‡Z †cÖg, AbyivM I Aby‡hvMg~jK MRj iPbvi cvkvcvwk

Rxe‡bi ytL-`y`©kv I GKvwK‡Z¡i K‡ói wPÎ Aw¼Z K‡i‡Qb Zvi KweZvi Q‡Î Q‡Î| wZwb Ø¨_©nxb

K‡É e¨³ K‡ib,

14غمگين نيم اگر دل من نا شکفتو ماند آن بو کو ىيچ وانشود خون بستو ای

[hw` Avgvi ü`q yt‡Li fv‡i n‡q I‡V fvivµvšÍ

†KD cv‡k †bB †h †h i‡³i m¤úwK©Z|]

m„wói Ac~e© †m․›`h© Ges Gi Af¨šÍixY inm¨ ü`qivR¨‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i| Kweiv Kj‡gi AuvP‡o

c„w_exi inm¨ AbymÜv‡b eªZx nb| AvaywbK dviwm mvwn‡Zï GgbB GK cÖwZfØxß Kwe ivw`

ARvivLwk| Abyf~wZi •ewPÎ¨, in‡mï MfxiZv GZ yf‡qi mv_©K mgvnvi N‡U‡Q Zvi Kv‡e¨| Kwe

c„w_exi m„wóin‡m¨ Mfxifv‡e wb‡R‡K Wzwe‡q ivLvi Drmvn RywM‡q‡Qb| Gfv‡eB Kwe Zvi Abyf~wZ e¨³

K‡ib,

من ندانم بو نگو تو چو رازيست نهان کو مر آن راز، توان ديدن و گفتن نتوان کو شنيده است نهانی کو در آيد در چشم؟ يا کو ديده است پديدی کو نيايد بزبان؟ يک جهان راز، در آميختو داری بو نگاه در دو چشم تو فروختو مگر راز جهان؟ چو بسويم نگری لرزم و با خود گويم کو جهانی است پر از راز بسويم نگران

بسکو در راز جهان خيره فرو ماندستم 15شوم از ديدن همراز جهان سرگردان[Avwg Rvwb bv †Zvgvi ü`‡q wK inm¨ jy°vwqZ

†h inm¨ †`Lv hvq, cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv|

†K ï‡b‡Q †h †Mvcb welq Ae‡jvKb Kiv hvq?

A_ev †K Zv †`‡L‡Q hv eY©bv Kiv hvq bv?

GK wek¦ †Mvcb inm¨, hv „wó‡Z wg‡k Av‡Q

`ywU Pÿz †Zvgvi wewµ K‡i w`‡q‡Q c„w_exi inm¨?

c„w_exi in‡m¨ hLb Avgvi w`‡K ZvKvI

wb‡R‡K ewj c~Y© hv „wói cÖwZ avegvb|

c„w_exi in‡mï gv‡S jywK‡q _vKvB h‡_ó g‡b Kwi

c„w_exi inm¨ Ae‡jvK‡b w`‡knviv n‡q hve|]


317

cyivZb ixwZbxwZ cwinvi K‡i mvgvwRK welqvewji Av‡jv‡K KweZv iPbvq cvi`wk©Zvi cwiPq

w`‡q‡Qb Aveyj Kv‡mg jvûwZ (1888-1957)| hwÌ mgv‡Ri wewfbœ N‡U hvIqv NUbv I mgv‡Ri

cÖK…Z wP‡Îi cÖwZ”Qwe Aw¼Z n‡Z †`Lv hvq Zvi Kv‡e¨, wKš‘ Zvi MRjKv‡e¨ wbR¯ Abyf~wZi evB‡i

mvgvwRK mgm¨vejxi cÖvavb¨ †ZgbwU cwijwÿZ nq bv| wZwb mnR, mij I cÖvÄj fvlvq Zz‡j a‡ib

Zvi e³e¨| G aiYx‡Z Avgiv Lye Aí mg‡qi AwZw_| GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡i Avgv‡ì‡K

m„wóKZ©vi Kv‡Q wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡eB jvûwZ Aa¨vZ¥ †cÖ‡gi Kvwnbx eY©bv K‡ib Zvi Kv‡e¨,

عاشق شده ام گواىم اينست درد دل بی پناىم اينست جز درد نرويد از گل من من باغ غمم گياىم اينست شد موی سرم برنگ کافور پايان شب سياىم اينست

با مرگ، هميشو در ستيزم در زنده دلی گواىم اينست بارد بره وفا اگر تير 16واپس نروم کو راىم اينست

[Avwg Av‡kK GUvB Avgvi cwiPq

AvkªqnxY ü`‡qi GUvB †e`bv|

Avgvi cy®ú †_‡K †e`bv Qvov wKQzB cv‡e bv

Avwg `yt‡Li evMvb, GUvB Avgvi cÎ-¸j¥|

Avgvi gv_vi Pzj Kc~©i e‡Y©i

iv‡Zi †k‡l GUvB Avgvi AÜKvi|

g„Zzï mv‡_ me© v Avwg msNv‡Z wjß

RvMªZ ü`‡q GUvB Avgvi cwiPq|

Zxi hw` nwiY kve‡Ki cÖwZ wek¦¯ÍZvi cÖgvY †`q

f`ªZvi AbymiY GUvB Avgvi c_|]

cÖwZwU Rxe‡bi Awbevh© cwiYwZ giY| Rxeb GK gnvg~jëvb wbqvgZ| `ywbqvi Av‡jvK”QUvq Mv

fvwm‡q †`qv Rxe‡b bv Av‡Q gvayh© bv Av‡Q Kj¨vY| fvimvg¨nxb, jÿ¨nxb Rxeb †hb e¨_©Zvq

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خارم، ولی بسايو گل آرميده ام اشکم، ولی بپای عزيزان چکيده ام چون خاک، در ىوای تو از پا فتاده ام چون اشک، در قنای تو با سر دويده ام

.م بعمر خويش از ديگران حديث جوانی شنيده امد شباب ندیءمن جلوه 17

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318

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1 kvgm jv½iæw`, Zvwi‡L Zvnwj‡j †k‡i †bvI, 1g LÐ (†Znivb: bvk‡i gviKvh, 2005 wLª.), c„. 55|

2 Z‡è, c„. 87|

3 †gvnv¤§` †nvKywK, Av`vweqv‡Z Gg‡iv‡h Bivb (†Znivb: bvk‡i K¡vZ‡i, 2001 wLª.), c„. 449|

4 W. †gvnv¤§` Rvdi BqvnvwK, Pzb mvey‡q †Zk‡b (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z Rvwg, 1996 wLª.), c„. 88|

5 Z‡è, c„. 87|

6 Z‡è, c„. 93|

7 Z‡è, c„. 47|

8 cviwfb G‡Zmvwg, wÌqv‡b cviwfb G‡Zmvwg (†Znivb: bvk‡i K¡vZ‡i, 2002 wLª.), c„. 171|

9 †ev‡hvM© Avjvwf, ZvwiL I Zvnvf&‡fvj Av`vweqv‡Z †gvqv‡m‡i dviwm, W. mvC` wd‡ivR Avevw` (Aby.), (†Znivb:

G‡šÍkviv‡Z Rvwg, 2006 wLª.), c„. 124|

10 Pzb mvey‡q †Zk‡b, 185|

11 †Mviæ‡n dvinv½ Iqv Av`v‡e cvhv½, W. mvB‡q¨` wbqvh †Kigvwb †kÔwi †K †h‡›`wM Av¯Í (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z

cvhv½, 1997 wLª.), c„. 461|

12 W. BmgvCj nvwKwg, Av`vweqv‡Z †gvAv‡m‡i Bivb (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z AvmvwZi, 1996 wLª.), c„. 155-6|

13 Av`vweqv‡Z Gg‡iv‡h Bivb, c„. 517|

14 Z‡è|

15 †kÔwi †K †h‡›`wM Av Í, c„. 242|

16 Z‡è, c„. 109|

17 Z‡è, c„. 269|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR wkivwRi Ae`vb

†gvnv¤§` bRiæj Bmjvg

Abstract: Hafiz is a great Poet of Persian literature. He is an outstanding literary genus in

the arena of Persian literature. He was one of the famous mystical poets of Iran. He is

wellknown as a sufi and bright star of Persian mystic literature. Hafiz was born in Siraj; a

holy famous city of Iran in the early decade of fourteenth century. The massacre of Iran

made by the Chengis Khan and Halaku Khan hampered the remarkable advancement of

Persian literary works at that time. But Persian education and literature got a

revolutionary resurgence with the patronage of Taimurlong and the subsequent rulers.

Poet Hafiz was one of the successful figures of that resurgence. Dewan-e-Hafiz is his

master piece. Religious song, Kassida, Masnovi, Robayee etc, have been placed in this

famous book. In this article, a short glimpse into the life and works of this great poet has

been given.

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mKv‡j D‡V nvwdR wb‡gœv³ KweZv

iPbv K‡ib-

دادذ نجاتم غص اص عحش قت دػ

دادذ حياتم آب ؽة ظلوت آى اذس

ؽثی فشخذ چ تد عحشی هثاسک چ

دادذ تشاتم تاص ايي ک قذس ؽة آى

عجة چ دل خػ گؾتن سا کام اگش هي

دادذ صکاتم ت ا ايي تدم هغتحق

داد دلت ايي ۀهژد هي ت سص آى اتف

.دادذ ثثاتم صبر جفا جس تذاى ک 12


321

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گشذن کن چ گشاهی سد تذاى دل

اصيي بهتر پغشی ذاسد دش دس ها21

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اص ها تگشفت ک ياس عزاس خط

اص سا يغت تذس ليک اعت ای خلق خػ22

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†cÖ‡gi mÂvi K‡ib †mB gywk©` n‡jv Zuvi mvwK ev kive cwi‡ekbKvix| Kwe Zuvi wÌqv‡bi cÖ_g

MR‡j e‡j‡Qb-

الها کاعا ادس الغاقی ايا يا الا

هؾکلا افتاد لی ال نمد آعاى عؾق ک

تگؾايذ طش صاى صثا کاخش ۀاف تثی

دلها دس افتاد خى چ هؾکيؼ جعذ صتاب23

Ô†n mvwK kive †cqvjvq Xvj Ges mevB‡K wewj‡q `vI


323

†cÖ‡gi c_wU cÖ_‡g mnR g‡b nw”Qj, wKš‘ GLb †`LwQ Zv gykwK‡j cwic~Y©|

Ae‡k‡l cÖfvZ mgxi‡Y wcÖqvi †Kk †_‡K K¯‘ixi myMwÜ †f‡m Avm‡Z‡Q

Zvi †K‡ki myMwÜi AvKl©Y ü`q‡K i³mœvZ K‡i w`‡q‡Q|Õ

GkK ev †cÖ‡gi c_ wec¾bK G K_v nvwdR Zuvi Kv‡e¨ evisevi Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Aci GKwU

KweZvq wZwb e‡j‡Qb-

اعت خطشاک عجة طشيقی عؾق طشيق

بری هقصدی ت س اگش تالله عر

تاص ک غت اهيذ حافظ همت يمي ت

القوش ليلةليلای اعاهش اسی24

Ô†cÖ‡gi c_ †m †Zv A™¢yZ wec¾bK c_

Avjøvn Zvqvjvi Avkªq PvB hw` MšÍ‡e¨ bv †cu․Qvq|

nvwdR ¯^xq †Póv I wn¤§‡Zi Avkv K‡i †h †di

Puv`bx iv‡Z jvqjxi mv‡_ n‡e wbwkhvcb|Õ

†cÖg gvbeRxe‡bi GKwU kvk¦Z cÖZ¨q| Rxeb wKsev †cÖg †KvbwUB wew”Qbœ Ask bq| gnvb Avjøvn

gvbe RvwZ‡K Aeqe, AvKvi, AvK…wZ I ¯^fv‡ei w`K †_‡K me‡P‡q my›ì K‡i m„wó K‡i‡Qb|

Av‡id Z_v AvjøvnIqvjv‡ì „wófw½ †_‡K gvby‡li gh©v`v A‡bK D‡aŸ©| Zuv‡ì fvlvq gvbyl n‡jv

Avjøvni cwic~Y© cÖKvk¯’j| Avjøvni c~Y©v½ iƒc cÖ`k©bKvix `c©Y| Zvi iƒc I †m․›`h©B m„wóiƒ‡c

cÖKvk jvf K‡i‡Q|25

RM‡Z gvbe m„wói m~PbvB n‡q‡Q †cÖ‡gi gva¨‡g| Gw`‡K Bw½Z K‡i Kwe

nvwdR wj‡L‡Qb-

پشی آدهی عؾقذ غتی طفيل

تبری ععادتی تا توا اسادتی

هثاػ صية تی عؾق اص خاج تکػ

شی تی عية ت کظ نخشد سا تذ ک26

Ô†cÖ‡gi Rb¨B m„wó n‡q‡Q gvbyl I wRb-cix

GKUv B”Qv Ki, hv‡Z †m․fvM¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iv

nvwdR †Póv Ki, †cÖg n‡Z †hb ewÂZ bv nI

KviY A`ÿZvi †`vl †c‡j †KD †Mvjvg Lwi` K‡i bv|Õ

Kwe nvwdR wQ‡jb GKRb Ava¨vwZ¥K †cÖ‡gi Kwe| Zuvi wÌqvb Kv‡e¨ cÖwZwU MR‡ji g‡a¨

Ava¨vwZ¥K cwiùzUb †`Lv hvq| †h mKj KweZv¸‡jv‡‡Z cvKcweÎZv, ZvKIqv ci‡nRMvix, dvbv

wdjøvn, mvabvi cwiågY, †gvivKvev, †gvnvmvev, †kl iv‡Î µ›`b BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv I Bw½Z

i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv mwVK I mZ¨| G KweZv¸‡jv Kwei †kl Rxe‡bi| Z‡e †jvK †`Lv‡bv, fÐvwg,

wg_¨v, †jvf, cÖZviYv, PvUzKvwiZv‡K wZwb Pigfv‡e N„Yv K‡i‡Qb| Kwe wQ‡jb Avjøvni Av‡kK, Avi

Zuvi gvïK n‡jb gnvb Avjøvn| ZvB wZwb gvïK Z_v Avjøvn‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ me©`v e¨vKzj wQ‡jb|


324

Z‡e Avjøvn‡K †c‡Z n‡j cvw_©e RM‡Zi mewKQz‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡R‡K m‡¤^vab

K‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qb-

حافظ هؾ غاية اص خای گشهمی حضسی

.اهملا الذيا دع تهی هي تلق ها هتی 27

Ô†n nvwdR wcÖqvi (Avjøvni) mvwbœa¨ †c‡Z n‡j Zuvi †_‡K gyn~Z©I `y‡i †_K bv

Kvw•LZ wcÖqvi mvwbœa¨ †c‡Z n‡j c„w_ex I Gi mewKQz cwinvi Ki I fy‡j hvI|Õ

Kvwm`v iPbvq nvwdR

dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg kvLv n‡”Q Kvwm`v| nvwd‡Ri wÌqvb Kv‡e¨ 3wU Kvwm`v i‡q‡Q| Kwe

MRj iPwqZv wnmv‡e L¨vwZ AR©b Ki‡jI, Kvwm`v iPbvqI cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| Kvwm`v k‡ãi

AvwfavwbK A_© †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cÖwZ B”Qv ev AbyivM| cvwifvwlK A‡_© H KweZv‡K Kvwm`v ejv

nq, hvi Øviv mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cÖksmv Kiv nq|28

Kwe nvwdR kvn kvBL Avey

BmnvK, kvn ïRv Ges Zuvi gš¿x KvIqvg DwÏb †gvnv¤§v` mv‡n‡e Bqvi cÖgyL ivRv-ev`kvn‡ì

mgmvgwqK wQ‡jb| wZwb wewfbœ mgq Zv‡ì cÖksmvq Kvwm`v iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ev`kvn kvn

ïRvi cÖksmvq GKwU Kvwm`vq wj‡L‡Qb-

ؽؾ کاهگاس خاقاى

جاى

افشخت همتؼ ت ؽذ ک ؽای

صهاى

عاصد ا همت تاص ک جا آى

آؽياى

ت اجضای ؽد جذا دگش يک اص

أهاى

اعضاي دس سح چ نهاد هشػ

جاى اظ29

آفتاب ؽجاع ؽا دش داسای

هلک

طلعتؼ ت ؽذ ک های

صهين افشخت

عشج قت ثد سا ن عيرهغ

تيغ عکظ فقذ چشخ خيال دس گش

ا

دس تاد چ ساى حکوتؼ

بحش تش اطشاف

.

Ôhy‡Mi AwaKvix iv‡Rï m~h©iZœ kvnïRv

Kg©V bI‡Rvqvb LvKv‡bi ivRvwaivR|

aibx‡Z Zvi Afy¨`q †hb c~Y©P‡›`ªi Av‡jvi cÖfv

wZwb n‡jb hyM‡kªô D`xqgvb kvnvbkvn|

wm‡gviM I ûgv †h_vq Av‡ivnY Ki‡Z Aÿg

D`¨gZv w`‡q Mo‡Z cÖvmv` Z_vq wZwb mÿg|

wZwb n‡jb Zxÿè-‡PZbvi g~Z© cÖwZ”Qwe

GKwU AciwU †_‡K c„_K Z‡e djvdj GKB|

Zvi cÖÁv mvM‡ii cÖevngvb evqyi b¨vq MwZkxj


325

Zvi e`vb¨Zvi wfwË, †hgb Nwbó AvZ¥vi mv‡_ kix‡ii m¤úK©|Õ

gvmbvwf iPbvq nvwdR

gvmbvwf k‡ãi kvwãK A_© wØc`x KweZv| cvwifvwlK A‡_© gvmbvwf H KweZv‡K ejv nq, hvi

cÖwZwU jvB‡bi Q›`gvÎv mgvb| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K cOw³i Q›`wgj c„_K| G Kvi‡Y G‡K yB jvB‡bi

AšÍwg‡ji myev‡` gvmbvwf Kve¨ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| gvmbvwfi †eB‡Zi msL¨v mxgve× bq| G

Kvi‡Y gvmbvwfi welqe¯‘‡Z wewfbœ Kvwnbx, Mí, BwZnvm I iƒcK_v ewY©Z n‡q _v‡K|30

KL‡bv

KL‡bv G‡Z ag©xq Kvwnbx, `vk©wbK, mvgvwRK, PvwiwÎK Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K welqvejxI ewY©Z nq|31

gvmbvwf Kv‡eï IRb Ôevn‡i †gvZvKv‡ieÕ dvDjyb, dvDjyb, dvDjyb, dvDj| iƒwgi gvmbvwf,

†di‡`․wmi kvnbvgv, mvwì ey¯Ívb, nvwKg mvbvwqi nvw`KvZzj nvwKKv BZ¨vw` dviwm fvlvi weL¨vZ

†kªô gvmbvwf MÖš’|32

Kwe nvwdR wkivwRI wKQz gvmbvwf ev wØc`x KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| G‡Z me©‡gvU

48wU †eBZ i‡q‡Q| Zuvi wÌqv‡b DwjøwLZ gvmbvwf KweZv †_‡K K‡qKwU †eBZ wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv

n‡jv-

آؽايی چذيي تاتغت هشا

اص پيؼ اص کوين داهت د

پظ

تاين اص جيين ت ن هشاد

خػ خشم ذاسد گای چشا33

.

کجايي حؾی آی ای الا

گشداى عش د تا د

کظ دتی

ت ديگش يک تاحال تيا

داين

دؽت ايي ک تين هی ک

هؾػ

.

Ômveavb, I‡n `yó wnsmª nwiY Zzwg †Kv_vq,

†Zvgvi wb‡Ri cwiPq Avgv‡K `vI|

ywU wew”Qbœ I wkswewkó Amnvq Awnsmª nwiY

wkKv‡ii Rb¨ Av‡Mwc‡Q Iur‡c‡Z e‡m Av‡Q|

G‡mv Avgiv G‡K A‡bï Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nB

mÿgZv w`‡q Avgv‡ì Kvw•ÿZ e¯‘I AbymÜvb Kwi|

Avwg †`‡LwQ †hb GB PivP‡i Zzwg weow¤^Z Aemv`MÖ¯Í

†Kb †Zvgvi gv‡S GK gyn~Z© Lywk I Avb›` †bB|Õ

†KZqv ev LÐ KweZv

†KZqv k‡ãi kvwãK A_© UzK‡iv ev †Kvb wKQzi KwZ©Z Ask| cvwifvwlK A‡_© †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi

Dci yB ev Z‡ZvwaK KweZv‡K †KZqv ejv nq|34

Kwe nvwdR wkivwRI †KZqv iPbvq wm×n¯Í|

wZwb cÖvq 35wU †KZqv ev LÐ KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| †KZqv ev LÐ KweZvq •bwZK wkÿv, `k©b,

Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖksmv, e¨½-we`ªƒc, Awfb›`b, mg‡e`bv, ywU wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ ZK©-weZK©

BZ¨vw` welq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|35

†hgb Kwe Zuvi eo fvB Lwjj Av‡`‡ji g„Zz¨‡Z mg‡e`bv Ávcb

K‡i GKwU †KZqv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv n‡jv-

اص عال پجا اص پظ

حياتؼ

صفاتؼ صفعال ساضی خذا

طلة عادل خاج تشادس

هثا

عفش سضاى ۀسض عی ت


326

عال کي فن صانجا

فاتؼ36

.

کشد

پيعت عادلؼ خليل

تشخاى

.

ÔfvB LvRv Av‡`j wZwb myLgq ¯’v‡b kvwšÍ jvf Kiæb

AZtci wZwb 59 ermi †eu‡P wQ‡jb|

wZwb †e‡nk‡Zi evMv‡bi w`‡K hvÎv K‡i‡Qb

Avjøvn Zvqvjv Zuvi KvR I ¸Yvejxi Dci mš‘ó Av‡Qb|

Lwj‡ji b¨vqbxwZ Ae¨vnZfv‡e Rvb

Avi †mLvb †_‡K Zuvi g„Zzï ZvwiL ey‡S bvI|Õ

gyhvddvwi es‡ki (1313-1363 wLª.) cÖ_g kvmK wQ‡jb gyevwiRywÏb †gvnv¤§v`, whwb 1313 wLª÷v‡ã

wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡iB wZwb ivR¨ R‡qi †bkvq †g‡Z D‡Vb| wZwb

Bqvh`, wKigvb Ges wkivRmn dvim kni `Lj K‡ib| 1357 wLª÷v‡ã Bmdvnvb AwaKvi K‡ib

Ges kvmK Avey BmnvK BbRy‡K ew›` K‡i wkiv‡R G‡b g„Zz¨`Ð †`b| `yt‡Li welq n‡jv, Zvi AvPiY

iæp nIqvq cyÎ RvjvjywÏb kvn ïRv Ges KzZzeywÏb gvngy` GK‡hv‡M we‡ ªvn †NvlYv K‡i Zv‡K AÜ I

e›`x K‡i wmsnvmbPz¨Z K‡ib|37

Kwe nvwdR Zvi AÜ nIqv wb‡q GKwU †KZqv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi

wKq`vsk n‡jv-

دل ه تش ديی اعثاب ا

نديد وفاداری کس ازوی زانکهبدو جهان بينش روشن بد آنکه

.کشيد جهان بينش چشم در ميل38

.

ÔZuvi Øxb I `ywbqvi Dci †Kvb gb w`‡q

†h‡nZz Zuvi wbKU †KD wek¦ ÍZvi wKQz †`‡Lwb|

hvi wek¦Ávb wQj Av‡jvwKZ,

†m Zvi cÖwZ ZvwK‡q‡Q ywbqv †`Lvi †Pv‡L|Õ

†ivevC ev PZz®ú`x KweZv

dviwm Kve¨ mvwn‡Zï Aci GKwU cÖwm× kvLv n‡jv †ivevC ev PZz®ú`x KweZv| Kwe nvwdR Ab¨vb¨

KweZvi b¨vq †ivevC Kve¨ iPbvi †ÿ‡Î Amvgvb¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| †ivevC kãwU †ive

n‡Z D™¢~Z| †ive A_© Pvi jvBb wewkó| cwifvlvq †ivevC H KweZv‡K ejv nq hvi g‡a¨ ïaygvÎ

PviwU †gmiv ev cOw³ _v‡K| cÖvPxb mvwnwZ¨K‡ì iPbvq G‡K †`v-‡eBwZ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv

nq|39

Kwe nvwdR wkivwR cÖvq 42wU †ivevC ev PZz®ú`x KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| wZwb AwaKvsk

†ivevC‡Z m„wóinm¨, mywdZvwZ¡K „wófw½, †cÖg, kive BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb

GKwU †ivevCi g‡a¨ Gfv‡e †cÖ‡gi Abyf~wZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb-


327

هاسا ياهذ ظش دس ت قؼ جض

هاسا ياهذ سگزس ت کی جش

عذت دس سا هم آهذ خػ چ اص خاب

هاسا ياهذ دس چؾن ت ک حقا40.

evsjvi eyjeyj Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi fvlvvq Gi A_© n‡jv-

Ô†Zvgvi Qwei a¨v‡b wcÖq

„wó Avgvi cjK nviv|

†Zvgvi N‡i hvIqvi †h c_

cv P‡j bv †m c_ Qvov|

nvq! ywbqvi mevi †Pv‡L

wb`ªv bv‡g wè¨ my‡L

Avgvi †Pv‡LB †bB wK †Mv Nyg

`» n‡jv bqb Zviv|Õ41

mvwKbv‡g

mvwKbv‡g MR‡ji GKwU cÖKvi, hv evn‡i gyZvKv‡ie Q‡›` iPbv Kiv nq| G ai‡bi MRj KweZv

Aviwe Lvgvwiq¨vZ KweZv †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| †iv`vwK mgiKw›ì hy‡M dviwm‡Z Aviwei AbyKi‡Y

G ai‡bi KweZvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| Lvgvi (خمش) A_© kive| Lvgvwiq¨v‡Z kive msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡Zv| †iv`vwK wb‡RI G ai‡bi KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges wZwb Zvi KweZvq kive msµvšÍ

Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| whwb kive cvb Kivb Zv‡K mvwK ejv nq| ZvB Aviwei Lvgvwiq¨vZ dviwm‡Z

G‡m mvwKbv‡g bv‡g AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| ïiæ‡Z mvwKbv‡g‡Z ev¯ÍweKfv‡e kive‡K †K›`ª K‡i

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z Zv iƒcK A‡_© eëüZ nq| GLv‡b kive msµvšÍ kã w`‡q

ZvmvID‡di wewfbœ welq †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| Gidvwb wel‡q ficyi mvwKbv‡g iPbv K‡i‡Qb

wbhvwg MvÄywe| Gici G wel‡q `ÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡ib Kwe Avwgi Lmiæ †`njvwf I LvRy †Kigvwb|

•Zgywi hy‡M G‡m GK wfbœ ¯^v‡` wfbœiƒ‡c mvwKbv‡g iPbv K‡ib LvRv kvgmywÏb nvwdR wkivwR| Zuvi

mvwKbv‡g gbKvov my‡i MvIqv n‡q _v‡K|42

wb‡gœ mvwKbv‡gi wKq`sk Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-

آسد حال ک هی آى عاقی تيا

آسد کوال فضايذ کشاهت

ام افتاد تيذل تظ ک د هي ت

ام افتاد حاصل تي د ش صيي

صجام عکغؼ ک هی آى عاقی تيا

پيام فشعتذ جن کيخغش ت

ی آاص ت تگيم تا تذ


328

کی کاط تد کی جمؾيذ ک43

ÔmvwK, wb‡q G‡mv Ggb myiv, hv fve wb‡q Av‡m

KvivgZ e„w× K‡i, KvgvwjqvZ wb‡q Av‡m|

Avgv‡K `vI, hv †cÖgv”Qbœ nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó

G ywUi †KvbwUB †hb AbwR©Z bv _v‡K|

mvwK wb‡q G‡mv Ggb myiv hvi cÖwZ”Qwe cvbcvÎ n‡Z

KvqLmiæ I Rv‡gi wbKU msev` †cu․Qvq|

Avgv‡KB `vI, hv euvkxi my‡i ewj

†K wQj Rvgwk`, Avi †K ev ev`kv KvqKvDm|Õ

Dcmsnvi

dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ nvwdR Zuvi Kve¨ w`‡q cvim¨ Qvwo‡q wek¦ mvwnZ¨v½‡Y we‡kl ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Qb|

wZwb Zuvi Kve¨ cÖwZfv I `k©‡bi gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx mvwnZ¨‡cÖgx‡ì Kv‡Q GLbI Agi n‡q

i‡q‡Qb| hZw`b Zvi Kve¨ _vK‡e ZZw`b wZwb gvby‡li Kv‡Q ¯§iYxq n‡q ZvK‡eb| mvwe©K w`K

we‡kølY K‡i G K_v ejv hvq †h, Zuvi Kv‡e¨ †h welq fve I `k©b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, Zv gvbe

RvwZ‡K mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i nvwd‡Ri `vk©wbK I Ava¨vwZ¥K a¨vb-aviYv

gvby‡li cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxeb eë¯’vq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

Z_¨wb‡`©k

1. cviwfb kvwKev, †k‡i dviwm Avh AMvh Zv Ggiƒh (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z †nigv›`, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1373 wn.kv.),

c„. 161|

2. wgR©v gKeyj †eM ev`vLkvwb, Av`vebv‡g‡q Bivb (jv‡nvi: BDwbfvwm©wU eyK G‡RwÝ, Zv.we.), c„. 555|

3. Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, Vol-III (London: New York: Melbourne:

Cambridge University Press, 1951), P. 271.

4. W. †ihv hv‡`n kvdvK, Zvwi‡L Av`vweqv‡Z Bivb (†Znivb: PvcLv‡b‡q Avigvb, 1369 wn.kv.), c„. 307; A. J.

Arberry, Classical Persian Literature (London: George Allen & Unwin LTD. 1958), P.

330.

5. wgi nvmvb fvjvwf, Zviwn Avh nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z hvffvi, 1395 wn.kv.), c„. 47|

6. gvIjvbv wkewj †bvgvwb, †kiæj AvRg, wØZxq LÐ (jv‡nvi: gv‡jK bvwRi Avng`, ZvR eyK wW‡cv, D`©y evRvi,

Zv.we.), c„. 135|


329

7. evnvDwÏb Lyiig kvwn, nvwdRbv‡g, cÖ_g LÐ (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Gjwg Iqv dvinvw½ Iqv Gb‡Zkviv‡Z mviƒk,

1366 wn.kv.), c„. 28; nv‡kg ivwh (m¤úvw`Z), wÌqv‡b nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Kv‡fn, 1341 wn.kv.), c„.

c„. 43|

8. †kiæj AvRg, 2q LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 143|

9. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, f~wgKv, c~‡e©v³, c„. 53|

10. Zvwi‡L Av`vweqv‡Z Bivb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 311; A Literary History of Persia, Vol-III, opcit, P. 283.

11. †kiæj AvRg, 2q LÐ, c~‡e©v³, c„. 136|

12. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 88|

13. †gv. Ckv kv‡n`x, Biv‡bi eyjeyj nvwdR wkivRx (XvKv: Bmjvgx M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY GKv‡Wgx, 1990 wLª.), c„. 16|

14. W. Ave`yj ûmvBb hviwibK‚e, ev KviIqv‡b û‡jø (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Gjwg, beg gy`ªY, 1374 wn.kv.), c„.

270|

15. Biv‡bi eyjeyj nvwdR wkivRx, c~‡e©v³, c„. 63|

16. Rb wicKv I Ab¨vb¨, Aby. KvqLmiƒ †KkvIqviwh, Zvwi‡L Av`vweqv‡Z Bivb (†Znivb: PvcLv‡b‡q nvq`vwi, 1g

ms¯‥iY, 1370 wn.kv.), c„. 312|

17. cÖ‡dmi †gv. gyBRywÏb, ivnbygv‡q myLvb (XvKv: Av‡iwdb †cÖm gyËv‡m‡j AvÄygv‡b AvmjyK, 1960 wLª.), c„. 51|

18. W. gvbm~i ivmZMvi dvmvwq, AvbIqv‡q †k‡i dviwm (wkivR: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z †bvwf`, cÖ_g gy`ªY, 1372 wn.kv.), c„.

564|

19. Dr. A. Shakoor Ahsan, Studies In Persian Language And Literature (Lahore: Bazm-E-Iqbal, First

edn., 1992), P. 59.

20. D Ív` gyZ©vRv †gvZvnnvwi, Gidv‡b nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z mìv, 1373 wn.kv.), c„. 59-60|

21. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 188|

22. Z‡è, c„. 192|

23. Z‡è, c„. 15|

24. Z‡è, c„. 223|

25. Gidv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 119|

26. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 223|

27. Z‡è, c„. 15|

28. ivnbygv‡q myLvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 51|

29. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 11|

30. W. Avng` Zvgxg`vix, ZvwiK wRqvDi ingvb wkivRx I gynv¤§` Ckv kv‡n`x Abyw`Z, dvm©x mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm

(†Znivb: Avj û`v AvšÍR©vwZK cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, cÖ_g cÖKvk, 2007 wLª.), c„. 195|

31. †k‡i dviwm Avh AMvh Zv Ggiƒh, c~‡e©v³, c„. 22|


330

32. W. bv‡mi wbKzevLZ, Zvnwj‡j †k‡i dviwm (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z mv‡Rgv‡b †gvZvwjqv Djy‡g Bbmvwb, cÖ_g

cÖKvk, 1387 wn.kv.), c„. 71

33. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 232|

34. ivnbygv‡q myLvb, c~‡e©v³, c„. 57|

35. Zvnwj‡j †k‡i dviwm, c~‡e©v³, c„. 37|

36. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 240|

37. evnvDwÏb Lyiig kvwn, nvwdR (†Znivb: Gb‡Zkviv‡Z Zvi‡n †bv, PZz_© gy`ªY, 1387 wn.kv.), c„.7|

38. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 239|

39. dvm©x mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm, c~‡e©v³, c„. 140|

40. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 244|

41. Avwbmy¾vgvb (m¤úv.), bRiæj iPbvejx (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, Rb¥kZel© ms¯‥iY, PZz_© LÐ, 1993 wLª.), c„. 131|

42. W. hvwen Djøvn mvdv, Zvwi‡L Av`vweqvZ `vi Bivb (†Znivb: PvcLv‡b‡q ivwgb, GMviZg gy`ªY, Z…Zxq L‡Ði cÖ_g

fvM, 1383 wn.kv.), c„. 334-335|

43. wÌqv‡b nvwdR, c~‡e©v³, c„. 333|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. †gv. AvZvDj¨vn

Abstract: Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1203) is one of the greatest epic poet and philosopher

of Persian literature in 12th century. He started his creation with lyric poems. His lyrics

stand out with high professionalism, worldly attitude to love and humanist thoughts about

a human’s destiny. Nizami entered the world literature with Khamsa a set of five poems:

Treasury of Mysteries, Khasrow and Shirin, Laili and Majnun, Seven Beauties, and

Iskander-name written in masnavi form. His poems greatly enriched the philosophical

theme which was widely spread in oriental literature. He brought the highest humane

ideals and new professional achievements into the literature and opened a new direction

in literature. He always aspired to link the literature with the real life. Being a great poet

of humanity he sang of a man’s dignity. The ideas of philosophers and cultural heritage

of humankind was skillfully introduced by Nizami as a model to make the dreams of

people for the perfect life true. This article attempts to describe the philosophical

thoughts of Nizami Ganjavi.

f~wgKv

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gynv¤§v` I QÙbvg wbhvgx| Zuvi wcZvi bvg BDm~d, gvZvi bvg ivCmv Ges `v`vi bvg hvKx|2 •kk‡eB

Zuvi wcZv-gvZv g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Avi wcZv-gvZvi G we‡qvM †e`bv Kwe‡K †QvU‡ejv †_‡K fveyK I m~²

wPšÍvi AwaKvix n‡q M‡o DV‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|

wbhvgx Zuvi wcZvi wbKU †_‡K cÖv_wgK wk¶v jvf K‡ib| •kk‡eB wZwb Aviex I dviwm‡Z ey¨rcwË

AR©b K‡ib| cvkvcvwk KyiAvb, nv`xm I wdK&n kv‡¯¿ Mfxi ÁvbvR©‡b m¶g nb| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb

D”P wk¶vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvI g~jZt GKRb Kwe wQ‡jb| Avi GRb¨B wZwb we`¨vj‡qi

wk¶v mgvcbv‡šÍ KweZv iPbv ïiæ K‡ib| cwÐZ es‡k Rb¥MÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖv_wgK Rxe‡bi KweZv¸‡jv

cÖ‡dmi I mfvcwZ, dviwm fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|


332

†_‡KB Zuvi g‡aÏ cvwÐ‡Zï fve cwijw¶Z nq| Avi Zuvi iwPZ G cvwÐZ¨c~Y© Kve¨mvwnZ¨ dviwm

mvwnZ¨ fvÐvi‡K K‡i‡Q mgybœZ| dviwm mvwn‡Zï G Agi Kwe 1203 wLªóv‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡ib|3

wbhvgx MvÄyexi `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv

wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb g~jZ: GKRb †ivgvw›UK Kwe| †cÖg, fvjevmv I †ivgvw›UK fveavivq cwic~Y©

wQj Zuvi KweZv| GiciI Zvui KweZvq `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv m¤úwK©Z welq cwijw¶Z nq AZ¨šÍ

e¨vcKfv‡e| hv Zuvi KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q AviI gvbm¤§Z Ges cvVK I mvaviY gvbyl‡K `vk©wbK

wPšÍvavivi w`K †_‡K K‡i‡Q cvwÐZ¨c~Y© I cwiï×| wb‡gœ MvÄyexi Kv‡e¨ wewfbœ wel‡q DwjøwLZ

`vk©wbK wPšÍvaviv msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

gvbyl m¤úwK©Z A‡šlY

gvbyl mgv‡Ri cÖavb DcKiY I wbqš¿K| gvbe Rxe‡bi a¨vb-aviYv, AvPvi-AvPiY‡K wfwË K‡iB

mgv‡Ri m„wó, e¨vwß Ges kªx e„w×|4 wbhvgx MvÄyexi „wó‡Z G gvbyl yÕwU †g․wjK Dcv`vb †_‡K •Zix,

G‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU AvKvk I AciwU gvwUi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| A_©vr GKwU •`wnK Z_v gvby‡li gvwUi •Zix

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e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| Avevi KL‡bv Lvivc wPšÍvi gva¨‡g yf©v‡Mï AwaKvix n‡q e‡m| G yÕai‡bi wPšÍviB

¯vaxbZv Avjøvn gvbyl‡K w`‡q‡Qb|5 mvgvb¨ GKUz cvwb I gvwUi •Zix wZb MR •`N© I GK MR cÖ‡ ’i

mgšq n‡”Q gvbyl| Gi gv‡S gvby‡li •`wnK I gvbwmK ¸Yvejxi wbqvgK e‡j Kw_Z im PZzóq Z_v

evqy wcË, Kd I i³ Gi AbycÖ‡ek NwU‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡j‡Qb,

گزی تو وپهنی خاک گز سو ای رنگرزی دردکان چارخم

6برزد خود رنگ بو را آن خلطی توپزد معده کو ىرنوالو

Ô†n wZb MR •`N© I GK MR cÖ¯’ (gvbyl)|

Pvi ¯Íi wewkó †`vKv‡bi is wg¯¿x|

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H †kølv¸‡jv wbR¯ i‡O Si‡Z‡Q|Õ

cweÎ KyiAv‡bI gvbyl m„wói †g․wjK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| †hgb gnvb Avjøvn G cÖm‡½ e‡jb,

ن قساز ف طفت جعيب ث- ط صييت الاضب خيقب ىقد7

ÔAvwg gvbyl‡K •Zix K‡iwQ gvwUi Dcv`vb †_‡K, Zvici Zv‡K GKwU msiw¶Z

¯’v‡b Uc‡K cov †dvUvq cwiewZ©Z K‡iwQ|Õ

gvbyl m„wói †kªô iƒcvqY| m„wó Rx‡ei cÖ‡Z¨‡KB gvby‡li †mevq wb‡qvwRZ| G c„w_exi mKj m„wó

RxeB G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †cÖ‡gi eÜ‡b Ave×| gvbylI G †cÖ‡gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Mfxifv‡e| Kwe G

cÖm‡½ e‡jb,

تازگان اين جنبش از پيشتر آوازگان وکهن سفران نو

8ايم؟ خورده ما نو عشق دستکش ايم؟ کرده ما نو عشق پايگاه


333

ÔmRxeZvi G ¯ú›`b A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB,

bZzb ågYKvix Ges cyivZb AvIqvRKvix|

mgv‡Ri cÖwZ fvjevmv AvgivB ¯’vcb K‡iwQ,

fvjevmvi `v Ívbv AvgivB ¯’vcb K‡iwQ|Õ

wbhvgx MvÄyexi `„wó‡Z gvbyl m„wói g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, gnvb Avjøvni •bKU¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Zuv‡K

†Pbv| hw` †Kvb gvbyl wbR©‡b GKv‡šÍ a¨v‡b gMœ †_‡K gnvb Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i Z‡eB †m Rxe‡b

Luy‡R cv‡e mdjZv| Avi Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g wb‡R‡K wPb‡Z n‡e| †h e¨w³ wb‡R‡K †Pbvi

gva¨‡g gnvb Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z cvij bv Zvi gvbe Rbg e„_v, g~j¨nxb|9 G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb,

شناخت بود چنانکو را خود ىرکو افراخت زندگی سربو ابد تا

نخواند خويش نقش کو شد آن فانی ماند باقی خواند نقش اين ىرکو

بدرست شناختی را خود تو چون نخست ز بگذری گرچو نگذری

.گذرند دگر وزان آيند در زين 10

خبرند بی وجود کز وانکسان

ÔcÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ wb‡R‡K Ggbfv‡e †Pbv DwPZ,

hv‡Z †m AbšÍKvj cÖ¾¡wjZ _v‡K|

H Aw¯ÍZ¡ aŸsm n‡q‡Q †h Zvi wb‡Ri wPÎ m¤ú‡K© AÁ,

†h G wPÎ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ †mB w¯’wZkxj _v‡K|

hLb Zzwg wb‡R‡K mwVK fv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡e,

ïiæ‡Z †hLv‡b wQ‡j †mLv‡b wb‡R‡K †i‡Lv bv|

H e¨w³ †h Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© AÁ,

GwU AbvMZ fwel¨Z Dnv AwZµvšÍ AZxZ|Õ

gvbyl wb‡R‡K †Pbvi A_© n‡”Q Avjøvn‡K †Pbvi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqv Ges G †Pbvi cwimgvwß

N‡U wb‡R‡K Avjøvni i‡O ivwO‡q Zuv‡K cvIqvi gva¨‡gB| Avjøvn gvbyl‡K †h Ávb, eyw×, we‡eK I

†gav w`‡q‡Qb G¸‡jvi mgš‡q gnvb Avjøvn‡K wPb‡Z cvivi g‡a¨B wbwnZ i‡q‡Q gvby‡li mv_©KZv|

gvbyl Áv‡bi gva¨‡gB G c„w_exi †kªô iƒcvq‡Y cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ gvby‡liI DwPZ m„wói †kªô

iƒcvqY wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ Áv‡bi RM‡Z wePiY Kiv| Zvn‡jB †m Avjøvn, Zuvi m„wó,

Zuvi cÖf~Z¡, eoZ¡, gnZ¡, GKZ¡ev`, cÖK…wZ I Zuv‡K †Pbvi †g․wjK c_mg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| Avi

wb‡R‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡e m„wói †kªô I †hvM¨ wn‡m‡e| G K_v¸‡jvi mv‡_B GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb

Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex|11

G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb,

تاريک وکوی پای آبلو عقل باريک موی چو رىی وآنگاه

نمايد ره توگرنو توفيق گشايد کی عقل بو عقده اين

فروزده بصر تو در از عقل بسوزد نهد درون گرپای

تو از کفايت مرا عقل ای ازتو وىدايت من ز جستن


334

بيمناکست وراه بيدل من باکست چو تويی راىنما چون

12کار اين باشد چگونو نو طاقت بار گرانی از شدم عاجز

ÔÁvb hLb cv‡qi ¸wUemšÍ I Mwjc_ hLb AÜKvi,

iv Ív ZLb Pz‡ji b¨vq miæ nq|

†Zvgvi †Lv`vqx mvdj¨ hw` iv Ív Luy‡R bv cvq,

Áv‡bi G RwUjZv‡K D‡b¥vwPZ Ki‡e|

Ávb †Zvgvi KvQ †_‡KB P¶z cÖ¾¡wjZ K‡i‡Q,

hwÌ Zvi wfZ‡i ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q cÖ¾¡jb|

†n Ávb Avgvi G Ae¯’vb †Zvgvi †_‡KB,

Avgv‡K Luy‡R cvIqv I †n`v‡qZ †Zvgvi †_‡KB|

Avwg wb`©q Zzwg c_fªó †K,

hLb Zzwg c_ cÖ`k©bKvix †K Ges Kvi|

g~j¨ùxwZi fv‡i Avwg wbiæcvq,

kw³ †bB wKfv‡e m¤úvw`Z n‡e G KvR|Õ

ivm~j (mv.) Gi g~j¨vqb

gvbyl G aiYx‡Z gnvb Avjøvni †kªô m„wó| Avi G m„wói me©‡kªô iƒc n‡jb Avgv‡ì †kl bex nhiZ

gynv¤§` (mv.)| wZwb n‡jb mKj bexM‡Yi bex I mgMÖ RvwZi wk¶K| G c„w_ex‡Z Zvui me‡P‡q eo

gyÕ‡Rhv n‡jv Avj-KyiAvb| Avi G KyiAvb‡K Aej¤b K‡i wZwb we‡k¦i me‡P‡q g~L©, AÁ, KziæwPc~Y© I

Amf¨ RvwZ‡K ywbqvi †kªô RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Qb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i GKRb `¶

kvmK, mgi bvqK, †kªô mgvRcwZ, DrK…ó ivRbxwZwe`, mdj msMVK, cwiev‡ii DËg KZ©v I mdj

K~U‣bwZK| GK K_vq, fvj ¸‡Yi hZ¸‡jv w`K Av‡Q me wKQyB Zvui gv‡S weivRgvb wQj| wZwb mgMÖ

wek¦evmxi Rb¨ Avjøvni c¶ †_‡K ingZ ¯iƒc †cÖwiZ n‡q‡Qb| G `k©‡bB wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Kwe wbhvgx

MvÄyex| gynv¤§` (mv.) m¤ú‡K© cweÎ KyiAv‡bi wewfbœ RvqMvq D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| gnvb Avjøvn e‡jb,

ىقد زصه جبءم عزز أفضن ب عي خ ن حسص ع عي ئ زإف ببى زح13

Ô†Zvgv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì wbKU GKRb ivm~j G‡m‡Qb| †Zvgv‡ì ytL-Kó

Zvui Rb¨ Kó`vqK| wZwb †Zvgv‡ì g½jKvgx, gywgb‡ì cÖwZ wZwb †mœnkxj I

cig `qvjy|Õ

G cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn AviI e‡j‡Qb,

أزصو اىر د زصى ببى اىحق د س ظ عي ى اىد مف مي دا ببىي ش14

ÔwZwb †mB gnvb mËv, whwb Zvui ivm~j‡K c_-wb‡ ©k (Avj-KyiAvb) I mZ¨ Øxbmn

(Avj-Bmjvg) cvwV‡q‡Qb| hv‡Z G‡K Ab¨ me gZev‡ì Dci weRqx K‡ib| G

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjøvni mv¶¨B h‡_ó|Õ


335

G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn AviI e‡jb,

ب بك ت اىب أزصي زح ىيعبى15

ÔAvwg Avcbv‡K mviv we‡k¦i Rb¨ ingZ wn‡m‡e †cÖiY K‡iwQ|Õ

G cÖm‡½ ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb,

.ابى فقد عصانى ومن.الجنة دخل اطاعنى من قال ابى ومن قيل ابى من الا الجنة يدخلون امتى كل16

ÔAvgvi D¤§‡Zi mKj †jvKB †e‡nkZevmx n‡e| wKš‘ †h A¯xKvi K‡i (†m †e‡nk‡Z hv‡e

bv)| wRÁvmv Kiv nj, †K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q †n ivm~j? DË‡i wZwb ej‡jb, †h Avgvi

AbymiY Kij, †m †e‡nk‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, Avi †h Avgvi AbymiY Kij bv †mB A¯xKvi

Kij|Õ

ivm~j (mv.) m¤ú‡K© G GKB `k©‡b wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex hv Zuvi ev Íe Rxe‡bI cwijw¶Z

nq| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb,

خاکش ىست کافرينش محمد پاکش جان بر آفرينش ىزاران

بينش اىل چشم افروز چراغ آفرينش کارگاه طراز

نارا و ميدان سرىنگ و سر انبيارا خيل و سالار سپو

17چند افتاده کار خواه شفاعت چند ۀنرماد برکش مرقع

Ôgynv¤§`‡K m„wó K‡iwQ ZvB c„w_exi Aw ÍZ¡ Av‡Q,

Zvui cweÎ AvZ¥vi e‡`․j‡Z Ggb nvRv‡iv AvZ¥v m„wó n‡q‡Q|

Zvui cwievi cwiRb Zvu‡K cÖ¾¡wjZ Av‡jv wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb,

wZwbB G m„wóRMr •Zixi gva¨g|

hy‡×i gq`v‡b, •mb¨ mvg‡šÍi gv‡S,

mKj bex‡ì gv‡S wZwb †kªô I wek¦ Í|

Zvui †RvovZvwj †`qv Rvgv bvix-cyiæl mevB cwiavb Ki,

Zvui kvdvqvZ Kvgbv Ki Z‡eB wKQyUv mdj n‡e|Õ

†gÕivR m¤ú‡K© fvebv

gnvb Avjøvn nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) †K mgMÖ RvwZi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e G aivq cwV‡q‡Qb| b‡fvgÐj I

f~gÐ‡j Zuvi wbKU me‡P‡q wcÖq n‡jb nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)| ZvB Zuv‡K BnKvj I ciKvj m¤ú‡K© ¯úó

aviYv I Zuvi Acwimxg ¶gZvi ewntcÖKvk NUv‡bvi Rb¨ Zuvi Øviv †gÕivR msNwUZ Kwi‡q‡Qb| nhiZ

gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi Rxe‡b N‡U hvIqv me©v‡c¶v we¯§qKi I Avðh©RbK A‡j․wKK NUbv †gÕivR | Zvui

Rxe‡b †gÕivR wb‡q hZ ZK©-weZ‡K©i D™¢e n‡q‡Q Avi †Kvb wel‡q nqwb| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib,

†gÕivR msNwUZ n‡q‡Q nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi ¯cœ‡hv‡M| Avevi †KD †KD aviYv K‡ib, †gÕivR

ej‡Z †Kvb wKQzB †bB, GwU m¤ú~Y© GKwU AevšÍi NUbv| Z‡e Pig mZ¨ K_v n‡jv gnvb Avjøvn Zuvi

wcÖq nvexe‡K w`‡q G gnvA‡j․wKK NUbvwU ¯kix‡i m¤úv`b Kwi‡qwQ‡jb hvi h‡_ó cÖgvY KyiAvb I

nv`x‡m i‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn cweÎ KyiAv‡b e‡jb,


336

أصس اىر صبحب لا بعبد ى ضجد اى ضجد اى اىحسا ب اىر الأقص اى ببزم ى ح س ى

ب بح آ ا ع اىبصس اىض 18

ÔwZwb (Avjøvn) cig cweÎ I gwngvgq mËv, whwb ¯xq ev›`v‡K ivwÎ‡ejvq ågY

Kwi‡qwQ‡jb gmwR‡` nvivg †_‡K gmwR‡` AvKmv ch©šÍ, hvi Pvwiw`‡K Avwg

eiKZ `vb K‡iwQ, hv‡Z Avwg Zvu‡K Kzì‡Zi wKQy wb`k©b †`wL‡q †`B| wbðqB

wZwb cig kªeYKvix I `k©bkxj|Õ

†gÕivR m¤ú‡K© nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,

ى الله فجي اىحجس ف قج قسش مرب ىب قه( صيع )الله زصه صع ا عبدالله ب جببس ع

.اى اظس اب اببح ع اخبس فطفقج اىقدس بج19

ÔnhiZ Rvwei Be‡b Ave`yjøvn (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb ivm~j (mv.) †K ej‡Z

ï‡b‡Qb, †giv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i KzivBkiv hLb Avgv‡K wg_¨v cÖwZcbœ Ki‡Z †Póv

Kij, ZLb Avwg Kvevi wnRi As‡k uvovjvg| Avi Avj øvn evBZzj gyKvÏvm

gmwR`wU‡K Avgvi mvg‡b D™¢vwmZ Ki‡jb| d‡j Avwg †m w`‡K ZvwK‡q ZvwK‡q

Zvi wP‎ý I wb`k©b¸‡jv e‡j w`‡Z _vKjvg|Õ

Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyexI †gÕivR m¤ú‡K© KyiAvb I nv`x‡mi G `k©‡bi mv‡_ wQ‡jb m¤ú~Y© GKgZ| gnvb

Avjøvn Bmjvg‡K c~Y©v½ Rxebeë¯’v I gynv¤§` (mv.) †K me©‡kªô bex †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Bmjvg

Z_v gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi †kªô‡Z¡i cÖgvY¯îƒc †gÕiv‡Ri gZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb

me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô gnvgvbe‡K Zvui GKvšÍ mvwbœ‡a¨ †W‡K wb‡q we‡k¦i M~p–inm¨ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ Kivb|

hv Ab¨ †Kvb bexi †m․fvM¨ nqwb| †hgb †gÕivR m¤ú‡K© Kwe e‡jb,

نيمروز ملک کان شبان نيم فروز گيتی مشعل روان کرد

کرد عماريش ديده از فلک خود کرد داريش مشعلو ومو زىره

کاينات حرم در رىا کرد جهات وشش حد چاره و خط ىفت

20سماع در شب آمده آمدنش ز وداع در قدمش با شده روز

ÔgaïvZ †hb cwiYZ n‡jv ga¨v‡‎ý,

MwZkxj n‡jv Av‡jv‡Kv™¢vwmZ cÖ¾¡wjZ G c„w_ex|

b‡fvgÐj wb‡RB Zvui evn‡bi eë¯’v Kij,

ïµ I Pvu` Zvu‡K Av‡jv w`j|

wek¦RMr †n‡i‡gi ìRv D‡b¥vwPZ Kij,

mvZ Íi Pvimxgv I Qq w`K|

Zvui AvMg‡b we`vq n‡jv wèm,

Zviu AvMg‡b ivwÎ †M‡q DVj|Õ


337

Cmv )Av.( m¤ú‡K© AwfgZ

nhiZ Cmv (Av.) wQ‡jb Avjøvn †cÖwiZ GKRb bex I ivm~j| Zvui Dci gnvb Avjøvn Avmgvbx wKZve

BwÄj AeZxY© K‡ib| ZviciI hLb wZwb †kl bex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi D¤§Z‡ì gh©v`vi K_v

ï‡bb, ZLb †kl bexi D¤§Z nIqvi Rb¨ wZwb Avjøvni wbKU cÖv_©bv K‡ib| Avi gnvb Avjøvn Zvui G

cÖv_©bv gÄyi K‡i Zuv‡K Avmgv‡b DwV‡q wb‡q hvb| c„w_ex aŸs‡mi c~‡e© AveviI Zvu‡K Avjøvn G

`ywbqvq †kl bex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi D¤§Z wn‡m‡e †cÖiY Ki‡eb| wKš‘ nhiZ Cmv (Av.) †K

AvKv‡k DwV‡q wb‡q hvIqv Ges Zvu‡K cybivq c„w_ex‡Z †cÖiY Kiv n‡e GwU mK‡j wek¦vm K‡i bv|

Z‡e hviv KyiAvb I nv`x‡mi AbymiY K‡i Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Gi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib Ges g‡b

cÖv‡Y G K_v‡K wbtm‡¼vPwP‡Ë wek¦vm K‡ib| dviwm Kv‡eï Agi Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyexI Gi mv‡_

cwic~Y©fv‡e GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges G `k©‡b wek¦vm K‡ib| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib Cmv (Av.) wQ‡jb

Avjøvni cyÎ| †Kbbv Zvui Rb¥`vZv †Kvb wcZv wQj bv; eis wZwb Avjøvni A‡kl †g‡nievbx‡Z wewe

gwiq‡gi Mf© n‡Z G c„w_ex‡Z f~wgô nb| g~jZ wZwb wQ‡jb Avjøvni †cÖwiZ GKRb bex I ivm~j| G

cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn e‡jb,

عض قبه اذ اب ب س زصه ا اصسائو ب ن اىي ب صدقب اى ى ب د زاة اىخ

بشسا بعد ؤح بسصه د اص ب أح في بث جبء صحس را قبىا ببىب ب21

ÔAvi hLb gwiq‡gi cyÎ Cmv (Av.) ej‡jb, †n ebx BmivBj, Avwg †Zvgv‡ì

wbKU Avjøvni †cÖwiZ ivm~j wn‡m‡e AvMgb K‡iwQ| Avgvi c~e©eZ©x ZvIiv‡Zi

Avwg mZ¨vqbKvix| Avi Avwg Ggb GKRb ivm~‡ji mymsev``vZv, whwb Avgvi

c‡i AvMgb Ki‡eb, Zvui bvg Avng`| AZtci hLb †m ¯úó cÖgvYvw` wb‡q

AvMgb Ki‡jb, ZLb Zviv ej‡jv G‡Zv GK cÖKvk¨ hv`y|Õ

Cmv (Av.) m¤ú‡K© wbhvgx MvÄyex e‡jb,

نبشت می جهان کو مسيحا پای ميگذشت چو بازار سر بر

22ديد افتاده پدر چو از يوسفش ديد افتاده گذر بر سگی گرگ

Ô`xN©Rxwe Cmv (Av.) †K c„w_ex Kei Ly‡o Zz‡j Avb‡e,

evRv‡ii gvSLv‡b wKfv‡e ivL‡e|

†bK‡o evN I KzKzi Zvui DÌvb‡K †`‡LwQj,

BDmyd wKfv‡e Zvui DÌvb‡K †`Lj|Õ

wbhvgx MvÄyex Zvui G KweZvq G K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb †h, Cmv (Av.) G c„w_ex‡Z GKevi bex I ivm~j

wn‡m‡e G‡mwQ‡jb Ges cybivq †kl bexi D¤§Z wn‡m‡e G c„w_ex‡Z AvMgb Ki‡eb| G e¨vcv‡i

wbhvgxi `k©b I KyiAv‡bi eY©bv cy‡ivcywifv‡e wg‡j hvq| G‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi wØgZ cwijw¶Z nqwb|

myZivs wbhvgx MvÄyexi `k©‡bi mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|

cvw_©e Rxeb m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ

wbhvgx MvÄyexi „wó‡Z cvw_©e RMr †Kvb myLKi ¯’vb bq| GwU cvc-cw¼jZv I RNb¨Zvq cwic~Y©|

Gi wbK…óZv I †bvsivgx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb G‡K Zyjbv K‡i‡Qb wewfbœ Dcgvi mv‡_| †hgb

cvw_©e RMr m¤ú‡K© wbhvgx e‡jb, GwU Ggb GKwU RvqMv †hLv‡b gvbyl ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ AšÍi½ eÜzi


338

mv‡_ kÎæZv •Zix Ki‡Z wØav‡eva K‡i bv we›`ygvÎ| GLv‡b †cÖg I fvjevmvi ZxeªZv †hgb A‡bK

†ewk, cvkvcvwk N„Yvi cwigvYI †Kvb As‡k Kg bq| fvj‡e‡m GKRb bvix hLb †Kvb cyiæ‡li N‡i

eD n‡q hvq, `xN©Kvj msmvi Kivi ciI mg‡qi eëav‡b ¯^v‡_©i Uv‡b Df‡qi gv‡S •Zix nq eëavb,

N‡U we‡”Q`| GKRb gymvwdi‡K †W‡K wb‡q evox‡Z †gngvbiƒ‡c Avc¨vqY K‡i Z…wß mnKv‡i Lvevi

LvIqvb, Avevi G gymvwd‡ii mv‡_B gZcv_©K¨ nIqvq Zvi gy‡Li Avnvi †K‡o wb‡q Zv‡K K‡ib

weZvwoZ| GwUB wbôzi G cvw_©e RM‡Zi PwiÎ| wbhvgx `ywbqvi cwiPq w`‡Z wM‡q Ab¨Î e‡jb,

wKqvg‡Zi w`b `ywbqv GKRb KzrmxZ e„×v bvixi AvK…wZ‡Z †ewi‡q Avm‡e, mevB Zv‡K †`‡L ej‡e

bvDRywejøvwn wgb hvwjK (Avgiv Gi Awbó †_‡K Avjøvni wbKU cvbv PvB)| RvMwZK Rxe‡b †h

e¨w³B G `ywbqv‡K hZ †ekx †c‡Z †P‡q‡Q Ges Zvi cÖwZ Avm³ n‡q‡Q, †m ZZ †ekx aŸsm n‡q‡Q|

ZvB `ywbqvi wbKU †_‡K kvwšÍ cvIqv G †jvK¸‡jv ej‡e Zv‡K †`vh‡L wb‡¶c Kiv nDK, hv‡Z †m

j¾v cvq Zvi K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨|23

wbhvgx AviI e‡jb, G `ywbqv n‡”Q Z…òvZ© †`vh‡Li b¨vq| †`vhL

†hgb Zvi ¶zav I Z…òv †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ memgq KvZiv‡e, wVK †Zgwb wbôzi G ywbqvI gvbyl‡K Zvi

†jvf-jvjmv I wbwl× K‡g©i w`‡K Wv‡K Zvi gbylZ¡‡K wejxb K‡i †`qvi Rb¨|24

†hgb G cÖm‡½

Kwe e‡jb,

25رستن ديو زين توان خوشخويی بو بستن وقت و ديواست جهان

Ô`ywbqvUv GKwU •`Z¨ Ges eÜ‡bi mgq,

gvwRZ© ¯^fv‡ei †jvK G •ØZ¨ n‡Z gyw³ †cZ cv‡i|Õ

m‡e©vcwi, wbhvgx MvÄyexi e³e¨ we‡køl‡Y G wm×v‡šÍ DcYxZ nIqv hvq †h, ywbqv Ggb GKwU `ytmn

RvqMv †hLv‡b cÖwZwbqZ N‡U hv‡”Q nvRv‡iv wbK…óZg NUbv| Avi Gi Awbó †_‡K wb‡R‡K gy³ ivLv

A‡bK KwVb KvR| †Kbbv GLv‡b Ggb †Kvb AcKg© †bB hv msNwUZ nq bv| gvbyl Avjøvni fq‡K

c‡ivqv bv K‡i wb‡Ri we‡eK-eyw×‡K Kv‡R bv jvwM‡q w`‡b w`‡b aŸsm †_‡K aŸs‡mi AZj Mnx‡b

Zwj‡q hv‡”Q| Avi GRb¨ wbhvgx G‡K †`vh‡Li mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|

ciKv‡ji Aw ÍZ¡

c„w_ex‡Z Ggb †Kvb fqvbK wRwbm †bB hv g„Zyï †P‡q †ewk fq¼i| A‡bK `vbkxj gvbyl i‡q‡Qb

huviv m¤ú‡ì wekvj GKwU Ask gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y `vb K‡i †`b| wKš‘ Ggb †Kvb gvbyl †bB †h,

g„Zz¨‡K Avwj½b Kivi Rb¨ wb‡RiB nvqvZ Ab¨Rb‡K D`viwP‡Ë `vb K‡ib| †Kbbv, g„Zz¨ GZB

fqvbK †h †KD Zvi KvQvKvwQ n‡Z Pvq bv| wKš‘ cÖK…Z mZ¨ K_v n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB Zvi wba©vwiZ

mg‡qB g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡Z n‡e| †KD kZ B‡”Q K‡iI Gi †_‡K gyw³ cv‡e bv|26

cweÎ KyiAv‡bI

g„Zyï K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q GKvwaKevi| †hgb gnvb Avjøvn G cÖm‡½ e‡jb,

اىث ذائقت فش مو27

ÔcÖ‡Z¨K cÖvYx‡KB g„Zzï ¯^v` Av¯v`b Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ

G cÖm‡½ gnvb Avjøvn AviI e‡jb,

ئخس لا جبء اذا الله اجو ا28

ÔwbðqB Avjøvn ZvAvjvi wbw`©óKvj hLb n‡e, ZLb AeKvk †`qv n‡e bv|Õ


339

G cÖm‡½ wbhvgx e‡jb,

نماند وکس رويم و اورفت ستاند دىد جهان کو وامی

.خواىيست وام شوخ کو ترس می 29

ىيست گيا اگر جهان وام از

Ô†m P‡j †M‡Q AvgivI hve †KD _vK‡e bv,

c„w_ex †h FY w`‡qwQj Zv wb‡q wb‡q‡Q|

c„w_exi FY n‡Z hw` Dw™¢` _v‡K,

fq cv‡”Q †h FY hw` D”QjZv Pvq|Õ

g„Zzï cieZx© Rxe‡bi bvgB n‡jv ciKvj ev AvwLivZ| Rb¥ †hgb mZ¨, g„Zz¨ I ciKvjI †Zgb

mZ¨| hwÌ c„w_exi mKj gvbylB Rb¥ I g„Zzï †¶‡Î HKgZ¨ †cvlY K‡ib| Z‡e ciKvj Z_v

AvwLiv‡Zi Rxeb m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡KB GKgZ bb| ZvInx` Z_v G‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmx gvbylB †Kej

AvwLiv‡Zi Rxeb‡K wek¦vm K‡ib| Avi Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb AvwLiv‡Zi cÖwZ wbtm‡¼vPwP‡Ë

wek¦vmx I G `k©‡bi mv‡_ HKgZ¨ †cvlYKvix GKRb gvbyl| whwb G m¤ú‡K© memgq KyiAvb I

nv`x‡mi AbyK~‡j gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ib AZ¨šÍ `„pZvi mv‡_| AvwLivZ m¤ú‡K© Avj-KyiAv‡b gnvb

Avjøvn e‡jb,

ادازك بو بو اىآخسة ف عي ب شل ف ب بو ع 30

Ôeis ciKvj m¤ú‡K© Zvu‡ì Ávb wbt‡kl n‡q †M‡Q; eis Zviv G wel‡q m‡›`n

†cvlY Ki‡Q Ges G wel‡q Zviv AÜ|Õ

ciKvj m¤ú‡K© wZwb AviI e‡jb,

حنا ىب ضا مبىر اىي فؤضب ىئل أفض أ ىب. اىفبصق أصحبة اىبز أصحبة ضخ

اىجت أصحبة اىجت اىفبئز31

Ô†Zvgiv Zv‡ì gZ n‡qv bv, hviv Avjøvn‡K fy‡j †M‡Q| d‡j Avjøvn Zv‡ì‡K

AZ¥we¯§„Z K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| ZvivB Aeva¨ Rvnvbœv‡gi Awaevmx| Rvnvbœv‡gi

Awaevmx Ges Rvbœv‡Zi Awaevmx mgvb n‡Z cv‡i bv| hviv Rvbœv‡Zi Awaevmx

ZvivB mdjKvg|Õ

ciKvj m¤ú‡K© ivm~j (mv.) e‡jb,

بى ع ابد فب شببب ع افب فب عس ع خش ع ضئو حخ اد اب قدب حزه لا

عي فب عو ب افق فب امخضب ا32

ÔwKqvg‡Zi w`b gvby‡li cv GKwe›`y bo‡Z cvi‡e bv hZ¶Y bv Zv‡K cvuPwU cÖ‡kœi

wRÁvmvev` Kiv n‡e: wb‡Ri Rxeb †m †Kvb c‡_ AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Q, †h․e‡bi

kw³ mvg_© †Kvb c‡_ e¨q K‡i‡Q, m¤ú` †Kv_v n‡Z DcvR©b K‡i‡Q Ges †Kv_vq

LiP K‡i‡Q| †h Ávb jvf K‡i‡Q, Z`byhvqx KZUzKz Avgj K‡i‡Q|Õ


340

ciKvj m¤ú‡K© wbhvgx MvÄyex e‡jb,

آراستو نگر خلوت مجلس ناکاستو مو چون خوش و روشن

33آموختو غاليو زده تخت ريختو شکر و فروزان شمع

Ôj¶¨ Ki wbR©b gRwjm mymw¾¦Z n‡q‡Q,

D¾¦jZv I Avb›` †hb NvUwZnxb Pvu`|

cÖ¾¦wjZ †gvgevwZ I Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv wPwb,

AvNvZcÖvwß wmsnvmb weRqx n‡Z wkwL‡q‡Q|Õ

DcwiD³ KweZvq wbR©b gRwjk Øviv g~jZ Kwe ciKvj‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb hv GLb duvKv i‡q‡Q|

wKqvgZ msNwUZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †mLv‡b mKj gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cwic~Y© n‡q hv‡e| Avi G

cwic~Y©Uv‡K wZwb mymw¾¦Z eywS‡q‡Qb| wbhvgx MvÄyex ciKvj‡K g‡b cÖv‡Y wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb hv Zvui

KweZvq ¯úófv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

ZvK¡`xi ev fvM¨ m¤úwK©Z aviYv

wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb ZvK¡`xi Z_v fv‡M¨ wek¦vmx GKRb gvbyl| •`bw›`b Rxe‡b hv wKQzB N‡U Zv

m¤ú~Y© c~e© †_‡KB Avjøvni c¶ †_‡K wba©vwiZ| ZvB wZwb g‡b K‡ib gnvb Avjøvn gvby‡li fv‡M¨ hv

wjwce× K‡i w`‡q‡Qb Zv e¨ZxZ †Kvb wKQyB N‡U bv| GRb¨B Zuvi g‡Z Acivag~jK †h mg Í KvR

gvby‡li Øviv msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K Zvi Rb¨ bv gvbyl‡K Z_v AcivaKvix‡K N„Yv Kiv hv‡e, bv

Avjøvn‡K; eis ïay †mB Ab¨vq ev Acivag~jK KvR‡K N„Yv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv gnvb Avjøvn ev›`vi

Ab¨v‡qi Rb¨ †hgwb mvRv w`‡eb Zvi fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avevi cÖwZ`vbI w`‡eb| Avi Avjøvn cvc-

c~Y¨ †Kvb †¶‡ÎB K‡Vvi bb; eis b¨vqcivqY| Avi •`bw›`b Rxe‡b hv wKQy N‡U meB Avjøvni c¶

†_‡K wba©vwiZ G `k©‡b wek¦vmx wQ‡jb Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex|34

†hgb G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb,

زخاک کافريدی مرا سرشت پاک و بناپاک کردی تو سرشتو

35نبشت من در نقش اين تو قضای سرشت در وگربدم نيکم اگر

ÔAvgvi cÖK…wZ‡K Zzwg m„wó K‡iQ gvwU †_‡K,

Avgv‡K Zzwg cweÎ I Acwe‡Îi mgšq K‡iQ|

Avwg KL‡bv c~Yëvb Avevi Ac~Yëvb cÖK…wZi,

Avgvi fv‡Mï wjwc‡K Zzwg Gfv‡eB wPwÎZ K‡iQ|Õ

Dcmsnvi

wbhvgx MvÄyex wQ‡jb dviwm Kve¨mvwn‡Zï ga¨gwY| whwb dviwm fvlvq G Ag~j¨ m¤ú` Z_v cÂiZœ

I GKwU `xIqvb iPbv K‡i wek¦ Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨ n‡q‡Qb mgv`„Z| Zvui G cÂi‡Zœi Kvwe¨K gvb GZ

DuPz¯Í‡ii †h, ejv n‡q _v‡K hZw`b c„w_ex _vK‡e ZZw`b gnvKv‡ji Nl©‡YI Zv gy‡Q hvevi bq|

eY©bv, cÖKvk-f½x I `k©bwPšÍv mewgwj‡q Zuvi Kv‡e¨ GK Abe`¨ g~j¨gv‡bi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q|

we‡kl K‡i Zuvi Kv‡e¨ D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ `vk©wbK welqvejx Zuvi Kv‡eï g~j welqe ‘‡K K‡i‡Q AviI

fveMv¤¢xh©c~Y© I †g․wjKZv mg„×| Avi GRb¨B Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’mg~n dviwm Kv‡eï cwigÐ‡j n‡q‡Q


341

AviI mve©Rbxb I MÖnY‡hvM¨| m‡e©vcwi ejv hvq, Kwe wbhvgx MvÄyex Zuvi G AmvaviY cÖwZfvi Rb¨

Kve¨wccvmy gvby‡li ü`‡q wPi ¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb|

Z_¨wb‡`©k

1 Tanwir Ahmad, A Short History of Persian Literature (Calcutta: Naaz Publishing Centre, 2nd edit.,

1991), p. 145.

2 W. evivAvr hvbhvbx, AvnIqvj Iqv Amvi Iqv kvi‡n gvLhvbyj Avmiv‡i wbhvgx MvÄyex (†Znivb: gyqvmmv‡m‡q

G‡šÍkvivZ Iqv Pv‡c `v‡bkMv‡n †Znivb, 3q ms. 1372 wn.kv./ 1993wLª.), c„. 1|

3 wbhvgx MvÄyex, gvLhvbyj Avmivi, cÖ‡dmi iæ¯Íg Avjx Dd (m¤úv.) (†Znivb: G‡šÍkviv‡Z †eBbyj wgjvjx Avj û`v,

1374 wn.kv./ 1995wLª.), c„. 9|

4 gyn¤§` Ave`yj Rwjj, †jvKmvwn‡Zï bvbv w`K (XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 1993wLª.), c„. 1|

5 gvbmyi mvifvZ, MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgvZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx (†Znivb: gyqvmmv‡m‡q G‡šÍkviv‡Z Avgxi Kexi, 1991wLª.),

c„. 81|

6 mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 354|

7 m~iv Avj gywgbyb, AvqvZ: 12-13|

8 mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 1g LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 99|

9 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 84|

10 Kzwjøqv‡Z Lvg‡m‡q wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 513|



13 m~iv ZIev, AvqvZ: 128|

14 m~iv Avj dvZvn&, AvqvZ: 27|

15 m~iv Avw¤^qv, AvqvZ: 107|

16 gyn¤§` Beb BmgvCj Avj-eyLvix, mnxûj eyLvix, 1g LÐ (Kvq‡iv: gvKZvevZzm mvdv, 2003wLª.), c„. 248|


18 m~iv ewb BmivBj, AvqvZ: 1|

19 mnxûj eyLvix, 2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 449|

20 gvLhvbyj Avmiv‡i wbhvgx MvÄyex, cÖv¸³, c„. 19|

21 m~iv Avmmvd, AvqvZ: 6|



24 Z‡è, c„. 104|


342

25

mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 2q LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 258|

26 MvÄx‡b‡q †nKgZ `vi Amv‡i wbhvgx, cÖv¸³, c„. 113-114|

27 m~iv Avw¤^qv, AvqvZ: 35|

28 m~iv b~n, AvqvZ: 4|

29 mve‡q‡q nvKxg wbhvgx, 1g LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„. 235|

30 m~iv bvgj, AvqvZ: 66|

31 m~iv nvki, AvqvZ: 19, 20|

32 gynv¤§v` Beb Cmv AvZ-wZiwghx, Avm-mybvb, 8g LÐ (†Ìe›`: KzZzeLvbv iwkw`q¨vn, Zv.we.), c„. 443|





27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

Ck¦‡ii ¯îƒc : wn›`y ag©-`k©‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. Ry‡qjx wek¦vm

Abstract: Most of the people of the world believe that there is a power beyond the

created universe and creatures. He guides and controls everything. He is known by

different names by different people. Some people call him Ishwara, some call him Allah,

some other call him God etc. In the Hindu Shatras He has innumerable name. A question

arises in the mind of the thoughtful men what the nature of Him. There are different

opinions regarding the nature of God which are as follows – (1) Is He corporeal or

incorporeal? (2) Is He attributed or non-attributed (3) Is He in the mind’s eye or out of

the mind’s eye and so on. It is not possible to give answers to these questions for general

people. Only a devoted person who has attained spritual knowledge can give answer to

these questions. Yet they have different opinions regarding this. Some philosophy like

Charvaka, Samkhya, Mimamsa do not believe in God. But Vedanta, Yoga, Nyaya,

Vaisheshika philosophy believe in God. In Hindu religion and philosophy there are

different opinions regarding the nature of God. In this article an attempt has been made to

explain the nature of God only according to that philosophy that beliefs in God.

f~wgKv

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jxb nq Ges Zuv‡ZB RxweZ _v‡K|17

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347

mcÖcÂ| cieªþ nj A-‣`wkK, A-KvwjK I KviYiwnZ| Acieªþ nj •`wkK, KvwjK Ges RMr m„wói

KviY| cieªþ mr, wPr I Avb›`¯îƒc|Ó20

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cigvZ¥v‡K cyiæliƒ‡c AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvsL¨ `k©‡bI AvZ¥v‡K cyiæl ejv n‡q‡Q|21

fMe`&MxZvq

wZb cÖKvi cyiæ‡li K_v ejv n‡q‡QÑ (1) ÿicyiæl (2) Aÿicyiæl I (3) cyiæ‡lvËg|

Øvwe‡g․ cyiæ‡l․ †jv‡K ÿiðvÿi Ge P|22

ÿit me©vwY f~Zvwb K~U‡¯vÕÿi DP¨‡Z \

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K~U¯ ev AweKvix cyiæl Aÿi cyiæl e‡j Kw_Z|

h¯§vr ÿigZx‡ZvÕgÿiv`wc †PvËgt|

A‡ZvÕw¯§ †jv‡K †e‡` P cÖw_Zt cyiæ‡lvËgt \23

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cyiæ‡lvËg e‡j L¨vZ|

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ey`&ey‡ì b¨vq Zuvi (cieªþ) †_‡KB Drcbœ n‡q Zv‡ZB wejxb nq| cieª‡þi ÿifve ev AcwiYvgx

(weKviiwnZ), wbwe©‡kl, K~U¯ I wbM©yY iƒcB Aÿi-cyiæl| Avi cyiæ‡lvËgfv‡e wZwb wbM©yY n‡qI

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MxZvkv¯¿x kÖxRM`xkP› ª †Nvl kÖxAiwe‡›ì D×…wZ w`‡q GB wZb cÖKvi cyiæ‡li e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb

Gfv‡eÑ

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cÖK…wZ nB‡Z ¯^Zš¿ b‡n, Bnv cÖK…wZiB AšÍM©Z| Aÿi nB‡Z‡Q APj, AcwiYvgx, bxie, wbw®…q cyiælÑ

Bnv fMev‡bi GK-iƒc (The Unity of the Divine Being), cÖK…wZi ¯^vÿx; wKš‧ cÖK…wZ I Zvnvi Kvh©

nB‡Z GB cyiæl gy³| ci‡gk¦i, cieªþ, cigcyiælB DËg, DwjøwLZ cwiYvgx eûZ¡ I AcwiYvgx GKZ¡

GB `yB-B DË‡gi| Zuvnvi cÖK…wZi, Zuvnvi kw³i weivU wµqvi e‡j, Zuvnvi B”Qv I cÖfv‡ei e‡kB wZwb

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ivwLqv‡Qb; Z_vwc wZwb cyiæ‡lvËgiƒ‡c cÖK„wZ nB‡Z ¯^Zš¿Zv Ges cÖK…wZ‡Z wjßZv GB `yB‡qiB

Dc‡i|Ó24

fMe`&MxZvq cyiæ‡lvËg ev ci‡gk¦‡ii ¯îƒc‡K AviI bvbvfv‡e e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| MxZvq whwb Ae¨³,

†e`všÍ `k©‡b wZwb wbM©yY ev cieªþ| Avevi †e`všÍ `k©‡b whwb m¸Y ev Acieªþ MxZvq wZwb e¨³ ev

ÿicyiæl|


348

gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv‡_i AwfgZ

gnvZ¥v Myiæbv_ Ck¦‡ii m¸YZ¡ Ges wbM©yYZ¡ wfbœ `„wó†KvY †_‡K wePvi K‡i‡Qb| m¸Y ej‡Z mvaviYZ

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_vwK| wKš‧ RM‡Z ¸Y wfbœ †Kvb c`v_© †bB| Avgiv †h mg¯Í c`v_©‡K `ªe¨ e‡j we‡ePbv Kwi, †m me

c`v_© KZK¸‡jv ¸YmgwógvÎ| RM‡Zi hveZxq c`v_©B Ck¦‡ii m¸Y Ask †_‡K m„ó| Ck¦i †h‡nZz

¸Ygq ZvB Zvui Askf~Z e¯‧wbPqI ¸Ymshy³| w¶wZ, Ac, †ZR, giær, †e¨vg, Zzwg, Avwg cÖf„wZ

mg Í c`v_©B KZK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi mgwógvÎ| •e‡kwlK `k©‡b ªe¨ Ges Zvi ¸Y‡K Avjv`v wn‡m‡e †`Lv

n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avgiv e‡j _vwK, Kv‡ôi ¸Y, R‡ji ¸Y, AwMœi ¸Y, AvZ¥vi ¸Y BZ¨vw`| Avgiv ewj bv

†h, Kvô¸Y, Rj¸Y, AwMœ¸Y, AvZ¥¸Y| myZivs `ªe¨ Ges Zvi ¸Y c„_K| gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_ G gZ

mg_©b K‡ib bv| wZwb e‡jbÑ

Ò`ªe¨ Ges Zvi ¸Y ev ÍweK GKB c`v_©| cÖ‡f` GB †h ¸Y e¨vwófve-ÁvcK Ges `ªe¨ ¸‡Yi

mgwócÖKvkK| `ªe¨ ewj‡j K,L, M, N, BZ¨vw` ¸Y-mgwó eySvq, Avi ¸Y ewj‡j, nq ÔKÕ, bv nq ÔLÕ

BZ¨vw` wfbœ wfbœ ev wfbœ wfbœ AwfcÖvqvbymv‡i D”PvwiZ ¸Y ev ¸Yvewj eySvq| Avevi ªe¨gvÎB †h ¸‡Yi

Avavi, Zvnv‡ZI m‡›`n bvB| †Kb bv H ¸Y-mgwóB cÖ‡Z¨K ¸‡Yi Avavi| myZivs G wek¦eªþv‡Ði whwb

m„wó-w¯wZ I jqKZ©v wZwbI AbšÍ ¸‡YiB Avavi|Ó25

wZwb e‡jb AviI,

ÒG RM‡Z hv wKQz Av‡Q meB ¸Yhy³ I ¸Ygq| ¸Y wfbœ †Kvb ªe¨ bvB, ¸Y e¨ZxZ †Kvb wµqv n‡Z

cv‡i bv| †h ª‡eï wµqv n‡e ZvB ¸Ymgwó| `ªe¨Z¡vw` RvwZI ¸Ymv‡c¶| c`v‡_©i m¤^ÜI ¸Y Qvov

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†hw`‡K ZvKv‡bv hvq, †`Lv hv‡e meB ¸Ymgwó| wK m„ó, wK mªóv, hvi welqB fvev †nvK bv †Kb, †`Lv

hv‡e meB MyYmgwó| AZGe †h ¸Y n‡Z m„wó, †h ¸‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ m„wó, †h ¸Y Øviv m„wó, †h ¸‡Y‡Z m„wó,

†h ¸Y m¤^‡Ü m„wó, †h ¸Y mªóv I †h ¸YB m„ó, †mB wbwLj RM‡Zi GKgvÎ cig c`v_©, †mB AbšÍ

eªþv‡Ði AwØZxq c`v_©I †h ¸Ygq Zv‡Z Avi m‡›`n wK|Ó26

Ck¦i wbM©yY ej‡Z Ck¦i‡K ¸Ynxb eySvq bv| ¸iæbv‡_i g‡Z huvi AbšÍ ¸‡Yi mg¨K Ávb ev AeaviY

G ch©šÍ KviI nqwb Ges n‡ZI cv‡i bv, wZwbB wbM©yY| cvwYwb e¨vKi‡Yi evwË©KKvi KvZ¨vqb

wj‡L‡Qb, Òc~eŸ©-c`všÍM©Zm¨ cÖvw`f¨t cim¨ DËifvMm¨ avZzRm¨ ev †jvctÓ| A_©vr cÖvwì (cÖ,civ,

wbi&, `yi& cÖf„wZi) ciw¯Z c~e© c`všÍM©Z DËifvM hw` avZz †_‡K Drcbœ nq, Z‡e eûeªxwn mgv‡m Zvi

weK‡í †jvc nq| †hgb, cÖ-cwZZs cY©s h¯§vr mt cÖcwZZcY©t cÖc‡Y©v ev (e„¶t)| G wbqgvbymv‡i

gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_ ÔwbM©yYÕ c‡ì e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ

ÒwbweŸ©w`Zvt wb‡e©`¨vt ev (wbieavwiZvt wbieavh©¨vt ev BqËqv msL¨qv ev) ¸Yvt hm¨ Zr wbM©yYt, Z‣¯§

wbM©yYvqÓ|27

A_©vr wbwe©w`Z ev AÁvZ n‡q‡Q ¸Y huvi A_ev G ch©šÍ huvi ¸Yivwk msL¨vq AeavwiZ nqwb, wZwb

wbM©yY| myZivs wbM©yY k‡ãi ØvivI Ck¦i‡K ¸YgqB eySvq|

†hvM `k©‡b Ck¦‡ii ¯îƒc m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, Ck¦i cigcyiæl; wZwb Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY cyiæl n‡Z wfbœ|

mvsL¨ `k©‡b AvZ¥v‡K cyiæl ejv n‡q‡Q| †`niƒc cywi‡Z whwb evm K‡ib wZwb cyiæl A_©vr RxevZ¥v|

Dcwbl` I Ab¨vb¨ `k©‡b GB AvZ¥v‡K yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v, RxevZ¥v I cigvZ¥v|

cigvZ¥vB me©kw³gvb Ck¦i| †hvM `k©‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, mvaviY cyiæl ev RxevZ¥v Awe`¨v, Aw¯§Zv,


349

Kg©dj, evmbv cÖf…wZi Øviv cÖcxwoZ| wKš‧ Ck¦i Gm‡ei D‡aŸ©| wZwb GK I AwØZxq| wZwb

me©kw³gvb, me©Á, c~Y©, Abvw` I AbšÍ| Zuvi B”QvqB GB RMr P‡j| wZwb RM‡Zi kvmK|

b¨vq `k©‡bI cigvZ¥v‡K Ck¦i ejv n‡q‡Q Ges wZwb me©Á I me©kw³gvb| wZwb RM‡Zi ¯ªóv, iÿK

I msnviK| cigvYy, †`k, Kvj, AvKvk, gb I AvZ¥v RM‡Zi Dcv`vb KviY; Ck¦i wbwgË KviY|

•e‡kwlK `k©‡bi cÖwZôvZv gnwl© KYv` Zuvi Ô•e‡kwlK m~‡ÎÕ Ck¦i m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Av‡jvPbv K‡ibwb|

wKš‧ cieZ©xKv‡ji •e‡kwlK fvl¨KviMY Ck¦‡ii Aw Í‡Z¡i c‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡q‡Qb| Zu‡ì fv‡l¨ Ck¦‡ii

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RM‡Zi wbwgË KviY Avi cigvYy RM‡Zi Dcv`vb KviY| Ck¦i I cigvYy mn-Ae¯vbKvix|

Ck¦‡ii GKZ¡ I eûZ¡

wn›`yiv eû †è‡èxi c~Rv K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvB A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib wn› yiv eû Ck¦‡i wek¦vmx| wKš‧ wn› y

kv¯¿ I `k©b ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GB wek¦RM‡Zi whwb ¯ªóv, cÖwZcvjK I iÿvKZ©v wZwb

GK| a‡g©i BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ag©Rxe‡bi cÖ_g ¯Í‡i gvbyl eû †è‡èxi Aw¯Í‡Z¡

wek¦vm KiZ| m„wói Avw` †_‡KB gvby‡li g‡b Ck¦i m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖv‣MwZnvwmK

hy‡Mi gvbyl ÁvbweÁv‡b DbœZ wQj bv| †Kvb †Kvb g‡Z, fq Ges A‡j․wKK wek¦vm †_‡K Ck¦‡ii

aviYv Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| Avw`g gvbyl P› ª, m~h©, MÖn, b¶Î, AvKvk, b`-b`x, mvMi, Rjcøveb, gnvgvix,

f~K¤úb, So cÖf„wZi •bmwM©K e¯‧i iƒc I kw³ †`‡L f‡q I we¯§‡q Awff~Z n‡q‡Q| ZLb Zviv

Gme‡KB Ck¦i e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li Ávb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ aviYviI cwieZ©b nq| Zvici

gvbyl wek¦vm K‡i G m‡ei wcQ‡b GK AwZeZx© mËv we`¨gvb| †mB AwZeZ©x mËvB Ck¦i|

cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖvPxb MÖxm, wgki I fviZe‡l©i gvby‡liv eû †è‡èxi Aw Í‡Z¡ wek¦vmx wQj| ZLbKvi

gvbyl AvKv‡ki wekvjZv, Mnxb Ai‡Yï MfxiZv, k¦vc` Rš‧i wnsmªZv Ges cÖK…wZi fqvenZv †`‡L

wew¯§Z n‡q‡Q Ges f‡q I AÜ wek¦v‡m cÖvK…wZK kw³‡K c~Rv K‡i‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z †m me cÖvK…wZK

kw³B GK GK Rb †èZvq DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| GLbI wn›`yiv P›`ª, m~h©, b¶Î, MvQcvjv, wewfbœ RxeRš‧i

c~Rv K‡i _v‡K| wn›`ykv‡¯¿ wewfbœ †è‡èxi ¯‧wZ I cÖksmv Av‡Q| cyivY mvwnZ¨ †Zv †è‡èx‡ì

GK weivU GbmvB‡K¬vwcwWqv| wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥ †èZv wePviKv‡j e‡j‡QbÑ

Ò†èZvqv GK AvZ¥v eûav ¯Í~q‡ZÓÑ A_v©r †èZvM‡Yi GK AvZ¥v eûiƒ‡c KxwZ©Z|28

†hgb GKB

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GK AvZ¥vi wfbœ wfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½¯îƒcÑ ÒGKm¨vZ¥‡bvÕ†b¨ †èvt cÖZ¨½vwb fewšÍÓ|29

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n‡q‡QÑ

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hg, gvZwik¦v BZ¨vw` eû cÖKvi e‡j _v‡Kb|30

ÒGKs mšÍs eûav KíqwšÍÓÑ †mB GK mr‡K FwlMY eûiƒ‡c Kíbv K‡ib|31

ÒGK‡gevwØZxqs eªþÓ Ñ eªþ GK, Zvui †Kvb wØZxq †bB|32

cÖvPxb cviwmK a‡g© wØ-Ck¦iev` cÖPwjZ wQj| Zvu‡ì aviYv wQj GB RMr ïf I Aïf, fvj I g›`,

Kj¨vY I AKj¨v‡Yi mswgkªY| †h Ck¦i Kj¨v‡Yi cÖZxK Zv‡K ÔAvûi gR`vÕ Ges †h Ck¦i AKj¨v‡Yi


350

cÖZxK Zv‡K ÔAvwn©gvbÕ ejv nZ| Avûi gRWv me mgq gvbyl‡K Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ wb‡q hvq Ges

Avwn©gvb gvbyl‡K AKj¨vY ev Lvivc c‡_ wb‡q hvq- GB wQj Zv‡ì aviYv|

eû-Ck¦iev` ev eû-†èZvev` Ges wØ-Ck¦iev` bvbv †`v‡l yó| GRb¨ G‡Kk¦iev‡ì D™¢e| eZ©gv‡b

G‡Kk¦iev` AwaKvsk gvby‡li mg_©b jvf K‡i‡Q| G gZvbymv‡i Ck¦i GK I AwØZxq| wZwb Amxg,

AbšÍ, me©e¨vcx, me©kw³gvb, me©Á I c~Y©|

ci‡gk¦‡ii GKZ¡ m¤^‡Ü ¯qs m`vwke e‡j‡QbÑ

Z¡‡gKs kiY¨s Z¡‡gKs e‡iY¨s

Z¡‡gKs RMrcvjKs ¯cÖKvkg&|

Z¡‡gKs RMrKË©„-cvË©„-cÖnË©„

Z¡‡gKs cis wbõjs wbwe©eKíg&\33

cyivYKv‡iivB eªþv, weòz, wke, PÐx cÖf„wZ †è‡èxi gvnvZ¥¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvu‡ì‡K ci‡gk¦‡ii

Avm‡b ewm‡q‡Qb| GLbI wn› y mgv‡Ri A‡b‡K whwb †h †èZvi f³ Zuv‡K ci‡gk¦‡‡ii Avm‡b

ewm‡q _v‡Kb| mgv‡Ri A‡b‡K Avevi gbyl¨‡`nx ¸iæ‡KI ci‡gk¦‡ii Avm‡b emv‡Z Awfjvl K‡ib|

Ck¦‡ii mvKviZ¡ I wbivKviZ¡

ci‡gk¦i mvKvi bv wbivKviÑ G e¨vcv‡iI bvbv gZ‡f` Av‡Q| wn›`ya‡g© mvKvi Ges wbivKvi Dfq

cÖKvi Dcvmbvi Aby‡gv`b Av‡Q| wn›`yag© AwZ cÖvPxb ag©| GLv‡b wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ AeZvicyiæl,

mvaK Ges `vk©wbK‡ì Avwefv©e N‡U‡Q| Zuv‡ì mvabvjä Ávb, wPšÍv-‡PZbv I `k©‡bi mgwóB

wn›`yag©| GB ag© †Kvb gZ‡KB AMÖvn¨ K‡iwb| G Kvi‡Y GB a‡g© bvbv gZ I c‡_i m„wó n‡q‡Q|

wn›`ya‡g©i ‣ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLv‡b mvKvi DcvmbvI Av‡Q, Avevi wbivKvi

DcvmbvI Av‡Q| •ew`K hy‡M †Kvb g~wZ© c~Rv wQj bv| •ew`K †èZviv wQ‡jb Akixix| Fwliv Zuv‡ì

iƒc Kíbv K‡i A½-cÖZ‡½i eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb e‡U, wKš‧ eZ©gvbKv‡ji g‡Zv Zvu‡ì †Kvb g~wZ© wQj bv|

ZLb hÁ‡e`x •Zwi K‡i †èZv‡ì D‡Ï‡k hÁ Kiv n‡Zv| †mLv‡b †Kvb †èZvi g~wZ© _vKZ bv|

Dcwbl‡ì Fwliv KLbI KLbI Ck¦i ev eª‡þi iƒc Kíbv K‡i‡Qb e‡U, wKš‧ Zv i³-gvs‡m Mov

gvbe-gvbex bq| A_ev wn›`yiv eZ©gv‡b †hfv‡e wewfbœ †è‡èxi g~wZ© M‡o c~Rv K‡ib, †miƒc bq|

Dcwbl‡` ÔI¼viÕ kã w`‡q eª‡þi iƒc Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|34

KV, gvÐ~K¨, Qv‡›`vM¨, cÖkœ cÖf„wZ

Dcwbl‡` I¼vi (Ig&-Kvi) k‡ãi e¨vL¨v Av‡Q| gvÐ~‡K¨vcwbl‡` ejv n‡q‡QÑ

Iwg‡Z¨Z`¶iwg`s me©s Z‡m¨vce¨vL¨bg& f~Zs fe`&fwel¨w`wZ|

me©‡gv¼vi Ge h”Pvb¨r wÎKvjvZxZs Z`‡c¨v¼vi Ge \35

A_©vr ÔIg&Õ cigvZ¥v ev eª‡þi cÖZxK ev bvg| G mg Í RMrB ÔIg&Õ GB A¶i¯iƒc| hv wKQz AZxZ,

eZ©gvb I fwel¨r G meB I¼vi, wÎKv‡ji AZxZ AviI hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvI I¼vi| ÔDcwbl`Õ MÖ‡š

Dch©y³ g‡š¿i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔIg&Õ kã‡K eª‡þi cÖZxK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

kvjMÖvg‡K Aej¤b K‡i †hgb weòzc~Rv Kiv nq (GLv‡b kvjMÖvg weòzi cÖZxK) †miƒc I¼vi‡K

Aej¤^b K‡i eª‡þi Dcvmbv Kiv nq|36

wn›`ya‡g© kv³, •ke, •eòe cÖf„wZ g‡Z mvKvi Dcvmbvi weavb i‡q‡Q| G g‡Z ejv nq, Ck¦‡ii

wbivKvi fve mK‡j aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wbK…ó‡PZv DcvmK‡ì wn‡Zi Rb¨ wbivKvi cig

mËvi i~c Kíbv Kiv nq| cÖ_‡g mvKvi Dcvmbv Ki‡j Ávb‡hvM nq, †mB Ávb‡hvM Qvov gvbyl


351

KLbI wbivKvi eªþ‡K aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hvMkv ¿ cÖ‡YZv cZÄwj Ges Zuvi fvl¨Kv‡iiv

wbivKviev‡ì mg_©K n‡qI e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖ_g Ae¯vq wbM©y‡Y wPË cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m Kvi‡Y

m¸‡Y wPË g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z nq| wPË m¸‡Y wbweó n‡j GKvMÖZv R‡b¥| ZLb DcvwmZ Ck¦‡ii

AbyMÖ‡nB mgvwa‡hvM wm× n‡e| gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_ wb‡RB mvKviev‡ì c‡¶ hyw³ D‡jøL K‡i Zv Avevi

LÐb K‡i e‡j‡QbÑ

ÒCk¦i †h wbivKvi, Zvnv †hgb hyw³wm×, †ZgbB kv¯¿wm×| mvKviev‡ì AbyK~‡j wbgœwjwLZ evK¨wbPq

wjwce× nB‡Z cv‡iÑ huvnvi Ávbvwfgvb Av‡Q, wZwb mvKvi bv gvwb‡ZI cv‡ib| wKš‧, †n f³, †n

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Dcwbl`, 2/4/1) c„. 294 |

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769|

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13 Z‡è, (Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`, 7/25/1), c„. 622 |

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Z‡è, (e„n`viY¨K Dcwbl`, 4/4/25), c„. 820 |


354

19

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W. bx‡ivèiY PµeZ©x, fviZxq `k©b (KjKvZv: `Ë cvewjkvm©, 1995) c„. 107|

20 cÖ‡gvèÜz †mb¸ß, fviZxq `k©b, Z…Zxq LÐ (†KvjKvZv: Gg. miKvi cvwjwks nvDR, 2006) c„. 58|

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23 Z‡è, 15/18 c„.

24 Z‡è, c„. 461|

25 ¸iæbv_ †mb¸ß, ZË¡Ávb, (cÖKvkKÑ Áv‡b›`ªbv_ AwaKvix, mfvcwZ, mZä¤§© gnvgÐj, evsjv‡`k) 1g LÐ (Dcvmbv)

c„. 152|

26 Z‡è, c„. 152Ñ53|

27 Z‡è, c„. 155Ñ 56|

28 hv¯‥, wbiæ³, (KjKvZv: `wÿ‡Yk¦i ivgK…ò msN, Av`¨vcxV evjKvkÖg KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ, 1987) •èZKvÐ, mßg

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29 Z‡è, c„. 270|

30 cÖv¸³, F‡M¦`-mswnZv (KjKvZv, nid cÖKvkbx) 1/164/46 c„, 299|

31 Z‡è, 10/114/5 c„. 624 |

32 cÖv¸³, (Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`, 6/2/1), c„. 577|

33 ¸iæbv_ †mb¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 121|

34 IsKvi kã w`‡q eª‡þi iƒc Kíbv gvÛ~‡K¨vcwbl‡`B cÖ_g †`Lv hvq|

35 cÖv¸³, (gvÛ~‡K¨vcwbl`, gš¿ msL¨v 1) c„. 254|

36 Z‡è, c„. 254|

37 ¸iæbv_ †mb¸ß, cÖv¸³, c„. 37|

38 Z‡è, c„. 137

39 ¯^vgx RM`xk¦ivb›` m¤úvw`Z I Ab~w`Z kÖxkÖxPÐx (KwjKvZv: D‡Øvab Kvh©vjq, 1997) 5/34 c„. 137|

40 Z‡è, 5/73 c„. 194|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡K mgvRfvebv

W. wecyj Kzgvi wek¦vm

Abstract: Bhāsa is a renowned dramatist of Sanskrit literature in pre-Kālidasa era.

Thirteen dramas written by him are the invaluable asset of Sanskrit literature. The drama

Avimāraka is one of them. The hero of drama is Avimāraka. His family got degraded

caste being cursed by the Sage. Living a life of low caste he also keeps implicit

relationship with his family. Then incidentally he developed deep love relationship with

princess Kurangī. The hero and the heroine’s unequal social status and caste became a

hindrance to the recognition of their marriage. In this context the hero’s real identity was

revealed through the presence and truth telling of the sage. By order of the sage the social

marriage of hero and heroine was completed. It is true that literature is bound on the

society. That is why a picture of the society can be found through the analysis of

litlerature. The drama Avimāraka by Bhāsa is not an exception. Therefore, a picture of

the contemporary society can be found through the analysis of this play’s characters,

dialogues and plot. The picture of that social life is neatly presented step by step in this

paper.

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356

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m~Pbv-mgvwß, iƒcK¸‡jv‡Z bvU¨kv‡¯¿i wbqgbxwZ j•Nb Ges iƒcK¸‡jv‡Z GKB ai‡bi msjv‡ci

eënvi †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq me¸‡jv iƒcK GKB e¨w³i iPbv| Avevi, ivR‡kL‡ii m~w³gy³vejx-‡Z

ejv n‡q‡Q

ÒfvmbvUKP‡µ ’wc †”Q‣Kt wÿ‡ß cixwÿZzg&|

¯^cœevme`Ëm¨ `vn‡Kv ’fybœ cveKt \Ó5

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†Z‡ivLvwb iƒc‡Ki iPwqZv GKB e¨w³ Ges wZwb fvm, GK_v ejvB hyw³hy³|

fv‡mi Avwef©ve Kvj

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`ywU †kÖwY ¯^ ¯^ „wó‡KvY †_‡K gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb| cÖvPxbcš’x‡ì Abymvix n‡jb wU. MYcwZ kv¯¿x,

nicÖmv`kv ¿x, G. we.wK_, G. wW.cymjKi, G. we. †hv‡M› ªMvo&Ki cÖgyL| Zvu‡ì g‡Z, wLª.c~e© 6ô

kZvãx †_‡K wLª. 4_© kZvãxi gaëZx© †h-‡Kv‡bv mg‡q fv‡mi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i| AvaywbKcš’x‡ì

Abymvix n‡jb6 ivgveZvi k¤§v©, wc. wf. Kv‡b, wm. Avi.†èai cÖgyL| Zvu‡ì g‡Z, wLª. 6ô kZvãx

†_‡K wLª. GKv`k kZvãxi g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv mg‡q fv‡mi Avwef©ve n‡Z cv‡i| hyw³ZK© hv-B †nvK,

GK_v ejv hvq †h, bvU¨Kvi fvm gnvKwe Kvwj`v‡mi c~‡e© Avwef©~Z n‡qwQ‡jb| KviY, Kvwj`v‡mi

gvjweKvwMœwgÎ bvU‡Ki cÖ¯Ívebvq fv‡mi bvg DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b Kvwj`vm wb‡R‡K eZ©gvb

mg‡qi Ges fvm‡K cyivZb Kv‡ji Kve¨Kvi e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb7| Avevi,fv‡mi bvU‡K Ak‡Nv‡li

iPbvi cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ak^‡Nv‡li ey×Pwi‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q

ÒKvôs wn g_œb& jf‡Z ûZvks f~wgs Lbb& we›`wZ Pvwc †Zvqg& \

wbe©wÜbt wKÂb bv Í¨vmva¨s b¨v‡qb hy³s P K…Zs P me©g& \Ó8

(KvV Nl‡j Av¸b, gvwU Lyuo‡j Rj cvIqv hvq| cÖPÐ AvMÖnkxj e¨w³i Kv‡Q wKQzB Amva¨ bq|

b¨v‡qi mv‡_ wZwb mewKQzB jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib|)

fv‡mi cÖwZÁv‡hŠMÜivq‡Y ejv n‡q‡Q-

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†mvrmvnvbvs bv¯Í¨mva¨s bivYvs gvM©viävt me©hZœvt djwšÍ \Ó9

(KvV Nl‡j Av¸b m„wó nq, gvwU Lyuo‡j Rvj`vb K‡i| Drmvnhy³ cyiæ‡li Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv wKQzB Amva¨

bq| gvby‡li me ïf †Póv myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ n‡j mvdj¨ Aek¨B Av‡m|)

Dch©y³ †køvK`ywUi kã I A_© we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq, fv‡mi iPbvq Ak‡Nv‡li cÖfve i‡q‡Q10

|

AZGe fvm Ak‡Nv‡li cieZx©| GLb, cÖkœ n‡jv fvm wK Kvwj`v‡mi KvQvKvwQ, bvwK Ak‡Nv‡li? G.

we. wK_ g‡b K‡ib, fvm Ak‡Nv‡li KvQvKvwQ| fv‡mi bvU‡Ki MVb‣kjx, bvU¨-Avw½‡Ki cÖ‡qvM,

fvlv BZ¨vw` w`K we‡kølY K‡i ejv hvq, Kvwj`v‡mi mv‡_ Zuvi mv`„k¨ †ewk| AZGe, ejv hvq fvm

Kvwj`v‡mi KvQvKvwQ| ¸ßhy‡Mi Kwe wnmv‡e Kvwj`vm hw` wLª. PZz_© kZ‡Ki nb Z‡e fvm‡K Zvi

c~e©eZx© mg‡qi g‡b K‡i wLª. Z…Zxq kZ‡Ki Kve¨Kvi g‡b KivB hyw³hy³|


357

fv‡mi †Z‡ivLvwb iƒcK Avwe®‥vi ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Zï GKwU wekvj gvBjdjK| ms¯‥…Z bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨

wewPÎ kvLvhy³, bvU¨¸‡Y mymg„× iPbv Dcnvi †Ìqvi †hvM¨Zv GKgvÎ fvmB †`wL‡q‡Qb|

bvU¨wccvmy‡ì Kv‡Q †m-Kvi‡Y wZwb bgm¨ n‡q Av‡Qb| Avevi, iƒcK¸wji bv›`x‡køvK we‡kølY Ki‡j

†`Lv hvqPviæ`Ë, Awf‡lK, cÖwZgvbvUKe¨ZxZ evwK `kwU iƒc‡K fMevb bvivqY ev weòzi ¯‘wZ Kiv

n‡q‡Q| G-†_‡K mgv‡jvPKiv g‡b K‡ib, bvU¨Kvi fvm weòzf³ wQ‡jb| Kve¨Kvi Ak‡Nvl †e․×

a‡g©i Abymvix wQ‡jb| Zuvi iPbvq †e․×a‡g©iB K_vejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ fv‡mi iƒc‡K mbvZb a‡g©iB

gh©v`v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mgv‡jvPKiv †m-Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K e¨vm ev evj¥xwKi mgZzj¨ g‡b K‡i gywb

we‡kl‡Y AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib11

|

fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡Ki welqe¯‘

Awegvi‡Ki mv‡_ Kzi½xi †cÖg I weevn welqK Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ Qq A‡¼i bvUK AwegviK|

Awegvi‡Ki cÖK…Z bvg weòz‡mb| Awe(†gl)-iƒcavix Amyi‡K ea Kivi Kvi‡Y wZwb AwegviK Dcvwa

cvb|†h․ebeq‡m cwiev‡ii Dci ewl©Z Fwl-Awfkv‡ci cÖfv‡e PÐvjZ¡ MÖnY K‡i wZwb cwiev‡ii

mv‡_ cÖ”Qbœ fv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib| †mB mg‡q •eišÍ¨ bMixi ivRv KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri Kb¨v Kzi½x

nw ÍKZ…©K AvµvšÍ n‡q Zuvi mvg‡b co‡j wZwb AmgmvnwmKZvi mv‡_ ivRKzgvix‡K iÿv K‡ib|†mB

NUbv †_‡K `yR‡b ci¯ú‡ii †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb| AZtci Kzi½xi avÎxgvÎv I avÎxKb¨vi mdj

†`․ZK‡g© ci AwegviK AvZ¥kw³‡K AvkÖq K‡i gaïv‡Z Kzi½xi evmfeb Kb¨vcyi cÖmv‡` P‡j

Av‡mb| yR‡bi MvÜe© weevnI m¤úbœ nq| c‡i †jvKj¾vi f‡q AwegviK P‡jI Av‡mb|

Avevi,we`¨vai †gNbv‡ì †Ìqv A‡j․wKK AvswUi cÖfv‡e A`„k¨ n‡q AwegviK wØZxqevi Kb¨vcyi

cÖmv‡` Kzi½xi Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q hvb| GB chv©‡q KzwšÍ‡fvR-fe‡b †èwl© bvi‡ì Avwefv©e N‡U| wZwb

AwegviK I ivRKzgvixi †cÖg, cÖ”Qbœfv‡e AšÍtcy‡i Ae¯’vb, AwMœ‡èZvi Avkxe©v‡` KvwkivRgwnlx

my`k©bvi M‡f© Awegvi‡K Rb¥, wb‡Ri gvmx †m․exiivRgwnlx my‡PZbvi †Kv‡j†e‡o DVvÑ mvwe©K NUbv

Ly‡j e‡jb| †k‡l AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡ì Dcw ’wZ‡Z AwMœmvÿx K‡i AwegviK I Kzi½xi cÖvRvcZ¨ weevn

m¤úbœ nq|

AwegviKbvU‡K mgvR

ivR¨kvmb eë¯’v

Awegvi‡Ki mgv‡R ivRZš¿ cÖPwjZ wQj| gš¿x, mwPe, †mbv, cvnviv`vi, ¸ßPi, Kg©KZv©-Kg©Pvix,

wek^ ÍRb cÖgyL‡ì wb‡q ivRv ivR¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡Ki gwš¿mfvi K‡jei

Lye `xN© bq| †K․ÄvqbI f~wZK GB yB Rb gš¿xi bvg Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| †K․wU‡jï A_©kv¯¿

Abymv‡i iv‡Rï gwš¿cwil‡ì m`m¨ msL¨v n‡e ev‡iv, †lv‡jv ev wek Rb|A_ev iv‡Rï mvg_©¨ ev

gš¿x‡ì `ÿZv Abymv‡iI cwil‡ì msL¨v evov‡bv-Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i12

| gwš¿cwil` MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î

AwegviK bvU‡K n«¯^Zv‡K AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi †Mvcbxq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqmn

cvwievwiK wel‡q wm×všÍ †bIqvi †ÿ‡Î ZLbKvi ivRv‡ì gš¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z

†`Lv hvq| Kzi½xi weevn wel‡q ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR wb‡Ri mnawg©Yxmn gš¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© K‡i wm×všÍ

wb‡q‡QbGK_vB Zvi cÖgvY|

ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv wnmv‡e wKQz ¸Y ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri ivRv‡ì g‡a¨jÿ Kiv hvq| ivRv n‡ebÑ

kv¯¿Á, k¯¿Á, wR‡Zw›`ªq Ges ciü`q-exÿ‡Y cvi`kx©| wbqwgZ e¨vqvg PPv©i d‡j wZwb myMwVZ


358

kix‡ii AwaKvix n‡eb13

| cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î wZwb K‡Vvi n‡eb, Avevi †Kvgj AvPiYI Ki‡eb|

cÖRvcvjK ivRv hy×‡ÿ‡Î mevi AMÖfv‡M Ae¯’vb Ki‡eb| bvU‡K ejv n‡q‡Q

Òag©t cÖv‡Me wPšÍ¨t mwPegwZMwZt †cÖwÿZe¨v ¯ey×¨qv

cÖ”Qv‡`¨․ ivM‡iv‡l․ g„ yciæl¸‡Y․ Kvj‡hv‡Mb Kv‡h©․|

†Áqs †jvKvbye„Ës ciPibq•bg©Ðjs †cÖwÿZe¨s

i‡ÿ¨v hZœvw`nvZ¥v iYwkiwm cybt †mv’wc bv‡ewÿZe¨t \Ó14

¯îvR¨ I ciivR¨ wel‡q ivRv‡ì yiKg bxwZmgv‡R jÿ Kiv hvq| eªvþY‡ì `v‡bi gva¨‡gev

•a‡h©ï mv‡_, AvwkÖZ‡ì `qvi mv‡_ Rq Kiv wQj ¯îvR¨bxwZ|Z‡e, ciiv‡Rï †ÿ‡Î †k․h© cÖ`k©b

KivB ivRvi ag©| beRvgvZv AwegviK‡K Avkx©ev` Ki‡Z wM‡q †m․exiiv‡Ri gy‡L ivR¨ cwiPvjbvi

GmKj M~pbxwZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q

Òÿgqv Rq we‡cÖ›`ªvb& `qqv Rq mswkªZvb&|

ZË¡ey×qv RqvZ¥vbs †ZRmv Rq cvw_©evb& \Ó15

Avevi, hvM&h‡Ái gva¨‡g †èivR B›`ªZzj¨ Ges m‡Zï aviK wnmv‡e ivRv `ki_Zzj¨ nIqv wQj

ZLbKvi ivRv‡ì Av`k©16

|

ivRZvwš¿K mgvRKvVv‡gvq ZLbKvi ivR¨¸wji g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© jÿ Kiv hvq|

Avevi, cvi¯úwiK kÎæZv, GgbwK AvµgY cÖwZ-AvµgYI cwiPvwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| ivRv

KzwšÍ‡fvR, †m․exiivR, KvkxivRG‡ì g‡a¨ AvZ¥xqZvi E‡aŸ©cvi¯úwiK Nwbô m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj|

Avevi,ÒAvwg GKvB kÎæ‣mb¨‡ì aŸsm K‡iwQ| GLbI ch©šÍ Zuviv Zuv‡ì üZ‡M․ie‡K D×vi Ki‡Z

cv‡i wb|Ó17 Awegvi‡Ki GB Dw³ kÎæivR¨ KZ…©K KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri •eišÍ¨ bMix AvµgY Ges exi

Awegvi‡Ki Zv cÖwZnZ Kivi D`vniY| Avf¨šÍixY w`K †_‡KI ivRv‡K kÎæZvi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z

n‡Zv| ivRvi NwbôRb, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb ev D”Pc`¯’ ivRcvl©‡ìv ivRvi mv‡_ †Mvcb kÎæZv Ki‡Zb|

e¨mbvm³ ivRv‡K ms‡kvab Kivi cwie‡Z© KLbI KLbI loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g ivRÿgZv `L‡ji my‡hv‡M

_vK‡Zb| cÿvšÍ‡i ivóªbxwZÁ, `~i`kx© ivRviv ¯^v_©‡jvfx, my‡hvMmÜvbx lohš¿Kvix‡ì wPwýZ Kivi

Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi †K․k‡jiI AvkÖq wb‡Zb 18

|

ZLbKvi mgv‡RivRv-mn ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl wbivcËveë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj| bvU‡K

DwjøwLZ •eišÍ¨bMixi D`¨vb GKwU mve©Rbxb D`¨vb| ivRKzgvix Kzi½x †mLv‡b åg‡Y †M‡j Zuvi Rb¨

we‡kl wbivcËv †Ìqv nq|D`¨v‡b MgbvMg‡bi †ÿ‡Î mvaviY gvbyl‡ì cÖwZ wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv

nq| ivRKzgvixi ågY †kl n‡j me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ ZvAvevi Db¥y³ K‡i †Ìqv nq| welqwU ivRv I

ivRcwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi D`vniY|

cvwievwiK eÜb I gvbeZv‡eva

AwegviK bvU‡Ki mgv‡R Nwbô cvwievwiK eÜ‡bi wPÎ jÿ Kiv hvq| wcZvgvZv, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ,

m‡nvì-m‡nvìv G‡ì g‡a¨ GB m¤úK© weivRgvb wQj| mvevwjKv Kb¨v Kzi½x‡K mycvÎ ’ Kivi Rb¨

evev-gv‡qi`ywðšÍv, mšÍv‡bi wec‡ì Avk¼vq Zvu‡ì DrKÉv meB AcZ¨ †¯œ‡ni D`vniY| Avevi

†`Lv hvq, cwiev‡ii Dci ewl©Z Fwli Awfkv‡ci cÖfv‡e AwegviK PÐvjZ¡ †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| ÒmšÍv‡bi

Rb¨ Avgvi ¯Íb`y» wbtmwiZ n‡”Q; AvR Avwg cyÎabim Abyfe KiwQÓ19 GmeI AcZ¨ †¯œ‡ni


359

D`vniY| Avcb fMœxi Rb¨ Z¨v‡Mi „óvšÍ bvUKwU‡Z i‡q‡Q? AwMœ‡èZvi Avkx©ev‡` Rb¥ †bIqv

my`k©bv Zuvi cÖ_g mšÍvb‡K †evb my‡PZbv‡K `vb K‡ib| d‡j mšÍvbnxbv my‡PZbvi †KvjcyÎ †¯œ‡n f‡i

D‡V| †ev‡bi cÖwZ Ggb Z¨vM Nwbô cvwievwiK eÜ‡bi „óvšÍ|

cvwievwiK MÐxi evB‡iI ZLbKvi mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ AvšÍwiKZv, mngwg©Zv jÿ Kiv hvq|

bvU‡Ki we`~lK mš‘ó wb‡Ri wcÖqeqm¨ Awegvi‡Ki wec‡ì w`‡b GwM‡q G‡m‡Qb| eÜzi wbiæ‡Ï‡k

wZwb e‡j‡Qb ÒAvwg mviv c„w_ex Ry‡o AwegviK‡K ev Awegvi‡Ki kixi‡K Luy‡R Avbe| hw` Zv bv

cvwi, Z‡e ciR‡b¥ Zvi mnvq n‡ev|Ó20

†è‡hvbx wewkó we`¨vai †gNbv` bvqK-bvwqKvi wgj‡bi

e¨vcv‡i mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| †gNbv‡ì †Ìqv A‡j․wKK AvswUi cÖfv‡eB AwegviK wØZxq evi

ivRKzgvixi Kv‡Q A`„k¨ n‡q †h‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| we`vq †ejvq wZwb AwegviK‡K Dc‡`k w`‡q

e‡j‡QbÒcÖxwZmnKv‡i ivRKzgvix Kzi½x‡K fvjevm‡e| hLbB cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨

Kie|Ó21

†èwl© bviÌ KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRfe‡b †b‡g G‡m mg Í inm¨ cÖKvk K‡i bvqK-bvwqKvi

wgj‡bi ¯xK…wZ †Ìqvi eë¯’v K‡i‡Qb|

¯’vcZ¨wkí

bvUKwU‡Z DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRavbx •eišÍ¨ bMix DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨

wk‡íi wb`k©‡b ficyi| •eišÍ¨ GKwU Rbeûj bMix| biMx‡Z i‡q‡Q my „k¨ ivRc_, c‡_i yav‡i

`wawc‡Ði g‡Zv cvÐzeY© cÖvmv`, cÖvmv‡ì wb‡P c‡Y¨ ficyi wecwYweZvb| bvU‡Ki wØZxq A‡¼ we`~lK

bM‡ii †kvfv †`L‡Z †ewi‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b ivRevwoi †PUx Pw›`ªKv we`~lK‡K VwK‡q Zuvi nv‡Zi AvswU

nvwZ‡q wb‡q wf‡oi g‡a¨ jywK‡q c‡o|

ivRv KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRfe‡b myKviæKvh©LwPZ DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íimvÿ¨ i‡q‡Q| iv‡Zi Avuav‡i •eišÍ¨

bMixmn ivRfe‡bi †m․›`h© †`‡LAwgeviK Zvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| iv Ív¸wj †hb b`x n‡q e‡q P‡j‡Q|

my-D”P cÖvmv`¸wj †hb a¨v‡b gMœ| cÖvmv`¸wj fv‡M fv‡M wbwg©Z| cÖvmv`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ me‡P‡q DuPz

Kb¨vcyi| ÔKb¨vcyi cÖvmv`Õ GB bvgwUi g‡a¨ ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri ivRfeb wbg©v‡Y ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi

mycwiKíbv aiv c‡o| A_©kv‡¯¿i ÔwbkvšÍcÖwYwaÕ Abymv‡i ivRvi evmfe‡bi cv‡k Avjv`v fv‡e wbwg©Z

n‡e ¯¿xwb‡ek (ivRgwnlx‡ì evm ’vb), Mf©ms¯’v (m~wZKvMvi), e¨vwams¯’v (gwnlx‡ì iæMœvjq),

•e`¨cÖZ¨vLvZ ms¯’v (•e`¨KZ„©K cÖZ¨vL¨vZv †èx‡ì evm ’vb), e„ÿ¯’vb I D`K¯’vb (Dceb I

Rjvkq)| GiB cðv‡Z Kb¨vcyi Ges Kzgvicyi cÖvmv` wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b ivRKzgvix I

ivRKzgv‡iiv _vK‡eb22

| bvUKwU‡Z †`Lv hvq, Kb¨vcyi cÖvmv‡` i‡q‡Q Rj wb®‥vk‡bi eë¯’v|

Rvbvjv¸wj Lye KvQvKvwQ| cÖvmv‡ì Af¨šÍixY †m․›`h©I g‡bvgy»Ki KviæKvh©LwPZ Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ,

•e`~h©¨gwYmn g~jëvb iZœ w`‡q •Zix •mKZf~wg m`„k†g‡S, cÖevj cv_i w`‡q •Zix ¯Í¤¢ hvi †m․›`h©

¯^Mx©q mylgv‡KI nvi gvbvq23

| GQvov, bMixi `k©KM„n Ges mve©Rbxb D`¨vbI DbœZ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi

wb`k©b|

wkíms¯‹…wZ I we‡bv`b

wkíms¯‥…wZ I we‡bv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB m½xZ-PPv©i K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| iv‡Zi †ejv ev`¨-evRbvi

mv‡_ mv‡_ ZLbKvi myLx `¤úwZiv cvi¯úwiK m½xZvb›` Dc‡fvM Ki‡Zb| bvU‡Ki Z…Zxq A‡¼

gvSiv‡Z •eišÍ¨ bMix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i AwegviK G mKj `„k¨ †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| †mLv‡b GKRb igYx

mKj ytL-Kó fy‡j wM‡q g‡bi my‡L m½xZ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Qb, Zvui ¯^vgxabwU exYv evwR‡q Zv‡K m½

w`‡q‡Qb| bvU‡Ki fvlvq Ò†Kv by Lj¦qs me©KvjmyLx cyiælt KvšÍqv mn MvÜe©gbyfewZ| e¨³s ¯^qs


360

exYvs ev`qwZ|Ó24

m½xZPP©vi cvkvcvwk †m hy‡Mi †g‡qivI †Ljvayjvq Af¨¯Í wQ‡jb| mvevwjKv

Kb¨viv †Ljvayjv †_‡K wb‡R‡ì ¸wU‡q ivL‡Zb bv| bvU‡Ki cÖ_g A‡¼ †`Lv hvq, `vm`vmx‡ì mv‡_

wb‡q ivRcvl©`‡ì wbivcËvq weevn‡hvM¨v ivRKzgvix Kzi½x cvk©¦eZx© D`¨vb-wenv‡i wM‡q‡Qb Ges

†mLv‡b Lywkg‡Zv †LjvayjvI K‡i‡Qb|

bvUKwU‡Z nw Ícvjb I nw¯Í-wbqš¿Y ev ekxf~ZKiY we`¨vi GKwU Bw½Z cvIqv hvq|

KzwšÍ‡fv‡RiivRfe‡bnw¯Íkvjv wQj| iv‡Zi Avuav‡i iwk †e‡q fe‡bi Dc‡i D‡V AwegviK H

nw Íkvjv †_‡K Avmv g`MÜ AvNªvY K‡ib Ges wb‡Ri †Kvg‡i evuav iwk Ly‡j MRkvjvq Qz‡o †`b|

fv‡mi cÖwZÁv‡hŠMÜivqY bvU‡K †`Lv hvq,nw¯Íwbqš¿Y wel‡q bvqK D`q‡bi eënvwiK Ávb wQj|

exYv evwR‡q wZwb eb¨n¯Íx‡K ch©šÍ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| evme`Ëvi wcZv ivRv cÖ‡`¨vZ bKj

nvwZi dvu‡` †d‡j D`qb‡K Kvive›`x K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡`¨v‡Zi ivRfe‡bi gËn Íx‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi

Rb¨ Kviviæ× D`qb‡K evB‡i wb‡q G‡m Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi D‡`¨vM †bIqv nq| my‡hvM ey‡S D`qb

†cÖwgKv evme`Ëv‡K wb‡q cvwj‡q Av‡mb| fv‡mi AwegviK bvU‡Ki bvqK Awegvi‡KiI

nw Íwbqš¿‡Yi ev Íe `ÿZv †`Lv hvq| g`gË n¯ÍxKZ…©K ivRKzgvix Kzi½x AvµvšÍ n‡j AwegviK

Kb¨v‡K iÿv K‡ib| gš¿x f~wZ‡Ki eY©bv Abymv‡i, Ò†mB cyiæl †Kvb w`‡K „wó bv w`‡q kvšÍfv‡e

jxjvf‡i wcÖqeÜzi g‡Zv †mB nvwZwUi mv‡_ †Ljv Ki‡jb| KLbI mvg‡b, KLbI wcQ‡b wM‡q

nvwZwU‡K G‡Kev‡i †gvwnZ K‡i Zzj‡jb|Ó25

Gfv‡e Awegvi‡Ki nw Íwbqš¿Y †K․k‡ji d‡j

ivRKygvix Kzi½x iÿv †c‡jb| Avevi, nw Íbxi AvKl©‡Y g`gË n Íx‡K eÜbkvjvq wb‡q Avmvi

†K․kjI nw¯Íwe`¨vi Ask26

|

ag©

mbvZb a‡g©i AšÍM©Z •ew`K Kg©KvÐwfwËK hvM&hÁ ZLbKvi mgv‡R AbywôZ n‡Zv| ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR

wb‡R •ew`K hvM&h‡Ái Abymvix wQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡R e‡j‡Qb ÒA‡bK hvM&hÁ m¤úbœ K‡iwQ, †kÖô

eªvþY‡ì `vb`wÿYvi gva¨‡g cÖmbœ K‡iwQ|Ó27

KvwkivRI •ew`K hvM&h‡Ái Abymvix wQ‡jb| hÁK‡g©

e¨¯ÍZvi Kvi‡Y wZwb ei‡ekx Rqegv©i mv‡_ KzwšÍ‡fvR-Avj‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib wb| mbvZb a‡g©i

cvkvcvwk †m mgv‡R †e․× I •Rb a‡g©iI cÖPjb wQj| we`~lK mš‘ó nvmïmvZ¥Kfv‡e

e‡j‡QbÒh‡Ávcex‡Zb eªvþYt Pxe‡iY i³cUt| hw` e¯¿gcbqvwg kªgY‡Kv fevwg|Ó28

D³ ev‡K¨

h‡ÁvcexZ (•cZv) hy³ eªvþY, Pxei (†Miæqv) cwiwnZ †e․× mbœ¨vmx Ges w`M¤î •Rb mbœ¨vmx‡ì K_v

ejv n‡q‡Q| G-‡_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq mbvZb a‡g©i cvkvcvwk †e․× I ‣Rb agv©bymvixiv ZLbKvi mgv‡R

eZ©gvb wQ‡jb|

•ew`K †è¯‘wZi cvkvcvwk Awegvi‡Ki mgv‡R †c․ivwYK †èfw³i Aw ÍZ¡ jÿ Kiv hvq| wek¦mªóv

cÖK„wZ‡Z bvbv iƒ‡c bvbv kw³‡Z weivwRZ| c~e©-MM‡b m~h© Dw`Z nq, ga¨ MM‡b wKiY †`q, Avevi

cwðg MM‡b A Í hvq| m~‡hv© ‡qi c~‡e© AvKv‡k †Kgb GK Av‡jv-Avuav‡ii †Ljv| Avevi, †g‡Ni

ga¨Kvi AvšÍtAvYweK kw³ †f` K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó AvKl©‡Yi cÖfv‡e Rjivwk c„w_ex‡Z †b‡g Av‡m|

GQvov, cvw_©e RM‡Zi mv‡_ Nwbô wKQy kw³ i‡q‡Q, hv gvby‡li DcKv‡i Av‡m A_ev hv-†_‡K

gvby‡li fxwZ Drcbœ nq; ~¨‡jvK, f~‡jvK I AšÍixÿ¨ ¯’v‡bi GB kw³, hv Fwl-gvb‡mi gva¨‡g RM‡Z

cªwZfvZ n‡qwQjÑ ZvB •ew`K †èZv| †hgb AwMœ, B› ª, weòz, eiæY, wgÎ, iæ ª, gÐ~K cÖgyL| wKš‘

†c․ivwYK †èZvi ¯iƒc G †_‡K wfbœ| †c․ivwYK †èZv A‡bKUv f‡³i fMevb| KLbI KLbI wZwb

f‡³i evÃvKíZiæ| cÂjÿY-m¤^wjZ, AvL¨vb-DcvL¨vb wfwËK †èZvB †c․ivwYK †èZv| ZvB


361

A‡bK †ÿ‡Î bv‡gi mv‡_ mv „k¨ _vK‡jI •ew`K †èZv †_‡K †c․ivwYK †èZv Avjv`v| G cÖm‡½

RvýexKzgvi PµeZx© e‡jb

Ò†e‡ì weòz I iæ`ª †c․ivwYK weòz I iæ`ª nB‡Z ¯^Zš¿| †e‡` weòz m~‡h©i cÖKvi‡f`, cyiv‡Y weòz

w¯’wZi †èZv| †e‡ì wÎcv`‡ÿcx weòy, cyiv‡Y wÎweµg, wZwb ewji kv¯Ív, evgb AeZvi| ïay ZvB

bq wZwb k•L-Pµ-M`v-cÙavix, †cÖwgK KgjvcwZ Ges f³ermj fMevb|Ó29

AwegviK bvU‡K AwMœ‡èZvi Avkxev©‡` KvwkivRgwnlx my`k©bvi M‡f© Awegvi‡Ki (weòz‡m‡bi) Rb¥

n‡q‡Q| bvU‡Ki PZz_© A‡¼ †`Lv hvq, Rxe‡bi cÖwZ nZvkvMÖ¯Í AwegviK AvZ¥nZ¨vi wm×všÍ wb‡q

AwMœ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib| wKš‘ AwMœ‡èZv Zvu‡K `» bv K‡i cyÎ‡¯œ‡n evuwP‡q iv‡Lb| we`¨vai †gNbv`

AwegviK‡K GKwU A‡j․wKK AvswU †`b, hvi cÖfv‡e A`„k¨ n‡q AwegviK wØZxq evi Kzi½x Avj‡q

P‡j Avm‡Z mÿg nb| bvU‡Ki †kl A‡¼ Fwl bvi` KzwšÍ‡fvR Avj‡q Avwef~©Z n‡q mvwe©K NUbv

cÖKvk K‡i AwegviK I Kzi½xi wgjb‡K Z¡ivwšZ K‡i‡Qb| GB †h AwMœ‡èZv, we`¨vai,

Fwlbvi`meB †c․ivwYK PwiÎ| AvVv‡ivwU gnvcyiv‡Yi g‡a¨ AwMœcyivY GKwU| D³ cyiv‡Y AwMœ

Dcvm¨ †èZv| Avevi cÂjÿYwewkó30

cyiv‡Yi jÿ‡Yi esk-As‡k †èesk, ag© I Aa‡g©i esk,

cyivZb Fwl‡ì esk cÖf…wZi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †èes‡ki AšÍf©y³ n‡jb we`¨va‡iiv, cyivZb

Fwles‡ki AšÍf©y³ n‡jb Fwl bvi`31

| GmKj †èZv, Fwl ev †è‡hvbxwewkó we`¨va‡iiv f‡³i

fMevb wn‡m‡e, wec‡ì ÎvYKZv© wn‡m‡e cvw_©e gvby‡li Kv‡Q Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Qb| ZvB •ew`K

†è¯‘wZi cvkvcvwk †m-mgv‡Ri gvbyl †c․ivwYK †èfw³i w`‡K Szu‡K c‡owQj e‡j Avgv‡ì wek^vm|

A‡jŠwKK wekvm

†c․ivwYK †èfw³ I AvL¨vb-DcvL¨v‡bi wfZi w`‡q bvbvA‡j․wKK wek^vm ZLbKvi mgv‡R ¯’vb

†c‡qwQj| D`vniY wn‡m‡e cÖ_‡g •èevYxi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| ivRKzgvix Kzi½xi mv‡_

AšÍtRKz‡ji Awegvi‡Ki wgjb Kx K‡i m¤¢e, Gwel‡q cÖkœwe×g‡b avÎxgvZv I avÎxKb¨v

bwjwbKvhLb AwegviK-Avj‡q hvw”Q‡jb, ZLb •èevYx‡Z †kvbv hvq

Òhw` P wefeiƒcÁvbmË¡v`qt my¨-

b© Zz KzjweKjvbvs eZ©‡Z e„Ëïw×t|Ó32

(hw` Hkh©, iƒc, Ávb, civµg cÖf…wZ _v‡K Kzjnxb‡ì Avi PwiÎïw×i ìKvi nq bv|)

†mB wek^v‡m fi K‡i gv-†g‡q `yR‡b AwegviK I Kzi½xi wgj‡bi wel‡q Av¯’vkxj n‡q Kv‡R AMÖmi

nb| wØZxqwU Fwli Awfkvc| bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, PÐfvM©e bv‡g GKRb gnvcÖZvckvjx Fwli GK wkl¨

Mfxi R½‡j e¨vNªvµvšÍ n‡q gviv hvb| NUbvµ‡g †m․exiivR †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡j Fwl Zvui Dci

†µva cÖKvk Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Ò†Kvb KviY bv †`wL‡q †µva cÖKvk Kiv PÐvj‡Z¡i mgvb|Ó33

†m․exiivR Fwl‡K Ggb K_v ej‡j Fwl ÿzä n‡q ivRv‡K Awfkvc w`‡q e‡jbÒ ¿xcyÎmn AwP‡iB

Zzwg PÐvjZ¡ cÖvß n‡eÓ34

| kvcvšÍ w`‡q e‡jb, ÒGK ermi cÖ”Qbœfv‡e KvUv‡bvi ci GB Awfkv‡ci

Aemvb n‡e|Ó35

Avevi, we`¨vai †gNbvÀwegviK‡K GKwU A‡j․wKK AvswU Dcnvi †`b| AvswUwU

Wvb nv‡Z ci‡j A „k¨ nIqv hvq, Avevi evg nv‡Z ci‡j c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmv hvq| AvswU-

cwiwnZ e¨w³‡K †KD ¯úk© K‡i _vK‡j wZwbI A`„k¨ n‡q hvb| GB AvswUi A‡j․wKK kw³‡K Kv‡R

jvwM‡q AwegviK I we`~lK A`„k¨ n‡q Kzi½xi Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z nb| †c․ivwYK AvL¨vb wfwËK GmKj

A‡j․wKK NUbv bvU‡K ms‡hvwRZ nIqv †_‡K g‡b nq Awegvi‡Ki mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv A‡j․wKK NUbvi

cÖwZ wek^vm ¯’vcb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQj|


362

eY©‡f` cÖ_v

ZLbKvi mgv‡R eªvþY, ÿwÎq, •ek¨, k~`ªmbvZb a‡g©i GB Pvi e‡Y©i gvbyl‡ì cwiPqcvIqv hvq|

eªvþY‡ì g‡a¨ •ew`K Ges A‣ew`K `ywU †kªwY bvUKwU‡Zjÿ Kiv hvq|hvM&hÁmn †c․‡ivwnZ¨ K‡g©

`ÿ eªvþ‡Yiv n‡jb •ew`K| Ò†f․‡MvwjK „wó‡KvY †_‡K Guiv DËi Kwj½ ev Dwol¨vq emevm

Ki‡Zb| Ab¨w`‡K hvM&hÁ I †c․‡ivwnZ¨ K‡g© A`ÿ eªvþ‡Yiv n‡jb A‣ew`K| Guiv ivp I e‡i› ª

AÂ‡j emevm Ki‡Zb|Ó36

•ew`K eªvþY‡ì †fvRb Kiv‡bvGKwU cy‡Yï KvR mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv Zv

wek^vm Ki‡Zb| bvU‡Ki wØZxq A‡¼ †`Lv hvq, we ~l‡Ki mv‡_ Pw› ªKv bv‡g GKRb †PUxi msjvc

R‡g D‡V‡Q| †PUx Rvbvb, GKRb eªvþY‡K wbgš¿Y K‡i wZwb †fvRb Kiv‡Z Pvb| †fvRbwejvmx A_P

mnRmij we`~lK wbgš¿Y cvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡RB Drmvnx n‡q D‡Vb| wKš‘ PZziv †PUx Rvbvb, Zvu‡K

wbgš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY, wZwb A‣ew`K eªvþY| †PUxi GB K_vi wfZi w`‡q •ew`K I A‣ew`K

`ywU †kÖwYi eªvþY‡ì K_v ¯úó cÖKvk cvq|mgv‡R eªvþY‡ì Avmb wQj mevi Dc‡i| ÿgZvai

bicwZivI weÁ eªvþY‡ì m¤§vb Ki‡Zb Ges h‡_vchy³ `vb`wÿYvi gva¨‡g Zvu‡ì cÖmbœ ivL‡Zb|

ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR ¯^qs e‡j‡Qb, A‡bK hvM&hÁ m¤úbœ K‡iwQ, †kªôeªvþ‡Yiv Avgvi cÖwZ cÖmbœ i‡q‡Qb|

eªvþY‡ì cvkvcvwk gywb-Fwl, ¸wYR‡biv m¤§vwbZ n‡Zb| †èwl© bvi` ivRv KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri fe‡b

Dcw¯’Z n‡j Zvu‡K h‡_vchy³ Af¨_©bv Rvbvb nq| †èwl©i Avwefv©‡e Zuvi M„n AvR cweÎ n‡jv, ivRv

KzwšÍ‡fvR Ggb gšÍe¨ K‡ib| gvby‡liv †hgb Fwl‡ì AP©bv Ki‡Zb, †è‡hvbx wewkó we`¨va‡iiv I

†Zgwb gnvb, AvZ¥Z¨vMx, mvivwe‡kî Kj¨vYKvgx Fwl‡ì‡K mg‡eZfv‡e e›`bv Ki‡Zb| Fwl

AM¯Í¨‡K e›`bv Zvi D`vniY| cyivY Abymv‡i, weÜ¨ ce©‡Zi Acwimxg EaŸ©ea©bkxjZvi Kvi‡Y m~‡h©i

MwZc_ iæ× n‡q cÖvK…wZK wech©q NUvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv ‡`q| fMevb weòzi civg‡k© †èZviv ZLb Fwl

AM‡ Íï kiYvcbœ nb| KviY, we‡Üï GB †¯^”QvPvwiZv ¸iæ wn‡m‡e GKgvÎ AM‡¯Íï gva¨‡gB †iva

Kiv m¤¢e| AM¯Í¨ we‡Üï Kv‡Q Dcw¯’Z n‡j wkl¨ wn‡m‡e wZwb Zvu‡K cÖYvg Rvbvb| GB my‡hv‡M Fwl

Zvu‡K gv_v bZ K‡i _vK‡Z e‡jb, hZÿY bv wZwb wd‡i Av‡mb| AM‡¯Íï Avi wd‡i Avmv n‡jv bv|

weÜÏ AebZ g Í‡K †_‡K †M‡jb| d‡j weÜ¨-ce©‡Zi EaŸ©ea©kxjZv †iva n‡jv Ges m~‡h©i MwZc_

AUzU iBj37

| Avevi, mgy‡`ªi Rj cvb K‡i AM¯Í¨Fwl Kvj‡Kq bvgK Amyi‡ì †Mvcb AvkÖq bó K‡i

†`b| d‡j Amyi‡ì AZ¨vPvi †_‡K †èZviv iÿv cvb|AwegviK bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, †è‡hvbxwewkó

we`¨va‡iiv gjqce©‡Z mg‡eZ n‡q AM Í¨Fwli e›`bv Ki‡Qb38

| gnvb, AvZ¥Z¨vMx Fwl‡ì‡Ke›`bv

K‡i m¤§vb Rvbv‡bv Gi D`vniY|

ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR, †m․exiivR, KvwkivR I Gu‡ì cwievi mevB ÿwÎ‡qi D`vniY| ÿwÎq‡ì kixi

MVb, ÁvbPPv©, ivR¨ cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q| •eišÍ¨ bMixi iv Ívi `ycv‡k mvwi

mvwi wecwYweZvb, †mLv‡b cmivm¤¢vi mgv‡R •ek¨ †kÖwY‡ì Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvY K‡i| Avevi `vm-`vmx,

weU, †PU cÖf…wZ wb¤œRvwZ k~`ª-†kÖwYi D`vniY|

RvwZ‡f`cÖ_v

†m mgv‡R RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v eo cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| ZLbKvi kv¯¿cxwoZ, ivóªxq bxwZwbav©iYx

gn‡ji aviYvÑ AvPvi-AvPi‡Y, •`wnK Aeq‡e wbw ©ó RvwZ wbw`©ó •ewk‡óï aviK| gš¿x f~wZ‡Ki

g‡Z- KzjxbivB mykªx, myfvlx, mykxj, webqx, ejevb, D`¨gx Ges mrmvnmx| nw Í-AvµvšÍ ivRKzgvix‡K

iÿvKvix AwegviK AvZ¥cwiPq †Mvcb K‡i wb‡R‡K PÐvj e‡j cwiwPZ Ki‡jI gš¿x f~wZK Zv †g‡b

wb‡Z ivwR bb| kv¯¿xq weavb AbymiY K‡i wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡i e‡j‡Qb, Awegvi‡Ki ¯Mx©q iƒc, wgwó


363

K_v, ÿvÎ †ZR, †m․Kzgvh© I ejeËv cÖf„wZ hw` AšÍ¨R‡Z¡i cwiPq nq, Z‡e Zvui cwikÖgjã

kv¯¿ÁvbB e„_v| bvU‡Ki fvlvq

Ò•ès iƒcs eªþRs Zm¨ evK¨s

ÿvÎs †ZRt †m․Kzgvh©s ejs P|

h‡`ës m¨vr mZ¨gm¨všÍ¨RZ¡s

e¨‡_v© ’¯§vKs kv ¿gv‡M©ly †L`t \Ó39

•eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI ZLbKvi gvby‡liv eY©wePvi Ki‡Zb| Amg-e‡Y© weevn mgvR¯^xK…Z

wQj bv| we‡kl †cÖgvbyivM m„wó nIqv m‡Ë¡I AwegviK I Kzi½xi g‡a¨ weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î GKgvÎ AšÍivq

`yR‡bi e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ GKRb PÐvjKzgvi, Ab¨Rb ivRKzgvix| G wel‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z ~Ziƒcx

avÎx I avÎxKb¨v bwjwbKv hLb Awegvi‡Ki evwo hvw”Q‡jb ZLb•èevYx‡Z †kvbv hvq hw` Hk¦h©,

iƒc, Ávb, mË¡v cÖf„wZ _v‡K Z‡e Kzjnxb‡ì Avi PwiÎïw×i ìKvi nq bv| h_vKv‡j Awegvi‡Ki

eskcwiPq Rvb‡Z cvi‡e| AZGe, Kzj m¤ú‡K© m‡›`n Z¨vM K‡i †Zvgiv AwegviK I Kzi½xi

ïfcwiY‡qi w`‡K AMÖmi nI| bvU‡Ki fvlvq

Òaªæewgn Kzjgm¨ †kªvl¨wm cÖvßKv‡j

Z¨R KzjMZk¼vs mva¨Zvs ¯^šÍ‡gZr \Ó40

GB wb‡ ©kbvi Dci Av¯’v †i‡LB avÎx I bwjwbKv `ywU weiwnZ g‡bi wgj‡bi e¨vcv‡i wb®‥jyl g‡b

AMÖmi nb| Avevi,bvU‡Ki †kl A‡¼ Fwl bvi‡ì gva¨‡gI Avgiv AwegviK Dcvwaavix weòz‡m‡bi

cÖK„Z cwiPq Rvb‡Z cvwi| G-mKj Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZv QvovB

AwegviK I ivRKzgvix Kzi½xi ïfweevn mym¤úbœ nq| D‡jøL¨, GLv‡b •èevYxi Zvrch© n‡jv, Hk¦h©,

iƒc, Ávb cÖf„wZ ¸Y _vK‡j Kzjnxb e¨w³I mrKz‡ji gh©v`v †c‡Zb|

weevn

ZLbKvi mgv‡R MvÜe© weev‡ni cvkvcvwk AwMœmvÿx K‡i cªvRvcZ¨ weev‡ni cÖPjb wQj| †cÖgvm³

AwegviK I Kzi½xi wgj‡bi c~‡e©B Zvu‡ì MvÜe© g‡Z weevn m¤úbœ n‡qwQj| d‡j, kv¯¿m¤§Zfv‡e

Zvu‡ì wgjb •eaZv †c‡qwQj| Avevi, c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, bvU‡Ki †kl A‡¼ cvwievwiK

m¤§wZ‡ZZvu‡ì cÖvRvcZ¨ weevn41

m¤úbœ n‡qwQj|Gai‡bi mvgvwRK weevn GKRb Dcva¨v‡qi

cwiPvjbvq AbywôZ n‡Zv| •ew`K kv‡¯¿i wewaweavb I Gi eënvwiK cÖ‡qv‡M we‡klÁ e¨w³ whwb

RxweKvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri AwR©Z Ávb I AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvMvb wZwbB Dcva¨vq| gbymswnZvq ejv

n‡q‡Q

ÒGK‡`k ‘ †e`m¨ †e`v½vb¨wc ev cybt|

†hv’a¨vcqwZ e„Ë¨_©gycva¨vqt m DP¨‡Z \Ó42

AwegviK bvU‡K †`Lv hvq, GKRb Dcva¨v‡qi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AwegviK I Kzi½xi mvgvwRK weevn

AbywôZ n‡q‡Q43

| weev‡ni †ÿ‡Î Kb¨v A‡cÿv e‡ii eqm †ewk nIqvB evÃbxq wQj| Kzi½x A‡cÿv

KvwkivR-cyÎ Rqegv© Kwbô nIqvq Zvu‡ì weevn nIqv mgxPxb bq44 Fwl bvi` GB gšÍe¨ K‡ib |

gvgv‡Zv-wcmZz‡Zv fvB‡evb‡ì g‡a¨ •eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK AvcwË


364

wQj bv| †m․exiivR Ges ivRv KzwšÍ‡fvR ci¯úi k¨vjK Ges fwMœcwZ| wKš‘ Zvu‡ì mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨

mgvR¯xK…Z weevn mym¤úbœ n‡qwQj| mbvZb a‡g©i cÖPwjZ eZ©gvbwbqg †_‡K Zv e¨wZµg|

cÖvK…wZK mf¨Zv

AwegviK bvU‡K gbyl¨wbwg©Z myKvh©LwPZ ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi cvkvcvwk g‡bvig•bmwM©K †m․›`h©†`L‡Z

cvIqv hvq| cvnvo, ¸nv, b`x, m‡ivei, mvMi, eb-ebvbxÑ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki GmKj Dc`vb wg‡j

mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| g›`vwKbx b`x we‡a․Z, `viæce©Z †kvwfZ •eišÍ¨ bMix| iv‡Zi

Avuav‡i myD”P cÖmv` †_‡K AwegviK KzwšÍ‡fv‡Ri ivRavbxi G †m․›`h© †`L‡Z cvb| Ab¨w`‡K we`¨vai

†gNbv`mgMÖ c„w_exi †m․›`h© †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb wfbœ Ae¯’vb †_‡K, wfbœ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z| AvKvk †_‡K

c„w_ex‡Z AeZiYKv‡j wZwb ce©Z¸wj‡K nw Íkve‡iK g‡Zv, mgy`ª¸wj‡K µxovm‡ive‡ii g‡Zv,

b`x¸wj‡K mxgvšÍ‡iLvi g‡Zv, e„ÿ¸wj‡K •kev‡ji g‡Zv †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| bvU‡Ki fvlvq

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i‡q‡Q GUvB Avgv‡ì e³e¨|

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1 Òm~ÎaviK…Zvi‣¤¢bv©U‣Ke©ûf~wg‣Kt| mcZv‣Kh©‡kv †j‡f fv‡mv †èKy‣jwie \ÓevYfÆ, nl©PwiZ, ms¯‹…Z

mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 18Õk LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavbDc‡`óv), †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx m¤úv. (KjKvZv: becÎ cÖKvkb,

1982), 1/15|

2 Òmywef³gyLv`¨‣½e¨©³jÿYe„wËwft| c‡i‡Zv ’ wc w¯’‡Zv fvmt kix‣iwie bvU‣Kt \Ó`Ðx, AešÍxmy›ìxK_v, Gg

ivgK…òKwe m¤úv. (gv`ªvR: g½‡jv`qg& †cÖm, 1924), 11 |

3 Òfv‡mv nvmt, KweKzj¸iæt Kvwj`v‡mv wejvmt|ÓRq‡è, cÖmbœivNeg &, †klivRkgv©kv¯¿x m¤úv. (ebvim: †P․L¤^v

we`¨vfeb, 1956), 1/22 |

4 wecÿev`xiv g‡b K‡ib iƒcK¸‡jvi iPwqZv fvm bb| Zvu‡ì hyw³, D×viK…Z iƒcK¸‡jvi †KvbwU‡Z fv‡mi bvg

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†Kvb †ÿ‡Î D×…Z †køv‡Ki Drm ¯^cœevme`Ë-Gi K_v ejv n‡jI, wÎ‡e›`vg n‡Z cÖKvwkZ wU. wR. kv¯¿xi ¯^cœevme`Ë

bvU‡K D³ †køvK Abycw¯’Z|

5 fM`Ë Rj&nY, m~w³gy³vejx, K…ògvPvh© m¤úv. (e‡iv`v: MvB‡KvqvW© Awi‡q›Uvj wmwiR, 1938), 4/48

6 A. D.Pusalker, BhāsaA Study (Lahore: Sanskrit book deport, 1940), page 61; Bhāsa,

Ūrubhańgam, S. Rangachar ed. (Mysore: Sanskrit Sahitya Sadana, 1967), page 13.

7 ÒcÖw_Zhkmvs fvmKwecyÎ‡m․wgjøKv`xbvs cÖeÜvbwZµg¨ eZ©gvbK‡et Kvwj`vmm¨ wµqvqvs K_s cwil‡`v

eûgvbt|ÓKvwj`vm, gvjweKvwMœwgÎg&, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 11Õ k LÐ, cÖv¸³, c„ôvÑ259; ÒcyivYwg‡Zë b mvay

me©s b Pvwc Kve¨s bewgZë`¨g&|ÓZ‡è, 1/2

8 Ak^‡Nvl, ey×PwiZg&, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 1g LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavb Dc‡`óv), gyivwi‡gvnb †mb m¤úv. cÖv¸³,

13/60|

9 fvm, cÖwZÁv‡hŠMÜivqYg&, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 10g LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavb Dc‡`óv), †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx m¤úv.

cÖv¸³, 1/18|


366

10

“An upper limit is given by the fact that Bhāsa is doubtless later than Açvaghoşa, whose

Buddhacarita is probably the source of a verse in the Pratijñāyaugandharāyaņa.” A. Berriedale

Keith, The Sanaskrit drama (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1992), page93- 94.

11 “Precious little is known about Bhāsa’s life. All that can be said about him is that he is a very

ancient writer, even a Muni of the class of Vyāsa or Vālmīki. He has strong predilections for the

Viș ņuite cult.”Bhāsa, Ūrubhańgam, S. Rangachar ed. op. cit., page15.

12 Ògwš¿cwil`s Øv`kvgZ¨vb&Kzex©Z BwZ gvbevt | ‡lvok BwZ evn©¯úZ¨vt| weskwZg& B‡Z․kbmvt| h_vmvg_©¨g& BwZ

†K․wUj¨t|Ó†KŠwUjxqg& A_©kv¯¿g&, gvb‡e›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq kv¯¿x m¤úv.,cÖ_g LÐ (KjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi,

2002), 1/15/7|

13 Òe¨vqvgw¯’iwecy‡jvwQ«ZvqZvs‡mv

R¨vNvZcÖwPZwK‡Yvj¦YcÖ‡Kvôt|

cÖ”Q‡bœv ’c¨byK…wZjÿïvRfv‡ev

‡gNvšÍM©Ziweer cÖfvby‡gqt \Ófvm, AwegviKg&, fvmbvUKPµg&, wm. Avi.†èai m¤úv. (cybv: AwiG›Uvj eyK

G‡RwÝ, 1937), 1/8|

14 Z‡è, 1/12|

15 Z‡è, 6/17|

16 Z‡è, 6/9|

17 ÒfMœv g‣q‡Kb civt m‣mb¨v

A`¨vwc M‡Üb b mskªq‡šÍ|

wKs gvby‣lt †mv ’c¨my‡ik¦‡iv †g

n‡Zv fyRvf¨vgweiƒcavix \Ófvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, 2/9|

18 ÒKvgvnZt KzgwZwft mwP‣eM„©nx‡Zv

‡ivMvZzit ¯^RbivMg‡eÿ‡Z ev|

k‡ßv wØ‣Reª©Zgy‡cZ¨ K‡ivwZ kvwšÍs

‡Kv ev f‡ebœic‡ZM„©n‡iva‡nZzt \ÓZ‡è, 1/11

19 Òm¤cÖmªe`&`y»c‡qv`hyM¥vg& |ÓZ‡è, 6/20|

ÒA`¨ gqvbyfyZt cyÎm¤úwËimtÓ (ms¯‥…ZQvqv)Z‡è, lô A¼, c„ôvÑ186|

20 ÒAngwc Kzgvis ev Kzgvim¨ kixis ev †cÖwÿ‡l¨ Zver me©‡jvKs cwiåg¨| hw` b †cÖ‡ÿ, ZÎfeZt ciÎ mnv‡qv

fevwg|Ó(ms¯‥…ZQvqv)Z‡è, PZz_© A¼, c„ôv–158|

21 Òµxovi‣mt cÖwZwe‡jvfq ivRcyÎxs

Kvh©všÍ‡ily cybic¨ngw¯§ cv‡k^© \ÓZ‡è, 4/18,

22 Òc„ôZt Kÿv¨wefv‡M ¯¿xwb‡e‡kv Mf©e¨wa‣e`¨cÖZvL¨vZms ’v e„‡ÿv`K¯’vbs P| ewnt Kb¨vKygvicyig&|Ó†KŠwUjxqg

A_©kv¯¿g&, gvb‡e›`y e‡›`¨vcva¨vq kv¯¿x m¤úv., cÖ_g LÐ, cÖv¸³, 1/20/3|


367

23 fvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, Z…Zxq A¼,c„ 138-43

24 Z‡è, c„ôv139|

25 Òm gyn~Z©gbvìgZ¡wiZs mjwjZs wcÖqeq‡m¨‡be †Zb nw¯Íbv cÖµxW¨ wbeZ©bvbyeZ©bMwZwe‡k‣lwe©‡gvn¨ jw¾Z Be †Zb

Kg©Yv gnvRbcÖksmvgmngvbt mgebZwki¯‥t ‣¯îs ¯^‡gevevms MZt|Ó Z‡è, cÖ_g A¼, c„114|

26 ÒA_ Z`bšÍigycjf¨ nw¯Íbxwf Ís MReis msMÖv‡n¨gvs MRkvjvs cÖ‡ek¨vns Zm¨ cyiælm¨ cÖe„wËgšqs P

ÁvZzgb¨vc‡`‡kb MZevbw¯§|ÓZ‡è|

27 ÒBóv gLv wØReivð gwq cÖmbœ&vtÓZ‡è, 1/2|

28 Z‡è, cÂg A¼, c„ôv-169|

29 RvýexKzgvi PµeZx©, cÖPxb fviZxq mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjxi DËivwaKvi, cÖ_g LÐ (KjKvZv: wW. Gg. jvB‡eªix, 1371

e½vã), c„ôv255|

30 ÒmM©ð cÖwZmM©ð es‡kv gš^šÍivwY P|

eskvbyPwiZ‣Âe cyivYs cÂjÿYg& \ evqycyivY, 4/13, weòzcyivY, 3/6/25|

31 RvýexKzgvi PµeZx©, cÖPxb fviZxq mvwnZ¨ I ev½vjxi DËivwaKvi, cÖ_g LÐ, cÖv¸³, 245|

32 fvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, 2/5

33 Òb fvl‡m e„Ëgy‣cwl †ivls wb®‥viYs cÖwÿcwm cÖKvgg&|

AfvRbs Z¡s Zcmvs cÖ‡Kvcv`& eªþwl©iƒ‡cY fevÃ¦cvKt\ÓZ‡è, 6/5

34 Òh¯§v`& eªþwl©gy‡L¨v ’ns kcvK BwZ fvwlZt |

Z¯§vr mcyÎ`vi¯Í¡s k^cvKZ¡gevá¨wm \ÓZ‡è,6/6

35 Òhver cÖ”Qbœiæ‡cY Zver msermis eª‡Rt|

ZZt mserm‡i c~‡Y© gy³kv‡cv fwel¨wm \ÓZ‡è, 6/8

36 bxnviiÄb ivq, ev½vjxi BwZnvm (KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, Avwk¦b, 1402), c„ôv243|

37 myaxiP›`ª miKvi, †cŠivwYK Awfavb (KjKvZv: Gg. wm miKvi GÐ mÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, beg ms¯‥iY, 1412

e½vã), c„4|

38 ÒA`¨ fMešÍgM¯Í¨gvivawqZzs gjqce©‡Z we`¨va‣iiærmet cÖvi×tÓfvm, AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, PZz_© A¼,c„ôv153|

39 Z‡è, 1/7

40 Z‡è, 2/5

41 Òmnv‡f․ PiZvs ag©wgwZ evPvbyfvl¨ P|

Kb¨vcÖ vbgf¨P¨© cÖvRvc‡Z¨v wewat ¯§„Zt \

B”Qqv‡b¨vb¨ms‡hvMt Kb¨vqvð eim¨ P|


368

MvÜe©t m Zz we‡Á‡qv •g_yb¨t Kvgm¤¢et \Ó my‡ikP›`ª e‡&`¨cva¨vq m¤úv., gbymswnZv (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjmvm©,

2002), 3/30, 3/32|

42 Z‡è, 2/141

43 ÒZ_vwc ¯^Rbcwi‡ZvlYv_©gf¨šÍimgqgvÎgycva¨v‡qb KviwqZ¡v kxNªgvbxqZvwgn Kzgvit mn fvh©qv|Ó fvm,

AwegviKg&,cÖv¸³, lô A¼,c„ôv182

44 ÒK_wg`vbxs †R¨ôcZœx Kbxq‡m `xq‡Z|ÓÑ Z‡è, lô A¼, c„ 184

45 Z‡è, 4/11

46 Z‡è, 4/10


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

fef~wZi gnexiPwiZ bvU‡K iveY PwiÎ

W. †eex wek¦vm

Abstract: Sanskrit rhetoricals considered dramatic literature as a part of poetic literature.

According to their opinion drama is one kind of visual poetry. Dialogue is one of the

most significant parts of drama. This dialogue presented through the characters used in

the drama. This characters take the story forward with the dialogues. Raban is a very

important character in the Mahavircharita drama by Bhavabhuti which keeps the drama

momentum. He acted as a villain to get Seeta. He frequently misused his power though

he was possessed in domitable power. He is craved for Seeta by hook or by crook which

is not the sign of the flourising character. He involved immoral conflict with Ram

frequently. But his heart determined techinics and the planning materialisation strategy

really adorable. Thus the dramatist capables to upholds Raban as powerful and eventual

character by dint of his own merit which enlightened this treatise.

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370

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wKgvZ¥feaš^bv hw` mymshZvt KzšÍjvt


375

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Aa‡g©i civRq m~wPZ nj|


376

Z_¨wb‡ ©k

1. We may say that he must have flourished later than Bana (generally placed in the first

half of the 7th

century) who mentions several authors and works such as Kalidasa, Bhasa,

Pravarasena,Vasavadatta and Bihatkatha but is silent about Bhavabhuti; and who must

have lived before the second quarter of the 8th

century, for, he is referred to by

Vakpatiraja (Bappairaa) belonging to the second quarter of the 8th

century.––Vimla Gera,

Mind and Art of Bhavabhuti (Delhi: The Sanskrit book depot. 1973), p. 19.

2. fef~wZ, gvjZxgvaeg&, ivgK…ò †Mvcvj fvÐviKvi m¤úv. (†ev‡¤^: Mfb©‡g›U †m›Uªvj eyK wWcvU©‡g›U, 1905),

3/16|

3. fef~wZ, DËiivgPwiZg &, mxZvbv_ AvPvh©, †èKzgvi `vm m¤úv. (KjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 2q ms¯‥iY,

†deªæqvwi, 2001), 1/38; evgb, Kve¨vj¼vi m~Îe„wË, Awbj P›`ª emy m¤úv. (KjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi, 1g

ms¯‥iY, gvP©, 1977), 4/3/6|

4. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, Rxevb›` we`¨vmvMi m¤úv. (KjKvZv: mi¯^Zxh‡š¿, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, 1860), 1/54; evgb,

Kve¨vj¼vi m~Îe„wË, cÖv¸³, 1/2/12|

5. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg &, ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 13k LÐ, †M․ixbv_ kv¯¿x (cÖavb Dc‡`óv), Zvivc` fÆvPvh© m¤úv.

(KjKvZv: becÎ cÖKvkb, AvM÷, 1982), 1/28|

6. Z‡è, 4/38|

7. Z‡è, c„. 94|

8. †cŠivwYK Awfavb, myaxiP›`ª miKvi m¼wjZ (KjKvZv: Gg. wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖv: wj:, `kg ms¯‥iY, •ekvL,

1415), c„. 370|

9. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, cÂvbb ZK©iZœ m¤úv. (KjKvZv: †eYxgvae kxjÕm jvB‡eªix, cÖ_g c ÖKvk, Avlvp, 1407 e½vã),

7/2/4-33|

10. fef~wZ, gnvexiPwiZg&, cÖv¸³, 6/14|

11. Z‡è, 6/11|

12. Z‡è, 6/10|

13. Z‡è, 6/25|

14. Z‡è, 5/37|

15. Z‡è, 1/30|

16. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, cÖv¸³, 3/46/19-20|


18. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, ØviKvcÖmv` kg©v Abyw`Z (Gjvnvev`: ivgbvivqY jvj cÖKvwkZ, 1987), 7/26/55-56|


20. Z‡è, 1g A¼, c„. 12|

21. Z‡è, 5/18|

22. Z‡è, 6/26|

23. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg&, cÖv¸³, 6/19/9-16|

24. Z‡è, 6/37/16-17|


26. myLgq fÆvPvh© kv¯¿x mßZx_©, ivgvq‡Yi PwiZvejx (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, cÖ_g cÖKvk,

AMÖnvqY, 1376), c„. 204|


27Zg msL¨v, Ryb-2019, ISSN 1813-0402

gbymswnZvq bvixi gh©v`v I Agh©v`v: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. RqkÖx `vl

Abstract : Smritishastra is the part of Hindu scriptures. The authors of the Smritishastras

wrote the same accordance with the principles of Grihyasutra. Manusamhita is main

Smritishastra of the Hindu community. It contains the social rules of the Hindus.From

the age of Manusamhita till now Hindu society has been conducted by it. There was an

honourable position of the women in the age of the Veda. But in the age of the

Smritishastra the women have lost it. Somewhere the authors of the Smritishastra had

given higher position in their writings but they were very conservative in the question of

the freedom of the women. In this article it has been tried to focus the honourable

position and also dishonourable position of the women in the Manusmritishastra.

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mnKvix Aa¨vcK, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq|


378

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1 ÔkÖywZ¯‘ †e‡`v we‡Á‡qv ag©kv¯¿¯‘ ‣e ¯§„wZÕ, cÂvbb ZK©iZœ (m¤úvw`Z) gbymswnZv (KwjKvZv: ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÐvi,

1913) 2/10, c„ôv-21|

2 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, c„. cÖvK&K_b- K|

3 Pandurang Vaman Kane, History of Dharmasastra, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona,

1941, p. 6.

4 kÖxhy³ cÂvbb ZK©iZœ m¤úvw`Z, gbymswnZv, (KjKvZv, ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK fvÛvi), 1/32, c„.8|

5 AgZ©¨ †mb, The Idea of Justice: bxwZ I b¨vh¨Zv, evsjv ms¯‥iY, (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©, 2013) c„ôv-

33|

6 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, mvgëv`x Kv‡eï Ôbvix Õ KweZv, AviRygvb Aviv evby m¤úvw`Z (XvKv : AvMvgx cÖKvkbx,

2010) c„t 2|

7 cÖv¸³, gbymswnZv, 3/56, c„ôv-62|

8 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 3/57, c„ôv-62|

9 i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Abyw`Z, F‡M¦`, 2q LÐ, (KjKvZv: nid cÖKvkbx, 1976), 10/28/05, c„. 504|

10 cÖv¸³, gbymswnZv, 3/60, c„ôv-62|


12 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/138, c„ôv-265|


385

13

Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/7, c„ôv-249|


15 Z‡è, gbymswnZv 9/90. c„ôv-258|

16 my‡ikP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (Abyw`Z), gbymswnZv, (KjKvZv: Avb›` cvewjkvm©, 2007) 2/67, c„. 64|

17 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/88, c„. 257|

18 Z‡è, gbymswnZv 5/147, c„. 162|

19 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 5/148, c„ôv-162|




23 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 8/371, c„ôv-240|

24 Z‡è, gbymswnZv,8/372, c„ôv-240|

25 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/14, c„. 249|

26 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/15, c„. 250|

27 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/17, c„.250|

28 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 9/18, c„.250|

29 Z‡è, gbymsvwnZv, 2/213, c„.47|

30 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 2/214, c„. 47|

31 Z‡è, gbymswnZv, 2/215, c„.48|

32 cÖv¸³, 8/69, c„.206|

33 Z‡è, 8/70,c„.206|

34 Z‡è, 8/77,c„.207|

35 K¼i wmsn,gbymswnZv I bvix, KjKvZv: i¨vwWK¨vj B‡¤úkb, 2015, c„.79|


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