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Definition of a cell:
basic structural and functional unit of life
the smallest units that display the characteristics of life, i.e. reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli
General Subdivisions of a Cell
• Plasma Membrane = selectively permeable boundary between the cell and the environment
• Nucleus = regulatory center of the cell
• Cytoplasm = everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus (fluid + organelles)
Plasma Membrane1. Structure = phospholipd bilayer with
proteins embedded in, and attached to, the inner (intracellular) and outer (extracellular) surfaces
2. Function
a. Selectively permeable barrier: controls what enters and leaves the cell
b. Phospholipids are liquid at body temperature, so proteins float around in the membrane
-functions as a Fluid Mosaic
Plasma Membrane (2)2. Function – continued
c. Main responsibility: ensure the composition of extracellular fluid is not the same as the composition of the intracellular fluid
d. Water-soluble substances (salts, nutrients) cross membrane with aid of protein channels, which are selective about what can pass through
e. Lipids can pass directly through bilayer by diffusion (the random walk of molecules)
f. Attachment site of cytoskeleton, the internal support of the cell
Plasma Membrane (3)
3. Glycocalyx = protein and carbohydrate coat covering the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane
a. Allows attachment to other cells
b. Allows the cell to interact with the environment
c. Gives each person’s cell a distinctive surface;
allows your body to recognize foreign tissues
as different from your own (i.e., blood type, transplant rejection)
General Subdivisions of a Cell
• Plasma Membrane = selectively permeable boundary between the cell and the environment
• Nucleus = regulatory center of the cell
• Cytoplasm = everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear compartment
Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope (membrane) a. Phospholipid bilayer with nuclear pores
b. Controls what enters/leaves the nucleus
-- things only go in or out by passing through
protein channels, which are selective
c. Encloses all the chromosomes
Nucleus2. Chromatin = all the chromosomes, which are
long strands of the molecule DNA
-- DNA regulates all cell activities, yet never leaves the nucleus; how is this possible?
produces RNA, short messenger molecules
that exit through nuclear pores
RNA carries instructions out into the cytoplasm
Nucleus3. Nucleolus – site of ribosome synthesis
a. compartment in the nucleus where ribsomes
are assembled b. ribosomes are then moved out into
cytoplasm through nuclear pores c. ribosomes and RNA work together outside
the nucleus, to build all the proteins in the cell
Ribosomes
Ribosomes = site of protein synthesis
--assembled in the nucleolus
--exported into the cytoplasm
a. Free – unbound in the fluid cytoplasm, produce proteins for use in the cell
b. Bound – attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), produce proteins for export, or for the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm + Organelles
1. Fluid portion = “cytoplasm”a. Water with dissolved salts, nutrients and
enzymes (= proteins that do a particular job)b. Site of many metabolic reactions
2. Cytoskeleton = network of protein fibers extending throughout the fluid cytoplasm
a. Support and structure for the cellb. Very dynamic, always remodeling itselfc. Critical for cells to divide and copy themselves
Organelles1. Separate compartments within the cytoplasm
formed by membranes
2. Mitochondrion = “thread granule”, major source of cell’s energy
a. energy is taken from sugar, stored in molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)b. requires oxygen to make this exchange
(aerobic metabolism)c. contained within double membrane
Organelles (2)3. The Cytomembrane System = system of
tubes and chambers formed by membranes
a. extensively distributed throughout the fluid
cytoplasm
b. involved in synthesis, modification,
processing & packaging of cellular lipids
and proteins
Cytomembrane System1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = “within the
cytoplasm network”, a system of tubes and sacs formed by membranes (an enclosed space)
a) Rough = with bound ribosomes--modifies proteins produced by the ribosomes
b) Smooth = without bound ribosomes
-doesn’t modify proteins-functions in lipid synthesis, drug
detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism
Cytomembrane System (2)2. Golgi Apparatus = series of flattened sacs formed
by membranes, functions in final protein processing prior to use by the cell
a. proteins get shuttled from the ER to one end
of the Golgi
b. in each sac, different modifications are made
(proteins get individually tailored)
c. proteins get sorted and shipped off to their
destination (like the post office of the cell)
Cytomembrane System (2)3. Vesicles = small membrane-bound
structures that transport proteins and lipids around the cell a. little transporters that shuttle their
contents from one organelle to anotherb. when they contact the appropriate organelle, they fuse with its outer membrane and dump their contents insidec. same for plasma membrane, allowing the export of materials from the cell (exocytosis)