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MEMORY &
INTELLIGENCE
MEMORY: The input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine what to pay attention to.
SPOT THE REAL PENNY
MAINTENANCE vs. ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
Even though you live in the United States and probably see hundreds of pennies a week, it is difficult to identify the real one from fake ones. Mere repetition, such as seeing something over
and over again does not guarantee a strong memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal = repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal = linking new information to material that is already known Improves your chances of remembering it!!!!
Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!!
Chunking = Grouping items to make them easier to remember
Working with information…..
Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!!
Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
Working with information…..
Long-Term Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts)
Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules, words, and meanings
Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic
Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
Memory and the Brain
We are still learning about the role of the brain in MEMORY. To what extent the brain isinvolved is still beingdetermined.
Retrieving Information Key = Organization of info in LTM
Recall: the ability to bring back and integrate many specific learned details
Recognition: the ability to pick the correct object or event from a list of choices
Reconstructive Processes: the alteration of a recalled memory depending on experiences and attitudes
The brain IS NOT a video recorder
Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you saw.
FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first 83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World Records.
FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled deck of cards in less than a minute
FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with near perfect accuracy
DOES IT EXIST?
• Eidetic Memory – The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
5% of children
Very rare in adults
• Eyewitness Testimony• It is often wrong• Involves recognition • Memory of event is often distorted• Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning
FORGETTING
Types
Decay – fading away of memory over time
Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs
Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
•Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning new information• Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes with previously learned information
DID YOU KNOW!Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are shocking or emotional
The SQ3R method of studying improves your ability to recognize and recall information
INTELLIGENCE:IQ & TESTING
INTELLIGENCEThe ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations.
Different views on Intelligence exist
Two-Factor Theory: Intelligence includes a general ability (g) level and specific mental abilities (s)
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory: Numerous (8) and unrelated intelligences
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions.
INTELLIGENCE TESTMeasure IQ, or a standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale of which 100 is average
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: • Originally meant for children; adapted for adults• Groups test items by age level• 100 is average for given age
Wechsler Tests: • More common today• Three versions (2-6, 6-16, 16-89)•More detailed scoring
IQ SCORES – What do they mean?
Average score is 100
Traditionally 70 or below = mentally handicapped
Good indicator of success in school
Do not predict success in the real world
Nature v. Nurture: Both genetic factors & the environment play a role in IQ. The % each contributes is debatable.
Cultural Bias: wording used in questions may be more familiar to people or one social group than to another group