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Confidence, Trust & Hope
Confidence : once all villagers decided to pray forrain. In the day of praying all prayers gathered & only
one boy came with umbrella, that is the confidence
Trust :Trust should be like feeling of a one year oldbaby. when you throw him in air, he laughs, Because he
knows you will catch him.
Hope : Every night you go to bed, have no assurance toget up alive in the next morning but still you have plans
and hopes for the coming day.
Keep confidence , Trust in God & never lose Hopes .
GOOD MORNING TO ALL OF YOU
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MEMORY
According to Sdorow (1995) "memory is
the process by which information is
acquired, stored in brain & later retrieved".
Memory is an organism's ability to store,
retain, and recall information.
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Memory Process (or Memorization
process)
Encoding: The process through whichinformation is converted into a form thatcan be entered into memory.
Effortful/Automatic
Storage: Retaining in the memory system
for longer duration.
Retrieval: process of bringing storedinformation into consciousness.
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Memory Systems
Senso ry memory (or immediate
memory) :
Shor t term memory:
Long term memory:
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Memory systems
Sensory memory:
very brief period of time 2-5 seconds
Storage capacity high
storage period ranges from fraction of second
to 4 seconds
Information loss mainly due to decay of
information.Different sensory organ: Different register
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Short term memory
stores limited amount of information for limited
period of time
can store information from 20 to 30 seconds
Storage capacity of this memory is 7 2 chunks(or unit) of information at time
Loss of information mainly due to decay of
information and displacement of olderinformation by new information.
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Long term memory
Long term memory is the permanent
storehouse (Relatively permanent)
can store practically unlimited amount of
information
forgetting from long term :Inhibition of
information, Trace decay, Repression,
memory dysfunctions (Like amnesia,
dementia, fugue)
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Atkinson & shiffrin model
Attention
and
Recognition
Sensory
MemorySTM
LTMSensory
input
Rehearsal
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DOSTI NAHI HONI CHAHIYA RAYMONDJAISI ... SINCE 1925 ,
PEPSI JAISI BHI NAHIN , KI YE DILMAANGE MORE...
YE HONI CHAHIYA L.I.C. JAISI ,JINDAGI KE SAATH BHI , JINDAGI KEBAAD BHI....
BE GOOD FRIENDS
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Forgetting
apparent loss of information already
encoded and stored in long term memory
information Not encoded in LTM not
eligible for forgetting
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Ebbinghaus curve Forgetting
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Causes of Forgetting
Inhibition (or interference)
Repression
Trace decay
Retrieval problem
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Interference
tendency of new memories to impair the
retrieval of older memories and vice versa
Types:
1. Proactive Interference: older memories
interfere with the retrieval of newer
informationLearns task A Learns task BRetention intervalMeasure of Recall
of B
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Causes of Forgetting Contd.
2.Retroactive Interference:
new memories interfere with the retrieval of
older memories
Learns task A Learns task B Retention interval Measure of Recall A
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Causes of Forgetting Contd..
Retr ieval Prob lem :Without appropriate
retrieval cues we can't find to be retrieved
information
Associating is better than parroting
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Causes of Forgetting Contd.
Repression (Mot ivated forgett ing)
:tendency to have difficulty retrieving
anxiety arousing or threatening information
Trace decay :due to the decay of memory
traces With the passage of time through
disuse, these memory traces of learning
impressions get weaker and weaker andfinally fade away
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REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD
NOT DRINK
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Memory Disorder
Pathological Forgetting
Forgetting that can not be described by
normal forgetfulness
Amnesia: part ial or complete loss of
memory
Due to psychological or biological reasonAnterograde and Retrograde
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Fugue
Apart from being amnesic, patient
generally wanders away from his or her
familiar surrounding
Sudden onset
Forgets everything of his previous
sorrounding
After sometime forgets everything of new
situation (Fugue state)
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Dementia: Characteristic of old age
Impairment or loss of memory, especially
evident in the learning of new information,
and of thinking, language, judgment and
other cognitive abilities
Dementia of Alzheimers type
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Contemporary Approaches to memory
Working memory module: Active memory
system
All mental activities are carried out in this
memory
Baddeley in 1992 Model of Working memory
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working memory carries out its action by
help of three major parts i.e. phonological
loop, visuospatial sketch pad and central
executive
Phonological loop processes information
relating to the sound of words.
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Visuospatial sketch pad processes visual
and spatial information (i.e. information
about the visual appearance of objects,
such as color and shape and where theyare located in space)
Central executive supervises and
coordinates the other two components.
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Long term memory Module
Declarative memory (or explicitmemory) :Declarative memory is the typeof memory system that contains memories
of factsTypes: Semantic and Episodic
Semantic:the memory of meanings,
understandings, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specificexperiences
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Long term memory module
Episodic memory: stores personal
information & life experiences
Procedu ral memory (or impl ic i t
memory): that stores the information that
we cant readily express verbally
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Improving memory
Mnemonics: Mnemonics are special
memory improving techniques
Method of Loci :to be remembered things
are associated with some familiar places
or location
Story telling method:
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Acronym method:
Memory enhancing foods : Vitamin B, C
Over learn ing
Number peg method
good sleep habi ts
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Principles of better memory
Association:
Confidence in memory:
Concentration:
Exaggeration
Sex:
Oddities:
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MORAL OF STORY ????
Once upon a time, there was a software
engineer who used to develop programs
on his Pentium machine, sitting under a
tree on the banks of a river. He used toearn his bread by selling those programs
in the Sunday market.
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One day, while he was working, his
machine tumbled off the table and fell in
the river. Encouraged by the Panchatantra
story of his childhood (the woodcutter andthe axe ), He started praying to the River
Goddess.
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Encouraged by the Panchatantra story of hischildhood (the woodcutter and the axe ), Hestarted praying to the River Goddess.
The River Goddess wanted to test him and soappeared only after one month of rigorous
prayers. The engineer told her that he had lost hiscomputer in the river.
As usual, the Goddess wanted to test his honesty.
She showed him a match box and asked, " Is thisyour computer ?" Disappointed by the Goddess'lack of computer awareness, the engineer replied," No."
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She next showed him a pocket-sized
calculator and asked if that was his.
Annoyed, the engineer said "No, not at all!!"
Finally, she came up with his own Pentiummachine and asked if it was his.
The engineer, left with no option, sighedand said " Yes."
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The River Goddess was happy with his
honesty. She was about to give Him all
three items, but before she could make the
offer, the engineer Asked her, "Don't youknow that you're supposed to show me
some better computers before bringing up
my own ?"
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The River Goddess, angered at this,
replied, "I know that, you stupid donkey!
The first two things I showed you were the
Trillennium and the Billennium, the latestcomputers from IBM !". saying So, she
disappeared with the Pentium!!
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Moral :If you're not up-to-date with
technology trends , it's better to keep your
mouth shut and let people think you're a
fool than to open your mouth and removeall doubt.
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH