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Memory Systems Edouard Claparede (1911). Recognition et moïté. Archives de Psychologie, 11, 79-90. ... shows for the first time that there is more than one memory.
Memory Systems
Edouard Claparede (1911). Recognition et moïté. Archives de Psychologie, 11, 79-90.
... shows for the first time that there is more than one memory.
Memory Systems“this paper ... demonstrated for the first time the presence of operant conditioning in amnesia. After pricking his patient with a pin hidden in his hand, when Claparede again motioned toward her, the patient reflexively withdrew her hand. She argued that there was, perhaps, a pin hidden in his hand, although she did not remember the episode in which this conditioning procedure was acquired.”
Serge, N. (1996) Experiments on Implicit
Memory in a Korsakoff Patient by Claparede
(1907). Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13,
1193-1199.
Memory Systems
H.M. had incurable epilepsy and was treated with bilateral
temporal lobectomy.This resulted in severe anterograde and mild retrograde amnesia.Based on other patients it was observed that the degree of memory loss correlated with the amount of hippocampus that was removed.
Scoville, W.B. & Milner, B. (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurochemistry 20, 11-21.
Memory Systems
Corkin, S. (2002) What's new with the amnesic patient H.M.? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, 153-160.
Abbreviations: CS, collateral sulcus; EC, entorhinal cortex; H, hippocampus; L, left; PH, parahippocampal gyrus; R, right.
Memory Systems
procedural, implicitmemory:multiple memory systems(e.g., amygdala)
Emotional Memories
declarative, explicit memory: hippocampus
Memories of Emotions
Memory Processes
Encoding↓
Consolidation↓
Retrieval↓
Re-Consolidation
Sensory processing
Appraisal (STC, PFC)
Amygdala
Lateral Hypothalamus
ANS
Adrenal Gland
Hippocampus
CatecholaminesGlucocorticoids
Encoding
Consolidation
Retrieval
Re-Consolidation
Reconsolidation
Nader et al., 2000, Nature, 406, 722-726.
Reconsolidation
Nader et al., 2000, Nature, 406, 722-726.
Changing Memories w/o Drugs
Schiller et al., 2010, Nature, 463, 49-53.
Changing Memories w/o Drugs
Changing Memories w/o Drugs
Changing Memories w/o Drugs
Subjects were called back 1 year later. Comparison between last extinction trial and spontaneous recovery test (ie., Reinstatement index).
The stimulus specificity of fear extinction was tested.Participants saw two squares that were occasionally paired with shock and one that wasn’t.
Changing Memories w/o Drugs
Changing Memories w/o Drugs
Summary
Memories are dynamic and integrate retrieval information.
Retrieval information can overwrite existing memories.
Open issues:- Explicit vs implicit memories- Role of reminder/extinction timing and massed extinction.
