Memory

Taking in and Storing Information

Study Guide

#7 pg 259 #8 pg 266-267

Case of Clive Wearing

Life without memory video clip

What do we remember?

Write down the very first memory you can think of! How old were you?– Neural pathways are still developing– Language barrier– Survival responses may take precedence

Flashbulb Memories

Surprise-induced memorization

– Empirical research shows that flashbulb memories may be formed in response to surprising stimuli and events in general.

Hormonal basis hypothesis

– Cortisol is released in response to stressful incidents causing the brain to remember things to avoid in the future.

Reinforcement Theories

Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

Sensory Memory: very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus.

Our senses hold onto memories for fractions of a second.– Iconic Memory: visual sensory memory– Echoic Memory: auditory sensory memory that lasts for 1-2

seconds

Sensory Memory: Iconic George Sperling : Present stimulus for 50ms to participants We “see” more than we can “say”

P Y F GV J S AD H B U

The Processes of Memory:Encoding

First we encode information.

– Encoding: the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.

– We encode information through our senses.

Acoustic Codes: listening, saying something out loud

Visual Codes: mental pictures, images

Semantic Codes: give meaning to the information

Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing

in the Statement Below.

Finished files are

the results of years

of scientific study

combined with the

experience of years.

How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?)

Finished files are the results of years

of scientific studycombined with the

experience of years.

Instructions will appear on the next slide.

Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

Group 1

FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY RATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE ITEM, ON A 1-5 SCALE, IF YOU WERE STRANDED ON A DESERT ISLAND.

Instructions will appear on the next slide.

Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

GROUP 2

FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABALS FOUND IN THE WORD.

The Processes of Memory

Storage– Storage: The process by

which information is maintained over a period of time.

– How much effort was put into encoding?

Short-Term Memory

Maintenance rehearsal: shallow processing

20 seconds “Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2) Try to remember as

many of the following letters as possible.

FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV

F ABC PBS NBC CNN MTV

Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.

Social Security NumbersPhone Numbers

Put Your Pens/Pencils Down and Listen to the List of Words I Read.

5 10 1520

DreamNightTossTurnSoundRestSnoreNightSlumberArtichokeComfortTiredClockFatigueSilenceDarkQuiltNightBedSleep

Short-Term Memory

The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.

Primacy Effect– Words a beginning of list

Recency Effect– Words at the end of the

list

No conscious recall

C.C.

habits

Deliberate

Explicit

Conscious Recall

Memory of events in serial form

Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

The Processes of Memory

Retrieval Retrieval: The process

of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.

– Information is brought back to mind from storage.

– Depends on how information was encoded and stored.

Three Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory: information is stored for long periods of time.