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MENTAL DISORDERS
Department of Pediatrics
Soochow University Affiliated Children’s Hospital
CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDHOODMENTAL DISORDERS
• The American Psychiatric Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders ( DSM-IV ) provides a standardized
classification system.
Categories of Childhood Mental Disorders
• Mental Retardation
• Leaning Disorders
• Motor Skills Disorders
• Communication Disorder
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder
广泛性发育障碍
• (ADHD) Attention-deficit and
Disruptive Behavior Disorder
• Feeding and Eating Disorder of Infancy
or Early Childhood 婴幼儿期喂养及进食障碍• Tic Disorder 抽动障碍• Elimination Disorder 排泄障碍• Other Disorder
MENTAL RETARDATION
• Mental retardation (MR) is defined as (1) significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning-- an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 70 below, (2) deficits in adaptive functioning-the ability of an individual to meet the standards expected for his or her age by his or her cultural group, and (3) age at time of diagnosis (less than 18 years of age).
• Approximately 1% to 2% of child in the world are mentally retarded.
• The incidence in male is higher than in female.
• Mild Mental Retardation
Mild Mental Retardation About 75% -80% of
mentally retarded children fall into this category. A
child's IQ is between 55 and 70. The category is
equivalent to the educational category "educable".
• Moderate Mental Retardation
Moderate Mental Retardation Children in th
is category have IQ between 40 and 54 and h
ave About 12% of mentally retarded children
The category is equivalent to the educational
category " trainable".
• Severe Mental Retardation
Severe Mental Retardation Children in this
group have an IQ between 25 and 39. About
8% of mentally retarded children fall into this
category.
• Profound Mental Retardation
Profound Mental Retardation About 1%-5%
of mentally retarded children fall into this cate
gory. The IQ of this group of children is below
24.
Assessment
• Child care workers play a major role in identif
ying mentally retarded children through histor
y taking, observation, and developmental scr
eening during early childhood.
• In the newborn and early infancy period, few signs are present, with the exception of various syndromes that have distinctive features.
• Many mentally retarded children are not diagnosed with the condition until they reach school age, particularly if the condition is mild or moderate.
• Delayed developmental milestones are the
major clues to mental retardation. Early
intervention, however, can help to enhance
the child's functioning later.
• A child should receive regular developmental
assessment, such developmental screening tests.
• A functional assessment of the child should include
toileting, dressing, and feeding skills.
• The child's language, sensory, and psychomotor
functioning is also assessed.
• Principle of Treatment
• Diagnosis
• Intervention
Prevent Mental Retardation
• Primary prevention
• Secondary prevention
• Tertiary prevention
AUTISTIC DISORDER
• Autistic disorder is a complex childhood disorder marked by serious distortions in psychologic functioning, the disorder is characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in reciprocal social interaction and communication skills, usually accompanied by stereotypical behavior, interests, and activities.
Assessment
• Initial assessment focuses on language develo
pment, response to others, and hearing acuity,
and it is necessary to assess severe and perva
sive impairment.
• Principle of Treatment
• Diagnosis
• Intervention
(ADHD) ATIENIION-DEFICII HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
• Children with ADHD show an inappropriate
degree of inattention, impulsiveness, and
hyperactivity.
• ADHD occurs in various cultures and is
difficult to diagnose before 5 years of age.
• Etiology and Pathogenesis
• Assessment
• Principle of Treatment
• Diagnosis
• Intervention
ANXIETY DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD OR ADOLESCENCE
EATING DISOROERS
• Pica
• Anorexia Nervosa 神经性厌食• Bulimia Nervosa 神经性贪食
TOURETTE'S SYNDROME
多发性抽动症
• A tic is an involuntary, recurrent, random, rapid,
highly stereotyped movement or vocalization.
• Motor tics
• Verbal tics
• Coexisting symptoms
ELIMINATION DISORDERS 排泄障碍
• Functional Encopresis 功能性遗粪
• Functional Enuresis 功能性遗尿