mental retardation

PRESENTED BY :CRUZAT,JOCELYN P.FERRANCO, MA. CRISTINA F.RETARDO, ANGELICA R.MARTINEZ,SHELLY MAE C.

I-D SPED

DEFINITIONPREVALENCECAUSESPrenatalPerinatalPostnatal

IV. CLASSIFICATIONMild ModerateSevereProfound

LEARNING CHARACTERISTICSEARLY INTERVENTIONTEACHING SCHEMESVIDEO CLIPREFERENCE

E

According to the tenth revision of the WHO (World Health Organization):Intellectual disability (ID) is a disorder defined by the presence of incomplete or arrested mental development, principally characterized by the deterioration of concrete functions at each stage of development and that contribute to the overall level of intelligence, such as cognitive, language, motor and socialization functions; in this anomaly, adaptation to the environment is always affected. For ID, scores for intellectual development levels must be determined based on all of the available information, including clinical signs, adaptive behavior in the cultural medium of the individual and psychometric findings.

On the other hand, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) indicates that in addition to a significantly sub-average intellectual functioning, concomitant limitations are observed in two or more areas of adaptive skills, and the disorder presents itself before the age of 18.

PREVALENCE ESTIMATESAccording to 1995 census of United Nations, Statistics Division, Statistical Databases, Disability Statistics by UN, intellectual disability can occur in 1.5 % of a given population. Only about 15% of these children have greater than mild disabilities. Compared to his or her peers, the person passes through the milestones of development much later and learning rate and development of physical skills are slower.

Causes of Mental Retardation

Prenatal or biological (occurring before birth) originate during conception or pregnancy until before birth (chromosomal disorders).

Perinatal (occurring during birth) Intrauterine disorders Neonatal disorders

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Postnatal and Environmental (occurring shortly after birth)

Head injuries Infections Demyelinating disorders Degenerative disorders Seizure disorders Malnutrition especially lack of proteins and caloriesEnvironmental deprivationHypoconnection syndrome

OUTLINE

Definition of Mental RetardationCausesCharacteristicsClassification

Classification of mental retardationMild MR - IQ=52-68, ICD9 (50-55 to 70, DSM-IV) Affected children are able to speak and to learn some social skills.

Moderate MR - IQ=36-51, ICD9 (35-40 to 50-55, DSM-IV)

Severe MR - IQ=20-35, ICD-9 (20-25 to 35-40, DSM-IV)

Profound MR - IQ=19 and below, ICD-9 (less than 20-25, DSM-IV)

Mental retardation It is the Developmental Disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. It is define as an intellectual functioning level

Learning Characteristics of the Person with Intellectual DisabilityDeficits in Cognitive FunctioningSub-Average Intellectual SkillsLow Academic AchievementDifficulty in Attending to Tasks

Deficits in MemoryDifficulty with the generalization of skillsLow Motivation

Deficits in Adaptive Behavior

Self-care and daily living skillsSocial developmentBehavioral excesses and challenging behaviorPhysical characteristicsPositive Characteristics

Home-Based Instruction ProgramThe goal is to provide a continuous program of instruction both in school and at home for a more effective management of the handicapping condition.

Head Start ProgramThe Head Start Program in Manila City Schools Division addresses preschool education for the socially and economically deprived children who are four to six years old.Models of Early Intervention

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) ServicesThe World Health Organization (WHO, 1984) defines community-based rehabilitation as measures taken at the community level that use and build on the resources of the community to assist in the rehabilitation of those who need assistance including the disabled and handicapped persons, their families and community as a whole.

Urban Based Service ProgramAn early intervention scheme based on the principle of home-based instruction for children with disabilities who are receiving special education services.

MOBILITYSimple manual to sophisticated computer-controlled wheelchairs and mobility aids such as walkers and canes are available for a person who cannot walk.

EDUCATIONThe computer can be a tool for improved literacy, language development, mathematical, organizational, and social skill development. Alternative ways to access computers are available for people who cannot operate a keyboard. A variety of software is available to help computer-users who have visual impairments and facilitate improved spelling and literacy skills for individual users with print disabilities.

REFERENCEGargiulo, R. (2003). Special Education in Contemporary Society. An Introduction to Exceptionality. Wadsworth/Thompson Learning: U.S.A.Heward, W. (2003). Exceptional Children an Introduction to Special Education. New Jersey.Inciong, T. et. al. (2007). Introduction to Special Education. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Quezon City: Philippines.Learners with Special Needs 7th edition. Merill Practice Hall: New JerseyPolloway, E. (2001). Strategies for Teaching Learners with Special Needs 7th edition. Merill Practice Hall: New Jersey

Teaching Schemes

Applied Behavioral AnalysisDerived from the theory and principles of behavior modification and the effect of the environment on the learning process.Task AnalysisA process of breaking down complex or multiple skills into smaller, easier-to-learn subtasks.Active Student ResponseIt is the observable response made to an instructional antecedent correlated to student achievement.

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