MENU OF OPTIONS GUIDE - Live & Learn · 2019. 11. 27. · 3 WASH Action Planning Menu of Options...

1 WASH Action Planning Menu of Options

KIRIBATI MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

MENU OF OPTIONS GUIDE

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WASH Action PlanningTechnical Toolkit for Kiribati Schools





1 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Purpose of the guide 4

1.2 Inclusion of options 4

1.3 Content of guide 4

2 SHORT-LISTING AND EVALUATING OPTIONS 6

2.1 Water, sanitation and hygiene action chains 6

2.2 Colour-coded fact sheets 6

2.3 Shortlisting options 6

2.4 Evaluating options 7

3 FACT SHEETS 8

3.1 Water options 8

3.2 Sanitation options 16

3.3 Hygiene options 21

APPENDIX A:

Description of colour coded evaluation criteria 25

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Example fact sheet format (english) 5

Figure 2: Example fact sheet format (i-kiribati) 5

CONTENTS



1.1 PURPOSE OF THE GUIDEThe purpose of the Menu of Options Guide is to provide information on a range of WASH options appropriate for Kiribati island atolls. The information is contained in fact sheets and a process for evaluating options. These will assit the school community to make the right choice for their situation.

1.2 INCLUSION OF OPTIONSWASH options included in this guide are limited to those appropriate for Kiribati Outer island schools and take note of variable rainfall, lagoon and groundwater resources that are vulnerable to contamination from human activities.

1.3 CONTENT OF GUIDEThe guide contains two parts:

• A way to short-list options, and how to evaluate each option on the short-list, drawing community preference information from the first step of the WASH Safety Planning framework and from the technical information from fact sheets.

• Fact sheets for each of the WASH options, in a standard format in English (Figure 1) and I-Kiribati (Figure 2).

01 INTRODUCTION



Figure 2: Example fact sheet format (I-Kiribati).

Figure 1: Example fact sheet format (English).

(Te Ran, Te Kainnako tinaniku, tuan teitiaki) ibukin am rinerine

KABWARABWARANA

BWAINA AIKA KAINNANOAKI

Capture Storage Treatment Use

REKEREKEN MAKURIANA

TE TAMNEI

Babaire aika riai n rinanoaki

Kabarabaraia Bwina

Kai rootaki nakon Marurungin te Botanaomata ao te Otabwanin

Boon te kawai(anga) n rabakau n kaitaraaki ma ana urubai nakon te marurungin te botanaomata ao te otabwanin, ao ai nikoraoin te kawai n rabakau aio nakon te tabo are e na kabonganaaki iai

E na iai kanganga nakon maurin te botanaomata ao te otabwanin mai iai?E boraoi ke titebo ma kawai(anga) riki ake tabeua?Ena iai te mwarara ngkana e kakoroaki nanona n te tabo ae katauaki?

Butimwaeana n te katei ma te aroaro

Nikoraoin te kawai(anga) n irekereke ma maurin te botanaomata, kabuanibai, aroia ma anuia taan kabongana, ao tauraoia ni kabongana ma kai rekena.

E na tokaki nanoia aomata n tangiria ao ni kabongana?E kai reke ke n angaraoi nakoia aomata ake aki toamau?Iai kabuanibai nakon marurungiia ma mauriia ataei aine ao mwaane iai?

Boona Ikotan boon te kateitei, kabutana ao kateimatoana e na kainnanoa mwanenakina mai itinaniku ke i nanoaa

Te kateitei e kainnanoa tem wane mai tinaniku ke inanoa ibukin kateana?Tera te kabanemwane ibukin kabutana ao kateimatoana?(kakaitiakana)

Rabakau/Bai ni makuri

Rabakau ma bai ni makuri aika kainnanoaki ibukin te kateitei, kabutana ma kateimatoana, a kona n reke aikai irouia kain te kawa ke mai tinaniku

Baikara rabakau/bai ni makuri aika kainnanoaki ibukin kateana?Baikara rabakau/bai ni makuri aika kainnanoaki ibukin kabutana ma kateimatoana? (kainnanoaki aika kakamakuri taan kabonganaa)

Maiuna Abakin maiun baai ni kateitei ao taabo aika ana reke iai

Abakira maiuia, a matoatoa ao a tau ibukin te makuri/kateitei?Ana kabonganaki baai ni kateitei mai nanoa ke mai tinaniku?

Evaluation Criteria

Description Score

Health/ Environmental Impact

Value of the technical solution including trade-offs with environmental and health impacts and the suitability of the solution for various locations.

Does it cause any environmental or health issues?

Is it compatible with other options?

Are there constraints on where it can be located?

Social Acceptability

Suitability of the solution in terms of safety risks, user preference and willingness to use and accessibility.

Will the community desire and want to use it?

Does it provide access for those with disabilities?

Are there any health and safety risks for boys and girls?

Cost Total cost to build, operate and maintain and whether external or local finance is required.

Does it require local or external funding to build?

What are the costs to operate and maintain (clean) it?

Skills/tools Technical skills and tools required to build, operate and maintain and whether this expertise can be found from within or outside the community.

What skills and tools are required to build it?

What skills and tools are required to operate and maintain it (required user actions)?

Sustainability Life expectancy and source of materials.

Is it reliable and durable?

Are local or external materials used?

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Options

DESCRIPTION

KEY COMPONENTS

Capture Storage Treatment Use

CHAIN OF ACTIONS

IMAGE



2.1 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ACTION CHAINSWater, sanitation and hygiene options are not simply technologies, but each option includes interlinked steps required to deliver sustainable WASH options. These steps are a chain of actions which must all be considered when evaluating options (Figure 3).

2.2 COLOUR-CODED FACT SHEETS• There is one fact sheet for each WASH option. The fact sheet contains an illustration of

the option, a description of how it works, its associated chain of activities, and colour-coded scores which illustrate how well the option meets a range of criteria:

• Green for a good contribution to a sustainable improvement.

• Yellow for some contribution to a sustainable improvement.

• Red for not supporting a sustainable improvement.

Appendix A describes the three colour coded scores for each of the evaulation criteria.

NOTE: A red box can change to yellow or green for a community if it does not present a serious issue, e.g. an open well can be protected and covered and move from red to yellow for health impact.

2.3 SHORTLISTING OPTIONSOnce the school community has decided what types of improvements are needed, it should choose the appropriate options. A simple way is to discard inappropriate options that have a colour code Red unless the community can find a way to overcome the issue.

SHORT-LISTING AND EVALUATING OPTIONS02

Figure 3: Examples of the water (top), sanitation (middle) and hygiene (bottom) chain of actions.



The two most significant evaluation criteria to consider in order of importance are:

• Health/Environmental Impact - if the option causes other significant health or environment problems, it should not be considered any further.

• Cost - if the on-going cost of the option is beyond the financial means of the school community and no alternative funding available, it should not be discarded.

The school community is encouraged to develop its own approach to shortlist options.

2.4 EVALUATING OPTIONSThe school community can discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each shortlisted option for them. Features with a Green code are an advantage, and those with a Red code are a disadvantage. The school community may like to look at local ways to overcome the disadvantages, turning the Red code into a Yellow or Green code.

The best options for supporting a sustainable improvement will have the most Green and least Red features.

Additional information on the sustainability feature colour codes for each option can be found in the two guides for the WASH Safety Planning Framework; the Technical Design Guide and the Operations and Maintenance Procedures Guide.

The following sections provide fact sheets for water, sanitation and hygiene options appropriate for Outer island Kiribati schools. Colour codes assigned to the WASH options are a starting point for the community to discuss.

The following sanitation options are not appropriate for the Outer islands of Kiribati because they seriously risk contaminating the groundwater, lagoon water and subsequently impact on human health.

• Pit toilet

• Pour-flush pit toilet

A fact sheet is included for these options because there may be limited situations where it is the only option available to a school community, when:

• Groundwater used for drinking water has been reduced or is treated (i.e. boiled) and/or where the school and wider community predominantly use rainwater for drinking water.

• The sanitation system is located close to the ocean side of the atoll where groundwater is brackish, and drinking-water wells are located a reasonable (greater than 20m)1 distance away.

1 “Technical Assessment of the 20m latrine-well separation distance rule applied on Pacific Atolls: Bonriki Freshwater Lens, Kiribati” ESR report prepared for SPC-SOPAC, August 2013.



The following sections contain fact sheets for a selection of water, sanitation and hygiene options.

3.1 WATER OPTIONSPlease note: Estimating the water demand for each school will be calculated during the design phase once the school has chosen its preferred method/s of water capture. We assume that neither rainwater or groundwater alone will be adequate to meet a schools entire water demand therefore a school water system which utilises both options is required and will be promoted.

Capture (i.e. source and abstraction)

• Rainwater

• Unprotected well

• Protected well

• Infiltration gallery

Treatment

• SODIS (UV)2

• Chlorination3

• Boiling4

Please see below for the individual water option fact sheets:

2 For SODIS to be effective it requires (1) low turbidity (<30 NTU), (2) preferably 1-2L polyethylene terephthlate (PET) bottles, (3) aerating (oxygenating) the water by shaking while in contact with air, and (4) sunlight exposure for at least 5 hours. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed. (2011).

3 Disinfection of household drinking-water in developing countries is done primarily with free chlorine, commonly available as household chlorine bleach (5 mg/L). Chlorine needs at least 30 minutes contact time with water to disinfect it. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed. (2011).

4 WHO (2011) recommends boiling water at temperatures greater than 63°C so that a rolling boil is achieved which is sufficient to inactivate pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed. (2011).

FACT SHEETS03



Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Th

ere

are

min

imal

en

viro

nm

enta

l iss

ues

an

d

hea

lth

ris

ks a

re m

anag

ed w

ith

reg

ula

r ro

of

and

ta

nk

clea

nin

g c

om

bin

ed w

ith

bo

ilin

g w

ater

. It

is

com

pat

ible

wit

h o

ther

WA

SH

op

tio

ns

and

can

be

loca

ted

wh

ere

con

ven

ien

t/n

earb

y a

suit

able

ro

of.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

A d

esir

able

an

d a

ccep

tab

le c

om

mu

nit

y w

ater

so

urc

e o

pti

on

th

at w

ill b

e u

sed

fre

qu

entl

y. A

cces

s fo

r th

ose

w

ith

dis

abili

ties

is p

oss

ible

as

lon

g a

s th

e ta

p is

set

at

an

ap

pro

pri

ate

hei

gh

t. P

rovi

din

g t

hat

it is

no

t lo

cate

d in

an

iso

late

d a

rea

ther

e ar

e m

inim

al s

afet

y ri

sks

for

bo

ys a

nd

gir

ls.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

May

req

uir

e ex

tern

al f

un

din

g b

ut

on

ce c

on

stru

cted

th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

fu

nd

th

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per

atio

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Rep

air

cost

s al

so n

eed

to

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wh

en u

nex

pec

ted

dam

age

occ

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.

Ski

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and

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ols

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ate

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an b

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un

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Wit

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th

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ater

Tec

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loca

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are

mo

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e th

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ills

and

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ava

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e o

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ater

ials

.

Dep

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on

th

e q

ual

ity

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mat

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ls u

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it

app

ears

to

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a re

liab

le a

nd

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on

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t it

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es r

equ

ire

mat

eria

ls t

hat

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t b

e re

adily

av

aila

ble

on

th

e is

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ro

of

and

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tter

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). A

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the

wat

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dem

and

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ch s

cho

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of

5L/

per

son

/day

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Fact

sheet

Head

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Fact

sheet

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Wate

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ain

wate

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DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NW

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m a

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mat

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ta

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fo

r w

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llect

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. Tre

atm

ent

bef

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is r

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end

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KE

Y C

OM

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S•

Per

man

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f an

d g

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(e.g

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• S

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oly

eth

ylen

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t fl

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f su

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of

hei

gh

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Tap

• O

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Capture

Storage

Treatm

ent

Use

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

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S



Eva

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C

rite

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Des

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Imp

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lso

m

ay p

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nee

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safe

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om

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pre

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nce

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d w

illi

ng

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s to

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an

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acc

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ble

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ity

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er s

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n b

ut

it

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ses

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sk f

or

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wh

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ld f

all i

nto

th

e w

ell.

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ost

to

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, op

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d

wh

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or

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l fin

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om

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nit

y ar

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ly a

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to

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nd

th

e b

uild

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, op

erat

ion

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d m

ain

ten

ance

co

sts.

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too

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ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

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ed t

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uil

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ate

and

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wh

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er t

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exp

erti

se c

an b

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un

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rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Wit

h a

ssis

tan

ce f

rom

th

e Is

lan

d W

ater

Tec

hn

icia

n

the

loca

l co

mm

un

ity

are

mo

st li

kely

to

hav

e th

e sk

ills

and

to

ols

ava

ilab

le t

o b

uild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

it.

Su

stai

nab

ilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Dep

end

ing

on

th

e q

ual

ity

of

mat

eria

ls u

sed

it

app

ears

to

be

a re

liab

le a

nd

du

rab

le o

pti

on

wit

h

mat

eria

ls t

hat

can

be

sou

rced

loca

lly.

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Fact

sheet

Head

er

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NG

rou

nd

wat

er is

dra

wn

to

su

rfac

e fr

om

a li

ned

or

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e is

no

p

rote

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n f

rom

dir

ect

surf

ace

run

off

an

d c

on

tam

inat

ion

.

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Wel

l co

nst

ruct

ion

cas

ing

mat

eria

ls e

.g. c

emen

t, c

ora

l cla

sts)

• B

uck

et, h

and

or

po

wer

ed p

um

p (e

.g. s

ola

r p

um

p, T

aman

a p

um

p)

Capture

Storage

Treatm

ent

Use

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Wate

r C

ap

ture: U

np

ro

tecte

d W

ell



Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Des

pit

e p

rote

ctin

g t

he

wel

l hea

d f

rom

su

rfac

e ru

no

ff

and

co

nta

min

atio

n t

her

e ar

e st

ill r

isks

to

pu

blic

h

ealt

h a

sso

ciat

ed w

ith

dri

nki

ng

gro

un

dw

ater

wit

ho

ut

som

e fo

rm o

f tr

eatm

ent

(e.g

. bo

ilin

g o

r ch

lori

nat

ion)

. T

his

op

tio

n n

eed

s to

be

loca

ted

at

a sa

fe d

ista

nce

aw

ay f

rom

po

ten

tial

co

nta

min

atio

n s

ou

rces

wh

ich

im

pac

t o

n g

rou

nd

wat

er q

ual

ity

(e.g

. pit

latr

ines

, p

igg

erie

s).

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

A d

esir

able

an

d a

ccep

tab

le c

om

mu

nit

y w

ater

so

urc

e o

pti

on

th

at w

ill b

e u

sed

fre

qu

entl

y. A

wel

l wh

ich

is

fitt

ed w

ith

a li

d a

nd

fen

ce p

rovi

des

pro

tect

ion

fro

m

falli

ng

into

an

op

en w

ell,

esp

ecia

lly f

or

child

ren

.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

fu

nd

th

e b

uild

ing

, op

erat

ion

an

d m

ain

ten

ance

co

sts.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Wit

h a

ssis

tan

ce f

rom

th

e Is

lan

d W

ater

Tec

hn

icia

n t

he

loca

l co

mm

un

ity

are

mo

st li

kely

to

hav

e th

e sk

ills

and

to

ols

ava

ilab

le t

o b

uild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

it.

Su

stai

nab

ilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Dep

end

ing

on

th

e q

ual

ity

of

mat

eria

ls u

sed

it

app

ears

to

be

a re

liab

le a

nd

du

rab

le o

pti

on

wit

h

mat

eria

ls t

hat

can

be

sou

rced

loca

lly a

nd

ext

ern

ally

(e

.g. s

ola

r p

um

p)

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Fact

sheet

Head

er

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NG

rou

nd

wat

er is

pro

tect

ed f

rom

dir

ect

surf

ace

con

tam

inat

ion

by

app

rop

riat

e w

ell h

ead

pro

tect

ion

an

d is

dra

wn

to

th

e su

rfac

e b

y a

pu

mp

(e.g

. han

d o

r p

ow

ered

pu

mp)

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Su

itab

le w

ell h

ead

pro

tect

ion

(e.g

. ab

ove

gro

un

d c

emen

t ri

ng

s, f

itte

d

lid, f

ence

)•

Wel

l co

nst

ruct

ion

cas

ing

mat

eria

ls (e

.g. c

emen

t, c

ora

l cla

sts)

• H

and

or

po

wer

ed p

um

p (e

.g. s

ola

r p

um

p, T

aman

a p

um

p)

Capture

Storage

Treatm

ent

Use

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Wate

r C

ap

ture: P

ro

tecte

d W

ell

Pro

tect

ed w

ell

wit

h s

ola

r p

um

p









Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Gro

un

dw

ater

an

d r

ain

wat

er c

an b

e su

scep

tib

le t

o

con

tam

inat

ion

th

eref

ore

bo

ilin

g w

ater

pro

vid

es

an e

asily

acc

essi

ble

wat

er t

reat

men

t so

luti

on

. C

on

sid

erat

ion

mu

st b

e g

iven

ho

wev

er t

o t

he

sou

rce

and

ava

ilab

ility

of

fuel

(e.g

. wo

od

, ker

ose

ne)

.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

Bo

ilin

g w

ater

is a

wid

ely

acce

pta

ble

an

d a

cces

sib

le

wat

er t

reat

men

t so

luti

on

wit

hin

Ou

ter

Isla

nd

C

om

mu

nit

ies.

Bo

ilin

g w

ater

typ

ical

ly o

ccu

rs in

th

e h

om

e an

d p

ose

s a

hea

lth

an

d s

afet

y ri

sk (b

urn

s) t

o

you

ng

ch

ildre

n a

nd

th

ose

wit

h d

isab

iliti

es.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

No

build

, ope

ratio

n an

d m

aint

enan

ce c

osts

.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

No

ski

lls a

nd

to

ols

req

uir

ed.

Sust

aina

bilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Bo

ilin

g w

ater

req

uir

es a

fu

el s

ou

rce

so if

fu

el

bec

om

es li

mit

ed it

s su

stai

nab

ility

as

a w

ater

tr

eatm

ent

op

tio

n m

ay b

eco

me

thre

aten

ed.

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Wate

r T

reatm

ent:

Bo

ilin

g

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NIf

wat

er is

clo

ud

y le

t it

set

tle

and

filt

er if

po

ssib

le. B

rin

g w

ater

to

a r

olli

ng

b

oil

for

at le

ast

1 m

in. L

et w

ater

co

ol n

atu

rally

an

d s

tore

in c

lean

co

vere

d

con

tain

ers.

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Fuel

so

urc

e (e

.g. w

oo

d, k

ero

sen

e)•

Cle

an c

ove

red

sto

rag

e co

nta

iner

Capture

Storage

Treatm

ent

Use

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Bo

il fo

r 1

min

ute



3.2 SANITATION OPTIONS• Pit Toilet

• Pour Flush Toilet

• Banana Pit Dry Toilet

• Dry Toilet

Please see below for the sanitation option fact sheets:





Sanit

ati

on: P

our F

lush

To

ilet

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Toile

t sh

elte

r (l

oca

l or

imp

ort

ed m

ater

ials

)•

Cer

amic

or

cem

ent

toile

t b

ow

l/se

at•

Cem

ent

or

cora

l fo

r th

e fl

oo

r•

Cem

ent,

dru

m o

r p

oly

eth

ylen

e ta

nk

for

lined

pit

s.•

Wat

er f

or

flu

sh

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Capture

Storage

Use

Dispo

sal

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NH

um

an w

aste

is f

lush

ed in

to a

lin

ed o

r u

nlin

ed u

nd

erg

rou

nd

pit

wit

h w

ater

. S

ho

uld

be

loca

ted

as

far

away

fro

m w

ells

as

po

ssib

le/p

ract

ical

.E

valu

atio

n

Cri

teri

aD

escr

ipti

on

Sco

re

Hea

lth

/ V

alu

e o

f th

e te

chn

ical

so

luti

on

incl

ud

ing

tra

de

-off

s w

ith

en

viro

nm

enta

l an

d h

ealt

h im

pac

ts a

nd

th

e su

itab

ilit

y o

f th

e so

luti

on

fo

r va

rio

us

loca

tio

ns.

Hum

an w

aste

is f

lush

ed w

ith

wat

er d

irec

tly

into

a

lined

or

un

lined

pit

an

d u

ltim

atel

y co

nta

min

ates

th

e g

rou

nd

wat

er b

elo

w t

her

efo

re it

is n

ot

com

pat

ible

wit

h

usi

ng

nea

rby

gro

un

dw

ater

as

a so

urc

e o

f d

rin

kin

g

wat

er.

It n

eed

s to

be

loca

ted

at

a sa

fe d

ista

nce

aw

ay

fro

m a

ny

wel

ls u

sed

fo

r d

rin

kin

g w

ater

.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

Th

is o

pti

on

is a

lrea

dy

wid

ely

use

d in

th

e O

ute

r is

lan

ds,

an

d is

co

nsi

der

ed a

ccep

tab

le b

y th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y.

Od

ou

r is

sues

ap

pea

r to

be

less

th

an f

or

a p

it la

trin

e.

Th

e se

at h

eig

ht

and

acc

ess

wo

uld

nee

d t

o b

e su

itab

le

for

child

ren

an

d t

ho

se w

ith

dis

abili

ties

.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

fu

nd

th

e b

uild

, op

erat

ion

an

d m

ain

ten

ance

co

sts.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly t

o h

ave

the

skill

s an

d t

oo

ls a

vaila

ble

to

op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

it.

Su

stai

nab

ilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Dep

end

ing

on

th

e q

ual

ity

of

mat

eria

ls u

sed

it is

a

relia

ble

an

d d

ura

ble

op

tio

n b

ut

som

e m

ater

ials

may

n

ot

be

read

ily a

vaila

ble

on

th

e is

lan

d (e

.g. c

eram

ic

seat

). It

s su

stai

nab

ility

dep

end

s o

n t

he

com

mu

nit

ies

relia

nce

on

gro

un

dw

ater

as

a d

rin

kin

g w

ater

res

ou

rce

and

th

eir

avai

lab

le t

reat

men

t o

pti

on

s.



Sanit

ati

on: B

anana P

it D

ry T

oilet

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Toile

t sh

elte

r/st

ruct

ure

(lo

cal o

r im

po

rted

mat

eria

ls)

• To

ilet

seat

wit

h u

rin

e d

iver

sio

n•

Cem

ent

flo

or

• C

on

tain

er o

r co

nst

ruct

ed b

ins

(e.g

. cem

ent

or

wo

od)

• C

arb

on

so

urc

e (e

.g. l

eave

s o

r as

h).

• P

VC

tu

bin

g f

or

ven

t

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Capture

Storage

Use

Dispo

sal

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NT

he

toile

t su

per

str

uct

ure

is

situ

ated

at

gro

un

d le

vel.

Hu

man

w

aste

is s

tore

d in

co

nta

iner

s/b

ins

that

are

bel

ow

gro

un

d le

vel a

nd

ac

cess

ed f

rom

insi

de

a b

anan

a p

it a

t th

e b

ack

of

the

toile

t vi

a a

do

or

flap

. Uri

ne

fro

m t

he

toile

t is

div

erte

d in

to t

he

ban

ana

pit

w

ith

th

e n

itro

gen

uti

lised

by

the

ban

anas

. A v

ent

is p

rovi

ded

to

red

uce

od

ou

r is

sues

. On

ce a

co

nta

iner

/bin

is f

ull

it is

em

pti

ed,

com

po

sted

an

d u

sed

as

gar

den

fe

rtili

ser.

Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Th

is s

anit

atio

n o

pti

on

allo

ws

the

solid

hu

man

was

te

to b

e co

nfi

ned

to

a c

on

tain

er/b

in w

ith

uri

ne

bei

ng

d

iver

ted

into

a b

anan

a p

it.

Th

is o

pti

on

go

es s

om

e w

ay t

o p

rote

ctin

g g

rou

nd

wat

er f

rom

co

nta

min

atio

n.

Han

dlin

g o

f th

e so

lid w

aste

may

be

a p

ote

nti

al h

ealt

h

risk

if s

om

e p

ath

og

ens

are

still

act

ive.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

Loca

l co

mm

un

ity

acce

pta

nce

un

kno

wn

bu

t a

toile

t w

hic

h is

at

gro

un

d le

vel a

nd

su

rro

un

ded

by

ban

ana

tree

s is

pri

vate

an

d d

iscr

ete.

Th

e ac

cep

tab

ility

of

han

dlin

g h

um

an w

aste

is u

nkn

ow

n.

An

y o

do

ur

issu

es

wo

uld

nee

d t

o b

e re

solv

ed a

nd

th

e se

at a

nd

acc

ess

wo

uld

nee

d t

o b

e su

itab

le f

or

child

ren

an

d t

ho

se w

ith

d

isab

iliti

es.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

May

req

uir

e ex

tern

al f

un

din

g b

ut

on

ce c

on

stru

cted

th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

fu

nd

th

e o

per

atio

n a

nd

mai

nte

nan

ce.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

May

req

uir

e ex

tern

al s

kills

an

d t

oo

ls t

o b

uild

bu

t th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

op

erat

e an

d

mai

nta

in it

. Use

rs a

re r

equ

ired

to

ad

d a

car

bo

n s

ou

rce

(e.g

. lea

ves

ash)

an

d e

mp

ty t

he

con

tain

ers/

bin

s o

nce

th

ey a

re f

ull.

Su

stai

nab

ilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Dep

end

ing

on

th

e q

ual

ity

of

mat

eria

ls u

sed

it is

a

relia

ble

an

d d

ura

ble

op

tio

n b

ut

it d

oes

req

uir

e m

ater

ials

th

at m

ay n

ot

be

read

ily a

vaila

ble

on

th

e is

lan

d (e

.g. u

rin

e d

iver

ter,

PV

C t

ub

ing

fo

r ve

nt)

. It

s su

stai

nab

ility

will

dep

end

on

th

e w

illin

gn

ess

of

the

com

mu

nit

y to

em

pty

it o

nce

it b

eco

mes

fu

ll an

d t

o

uti

lise

the

com

po

st.

Acc

ess

Ven

t p

ipe





3.3 HYGIENE OPTIONS• Single or multiple tippy taps

• Handwashing station

• Consideration for Menstrual Hygiene

Please see below for the individual hygiene option fact sheets:



Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Th

ere

are

min

or

gro

un

dw

ater

an

d h

ealt

h r

isks

. T

hes

e ar

e m

anag

ed h

ow

ever

by

filli

ng

th

e b

ott

les

wit

h s

afe

wat

er a

nd

loca

tin

g t

he

tip

py

tap

aw

ay f

rom

wel

ls

use

d f

or

dri

nki

ng

wat

er.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

It is

a d

esir

able

op

tio

n t

hat

will

mo

st li

kely

be

use

d

freq

uen

tly.

Acc

ess

for

tho

se w

ith

dis

abili

ties

is

po

ssib

le a

s lo

ng

as

it is

set

at

an a

pp

rop

riat

e h

eig

ht.

P

rovi

din

g t

hat

it is

no

t lo

cate

d in

an

iso

late

d a

rea

ther

e ar

e m

inim

al s

afet

y ri

sks

for

bo

ys a

nd

gir

ls.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

fu

nd

th

e b

uild

, op

erat

ion

an

d m

ain

ten

ance

.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly t

o h

ave

the

skill

s an

d t

oo

ls a

vaila

ble

to

op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

it.

Su

stai

nab

ilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Th

e co

nst

ruct

ion

mat

eria

ls a

re li

kely

to

be

loca

lly

sou

rced

bu

t m

ay r

equ

ire

freq

uen

t re

pai

r an

d

mai

nte

nan

ce.

It’s

su

stai

nab

ility

dep

end

s o

n t

he

com

mu

nit

ies

will

ing

nes

s to

rep

air

it w

hen

nee

ded

.

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Hyg

iene: Sin

gle

or M

ult

iple

Tip

py T

ap

s

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NH

and

s ar

e w

ash

ed b

y so

ap t

hat

is h

un

g f

rom

a r

op

e an

d w

hen

a f

oo

t

ped

dle

is p

ress

ed d

ow

nw

ard

s it

tip

s th

e b

ott

le a

nd

allo

ws

wat

er t

o p

ou

r o

ut.

Use

d w

ater

dra

ins

into

th

e g

rou

nd

bel

ow

.

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Wo

od

• R

op

e•

Pla

stic

bo

ttle

• S

oap

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Capture

Storage

Use

Dispo

sal



Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Th

ere

are

min

or

gro

un

dw

ater

an

d h

ealt

h r

isks

. T

hes

e ar

e m

anag

ed h

ow

ever

by

filli

ng

th

e b

ott

les

wit

h s

afe

wat

er a

nd

loca

tin

g t

he

han

dw

ash

sta

tio

n

away

fro

m w

ells

use

d f

or

dri

nki

ng

wat

er.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

It is

a d

esir

able

op

tio

n t

hat

will

mo

st li

kely

be

use

d

freq

uen

tly.

Acc

ess

for

tho

se w

ith

dis

abili

ties

is

po

ssib

le a

s lo

ng

as

it is

set

at

an a

pp

rop

riat

e h

eig

ht.

P

rovi

din

g t

hat

it is

no

t lo

cate

d in

an

iso

late

d a

rea

ther

e ar

e m

inim

al s

afet

y ri

sks

for

bo

ys a

nd

gir

ls.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

par

tial

ly

fun

d t

he

bu

ild, o

per

atio

n a

nd

mai

nte

nan

ce.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly t

o h

ave

the

skill

s an

d t

oo

ls a

vaila

ble

to

op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

it.

Su

stai

nab

ilit

yLi

fe e

xpec

tan

cy a

nd

so

urc

e o

f m

ater

ials

.

Th

e co

nst

ruct

ion

mat

eria

ls a

re li

kely

to

be

loca

lly

sou

rced

bu

t m

ay r

equ

ire

freq

uen

t re

pai

r an

d

mai

nte

nan

ce.

It’s

su

stai

nab

ility

dep

end

s o

n t

he

com

mu

nit

ies

will

ing

nes

s to

rep

air

it w

hen

nee

ded

.

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Fact

sheet

Head

er

Hyg

iene: H

and

wash

ing

Sta

tio

n

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NG

rou

nd

wat

er o

r ra

inw

ater

is s

tore

d in

a t

ank.

Mu

ltip

le c

hild

ren

can

was

h t

hei

r h

and

s at

on

ce w

ith

so

ap b

y tu

rnin

g a

tap

at

the

bo

tto

m o

f th

e ta

nk

wh

ich

al

low

s w

ater

to

po

ur

ou

t o

f h

ole

s al

on

g a

PV

C p

ipe.

Use

d w

ater

fal

ls in

to t

he

com

mu

nal

gu

tter

an

d d

rain

s in

to t

he

gro

un

d b

elo

w.

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Tan

k•

Gu

tter

ing

• C

orr

ug

ated

iro

n o

r P

VC

ro

of

• P

VC

pip

e•

PV

C w

ide

gu

tter

ing

an

d d

rain

pip

e•

So

ap

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Capture

Storage

Use

Dispo

sal



Eva

luat

ion

C

rite

ria

Des

crip

tio

nS

core

Hea

lth

/ E

nvi

ron

men

tal

Imp

act

Val

ue

of

the

tech

nic

al s

olu

tio

n in

clu

din

g t

rad

e-o

ffs

wit

h e

nvi

ron

men

tal a

nd

hea

lth

imp

acts

an

d t

he

suit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n f

or

vari

ou

s lo

cati

on

s.

Th

ere

are

min

or

gro

un

dw

ater

an

d h

ealt

h r

isks

. T

hes

e ar

e m

anag

ed h

ow

ever

by

pro

vid

ing

saf

e w

ater

, lo

cati

ng

th

e fa

cilit

y aw

ay f

rom

wel

ls u

sed

fo

r d

rin

kin

g w

ater

an

d a

lso

ap

pro

pri

atel

y in

cin

erat

ing

d

isp

osa

ble

san

itar

y p

ads.

So

cial

A

ccep

tab

ilit

yS

uit

abil

ity

of

the

solu

tio

n in

ter

ms

of

safe

ty

risk

s, u

ser

pre

fere

nce

an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

use

an

d

acce

ssib

ilit

y.

Th

ere

are

app

aren

t cu

ltu

ral n

orm

s ar

ou

nd

kee

pin

g

gir

ls a

t h

om

e w

hile

th

ey a

re m

enst

ruat

ing

. It

is

un

kno

wn

if h

avin

g m

enst

rual

fac

iliti

es a

t sc

ho

ol

will

en

cou

rag

e m

oth

ers

to a

llow

th

eir

gir

ls t

o g

o t

o

sch

oo

l du

rin

g t

hei

r m

enst

ruat

ion

. Acc

ess

for

tho

se

wit

h d

isab

iliti

es w

ill n

eed

to

be

con

sid

ered

alo

ng

w

ith

en

suri

ng

th

at t

he

faci

lity

pro

vid

es a

deq

uat

e p

riva

cy a

nd

sec

uri

ty.

Saf

e ac

cess

to

inci

ner

ato

r to

re

du

ce r

isk

of

bu

rns.

Co

stTo

tal c

ost

to

bu

ild

, op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

an

d

wh

eth

er e

xte

rnal

or

loca

l fin

ance

is r

equ

ired

.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly a

ble

to

fu

nd

th

e b

uild

, op

erat

ion

an

d m

ain

ten

ance

.

Ski

lls/

too

lsTe

chn

ical

ski

lls

and

to

ols

req

uir

ed t

o b

uil

d, o

per

ate

and

mai

nta

in a

nd

wh

eth

er t

his

exp

erti

se c

an b

e fo

un

d f

rom

wit

hin

or

ou

tsid

e th

e co

mm

un

ity.

Th

e lo

cal c

om

mu

nit

y ar

e m

ost

like

ly t

o h

ave

the

skill

s an

d t

oo

ls a

vaila

ble

to

op

erat

e an

d m

ain

tain

it.

Su

stai

nab

ility

Life

exp

ecta

ncy

an

d s

ou

rce

of

mat

eria

ls.

It’s

su

stai

nab

ility

dep

end

s o

n t

he

com

mu

nit

ies

will

ing

nes

s to

rep

air

it w

hen

nee

ded

an

d t

he

use

of

qu

alit

y lo

cally

so

urc

ed m

ater

ials

.

Hyg

iene: M

enst

rual Facilit

ies

DE

SC

RIP

TIO

NW

ater

fo

r w

ash

ing

men

stru

al

clo

ths

and

a d

ryin

g li

ne

as w

ell

as a

n in

cin

erat

or

for

dis

po

sab

le

san

itar

y p

ads.

KE

Y C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S•

Pri

vate

fac

iliti

es t

hat

are

sep

arat

e fr

om

th

e b

oys

to

ilets

an

d t

he

clas

sro

om

• D

iscr

ete

entr

ance

wit

h a

deq

uat

e lig

hti

ng

an

d lo

ckab

le d

oo

rs•

Pri

vate

wat

er s

ou

rce

(e.g

. wel

l or

rain

wat

er t

ank)

• W

ash

ing

fac

ility

wit

h s

oap

• D

ryin

g li

ne

• In

cin

erat

or

CH

AIN

OF A

CT

ION

S

Capture

Storage

Use

Dispo

sal



APPENDIX A

Environmental/Health Impact Social Acceptability

Does not cause environmental and/or health problems. Compatible with other aspects of the school WASH system and no location constraints.

Acceptable and desirable option. Minimal health and safety risks and is easily accessed by those with disabilities.

Causes minor environmental and/or health problems. Semi-compatible with other aspects of the school WASH system with some restrictions on where it can be located.

Semi acceptable and desirable option. Some tolerable safety risks (i.e. personal safety), mostly accessible for children with disabilities.

Causes environmental and/or health problems and/or is incompatible with other aspects of the school WASH system with restrictions on where it can be located.

Not an acceptable or desirable option. Poses health and safety risks and inaccessible for those with disabilities.

Cost Skills/Tools

The local community able to fund the building and on-going operation and maintenance costs.

The local school community most likely has the skills and tools available to build, operate and maintain.

Some external financial support required for the build and/or operation and maintenance costs.

Skills and tools required from a trained local school caretaker, local tradesman or government technician.

Requires external financial assistance for the build, and on-going assistance for operation and maintenance costs.

Requires highly qualified person with specialised tools, provided by external support to build and/or operate and maintain.

Sustainability

Uses locally sourced and/or durable materials, and reliable.

Uses some local and external materials.

Requires all materials to be sourced externally (i.e. South Tarawa).

NOTE: A red box can change to yellow or green for a community if it does not present a serious issue, e.g. an open well can be protected and covered and move from red to yellow for health impact.



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